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DEPARTMENT  OF  THE   INTERIOR 

UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  THE  TERRITORIES 
F.  V.  HAYDEN,  TJ.  S.  GEOLOGIST-IN-CHARGE 


MISCELLANEOUS  PUBLICATIONS -No.   11 


BIRDS  OF  THE  COLORADO  VALLEY 


REPOSITORY  OF 


SCIENTIFIC  AND  POPULAR  INFORMATION 


CONCERNING 


NORTH  AMERICAN  ORNITHOLOGY 


BY    ELLIOTT    COTJES 

\\ 


PART   FIRST 
fasseres  to 

Bibliographical  Appmdix 

Seventy  Illustrations 


WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT   FEINTING   OFFICE 

1878 


LETTER    OF    TRANSMITTAL 

IT.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  GEOGRAPHICAL 

SURVEY  OF  THE  TERRITORIES, 

Washington,  D.  0.,  October  31, 1878. 
SIB: 

I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith,  for  approval  and  for 
publication,  Part  First  of  a  treatise  entitled  "  Birds  of  the 
Colorado  Yalley w,  which  I  have  taken  great  pains  to  render 
worthy  of  favorable  consideration  as  a  repository  of  scientific 
and  popular  information  concerning  North  American  ornithology. 
I  am,  Sir,  &c., 


DR.  F.  Y.  HAYDEN, 

U.  8.  Geologist,  &c.,  &c., 

Washington,  D.  C. 

iii 


256248 


PEEFATOEY  NOTE 

U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  AND  GEOGRAPHICAL 

SURVEY  OF  THE  TERRITORIES, 

Washington,  D.  0.,  November  1, 1878. 

RESULTS  of  Dr.  Coues's  continued  studies  of  North  Ameri- 
can ornithology,  in  connection  with  the  Survey  under 
my  charge,  are  herewith  presented  as  one  of  the  series  of  Miscel- 
laneous Publications  (No.  11).  Should  circumstances  favor  the 
completion  of  the  work,  upon  which  the  author  is  still  engaged 
and  which  is  already  not  far  from  finished,  the  remaining  portion 
may  be  expected.  The  present  treatise  may  be  regarded  as  com- 
plementary to  the  "Birds  of  the  Northwest"  (Misc.  Pub.  No.  3). 
It  covers  much  ground  not  gone  over  in  the  latter  work,  in  all 
that  relates  to  the  technicalities  of  the  general  subject,  as  well 
as  to  the  particular  life-histories  of  the  birds  composing  the 
remarkable  avian  fauna  of  the  Colorado  Basin.  As  originally 
projected  for  publication  in  a  different  connection,  the  work 
consisted  merely  of  a  report  upon  the  peculiar  features  of  bird- 
life  in  the  area  under  consideration,  with  biographies  of  the 
species  not  treated  in  the  "Birds  of  the  Northwest".  But  the 
author's  resources  have  proved  to  be  so  largely  in  excess  of  the 
requirements  of  such  a  report  that  the  work  has  outgrown  the 
limits  of  a  single  volume,  and  become  a  full  exposition  of  our 
present  knowledge  of  the  subject,  by  the  incorporation  of  much 
technical  matter  concerning  North  American  ornithology  at 
large,  hitherto  the  private  possession  of  the  author  and  now 
first  made  accessible  to  the  public. 

The  whole  subject  of  the  bibliography  of  North  American 
ornithology,  and  of  the  synonymy  of  North  American  birds, 
has  been  worked  up  anew  from  the  very  bottom,  as  a  matter  of 
original  personal  investigation  admitting  of  nothing  at  second- 
hand. Not  only  the  birds  of  the  Colorado  Valley,  but  also  all 
others  of  North  America,  are  thus  exhaustively  treated,  their 
synonymy  and  bibliography  being  at  length  placed  upon  a 
satisfactory  basis.  In  points  of  accuracy,  completeness  and 
thorough  reliability  it  is  believed  that  this  side  of  the  work 


VI  BIEDS   OF   THE    COLORADO   VALLEY 

will  compare  so  favorably  with  what  has  before  been  done  in  the 
bibliography  of  any  department  of  science  as  to  furnish  a  model 
for  the  future. 

Since  the  appearance  of  the  "Birds  of  the  Northwest "  it  has 
been  a  matter  of  frequently  expressed  regret  that  the  accounts 
of  the  birds  treated  hi  that  volume  did  not  include  such  descrip- 
tions of  the  species  as  should  enable  those  using  the  work  to 
identify  specimens  they  might  have  in  hand.  It  has  been 
deemed  advisable  to  supply  this  want  in  the  present  treatise, 
especially  as  a  considerable  proportion  of  the  characteristic 
birds  of  the  Colorado  Yalley  are  not  so  well  known  as  are  most 
of  those  inhabiting  the  region  of  the  Missouri.  The  descrip- 
tions are  original,  in  nearly  every  case  having  been  drawn  up 
by  the  author  directly  from  the  specimens  themselves,  with 
great  regard  to  precision  of  concise  statement.  All  the  species 
ascertained  to  occur  in  the  Yalley  of  the  Colorado,  being  those 
which  form  the  special  subject  of  the  work,  are  thus  treated,  the 
other  North  American  birds  of  which  the  volume  takes  account 
being  introduced  only  with  their  synonymy  and  a  brief  state- 
ment of  the  habitat  of  each. 

Eespecting  the  biographies  or  "  life-histories ??  of  the  birds, 
which  constitute  the  main  text  of  the  present  volume,  the 
author's  view,  that  this  portion  of  the  subject  should  be  so  far 
divested  of  technicality  as  to  meet  the  tastes  and  wants  of  the 
public  rather  than  the  scientific  requirements  of  the  schoolmen 
in  ornithology,  will  doubtless  meet  with  general  and  emphatic 
approval.  It  is  possible  to  make  natural  history  entertaining 
and  attractive  as  well  as  instructive,  with  no  loss  in  scientific 
precision,  but  with  great  gain  in  stimulating,  strengthening  and 
confirming  the  wholesome  influence  which  the  study  of  the 
natural  sciences  may  exert  upon  the  higher  grades  of  mental 
culture;  nor  is  it  a  matter  of  little  moment  to  so  shape  the 
knowledge  which  results  from  the  naturalist's  labors  that  its 
increase  may  be  susceptible  of  the  widest  possible  diffusion. 

The  first  twelve  sheets  of  this  volume  (to  p.  192)  were  printed 
in  1876,  when  other  engagements  obliged  the  author  to  inter- 
rupt the  preparation  of  the  work.  The  printing  was  resumed  in 
1878,  and  is  completed  at  the  date  of  this  prefatory.  A  few 
impressions  of  the  earlier  sheets  may  have  already  been  in  pri- 
vate circulation,  but  no  portion  of  the  work  is  published  prior 
to  this  date.  The  types  of  pp.  1-192  having  been  distributed 
without  stereotyping  after  only  1,500  impressions  had  been 


PREFATORY   NOTE  Vll 

taken,  it  will  be  necessary  to  reset  this  portion  if  a  larger  edi- 
tion is  required;  and  in  order  to  secure  uniformity,  the  composi- 
tion should  be,  if  possible,  infac  simile. 

The  illustrations  of  the  present  volume  are  chiefly  those  which 
formerly  appeared  in  the  same  author's  "Key  to  North  Ameri- 
can Birds  ". 

According  to  the  report  rendered  by  the  author,  the  present 
part  of  the  work  carries  the  subject  through  Passeres  to  Laniidce. 
The  whole  consists  in  a  systematic  treatise  on  the  families,  gen- 
era and  species  represented  in  the  Colorado  Valley — that  is  to 
say,  in  the  whole  region  drained  by  the  Colorado  Eiver  of  the 
West  and  its  tributaries,  as  far  south  as  the  present  Mexican 
boundary  of  the  United  States.  The  watershed  of  this  great  river 
includes  Arizona,  much  of  New  Mexico,  Utah,  and  Nevada,  a 
part  of  the  State  of  Colorado,  and  some  of  Southern  California. 
The  faunal  area  thus  circumscribed  is  nearly  that  of  the  "  Great 
Basin",  and  corresponds  with  the  "Middle  Faunal  Province"  of 
some  zoo-geographers,  as  distinguished  from  the  "Western"  and 
t  l  Eastern  "  Provinces  respectively.  The  main  chain  of  the  Eocky 
Mountains,  or  great  continental  divide,  bounds  it  on  the  east,  as 
the  Sierras  Nevadas  do  on  the  west.  To  the  north  lies  the  Salt 
Lake  Valley;  southward  the  boundary  is  an  arbitrary  political 
one.  In  the  last-named  direction,  the  fauna  changes  insensibly 
by  the  gradual  gain  of  a  "neotropical"  complexion,  though 
many  "  nearctic"  features  are  impressed  upon  the  table-lands  of 
Mexico.  The  proper  fauna  of  that  country  is  prefigured  in  the 
area  under  consideration  by  the  various  subtropical  forms  of  bird- 
life  which  have  successively  been  found  within  the  border  of  the 
United  States  in  the  Valley  of  the  Gila,  as  in  that  of  the  Lower 
Eio  Grande  of  Texas.  Both  to  the  east  and  to  the  west  the 
geographical  boundaries  already  mentioned  correspond  quite 
closely  with  the  limits  of  the  natural  faunal  areas ;  for  we  miss 
in  the  Colorado  Valley  some  characteristic  forms  both  of  the 
Pacific  slope  proper  and  of  the  Eastern  United  States  at  large. 
Northward  the  Great  Basin  narrows  like  a  wedge  thrust  in 
between  the  converging  Eastern  and  Western  Provinces. 

No  other  portion  of  the  United  States  of  equal  area  offers 
such  varied  surface  conditions  and  such  climatic  extremes.  The 
region  is  hedged  about  by  mountain  ranges  of  immense  extent 
and  elevation,  and  contains  many  other  lofty  chains  and  peaks, 
while  the  greater  part  of  the  country  is  low,  hot  and  arid.  The 


viii  BIRDS   OF   THE    COLORADO   VALLEY 

highly  diverse  topography  of  the  country  is  strongly  reflected 
in  the  temperature,  the  rainfall,  and  the  course  of  the  seasons 
of  this  remarkable  region,  and  these  in  turn  leave  their  impress 
upon  animal  and  vegetable  life,  with  the  result  that  contiguous 
areas  of  insignificant  geographical  extent  may  differ  as  much 
in  their  natural  productions  as  if  they  stretched  over  many 
degrees  of  latitude.  In  the  Colorado  Basin,  in  fact,  as  appears 
to  be  the  case  in  most  portions  of  Mexico,  the  distribution  and 
migrations  of  birds  may  be  regarded  as  affected  by  altitude 
rather  than  by  latitude  or  longitude  5  and  we  have  a  striking 
instance  of  the  convertibility  of  these  two  factors  of  the  general 
equation.  The  birds  here  find  their  summer  and  winter  homes, 
and  perform  their  migrations,  rather  according  to  "  the  lay  of 
the  land"  than  with  reference  to  degrees  of  latitude. 

A  portion  of  the  Colorado  Valley,  in  Southwestern  Arizona 
and  adjoining  parts  of  California,  has  long  been  known  as  the 
hottest  place  in  the  United  States.  At  Fort  Yuma,  on  the 
Colorado  Eiver  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gila,  in  latitude  32°  32', 
longitude  114°  36'  9",  the  mean  annual  rainfall  does  not  exceed 
five  inches.  A  temperature  of  119°  F.  has  been  recorded,  and  for 
weeks  in  succession  the  mercury  may  rise  above  100°  daily.  For 
several  hundred  miles  the  great  river  rises  but  little,  its  elevation 
at  Fort  Mojave,  for  instance,  being  only  about  525  feet.  South- 
ern and  Western  Arizona  is  a  torrid,  alkaline  waste ;  in  fact, 
a  part  of  the  "Great  American  Desert";  yet  in  the  central 
portion  of  the  Territory  rise  the  magnificent  San  Francisco 
Mountains,  12,562  feet  high,  pine-clad,  and  snow-capped  during 
a  portion  of  the  year ;  and  at  Fort  Whipple,  with  an  altitude 
of  5,335  feet,  the  general  course  of  the  seasons  is  not  materially 
different  from  that  in  the  Middle  Atlantic  States.  A  day's  jour- 
ney from  the  last-mentioned  locality  will  show  differences  in 
the  bird-fauna  comparable,  for  instance,  to  those  distinguish- 
ing Massachusetts  from  the  District  of  Columbia.  Many  of 
the  birds  of  Fort  Yuma  and  Fort  Whipple  respectively  are  total 
strangers  to  each  other. 

Such  striking  features  as  are  here  briefly  indicated  render  the 
study  of  the  birds  of  this  region  specially  attractive,  and  exact 
information  respecting  their  distribution  and  movements  within 
the  area  in  question  is  very  desirable.  The  whole  subject  is 
elucidated  in  detail  in  the  present  treatise. 

Aside  from  the  local  perturbations  resulting  from  topograph- 
ical and  climatic  diversity  within  small  areas,  the  bird-fauna 
of  the  Colorado  Yalley  is  in  a  sense  homogeneous  and  rather 


PREFATORY   NOTE  IX 

compact,  being  well  marked  by  a  large  proportion  of  highly 
characteristic,  if  not  wholly  peculiar,  species.  The  resulting 
aspect  of  the  bird-fauna  is  far  more  strongly  pronounced  than 
is  ordinarily  found  to  be  the  case  with  areas  of  corresponding 
dimensions.  As  might  be  expected  from  aridity  of  such  extent 
and  to  such  degree  as  is  witnessed  in  the  Colorado  Valley,  the 
prime  mark  of  the  birds  of  the  region  is  that  pallor  of  colora- 
tion which  is  now  well  known  to  result  from  the  combined  effects 
of  heat  and  dryness.  It  is  the  extreme  of  a  condition  very  sen- 
sibly offered  by  the  birds  of  the  Great  Plains  at  large.  In  some 
cases  we  here  find  that  the  modification  of  a  common  stock  has 
produced  forms  sufficiently  distinct  from  their  respective  allies 
to  meet  the  requirements  of  "  species  "j  while  in  many  more 
instances  strongly  marked  geographical  races  are  developed  by 
the  same  natural  causes  operating  less  intensely,  less  continu- 
ously, or  upon  less  susceptible  material.  It  is  unnecessary  in 
this  place  to  cite  examples,  as  such  cases  are  already  well  known 
to  ornithologists.  It  may  be  added,  as  a  curious  fact  in  the 
matter  of  the  modifications  here  witnessed,  that  the  tail  is  length- 
ened in  many  cases  of  birds  which  otherwise  differ  from  their 
respective  allies  mainly  by  the  bleached  coloration  just  noticed. 

A  few  words  upon  the  progress  of  our  knowledge  of  the  birds 
of  the  region  under  consideration  will  not  be  out  of  place  here. 
It  is  only  within  the  last  twenty-five  years  that  we  have  acquired 
any  considerable  information  respecting  the  ornithology  of  the 
Colorado  Basin.  Shortly  after  Nuttall  and  Townsend  largely 
increased  our  knowledge  of  Western  birds  from  localities  much 
further  north,  Dr.  William  Gambel  gave  us  welcome  advices 
in  various  papers  published  by  the  Philadelphia  Academy  from 
1843  to  1849 $  and  this  naturalist  may  be  considered  as  a  pioneer 
in  this  field.  He  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  S.  W.  Woodhouse,  who 
accompanied  an  expedition  to  the  Zufii  and  Colorado  Eivers, 
and  prepared  a  valuable  paper  published  in  1853  in  Sitgreaves's 
Report.  Mr.  Gassings  well-known  "Illustrations",  completed 
in  1856,  contain  colored  figures  of  many  interesting  species, 
and  include  the  timely  field-notes  of  Col.  G.  A.  McCall,  Dr.  A. 
L.  Heermann,  and  other  naturalists  who  had  made  personal 
observations  in  the  field.  A  stride  forward  was  taken  when  the 
Reports  of  the  Pacific  Eailroad  and  Mexican  Boundary  appeared ; 
the  technicalities  of  the  subject  being  admirably  worked  out  by 
Professor  Baird  in  these  volumes,  while  the  same  publications 
include  the  field-notes  of  the  naturalists  attached  to  the  several 


X  BIRDS   OF   THE    COLORADO   VALLEY 

Surveys,  as  Dr.  Heermann,  already  mentioned.  Dr.  0.  B.  E.  Ken- 
nerly,  Mr.  J.  H.  Clarke,  Mr.  Arthur  Schott,  and  others.  Dr.  T. 
C.  Henry,  then  of  the  Army,  published  several  valuable  papers 
on  the  birds  of  New  Mexico  at  about  this  time,  and  Dr.  J.  G. 
Cooper  gained  much  additional  information  during  his  some- 
what later  residence  in  Arizona.  Much,  however,  remained  to 
be  done  when  Dr.  Coues  entered  Arizona  in  1864,  and  spent 
nearly  two  years  in  studying  the  natural  history  of  the  Terri- 
tory. He  published  in  1866  the  first  formal  list  of  the  birds  of 
Arizona,  describing  new  species  and  adding  others  to  the  fauna 
of  the  United  States ;  and  his  personal  experiences,  now  for  the 
first  time  set  forth  in  full,  afford  a  large  basis  of  the  biographi- 
cal portion  of  the  present  treatise.  Lieutenant  (now  Captain) 
Charles  Bendire,  U.  S.  A.,  subsequently  resided  for  some  time 
in  Southern  Arizona,  where  he  made  large  collections  of  nests 
and  eggs,  and  furnished  much  information  respecting  the  breed- 
ing habits  of  the  birds,  which  was  published  in  part  by  Dr. 
Coues,  but  principally  by  Dr.  T.  M.  Brewer.  By  far  the  most 
important  contributions  hitherto  offered  to  the  natural  his- 
tory proper  of  the  birds  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  are  those 
recently  made  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw,  during  his  connection 
with  the  Engineer  Survey  West  of  the  100th  Meridian.  This 
accomplished  ornithologist  has  added  many  new  species  to 
the  fauna  of  the  United  States,  and  has  published  the  most 
complete  list  we  possess  of  the  birds  of  Arizona ;  while  his 
extensive  memoir  in  the  4to  Eeports  of  the  Survey  mentioned 
gives  us  much  new  information  respecting  the  distribution  and 
the  habits  of  the  birds  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

I  may  also  advert  in  the  present  connection  to  several  late 
publications  upon  the  birds  of  contiguous  regions  as  bearing 
upon  the  special  subject.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned  the 
papers  on  Texan  birds  by  H.  E.  Dresser,  H.  B.  Butcher,  0.  A.  H. 
McCauley,  J.  C.  Merrill,  and  Gr.  B.  Sennett  ;  on  those  of  Colo- 
rado by  C.  E.  Aiken  and  C.  H.  Holden,  and  E.  Eidgway ;  to  Mr. 
Henshaw's  List  of  the  Birds  of  Utah ;  to  Dr.  Cooper's  work  on 
the  ornithology  of  California ;  to  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen's  Eeconnois- 
sance  in  Kansas,  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Utah ;  and  especially 
to  Mr.  Eidgway's  important  memoir  on  the  Ornithology  of  the 
Survey  of  the  40th  Parallel. 

It  is  believed  that  the  present  volume  will  be  found  to  be  a 
thorough  digest  of  the  information  we  possess  upon  the  subject. 

F.  Y.  HAYDEN, 
United  States  Geologist. 


TABLE   OF  CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  I.— THRUSHES 

Page, 

Family  TURDID^: 1 

Genus  Turdus,  7.— The  Robin,  8.— Varied  Thrush,  14.— Hermit 
Thrush,  20.— Wood  Thrush,  28.— Olive-backed  Thrush,  34.— Wil- 
son's Thrush,  39. — Genus  Myiadestes,  43. — Townsend's  Fly-catching 
Thrush,  44. — Genus  Oroscoptes,  48. — Mountain  Mockingbird,  48. — 
Genus  Mimus,  53.— The  Mockingbird,  53.— The  Catbird,  56.— Genus 
Harporhynchus,  60. — Brown  Thrasher,  61, — Curve-billed  Thrasher, 
64.— Arizona  Thrasher,  67.— Saint  Lucas  Thrasher,  68.— Yuma 
Thrasher,  70.— Crissal  Thrasher,  73. 

CHAPTER  H.— BLUEBIRDS 
Family  SAXICOLDXE 76 

Genus  Sialia,  76.— Wilson's  Bluebird,  77.— Western  or  Mexican 
Bluebird,  80.— Arctic  or  Rocky  Mountain  Bluebird,  82. 

CHAPTER  m.— DIPPERS 
Family  CiNCLnxas 84 

Genus  Cinclus,  84. — American  Dipper,  89. 

CHAPTER  IV.— OLD  WORLD  WARBLERS 
Family  SYLVIID.E 91 

Genus  Kegulus,  92. — Ruby-crowned  Kinglet,  92. — American  Golden- 
crested  Kinglet,  96. — Genus  Polioptila,  101. — Blue-gray  Gnatcatcher, 
101.— Plumbeous  Gnatcatcher,  105.— Black-capped  Gnatcatcher,  106. 

CHAPTER  V.— WREN-TITS 

Family  CHAM^ID^ 108 

Genus  Chamcea,  108.— The  Wren-tit,  108. 

CHAPTER  VI.— TITMICE 
Family  PARITY Ill 

Genus  Lophophatw,  112.— Tufted  Titmouse,  113.— Plain  Titmouse, 
114.— Black-crested  Titmouse,  116.— Bridled  Titmouse,  117.— Genus 
Parus,  119.— Long-tailed  Chickadee,  120.— Mountain  Chickadee, 
122.— Genus  Psaltriparus,  123.— Least  Bush-tit,  124.— Plumbeous 
Bush-tit,  125.— Genus  Auriparus,  129.— Yellow-headed  Verdin,  129. 

xi 


xii        BIRDS  OF  THE  COLORADO  VALLEY 

CHAPTER  VII.— NUTHATCHES 

Page. 

Family  SITTIIXE 13'2 

Genus  Sitta,  133.— Slender-billed  Nuthatch,  134.— Red-bellied  Nut- 
hatch, 136.— Pygmy  Nuthatch,  139. 

CHAPTER  VIII.— CREEPERS 
Family  CERTHinxE 143 

Genus  CertMa,  143.— Brown  Creeper,  135. 

CHAPTER  IX.— WRENS 
Family  TROGLODYTIDJS f      152 

Genus  Campylorliynchus,  154.— Cactus  Wren,  156.— Genus  Salpinctes, 
159.— Rock  Wren,  159.— Genus  CatTierpes,  163.— Canon  Wren,  164.— 
Genus  Thryothorus,  167. — Carolina  Wren,  168. — Genus  Thryomanes, 
167.— White-bellied  Wren,  169.— Genus  Troglodytes,  167.— Western 
House  Wren,  171. — Genus  Anorthura,  167. — Winter  Wren,  176. — 
Genus  Telmatodytes,  168. — Long-billed  Marsh  Wren,  178. — Genus 
Ctetothorus,  168.— Short-billed  Marsh  Wren,  180. 

CHAPTER  X.— LARKS 
Family  ALAUDIDJE 182 

Genus  Eremophila,  185. — Horned  Lark,  186. 

CHAPTER  XL— WAGTAILS 
Family  MOTACILLID^: 191 

Genus  Anthm,  192.— American  Pipit  or  Titlark,  193. 

CHAPTER  XII.— AMERICAN  WARBLERS 

Family  SYLVICOLUXE 196 

( Ccerebidce  —  Cerihiola  —  Bahaman  Honey-creeper,  197. )  —  Genus 
Mniotilta,  204.— Black-and-white  Warbler,  204.— Genus  Panda, 
206.— Sennett's  Warbler,  207.— Blue  Yellow-backed  Warbler,  208.— 
Genus  Protonotaria,  210. — Prothonotary  Warbler,  210. — Genus  Hel- 
mintherus,  211. — Worm-eating  Warbler,  211. — Swainson's  Warbler, 
212.— Genus  Helmmttopliaga,  210.— White-throated  Warbler,  213.— 
Lawrence's  Warbler,  214. — Bachman's  Warbler,  214. — Blue-winged 
Yellow  Warbler,  214.— Blue  Golden-winged  Warbler,  216.— Lucy's 
Warbler,  219.— Virginia's  Warbler,  222.— Nashville  Warbler,  224.— 
Orange-crowned  Warbler,  226. — Tennessee  Warbler,  230. — Genus 
Peucedramm,  232.— Olive  Warbler,  233.— Genus  Dendrceca,  235.— Blue 
Mountain  Warbler,  237.— Carbonated  Warbler,  237.— Black-throated 
Green  Warbler,  240.— Golden-cheeked  Warbler,  241.— Black-throated 
Blue  Warbler,  241.— Bay-breasted  Warbler,  243.— Chestnut-sided 
Warbler,  244.— Cape  May  Warbler,  245.— Prairie  Warbler,  246.— 
Yellow-throated  Warbler,  247.— Kirtland's  Warbler,  249.— Yellow 
Red-poll  Warbler,  249. — Pine-creeping  Warbler,  251. — Summer 
Yellow-bird,  252.— Hermit  Warbler,  258.— Townsend's  Warbler, 
260.— Black-throated  Gray  Warbler,  263.— Coerulean  Warbler,  267.— 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTS  Xlll 

Page. 

Family  SYLVICOLID^E — Continued. 

Audubon's  Warbler,  271.— Yellow-rumped  Warbler,  278.— Black- 
burnian  Warbler,  284.— Black-poll  Warbler,  288.— Black-and-yellow 
Warbler,  290.— Grace's  Warbler,  292.— Genus  Siurw,  296.— Golden- 
crowned  Accentor,  297. — Aquatic  Accentor,  299. — Large-billed 
Accentor,  299.— Genus  Oporornis,  308.— Connecticut  Warbler,  308.— 
Kentucky  Warbler,  309.— Genus  Geotlilypia,  308.— Maryland  Yellow- 
throat,  309. — Macgillivray's  Warbler,  312.— Mourning  Warbler, 
313.— Genus  Jcten'a,  316.— Yellow-breasted  Chat,  320.— Genus  Myio- 
dioctes,  323.— Canadian  Fly-catching  Warbler,  323.— Hooded  Warbler, 
324.— Wilson's  Green  Black-capped  Fly-catching  Warbler,  326.— 
Genus  Cardellina,  330.— Red-faced  Warbler,  331.— Vermilion  Fly- 
catcher, 331. — Genus  Setophaga,  334. — Genus  Basileuterus,  335. — 
Painted  Flycatcher,  335.— The  Redstart,  337. 

ADDENDUM  TO  CHAP.  XII 346 

CHAPTER  XIII.— TANAGERS 
Family  TANAGRUXE 348 

Genus  Euphonia,  349. — Coelestial  Tanager,  349. — Genus  Pyranga, 
350.— Scarlet  Tanager,  350.— Summer  Redbird,  352.— Hepatic  Tana- 
ger, 355. — Crimson-headed  Tanager,  358. 

CHAPTER  XIV.— SWALLOWS 
Family  HIRUNDINIDJE 364 

Names  of  Swallows,  369.— General  Distribution  of  Swallows,  371.— 
Migration  of  Swallows,  372. — Bibliography  of  the  subject,  378. — 
Architecture  of  Swallows,  391. — Bibliography  of  the  subject,  396. — 
Abnormal  coloration  of  Swallows,  400. — General  habits  and  traits  of 
Swallows,  401.—  Genus  Hirundo,  406. — American  Barn  Swallow,  407. — 
Genus  TacJiydneta,  412.— White-bellied  Swallow,  413.— Violet-green 
Swallow,  419. — Genus  Petrochelidon,  425. — Eave,  CMff,  or  Crescent 
Swallow,  426. — Genus  Cotyle,  435. — Bank  Swallow,  or  Sand  Martin, 
435.— Genus  Stelgidopteryx,  438.— Rough-winged  Swallow,  438.— 
Genus  Progne,  444. — Purple  Martin,  445. 
NOTES  TO  THIS  CHAPTER 449 

CHAPTER  XV.— WAXWINGS 
Family  AMPELIDJE 451 

Genus  Ampelis,  451. — Bibliography  of  the  genus,  453. — The  Bohe- 
mian Waxwing,  459. — The  Carolina  Waxwing,  470. — Genus  Phceno- 
pepla,  474. — Crested  Shining-black  White-winged  Flysnapper,  475. — 
Nest  and  eggs  of  Myiadestes  towmendi,  480. 

CHAPTER  XVI.— GREENLETS 
Family  VIREONIDJE 483 

Genus  Vireo,  484. — Number  of  primaries  in  Oscines,  486. — Yellow- 
green  Vireo,  490. — Moustached  Greenlet,  491. — Brotherly-love  Green- 
let,  492.— Yellow-throated  Greenlet,  493.— Red-eyed  Greenlet,  495.— 


XIV        BIRDS  OF  THE  COLORADO  VALLEY 

Page. 

Family  VIKEONID^E — Continued. 

Warbling  Greenlet,  501.— Blue-headed  Greenlet,  505.— Cassin's 
Greenlet,  514. — Plumbeous  Greenlet,  515. — Gray  Greenlet,  517. — 
White-eyed  Greenlet,  520.— Button's  Greenlet,  525.— Bell's  Greenlet, 
526.— Least  Greenlet,  531.— Black-capped  Greenlet,  533. 

CHAPTER  XVII.— SHRIKES 

Family  LANILD^E 535 

Genus  Lanius,  536. — On  the  use  and  meaning  of  Shrikes'  names, 
537. — On  the  American  species  of  Lanius,  542. — Of  Shrikes  in  a  state 
of  nature,  546.— The  Great  Northern  Shrike,  558.— The  Common 
American  Shrike,  561. 

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX 

LIST  OF   FAUNAL  PUBLICATIONS  RELATING  TO   NORTH  AMERICAN 
ORNITHOLOGY 567 

Index  to  Bibliography....... 747 

Index  to  whole  volume 785 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page. 

Tail-piece  to  "  Table  of  Contents  " xiv 

Tail-piece  to  "List  of  Illustrations" xvi 

Fig.  1.  Typical  Passerine  foot 1 

2.  "Booted  "tarsus  (foot  of  Robin). 5 

3.  HeadofRobin 10 

4.  Head  of  Wood  Thrush 27 

5.  Details  of  external  form  of  Myiadestes 43 

6.  The  Mockingbird 55 

7.  Foot  of  Catbird 57 

8.  Head  of  Brown  Thrasher 62 

9.  Head  of  Curve-billed  Thrasher 65 

10.  Head  of  Arizona  Thrasher 68 

11.  Head  of  Saint  Lucas  Thrasher 69 

12.  Head  of  California  Thrasher 71 

13.  Head  of  Crissal  Thrasher 73 

14.  Details  of  structure  of  Saxicola . 76 

15.  American  Dipper 85 

16.  Golden-crested  Kinglet 98 

17.  Heads  of  Blue-gray  and  Black-capped  Gnatcatchers 102 

18.  Tails  of  Black-capped  and  Plumbeous  Gnatcatchers. 107 

19.  Head  of  Bridled  Titmouse 118 

20.  A  typical  Pants  (P.  atricapillm) 120 

21.  Head  of  Canada  Nuthatch 136 

22.  Head,  foot  and  tail-feather  of  Creeper 143 

23.  Carolina  Wren 169 

24.  Winter  Wren 177 

25.  Horned  Lark 189 

26.  Head  and  foot  of  Yellow  Wagtail 192 

27.  Bill  and  foot  of  American  Pipit 194 

28.  A  typical  Motacilline 195 

29.  Black  and  White  Creeper 205 

30.  Worm-eating  Warbler 211 

31.  Blue  Golden-winged  Warbler 217 

32.  Black-throated  Green  Warbler 240 

33.  Chestnut-sided  Warbler 244 

34.  Black-throated  Gray  Warbler 264 

35.  Yellow-ramped  Warbler 283 

36.  Black-poll  Warbler 288 

37.  Black  and  Yellow  Warbler 291 

38.  Golden-crowned  Accentor 296 

39.  Kentucky  Warbler 309 

40.  Maryland  Yellow-throat 312 

xv 


XVI  BIRDS    OF    THE    COLORADO    VALLEY 

.  Page. 

Fig.  41.  Yellow-breasted  Chat 317 

42.  Canadian  Fly-catching  Warbler 324 

43.  Hooded  Flj -catching  Warbler 325 

44.  Wilson's  Green  Black-capped  Fly-catching  Warbler 328 

45.  Outline  of  head  of  Hepatic  Tanager 356 

46.  Details  of  structure  of  Barn  Swallow 408 

47.  White-bellied  Swallow 414 

48.  Crescent  Swallow 450 

49.  Wing  of  Ampelis  garrulus 461 

50.  Head  of  Cherry-bird 472 

50  Us.  Setophaga  picta  (p.  335) 482 

51.  A  Vireo  (V.  gilvw) 484 

52.  Vireo  flavoviridis 490 

53.  Vireo  larbatulus 492 

54.  Vireo  pMadelpUcus 493 

55.  Vireo  flavifrons 494 

56.  Vireo  olivaoeus 496 

57.  Vireo  gilvm 501 

58.  Vireo  swainsoni 502 

59.  Vireo  solitarius 506 

60.  Vireo  plumbeus 515 

61.  Vireo  noveloracensis 520 

62.  Vireo  huttoni 525 

63.  Vireo  lelli 527 

64.  Vireo  pusillus 531 

65.  Bills  of  Shrikes 536 

66.  Aspect  of  a  Shrike 547 

Tail-piece  to  "Index" 807 


BIRDS  OF  THE  COLORADO  VALLEY 


CHAPTER  I.— THEUSHES 

FAM.  TURDID.E 

fin  HE  birds  of  this  family,  together  with  those  of  the  families 
JL  which  follow  in  this  work  to  the  Flycatchers  (Tyrannidce), 
inclusively,  belong  to  the  great  group  of  Passer 'es.  Any  Passerine 
bird  of  this  country  may  be  recognized  by  the  character  of  the 
feet,  .which  are  perfectly  fitted  for  grasping — in  other  words,  for 
perching  upon  such  support  as  the  twigs  of  trees,  for  instance. 
Though  many  kinds  of  birds,  such  as  Birds  of  Prey,  Herons, 
and  various  others  that  might  be  mentioned,  perch  habitually, 
yet  the  truly  insessorial  foot,  as  exhibited  among  Passeres,  is  * 
unmistakable  in  several  features.  The  hind  toe,  which  is  never 
wanting,  is  inserted  on  the  same  level  as  the  front  toes  collec- 
tively; it  is  always  directed  straight  backward,  being  thus  op- 
posed directly  to  the  front  toes  ;  it  is  of  considerable  length, 
and  its  perfect  mobility  is  secured  by  the  separation  of  its  prin- 
cipal muscle  from  that  one  which  bends  the  other  toes  collec- 
tively. The  claw  of  the  hind  toe  is  at  least  as  long  as  that  of 
the  middle  anterior  toe,  and  often  longer.  Neither  of  the  front 
toes  is  ever  reversed  in  position,  to  effect  such  arrangement  of 
the  digits  in  pairs  as  is  witnessed  in  some 
Picarian  birds,  as  Woodpeckers,  Cuckoos, 
&c.;  nor  are  the  toes  ever  soldered  together 
for  a  long  distance,  as  in  the  Kingfishers ; 
nor  are  their  joints  abnormal  in  number,  as 
in  some  of  the  Swifts ;  nor  are  the  feet 
webbed  or  lobed,  as  in  many  wading  and  all 
swimming  birds.  In  addition  to  these  char- 
acters, it  may  be  stated  that  the  legs  are 
clothed  with  feathers  down  to  the  tibio-tar- 
sal  joint;  and  that  the  tarsus  and  toes  are  Fm  ]...TypicalpM8erine 
invested  with  hard,  horny  integument,  likeFoot- 
that  encasing  the  bill.  Such  a  foot  as  results  from  these  con- 
1  B  c 


2  CHARACTERS    OF    PASSERES 

ditions  is  rarely  found  outside  the  group  Passeres ;  and  any 
non-Passerine  bird,  the  foot  of  which  conforms  with  the  fore- 
going description,  may  be  recognized  by  some  collateral  fea- 
tures. The  foot  of  a  Hawk  or  Owl,  for  instance,  is  strictly 
insessorial  in  character,  and,  in  fact,  possesses  very  great 
grasping  powers  ;  but  the  bill  of  these  birds  is  furnished  with 
a  soft  cere,  which  no  Passerine  bird  exhibits.  In  a  Pigeon, 
with  decidedly  insessorial  feet,  the  covering  of  the  feet,  like 
that  of  the  bill  in  part,  is  soft  and  skinny,  not  perfectly  horny. 
A  Hummingbird,  the  foot  of  which  is  perfectly  iusessorial,  is 
ascertained  to  be  non-Passerine  by  the  fact  that  it  has  but  six 
wing-quills  of  the  secondary  series — all  Passeres  having  more 
than  six.  And,  in  general,  closely  as  some  of  the  Picarian 
birds  of  this  country  may  resemble  the  Passeres,  some  peculiar- 
ity of  the  feet  will  suffice  for  their  recognition.  Thus,  in  the 
Parrots,  Cuckoos,  and  Woodpeckers,  the  toes  are  in  pairs,  two 
before  and  two  behind  ;  in  the  Kingfishers,  the  toes  are  exten- 
sively soldered  together,  the  covering  of  the  tarsus  is  rather 
soft,  and, moreover,  the  tibia  is  naked  below;  in  the  Swifts  and 
Goatsuckers,  either  the  hind  toe  is  elevated  above  the  plane  of 
the  rest,  or  it  is  turned  sideways,  or  there  is  a  web  at  the  bases 
of  the  front  toes,  or  these  last  have  an  unusual  number  of  joints, 
or  several  of  these  features  occur  in  cotnbi nation.  Humming- 
birds, the  only  remaining  North  American  Ficaritt,  have,  as 
already  said,  a  nearly  Passerine  foot ;  but,  in  this  case,  the 
above-mentioned  feature  of  the  secondaries  is  distinctive. 

There  is  also  a  peculiarity  of  the  wing  of  Passeres  that  serves 
to  distinguish  birds  of  this  group  from  those  of  probably  any 
one  of  the  others,  excepting  Picarim,  and  even  from  the  ma- 
jority of  Picariai.  In  a  Passerine  bird,  the  row  of  "  greater  " 
wing-coverts — those  that  overlie  the  secondary  quills — are  not 
more  than  half  as  long  as  these  quills;  while  in  most  non- 
Passerine  birds — perhaps  in  all  birds  below  Picarice — the  re- 
verse is  the  case. 

The  details  of  structure  of  the  tarsal  envelope  of  Passeres  may 
be  noticed  in  passing.  In  the  majority  of  the  birds  of  this 
group,  the  tarsus  is  covered  on  each  side  with  a  horny  plate, 
nearly  or  quite  undivided,  meeting  its  fellow  in  a  sharp  ridge 
behind ;  and,  in  some  cases,  this  general  fusion  of  the  envelope 
proceeds  so  far  that  the  front  of  the  tarsus  likewise  presents  a 
nearly  or  quite  undivided  surface,  the  whole  tarsus  being  then 
encased  in  a  "  boot,"  as  it  is  called.  The  more  complete  con- 


CHARACTERS    OF    PASSERES  3 

ditions  of  fusion  of  the  envelope — those  showing  the  entire  lat- 
eral plates,  sharp-ridged  behind,  whether  or  not  the  front  of 
the  tarsus  be  also  fused — are  commonly  associated  with  certain 
anatomical  characters  which  affect  the  vocal  powers  of  the 
birds;  there  being  a  complex  arrangement  of  the  muscles  of 
the  lower  larynx.  Most  of  the  North  American  Passeres  exhibit 
these  features  combined,  and  constitute  a  minor  group  Oscbies, 
which  is  denominated  a  suborder  by  those  who  hold  Passeres  as 
an  order.  The  famil}r  of  the  Larks  (Alaudidce)  is  the  only 
exception  among  our  birds ;  for  here  the  larynx  is  a  highly- 
developed  vocal  organ,  while  the  tarsus  shows  a  different  struc- 
ture of  the  envelope,  being  covered  on  the  outer  side  with  two 
series  of  scales  lapping  around  before  and  behind,  and  having 
the  hinder  edge  blunt.  This  state  of  the  tarsus  prepares  us  for 
the  further  modification  witnessed  in  a  single  one  of  the  North 
American  families  of  Passeres,  namely,  the  Tyrannidce,  or  Fly- 
catchers, in  which  the  tarsus  is  blunt  behind,  being  covered 
with  a  set  of  variously-arranged  plates  lapping  entirely  around. 
Such  condition,  in  connection  with  an  incomplete  development 
of  the  vocal  organ,  marks  off  the  Tyrannidw  as  representatives 
of  a  second  minor  group  of  Passeres,  called  Clamatores,  in  con- 
trast with  Oscines. 

The  purpose  of  these  opening  paragraphs  will  have  been  at- 
tained, if  enough  has  been  said  to  enable  the  reader  to  gain  an 
idea  of  the  limits,  and  of  certain  leading  features,  of  the  great 
group  Passeres,  which  includes  the  majority  of  all  known  birds, 
and  something  like  two-fifths  of  those  of  North  America. 

Tlio  families  of  Passeres  which  occur  in  the  Coloradan  region 
are  the  Turd  idee,  SaxicoUdce,  Cinclidce,  Sylviidce,  Cliamceidce, 
Par  idee,  Sittidce,  Certhiidm,  Troglodytidce,  Alaudidce,  Motacillidce, 
Sylvicolidce,  Tanagridce,  Hirundinidce,  Ampelidce,  Vireonidce,  Lani- 
idcv,  Fringillidce,  Icteridce,  and  Corvidce,  all  of  which  are  Oscine, 
and  the  Tyrannidce,  which  is  Glamatorial.  These  will  be  sever- 
ally considered  in  the  sequence  here  indicated. 

With  these  few  preliminary  considerations  touching  the  Pas- 
seres  at  large,  we  will  at  once  take  up  the  subject  of  the  present 
chapter,  namely,  the 


4  CHARACTERS    OF  TURDID^ 

Turdida\  or  Thrushes. 

CHARS.* — Oscine  Passeres,  in  which  the  characters  of  this 
great  group  are  highly  developed.  Lateral  tarsal  plates  lami- 
nar, meeting  in  a  sharp  ridge  posteriorly;  anterior  scutella 
often  fused  in  a 'continuous  lamina.  Toes  deeply  cleft — the 
outer  anterior  one  to  the  distal  end  of  its  basal  joint,  the  inner 
anterior  almost  to  its  very  base.  Bill  more  or  less  subulate,  as 
usual  in  insectivorous  birds,  usually  notched  near  the  end,  the 
commissure  not  angulated,  nor  very  deeply  cleft.  Nostrils 
oval,  nearly  or  quite  reached  but  not  covered  by  feathers.  Kic- 
tus  with  well-developed  bristles.  Primaries  ten,  the  first  of 
which  is  spurious,  or  short ;  second* shorter  than  the  fourth. 
Tail-feathers  twelve,  not  stiffened  nor  acute. 

The  Turdidce  are  very  closely  related  both  to  the  Saxicolidce 
and  Cinclidce  among  American  forms,  as  well  as  to  certain 
exotic  groups — perhaps  too  closely  to  justify  their  separation 
when  all  their  interrelationships  are  taken  into  consideration. 
Viewing,  however,  the  North  American  forms  alone,  very  fair 
diagnostic  points  may  be  determined,  as  will  be  seen  on  com- 
paring the  characters  given  in  Chapters  II.  and  III. 

The  vocal  apparatus  of  the  Thrushes  is  highly  developed, 
and  some  of  the  members  of  this  family,  like  the  Wood  Thrush 
and  Mockingbird,  are  among  the  most  famous  of  songsters. 

Thrushes  are  distributed  throughout  all  of  temperate  North 
America,  as  well  as  most  other  portions  of  the  globe.  Our 
species  are  mainly  birds  of  the  woodland,  though  a  few  kinds 
enliven  with  their  song  the  arid  and  treeless  wastes  of  the 
Southwestern  Territories.  A  majority  of  the  North  American 
species  are  represented  within  the  limits  of  the  Coloradan 
Basin ;  they  may  readily  be  grouped  in  three  subfamilies,  the 
eading  antithetical  characters  of  which  are  as  follows  :  — 

TURDIN^E. — Tarsi  booted.  Bill  short,  scarcely  or  not  de- 
pressed, moderately  cleft.  Legs  stout.  Tail-feathers  widen- 
ing a  little  toward  the  end,  the  tail  thus  becoming  squarish  or 
fan-shaped. 

MYIADESTIN^E.— Tarsi  booted.  Bill  very  short,  much  de- 
pressed, widened  at  base,  deeply  cleft.  Legs  weak.  Tail-feath- 
ers tapering,  the  tail  being  thus  rendered  somewhat  cuueate. 

*The  characters  of  this  and  of  other  groups  are  drawn  up  with  reference 
to  the  forms  treated  in  the  present  work,  and  may  or  may  not  require  modifi- 
cation in  order  to  their  equal  applicability  to  extra-limital  representatives. 


CHARACTERS    OF    TURBINE  5 

MIMIN^E. — Tarsi  scutellate  anteriorly  (scales  seven  in  num- 
ber). Bill  variable;  sometimes  as  in  Turdince,  sometimes  as 
long  as  the  head  and  bent  like  a  bow.  Legs  stout.  Wings 
usually  shorter  than  the  tail,  which  is  more  or  less  graduated, 
with  broad,  rounded  feathers. 

Other  characters  will  be  adduced  under  the  heads  of  the 
respective  subfamilies. 

SUBFAMILY  TURDIN^E:   TYPICAL  THRUSHES 

CHARS. — With  the  tarsus,  in  the  adult,  u  booted"  or  envel* 
oped  in  a  continuous  plate,  formed  by  fusion  of  all  the  tarsal 
scutella  excepting  two  or  three  just  above  the  base  of  the  toes. 
(This  is  a  strong  character;  for  the  * 
few  other  birds  of  this  country  which  \ 
show  the  same  feature  are  quite  dif- 
erent  in  other  respects.)  Wings  more 
or  less  pointed,  longer  than  the  tail;  . 
first  primary  spurious,  or  very  short ; 
second  longer  than  the  sixth.  Bill 
moderate,  shorter  than  the  head, 
straight,  more  or  less  subulate,  little 
depressed  at  base,  with  moderate 
bristly  rictus.  Nostrils  oval,  nearly 
or  quite  reached  by  the  frontal  feath- 
ers. Tail-feathers  widening  somewhat  -  ; 
toward  their  ends:  the  tail  as  a  whole 

Fro.  2.—"  Booted  "  tarsus.     (Foot 

somewhat  fan-shaped,  not  decidedly  of  Robin,  natural  size.  N.  B.— The 

lettering  of  the  cut  indicates  propor- 
forked  at  the  end,  nor  much  gradu-  ti°nal  lengths  of  tarsus  and  middle 

toe  with  claw,  and  the  numeration  of 
a  ted.  the  several  digits  of  a  bird's  foot.) 

This  group  is  nearly  cosmopolitan,  and  reaches  a  high  state 
of  development  in  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  where  it  is 
represented  by  various  genera  and  numerous  species.  There 
are  in  all  upward  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  accredited  species  of 
Turdincv,  most  of  which  are  referable  to  the  genus  Turdus  and 
its  subdivisions.  The  United  States  species  are  few  in  number, 
and  all  of  them  belong  to  the  single  genus  Turdus ;  though 
species  of  Caiharus,  an  allied  form,  may  possibly  be  yet  found 
on  our  southern  border.  * 

The  Thrushes  are  generally  distributed  over  North  America, 
in  wooded  regions,  but  will  not  be  found,  except  casually,  in 
those  localities  which  are  devoid  of  trees  or  bushes,  even 


6        GENERAL  ECONOMY  OF  THE  THRUSHES 

though  such  places  are  within  the  general  area  of  distribution 
of  the  respective  species.  They  are  insectivorous,  like  most 
birds,  in  fact;  but,  like  very  many  others  that  feed  mainly  upon 
insects,  they  also  eat  berries  and  various  other  soft  fruits.  The 
Eobin,  for  instance,  is  extravagantly  fond  of  the  berries  of  the 
common  Poke  (Phytolacca  decandra) ;  and,  during  the  season 
when  this  fruit  is  ripe,  specimens  are  often  found  with  not  only 
the  plumage,  bill,  and  feet,  but  also  various  interior  parts  of 
the  body,  dyed  with  the  purple  juice.  The  Thrushes  are  migra- 
$ory  in  the  United  States.  They  are  not  properly  to  be  con- 
sidered gregarious,  though  some  of  them,  like  the  Eobin,  go 
together  in  troops  of  hundreds  at  certain  seasons.  They  are 
arboreal  in  general  habit;  yet  much  of  the  time  is  spent  on  the 
ground  in  the  search  for  worms  and  insects.  To  illustrate  the 
case,  again,  in  the  instance  of  the  familiar  Kobin,  every  one 
will  recall  the  sprightly  excursions  of  this  bird  on  the  green- 
sward of  our  parks  and  gardens  during  the  breeding-season, 
and  remember  how  swiftly  it  runs,  with  lowered  head ;  how  it 
then  draws  itself  up  at  full  length,  displaying  its  trim  and 
shapely  form  to  best  advantage ;  how  then,  satisfied  that  no 
danger  is  to  be  apprehended,  it  tugs  at  the  grub  that  lurks  in 
the  roots  of  the  grass,  and  finally  bears  it  away  to  the  nest,  on 
a  bough  of  the  nearest  apple-tree.  The  mode  of  nesting  varies 
according  to  the  species ;  most  of  the  Thrushes  build  upon 
trees  or  bushes,  but  some,  less  ambitious,  are  content  to  nestle 
on  the  ground.  The  order  of  their  architecture  is  never  elabo- 
rate or  ornate ;  the  nests,  in  fact,  are  rather  rude,  bulky,  and 
inartistic  structures,  more  notable  for  strength  and  stability 
than  for  beauty  of  finish ;  they  are  built  of  leaves,  grasses, 
rootlets,  and  similar  materials,  often  strengthened  with  mud.  The 
eggs  are  usually  four,  five,  or  six  in  number,  blue  or  green  in 
color,  with  or  without  reddish  spots ;  some  of  the  most  closely- 
allied  species  lay  eggs  distinguishable  with  as  much  certainty 
as  the  birds  themselves.  Under  favorable  circumstances,  two, 
or  even  three,  broods  of  young  may  be  reared  in  one  season. 
The  great  voracity  of  young  insectivorous  birds  is  perhaps  in 
no  case  more  strongly  illustrated  than  in  this  group.  If  the 
Robins  were  to  feed  all  other  seasons  exclusively  upon  the  fruits 
of  the  orchard  and  garden,  we  should  still  remain  in  their  debt 
for  the  numberless  thousands  of  noxious  insects  they  destroy 
during  the  period  when  they  are  rearing  their  young.  The  de- 
stiuction  of  such  useful  birds  cannot  be  too  severely  reprobated, 


CHARACTERS  OF  THE  GENUS  TURDUS         7 

even  upon  selfish  grounds,  to  say  nothing  of  the  higher  and 
more  generous  motives  which  should  suffice  for  their  protec- 
tion. For  we  are  not  alone  indebted  to  the  Thrushes  as  friends 
favoring  our  economical  projects.  They  lay  strong  claim  to  our 
regard  as  musicians.  It  is  true  that  the  song  of  the  Eobin 
is  a  humble  effort,  remarkable  for  nothing  so  much  as  for  its 
heartiness,  simplicity,  and  persistence;  yet  some  of  the 
Thrushes,  like  the  Hermit  and  the  Wood  Thrush,  sing  with 
wonderful  power  and  effect. 

Genus  TURDUS  Linn. 

THE  characters  of  the  single  genus  represented  in  North 
America  being  in  effect  the  same  as  those  of  the  sub- 
family already  given,  need  not  be  recapitulated.  The  several 
species  to  be  treated  fall  in  three  groups,  or  subgenera,  wjiich 
may  be  thus  analyzed:  — 

Planesticus. — Sexes  similar.  Bill  notched  near  the  end,  little 
widened  at  base.  Tarsi  little  longer  than  the  middle  toe  and 
claw.  Beneath  mostly  unicolor,  with  streaked  throat.  Large ; 
stout. 

Hesperocichla. — Sexes  dissimilar.  Bill  unnotched.  Male 
with  a  black  pectoral  collar.  Otherwise  like  Planesticus. 

Hylocichla. — Sexes  similar.  Bill  notched  near  the  end,  much 
widened  and  depressed  at  base.  Tarsi  decidedly  longer  than 
the  middle  toe  and  claw.  Beneath  spotted.  Of  small  stature, 
and  rather  slender  form. 

It  may  be  remarked  that  the  first  plumage  of  young  birds  is 
spotted,  in  this  genus ;  and  that  the  tarsal  scutella  are  only 
fused  completely  in  adult  life.* 

All  of  the  North  American  species  of  this  genus  occur  in  the 
Coloradan  region  excepting  one,  the  Wood  Thrush,  T.  mnste- 
Unus.  While  there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  recognizing  the 
species  of  Planesticus  and  of  Hesperociclila,  the  smaller  species 
of  Hylocichla  require  careful  discrimination,  nor  are  ornitholo- 
gists agreed  upon  the  more  correct  view  to  be  taken  of  their 
interrelationships.  Four  species  are  distinct,  beyond  question : 
T.  mmtelinus,  T.  fuscescenSj  T.  swainsoni,  and  T.  pallasi ;  but 

*This  latter  subject  is  well  illustrated  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Kaup,  in  an  article  en- 
titled "  Ueber  die  Bedeckung  der  Fusswurzel  des  Turdus  migratorius  ",  in : 
Arch,  fiir  Naturg.,  sechszehuter  Jalirg.  Bd.  I.  ss.  42,  43,  hierzu  Taf.  ii,  Fig. 
1-5. 


8         SYNONYMY  OF  TURDUS  MIGRATORIUS 

some  other  forms  which  have  been  admitted  to  be  specific  are 
not  so  well  established.  It  may  be  further  observed  that 
several  of  the  names  now  currently  adopted  may  have  to  give 
way,  in  the  end,  if  the  species  described  by  some  of  the  older 
authors,  as  Pennant,  Latham,  Gmelin,  and  Pallas,  can  be  fully 
identified.  On  the  present  occasion,  however,  I  shall  adopt 
the  usual  nomenclature. 


The  Robin 

Turclus  (Planesticus)  migrratorius 

XurdUS  migratorillS,  Linn.  SN.  i.  1766,  292.— Forst.  Phil.  Tr.  Ixii.  1772,  38-2,  399.— Gm.  SN. 
i.  1788,  811.— Lath.  10.  i.  1790,  330.— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  492.— Vieill.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  5,  pis. 
§0,  61.— Wife.  AO.  i.  1808,  35,  pi.  2,  f.  2.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1834,  25;  Ann. 
Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  75 ;  Syn.  1828,  75.— Fox,  New<*  Mus.  1827,  150.— Doughty' s  Cab. 
NH.  i.  1830,  133,  pi.  12.— Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  408.— Brehm,  Hdbh.  VD.  1831,388.—  ffutt. 
Man.  i.  1832,  338,  fig.  — ;  1840,  — .— Kittl.  Kupfert.  iii.  1833, 21,  pi.  25,  f.  2.— Aud.  OB.  ii. 
1834, 190;  v,  1839,  442;  pi.  131 ;  Syn.  1839,  89  ;  BA.  iii.  1841,  14,  pi.  142.— Temm.  Man. 
iii.  1835,  91.— Bp.  PZS.  1837,  iii.— Bp.  C.  &  GL.  1838,  ll.—Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839, 
303.— Tig.  Voy.  Bloss.  1839, 17.— Towns.  Jonrn.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  153.— Giraud, 
BLI.  1844,  86.— Garni).  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  iii.  1846,  113.— Thiene.  Rhea,  i.  1846,  125 
(Vienna).— Homey.  Rhea,  ii.  1849,  158  (Europe).— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  272.— Naum.  Naum. 
iv.  1851,7  (Germany).— Burnett,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  iv.  1851,  116.— Gab.  Naum.  ii.  1852,  122 
(Germany).— Cabot,  Naum.  iii.  1852,  65.—Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  79,  fig.  —.—Read, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  398.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  310.— Woodh.  Sit- 
greave's  Rep.  1853,  72.— Cab.  J.  f.  O.  1853,  67  (Germany).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  iv. 

1854,  325.— Pratten,  Tr.  Illinois  Agr.  Soc.  1855,  601.— Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agr.  Soc. 

1855,  582.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  310.— Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856, 
288.— Putn.  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  i.  1856,  209.—  Scl.  PZS.  1856,  294.— Newb.  PRRR.  vi.  1857, 
81.— Kneel.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  234.— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  116.— Scl.  PZS. 
1857,  126  ;  1858,  300.— Maxim.  J.  f.  0.  1858,  178.— Treadw.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1858,396.— 
Set.  PZS.  1859,  225,  331,  362.— Gosse,  Alabama,  1859,  295.-Xanfrts,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi. 
1859,  190.— Willis,  Smithson.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  281.— Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  pt.  iv.  1859, 
190.— Martens,  J.  f.  O.  1859,  213,-Tomes,  Ibis,  1859,  387.— S.  <£-  8.  Ibis,  I860,  396.— Coop. 
&  Suckl.   NHWT.  I860,  172.— Bd.  Ives'  Rep.  1861,  5.— Barn.  Smithson.  Rep.  for  1860, 
1861,  435.— Scl.  Ibis,  1861,  282.— Blak.  Ibis,  1862,  4.—Tayl  Ibis,  1862,  128.— Gund.  J.  f. 
0. 1862,  181.— Board.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  124.— Terr.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  137.— 
Verr.  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  iii.  1862,  145.—  Hayd.  Tr.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862,  159.— Licht. 
"Preis-Verz.   Mex.  Vog.    1830,  2";  J.  f.  0. 1863,  57.— Blak.  Ibis,  1863,  59.— Bd.  Rev. 
AB.  1664,  28.— Scl.  PZS.  1864, 172.— Dress.  Ibis,  1865, 475.—  Hoy,  Smithson.  Rep.  for  1864, 
1865,  437.—  Weiz,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  x.  1866,  267.— Lawr.  Ann.   Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  281.— 
Mcllwr.  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  v.  1866,  84.— Degl-Gerbe,  OE.i.  1867,  406.— Sam.  BNE.  1867, 
154.— Brown,  Ibis,  1868,  420.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  107.— Ooues,  Pr.   Phila. 
Acad.  xx.  1868,  82.— Butch.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xx.  1868, 149.- Coues,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868, 
161.— Hughes,  Am.   Nat.  ii.    1868,   490.— Garlick,  Am.  Nat.  ii.   1868,  492.— Coues,  Pr. 
Essex  Inst.  v.  1868,  265.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.    1869,  513.— Coop.   Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 
31,  297.— Dall  &  Bann.  Tr.  Chicago  Acad.  i.  1869,  — .— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  22;  Phila. 
ed.  15.— Dall,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  600.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  7,  fig.  — .— Majn.  B.  Mass. 
1870,  89.— Ooues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxiii.  1871,  19.— Stevens,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for 
1870,  1871,  463.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  1871,  250.— Trippe,  Pr.   Essex  Inst.  vi.  1871,  115.— 
Bruhin,  Zool.  Gart,  xii.  1871,  12  —Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1872,  1.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  71,  f.  13.— 
Allen,  Bull.    MCZ.  1872,  173.— Drew,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  52.— Wood,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872, 


SYNONYMY  OF  TURDUS  MIGRATORIUS          9 

173.— Lockiv.  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  770.— Hold.  Pr,  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  193— Mayn.  Pr. 

Boat.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  357.— Scott,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  22Q.—Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 

xv.  1873,  234.— Merr.  TJ.   S.  Geol.    Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  712.— Eidg.  Bull  Essex 

Inst.  v.  1873,  179,-Snow,  B.  Kansas,  1873,  3.— Ooues,  Prybilov.  Is.  1873,  app.  —  ;  8vo 

ed.  1875,  172;  Harting  ed.  1875,  16.— Boyce,  Am.  Nat.   viii.  1874,  203.— Eds.  Am.  Nat. 

viii.  1874,  271.— Comstock,  Am.  Nat.   viii.  1874,  76.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  riii.  1874,  16.— 

Eidg.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  178.— Merrill,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  547.— Allen,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 

1874,  45,  4S.-Cou-es,  BNW.  1874,  1,  228.-C'owes,  Checkl.  1874,  No.  1.— Allen,  Pr.  Bost. 

Soc.  xvii.  1874,  48.—Eidgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  1874,  365.— Hensh.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  x. 

1874,  2.— Hensh.  d-.Iarr.  Eep.  Wheeler's   Exp.  1874,  5,  39,56,    70,  96.— Hensh.  Zool. 

Wheeler's  Exp.  1875,  143   (in  press).— Eidgw.    Zool.  40th  Par.  187-,  9  (in  press).— 

Boies,  Cat.  B.  Michigan,  1875,  — .  —  Nels.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  338,  345,  349,  355.— 

Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  438. 
Turdus  megratorius,  Bodd.  Tabl.  PE.  1783, 32,  pi.  556,  f.  1. 
Turd  us  migratorius  var.  migratorius,  Bd.  Br.  &  Ey.  NAB.  i.  1874, 25,  pi.  2,  f.  2. 
Turdus  i  IMancst  irus)  migratorius,  Bd.  BNA.  1858, 218.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1861, 218— 

Allen,  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  iv.  1864,  58.— Ooues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  64.— Merr.  TJ.  S.  Geol. 

Surv.  for  1872, 1873,  670. 
Planesticus  migratorius,  Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859, 106.— Coues,  Ibis,  1865, 163.— Merr. 

TJ.  S.  Gebl.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  713 ;  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  7,  8,  86.— Gundl.  J.  f. 

0.  1872,  405. 
Merula  migratoria,  S.  &  R.  FBA.  ii.  1831, 176.— Wailes,  Rep.  Miss.  1854,  318.— Gould,  BE. 

pi.  74. 

Turdus  canadensis,  Brits.  Orn.  ii.  1760,  2-25,  No.  9.— Mutt.  SN.  Suppl.  1776,  140. 
Turdus  pilaris  migratorius,  Kalm.  in.  46. 
Fieldfare  of  Carolina,  Catesby,  Car.  i.  pi.  29. 
Litorne  de  Canada,  Buff.  Ois.  iii.  307. 
Grive  de  Canada,  Buff.  PE.  556.  f.  l. 
American  Fieldfare,  Forst.  Phil.  Tr.  Ixii.  1772,  399. 

Red-breasted  Thrush,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  335,  No.  196.— Lath.  Syn.  ii.  — ,  26,  No.  12. 
Merle  Erratique,  Temm.  Man.  iii.  1835,  9l.—Degl.-Oerbe,  OE.  i.  1867,  406. 
Merle  ou  Rouge-gorge  du  Canada,  Le  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 164. 
Migratory  Thrush ;  American  Redbreast ;  American  Robin ;  Robin  Redbreast;  Robin, 

Yulgo. 

Var. 

Turdus  conflnis,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  29.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  9.— Elliot,  BNA.  -.—Merrill, 

Am.  Nat.  viii,  1874,  547. 
Turdus  migratorius  var.  conflnis,  Coues,  Key,  1872,  72.— Bd.  Br.  &  Ey.  NAB.  i.  1874, 27,  pi. 

2,  f.  1. 

HAB. — North  and  Middle  America ;  Greenland  ;  some  of  the  West  India 
Islands;  Europe,  accidentally. 

CH.  SP. —  <£  9  .  Olivaceo-schistaceus,  capite  caudaque  nigricanti- 
bus,  alls  fuscis  cinereo-marginatis,  gastrceo  subaxillaribusque  cas- 
taneis,  gula  albo-striata,  palpebris,  tibiis  crissoque  albis^  rostro 
flavo. 

$  in  summer:  Upper  parts  slate-color,  with  a  shade  of  olive.  Head* 
black,  the  eyelids  and  a  spot  before  the  eye  white,  and  the  throat  streaked 
with  white.  Quills  of  the  wings  dusky,  edged  with  hoary  ash,  and  with  the 
color  of  the  back.  Tail  blackish,  the  outer  feather  usually  tipped  with 
white.  Under  parts,  to  the  vent,  including  the  under  wing-coverts,  chest- 
nut. Under  tail-coverts  and  tibire  white,  showing  more  or  less  plumbeous. 
Bill  yellow,  often  with  a  dusky  tip.  Mouth  yellow.  Eyes  dark  brown. 
Feet  blackish,  the  soles  yellowish.  Length  about  10  inches ;  extent  about 
16;  wing,  5-5^;  tail,  4-4| ;  bill,  £ ;  tarsus,  1£:  middle  toe  and  claw  about 
the  same. 


10  DESCRIPTION    OF    TURDUS   MEGRATORIUS 

9  in  summer :  Similar  to  the  $ ,  but  the  colors  duller ;  upper  parts  rather 
olivaceous-gray ;  chestnut  of  the  under  parts  paler,  the  feathers  skirted 
with  gray  or  white;  head  and  tail  less  blackish  ;  throat  with  more  white. 
Bill  much  clouded  with  dusky. 

$  $  in  winter  and  young:  Similar  to  the  adult  female,  but  receding  some- 
what farther  from  the  $  in  summer  by  the  duller  colors,  the  paleness  and 
restriction  of  the  chestnut,  with  its  extensive  skirting  with  white,  lack  of 
distinction  of  the  color  of  the  head  from  that  of  the  back,  tendency  of  the 
white  spot  before  the  eye  to  run  into  a  superciliary  streak,  and  dark  color 
of  most  of  the  bill. 

Very  young  birds  have  the  back  speckled,  each  feather  being  whitish 
centrally,  with  a  dusky  tip,  and  the  cinnamon  of  the  under  parts  is  spotted 
with  blackish.  The  greater  coverts  are  tipped  with  white  or  rufous,  fre- 
quently persistent,  as  are  also  some  similar  markings  on  the  lesser  coverts. 

Albinos,  partial  or  complete,  of  this  species  are  of  comparatively  frequent 
occurrence. 

In  specimens  bred  in  the  Colorado  Basin  and  other  portions  of  the  South- 
west, there  is  a  tendency  to  greater  length  of  the  tail ;  this  member  averag- 
ing in  length  nearly  at  the  maximum  of  that  of  Eastern  specimens.  With 
this  is  coupled  the  reduction  or  extinction  of  the  white  spot  on  the  exterior 
tail-feathers. 


FIG.  3.— Head  of  Robin,  natural  size. 

THE  Eobin  is  found  in  all  parts  of  North  America.  It  also 
occurs  in  Greenland,  on  islands  in  Bering's  Sea,  on  several 
of  the  West  India  islands,  as  Bermuda,  Cuba,  and  Tobago ; 
and  through  Mexico  to  Guatemala.  It  has  even  been  known  to 
cross  the  Atlantic,  having  been  several  times  shot  in  Europe.* 
Such  general  statement  of  its  distribution  requires  little  if  any 
qualification.  For,  though  it  is  a  woodland  bird,  like  all  of  its 
tribe,  and  therefore  scarcely  to  be  found  in  certain  portions  of 
the  country,  where  desert  or  prairie  fail  to  afford  requisite  con- 

*  In  the  above  synonymy,  numerous  European  references  are  given,  which 
must  not  be  presumed,  however,  to  indicate  as  many  different  instances  of 
its  occurrence,  since  several  may  relate  to  the  same  case.  Dr.  Cabanis  sup- 
poses the  individual  taken  in  Germany  in  December,  1851,  to  have  leached 
that  country  via  Siberia,  not  by  crossing  the  Atlantic. 


DISTRIBUTION   AND    HABITS    OF    THE    ROBIN  11 

ditions;  nevertheless,  in  the  course  of  its  extensive  migrations, 
ifc  may  at  least  pass  over  such  tracts.  Thus  I  have  observed 
large  flocks  in  the  open  and  sterile  portions  of  Dakota  and 
Montana — flocks  that  were  journeying  across  the  country,  and 
had  stopped  for  rest  and  food  in  the  fringe  of  trees  along  the 
lesser  water-courses. 

It  is  not  easy  to  determine  the  center  of  abundance  of  so 
widely  diffused  a  bird  as  the  Eobin.  Excluding  the  extremes 
of  its  range,  reached  by  comparatively  few  individuals,  such 
as  Greenland,  the  West  Indies,  or  Central  America,  its  num- 
bers appear  to  be  determined  solely  by  the  food-supply.  Since 
settlement  of  the  country  and  cultivation  of  the  soil  result  in 
an  increase  of  its  favorite  articles  of  diet,  it  is  nowhere  more 
numerous  than  in  populous  districts.  In  the  Southwest,  it 
appears  to  be  becoming  more  abundant  than  it  formerly  was, 
doubtless  in  direct  consequence  of  the  progress  of  civilization. 
All  the  recent  observers  who  have  recorded  their  experience 
agree  in  their  representations  to  this  effect.  In  any  given 
locality,  short  of  the  extremes  of  its  range,  the  bird  appears  to 
be  more  abundant  during  the  migration — especially  the  autum- 
nal movement — than  at  other  seasons.  This  may  be  due  to  two 
causes.  In  the  first  place,  there  is  an  actual  increase  in  number 
by  new  arrivals ;  and,  secondly,  the  birds  collect  together  in 
large  companies,  and  become  in  consequence  more  conspicuous 
than  they  are  when  generally  dispersed.  In  some  regions, 
where  trees  are  few  and  far  between,  as  in  an  instance  already 
cited,  Eobins  will  rarely  be  se6n  except  in  the  spring  and  fall. 
In  intermediate  portions  of  the  United  States,  they  seem  to  be 
most  numerous  early  in  the  spring,  and  in  the  latter  part 
of  autumn,  when  straggling  flocks  of  hundreds  roam  through 
favorite  tracts  of  woodland  and  shrubbery,  or  betake  them- 
selves to  the  neighboring  fields. 

The  Robin  is  strictly  a  migratory  bird,  like  most  insectivor- 
ous species  which  inhabit  the  northern  hemisphere.  There  is 
a  general  north  and  south  movement  of  the  species  as  a  whole, 
during  the  changing  seasons  of  the  year — a  movement  directly 
related  to  the  sources  of  food-supply.  Nor  should  it  be  in- 
ferred from  the  fact  that  Eobius  may  be  seen  in  a  given  locality 
during  the  whole  year,  that  the  tide  of  migration  has  not 
passed ;  for  it  may  be  that  the  individuals  present  at  one 
season  are  not  the  same  as  those  that  remained  during  a  pre- 
vious period  of  the  year.  The  fact  appears  to  be,  that,  as  a 


12  HABITS    OF    THE    ROBIN 

rule,  at  least,  there  is  a  replacing  of  one  set  of  individuals  by 
another ;  so  that,  though  the  bird  as  a  species  may  be  resident, 
the  birds  individually  have  obeyed  the  migratory  impulse.  Wide 
as  the  Eobin's  distribution  is,  the  limits  of  its  summer  and 
winter  residences  are  comparatively  little  narrower.  Its  breed- 
ing-range extends  from  Arctic  America  to  the  Alpine  regions 
of  Mexico  j  its  winter  home,  from  the  Northern  States  to  Cen- 
tral America.  It  is  a  hardy  bird,  capable  of  enduring  cold  to 
the  freezing-point  of  mercury.  Thus,  it  will  be  seen,  the  bird 
is  "resident "in  one  sense  throughout  the  greater  portion  of 
its  range.  Nevertheless,  the  general  migration  favors  its  pres- 
ence in  greatest  numbers  in  the  Southern  States  during  winter, 
and  in  the  Northern  during  the  summer. 

The  Eobin  is  a  great  eater  of  berries  and  soft  fruits  of  every 
description  5  and  these  furnish,  during  the  colder  portions  of 
the  year,  its  chief  sustenance.  Some  of  the  cultivated  fruits  of 
the  orchard  and  garden  are  specially  attractive ;  and  no  doubt 
the  birds  demand  their  tithe.  But  the  damage  done  in  this 
way  is  trifling  at  most,  and  wholly  inconsiderable  in  compari- 
son with  the  great  benefit  resulting  from  the  destruction  of 
noxious  insects  by  this  bird.  The  prejudice  which  some  per- 
sons entertain  against  the  Eobin  is  unreasonable;  the  whole- 
sale slaughter  of  the  birds  which  annually  takes  place  in  many 
localities  is  as  senseless  as  it  is  cruel.  Few  persons  have  any 
adequate  idea  of  the  enormous — the  literally  incalculable — 
numbers  of  insects  that  Eobins  eat  every  year.  It  has  been 
found,  by  careful  and  accurate  observations,  that  a  young 
Eobin,  in  the  nest,  requires  a  daily  supply  of  animal  food  equiv- 
alent to  considerably  more  than  its  own  weight!  When  we 
remember  that  some  millions  of  pairs  of  Eobins  raise  five  or  six 
young  ones,  once,  twice,  or  even  three  times  a  year,  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  resulting  destruction  of  insects  is,  as  I  have  said, 
simply  incalculable.  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  services  of 
these  birds,  during  the  time  they  are  engaged  in  rearing  their 
young  alone,  would  entitle  them  to  protection,  were  the  parents 
themselves  to  feed  exclusively  upon  garden-fruits  for  the  whole 
period.  But  at  this  time  the  diet  of  the  old  birds  is  very 
largely  of  an  animal  nature  ;  nor  is  this  the  only  season  during 
which  the  destruction  of  insects  goes  on.  Upon  the  first  arrival 
of  the  main  body  of  the  birds  early  in  the  spring,  long  before 
any  fruits  are  ripe,  they  throw  themselves  into  newly-plowed 
fields,  and  scatter  over  meadows,  lawns,  and  parks,  in  eager 


HABITS    OF    THE    ROBIN  13 

search  for  the  worms  and  grubs  that,  later  in  the  season,  would 
prove  invincible  to  the  agriculturist,  were  not  their  ravages 
thus  stayed  in  advance  by  the  friendly  army  of  Eobins. 

It  is  a  matter  of  congratulation  that  the  good  services  of  the 
Eobin  are  becoming  duly  appreciated — thanks  to  the  timely 
and  judicious  interference  in  its  behalf  on  the  part  of  many  of 
its  friends;  among  whom  no  one,  perhaps,  deserves  higher 
praise  for  his  active  and  successful  exertions  than  Dr.  Thomas 
M.  Brewer,  of  Boston.  The  bird  is  now  very  generally  pro- 
tected by  legislative  enactments,  during  a  portion  of  the  year 
at  least ;  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  laws  may  be  made  still  more 
stringent,  and  the  "  close"  time  become  co-extensive  with  the 
year  itself.  As  an  object  of  a  sport,"  the  Eobin  can  possess  no 
attractions  save  to  idle  children  of  larger  or  smaller  growth ; 
while  its  commercial  value,  as  an  article  of  food,  is  wholly  in- 
considerable. There  are,  therefore,  weighty  and  cogent  reasons 
why  the  Eobin  should  be  protected  by  law  at  all  seasons  ;  for 
there  would  rarely  if  ever  be  difficulty  in  gaining  permission, 
upon  proper  representation,  to  destroy  the  very  few  that  might 
be  required  for  scientific  purposes,  or  to  please  the  capricious 
palate  of  an  invalid. 

There  is  little  need  to  pursue  the  history  of  the  Eobin  to  the 
details  of  the  bird's  daily  life ;  upon  such  points  the  children 
are  competent  ornithologists;  and  those  of  us  who  may  have 
forgotten  our  early  experiences  need  only  look  out  of  the 
window  at  the  right  time.  A  word  of  record  respecting  the 
nest,  may,  however,  not  be  out  of  place.  This  is  one  of  the 
most  conspicuous  pieces  of  bird- architecture  about  the  home- 
stead— the  Kingbird's,  the  Oriole's,  and  the  various  Swallows7 
nests  idone  approaching  it  in  this  respect.  The  horizontal 
bough  of  an  orchard  tree,  not  far  from  the  ground,  is  a  favor- 
ite situation ;  though  the  Eobin  is  not  very  particular,  and 
will  sometimes  build,  like  the  Pewit  Flycatcher,  in  odd  and 
unsuspected  nooks  about  an  out-building.  The  nest  is  too  bulky 
for  concealment,  and  no  art  is  attempted.  A  mass  of  the  most 
miscellaneous  material,  chiefly  of  vegetable  nature,  such  as 
leaves,  weed-stems,  moss,  grasses,  and  rootlets,  but  sometimes 
including  hair  or  woolr  surrounds  a  rather  neat  cup  of  mud, 
which  in  turn  is  lined  with  finer  vegetable  fiber.  The  shape  of 
the  nest  varies,  of  course,  with  the  character  of  the  support 
upon  which  it  rests ;  in  size  it  is  about  five  inches  wide,  or 
deep,  with  a  cavity  half  as4arge,  the  walls  and  flooring  being 


14  SYNONYMY    OF    TURDUS 

very  thick  and  substantial.  Such  nests  do  not  readily  yield  to 
the  weather.  The  eggs,  numbering  five  on  an  average,  perhaps, 
measure  from  an  inch  and  one-eighth  to  an  inch  and  one-fourth 
in  length  by  three-fourths  to  four-fifths  in  breadth.  When 
fresh,  they  are  of  a  uniform,  rich,  greenish-blue  color,  without 
spots ;  after  being  blown  for  some  time,  especially  if  exposed  to 
the  light,  they  fade  considerably,  becoming  of  a  lighter  green- 
ish, with  less  blue  shade. 


Varied  Thrush 

T urdus  (Hospcrooicliln)  na-vius 

Taried  Thrush,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  337,  No.  197,  pi.  15. 

Spotted  Thrush,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  i.  27,  No.  13. 

TurdUS  naevlUS,  Gm.  SN.  i.  pt.  ii.  1788,  817,  No.  59.—  Lath.  10.  i.  1790,  331,  No.  13.— Kittl. 
Kupfert.  iii.  1833,  21,  pi.  25,  f.  1.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  271.— Brew.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xvii.  1875, 
438  (Mass.). 

TurdUS  njevius,  Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  497.—  Vieill.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  10.—  Bp.  C.  &  GL.  1838, 17.— 
And.  OB.  Iv.  1838,  489;  v.  1839.  284,  pis.  369,  433.—  And.  Syn.  1839,  89.— Ornith.  Comm. 
Jonrn.  Pbila.  Acad.  vii.  1839, 193.— Vig.  Zool.  Voy.  Blow.  1839,  17.— Aud.  BA.  iii.  1841, 
22,  pi.  143.— Grnnb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1846,  113  (California).— Gamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad. 
i  1847,  42.— Cabot,  Proc.  Boat  Roc.  ill.  1848, 17  (New  Jersey).— Later. Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  v. 
1852,221  (New  York).—  Scl.  PZS.  18:57,  4  —  Newb.  PRRR.  vl.  1857,  81.— Heerm,  PRRR. 
x.  pt.  iv.  1859,  45.— Xantu*,  Pr.  PhHa.  Acid.  xi.  1859,  190  (California).— Scl.  PZS.  1859, 
33U— C.  tfS.  NHWT.  I860,  17^.— Bd,  Iv^'  Ri^p.  pt.  r.  1861,  5  (Colorado  River).— Scl. 
Ibis.  1861,  282.— Blak.  Ibiu,  v.  186 1,  5'3,—Rd.  U*v.  AB.  1854,  32.— Alien.  Pr.  Essex  Inst  v. 
1864,82  (New  Jersey).— Lor d,  Pr.  Arty.  In-t.  Woolw.  iv.  le<64,  I  4.—  Laier.  Ann.  Lye. 
N.  Y.  viii.  1P66,  281  (Long  Island)  —fanes.  Pr  Coxiest,  v.  1868,  312  (Ipswich,  Mass).— 
Brown. Ibi«.  1868, 420 (Vancouver),— DaU.fyriann.Tr. Chicago  Acad.!.  1869, £76 (Alaaka).— 
Turnb.  B.  B  P.i.  1869,  52;  Phila,  ft<l.  41  (NTsw  Jersey).— Coop  A-n.  Nut.  iii.  1869,  31  (Coeur 
d'Alefie  Mt<.,  Montana) ;  ibid.  Tr—A;len,  Am.  Nat.  til.  I8'59,  512,  513,  572  (Ipswich, 
Mass.,  Dec.,  1864).— Allen,  White'*  Geol.  of  Iowa,  1870,  ii.  419  ("  Iowa").— Dall.  Am. 
Nat.  iv.  1870,  600.— Mayn.  Guide,  1870,  89  (Ipswich,  MasB.).— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  10.— 
Coues,  Keyt  1872,  72.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  1.— Bd.  Br.  fr  Ry.  NAB.  i.  1874,  29,  f.  — 
pi.  2,  f.  2. 

Turdus  (Ixoreus)  naevlus,  Bd.  BNA.  1858, 219. 

TurdUS  DffiTia,  Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  153. 

TnrdUS  (Hesperocichla)  naeyius,  Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  65  (Arizona). 

TurdUS  auroreus,  PaM.  ZRA.  i.  1831,  448,  No.  87   (9   aut  juv.  Kodiak).     [Of.   Cab.  J.   f.  O. 

1872,  157.] 

Orpheus  meruloides,  S.  <£  R.  FBA.  ii.  1831, 187,  pi.  38  (Fort  Franklin). 
Mlmns  mernloides,  Less.  Rev.  Zool.  iii.  1840,  273. 

Columbia  Robin,  Lewis  tf  Clarke,  Trav.  1st  Am.  ed.  ii.  1814,  185. 
Thrush-like  Mock-hird,  S.  if  R.  I.  c. 

CH.  SP. —  $  SchistaceuSj  subtus  aurantio-rufus^  torque  pectorali 
nigro  ;  palpebris,  strigd  postoculari,  fasciis  binis  alaribus,  necnon 
maculis  remigum  aurantio-rufis ;  remigibus  rectricibusque  nigri- 
cantibusj  crisso  rectricibusque  exterioribus  albo-notatis;  rostra 


DESCRIPTION    OF    TURDUS    NJEVIUS  15 

nigro  ;  pedibussubflavis.    9  olivaceo-plunibeus^aliscaudaqueconco- 
loribus,  torque  angusto  dorso  concolore;  gastrcco  dilutiore. 

£ ,  in  summer :  Entire  upper  parts  dark  slate-color,  varying  in  shade  from 
a  blackish  to  a  plumbeous  slate,  in  less  perfect  specimens  with  a  slight  olive 
tinge;  wings  and  tail  blackish,  with  more  or  less  of  plumbeous  or  olive 
shade,  according  to  the  age  of  the  quills ;  wing-coverts,  greater  and  lesser, 
tipped  with  orange-brown  forming  two  cross-bars,  and  quills  edged  in  two 
or  three  places  with  the  same  ;  quills  also  white  at  base  on  the  inner  webs, 
this  marking  not  visible  from  the  outside  ;  one  or  several  of  the  lateral  tail- 
feathers  tipped  with  white.  A  broad  black  collar  across  the  breast,  mount- 
ing on  the  side  of  the  neck  and  head.  Stripe  behind  the  eye,  lower  eyelid, 
and  under  parts  orange-brown,  gradually  giving  way  to  white  on  the  lower 
belly ;  vent  and  crissurn  mixed  white,  orange-brown,  and  plumbeous.  Bill 
black ;  feet  and  claws  dull  yellowish.  Length,  9£-10  inches ;  extent  about 
16 ;  wing,  5  ;  tail,  3£  ;  bill,  $  ;  tarsus,  or  middle  toe  and  claw,  1£. 

$ ,  in  summer :  Upper  parts  olivaceous-plumbeous  (almost  exactly  the 
shade  of  the  common  Robin  in  winter) ;  wings  and  tail  scarcely  darker  ;  the 
pectoral  collar  narrow,  like  the  back  in  color ;  other  under  parts  like  those 
of  the  male,  but  duller,  paler,  and  rather  rusty  than  orange-brown,  with 
more  white  on  the  lower  belly.  Markings  of  head,  tail,  and  wings  exactly 
as  in  the  male. 

Young  :  Like  the  adult  female.  Upper  parts  in  many  cases  with  a  decided 
umber-brown  wash.  No  speckled  stage,  like  that  of  the  very  young  Robin, 
has  been  observed,  though  August  specimens  have  been  examined.  In  the 
young  male,  the  black  pectoral  b'ar  is  at  first  indicated  by  interrupted  black- 
ish crescents  on  individual  feathers.  Young  females  sometimes  show  scarcely 
a  trace  of  the  collar.  At  all  ages,  the  markings  of  the  head  and  wings  are 
much  the  same. 

In  winter :  January  and  December  examples  from  Southern  California 
examined  differ  in  no  wise  from  summer  specimens  of  the  corresponding 


This  bird  is  about  the  size  of  the  common  Robin,  and  not  very  dissimilar 
in  general  appearance,  though  the  black  necklace  and  orange  wing-mark- 
ings distinguish  it  at  a  glance.  The  color  of  the  under  parts  sometimes 
approaches  that  of  the  Robin,  but  is  never  of  the  pure  chestnut  shade — it  is 
much  as  in  the  Black-headed  Grosbeak,  Goniaphea  melanocephala.  The  tail 
is  notably  shorter  than  in  the  Robin,  and  the  bill  lacks  the  notch  at  the 
end;  the  bill  is  more  compressed,  with  a  straighter  culmen,  and  the 
bristles  at  its  base  are  more  highly  developed.  The  species  appears  to  be 
subject  to  little  variation,  chiefly  affecting  the  purity  and  intensity  of  the 
colors. 

THOUGH  the  Varied  Thrush  has  been  nominally  known  to 
naturalists  for  a  century,  it  is  only  within  the  last  few 
years  that  we  have  gained  any  considerable  knowledge  of  its 
habits.  The  nest  and  eggs,  in  particular,  have  but  recently  come 
to  light.  The  bird  was  discovered  at  Nootka  Sound,  on  Captain 
Cook's  third  voyage ;  the  specimens  passed  into  the  possession 


16  HISTORY    OF    THE    VARIED    THRUSH 

of  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  and  were  described  both  by  Latham  and 
by  Pennant  5  the  latter  also  giving  a  figure  of  the  male. 
"Varied  Thrush"  and  u  Spotted  Thrush"  were  the  names 
bestowed  by  these  writers,  upon  whose  accounts  Gmelin,  in 
1788,  based  his  Turdus  naevius.  In  1831,  Swaiuson  figured  and 
accurately  described  the  species  under  the  name  of  Orpheus 
meruloides,  given,  however,  in  opposition  to  the  prime  rule  of 
nomenclature,  for  no  better  reason  than  that  such  designation 
appeared  to  him  to  be  more  expressive.  These  two  terms  are 
the  only  ones  to  be  found  in  current  quotations ;  a  third,  how- 
ever, is  to  be  added ;  for  Pallas  received  from  Kodiak,  through 
his  friend  Billings,  specimens  of  the  same  species,  to  which  he 
applied  the  name  of  Turdus  auroreus.  That  he  had  no  other 
bird  in  view  will  be  evident  upon  consideration  of  the  descrip- 
tion given  in  the  Zoographia  Eosso-Asiatica  ;  all  the  terms  of 
that  account  being  in  strictness  applicable  to  the  female  or 
immature  male,  in  which  the  black  pectoral  collar  is  incom- 
plete. 

Neither  of  the  earlier  authors  mentioned  gave  any  account  of 
the  bird's  habits.  Pallas  merely  remarks  that  it  was  often 
killed  on  the  island  of  Kodiak,  where  it  remains  all  winter ; 
that  it  begins  to  sing  late  in  March,  nests  on  the  ground  among 
bushes,  and  lays  four  or  five  eggs.  Sir  John  Richardson's  speci- 
men, figured  in  the  Fauna  Boreali-Americana,  was  procured 
at  Fort  Franklin,  latitude  65°  30',  in  the  spring  of  1826.  The 
bird  is  said  by  this  author  to  nest  in  bushes,  like  the  common 
Robin,  but  no  further  information  is  given.  Two  American 
naturalists,  Thomas  Nuttall  and  J.  K.  Townsend,  gave  the 
next  glimpses  of  the  life  of  this  bird.  Mr.  Nuttall  observed 
that  it  reached  the  Columbia  River  in  October,  and  remained 
in  some  numbers  through  the  winter  ;  "  at  this  time,"  says  he, 
"they  flit  through  the  forest  in  small  flocks,  frequenting 
usually  low  trees,  on  which  they  perch  in  perfect  silence,  and 
are  at  times  very  timorous  and  difficult  of  approach,  having  all 
the  shy  sagacity  of  the  Robin."  Mr.  Townsend's  notice  is  to  a 
similar  effect ;  but,  in  addition,  he  states  that  the  voice  of  the 
bird  is  different  from  that  of  the  Robin,  being  louder,  sharper, 
and  quicker,  and  alludes  to  a  pleasant  song  which  the  bird 
utters  in  the  spring,  just  before  it  sets  out  on  its  northern 
journey.  Audubon's  account  is  almost  entirely  made  up  of 
quotations  from  the  three  authors  last  mentioned. 

In   Oregon   and  Washington  Territories,  Drs.  Cooper  and 


HABITS    OF    THE    VARIED    THRUSH  17 

Suckley  appear  to  have  bad  excellent  opportunities  of  studying 
the  habits  of  this  species.  The  former  remarks,  in  the  Natural 
History  of  Washington  Territory  : — u  The  varied  thrush  or 
western  robin  is  common  during  winter,  and  I  think  that  a 
few  remain  near  the  coast  all  summer,  as  I  have  seen  them 
in  the  dark  spruce  forests  in  June  and  July.  They  are  much 
more  shy  and  retiring  than  the  robin,  and  differ  very  much  in 
song,  which,  as  I  have  heard  it,  consists  only  of  five  or  six 
notes  in  a  minor  key,  and  in  a  scale  regularly  descending.  It 
is  commonly  heard  in  the  tops  of  the  trees,  and  in  summer  only 
in  the  densest  of  forests.  In  winter  they  associate  with  the 
robins,  and  feed  much  on  the  ground,  sometimes  coming  around 
houses  in  cold  weather."  Dr.  Suckley  continues  with  his  obser- 
vations, in  the  same  volume  : — "  In  winter  it  is  a  shy  bird,  not 
generally  becoming  noticeable  in  the  open  districts  until  after 
a  fall  of  snow,  when  many  individuals  may  be  seen  along  the 
sand  beaches  near  salt  water.  They  are  at  such  times  tame 
and  abundant,  at  least  sufficiently  so  for  any  ordinary  shot  to 
obtain  a  dozen  specimens  in  a  forenoon.  I  suppose  that  they 
are  driven  out  of  the  woods  during  the  heavy  snows  by  hunger. 
It  may  then  frequently  be  found  in  company  with  the  common 
robin,  with  which  it  has  many  similar  habits.  .  .  .  At  this  time 
of  the  year  it  is  a  very  silent  bird,  quite  tame,  allowing  near 
approach ;  flying  up  when  the  intruder  comes  too  near,  but 
alighting  on  the  ground  again  a  short  distance  in  front.  It 
appears  to  be  fond  of  flying  by  short  stages  in  a  desultory 
manner,  sometimes  alighting  on  the  ground ;  at  others  on 
fences,  bushes  or  trees.  The  settlers  here  (at  Port  Townsend) 
call'thein  spotted,  painted,  and  golden  robins.  The  most  con- 
spicuous mark  on  the  bird  which  strikes  the  eye  at  first  is  the 
black  crescent  on  the  fore  part  of  the  breast." 

Never  having  myself  met  with  the  Varied  Thrush,  I  have 
presented  theprincipal  accounts  which  have  reached  us  respect- 
ing its  general  habits  and  manners.  Its  nest  and  eggs  remain 
to  be  noticed,  and  its  geographical  distribution  to  be  traced. 

Mr.  W.  H.'  Dall,  to  whose  important  researches  we  are  in- 
debted for  a  decided  increase  in  our  knowledge  of  the  birds  of 
Alaska,  found  the. Varied  Thrush  nesting  at  Nulato,  May  22d, 
and  gave  us  our  first  information  on  this  special  subject.  A 
nest  which  he  found  was  built  in  a  willow-bush,  about  two  feet 
from  the  ground,  on  a  mass  of  debris  which  had  lodged  during 
an  overflow  of  the  river.  Its  shape,  as  described  by  l)r. 
2  B  c 


18       NIDIFICATION   AND  MIGRATION   OF    VARIED    THRUSH 

Brewer,  may  not  have  been  natural,  for  that  author  remarks 
that  it  probably  had  been  flattened  in  transportation.  This 
nest  was  composed  of  "  fine  dry  mosses  and  lichens  impacted 
together,  intermingled  with  fragments  of  dry  stems  of  grasses". 
A  second  nest,  obtained  in  Alaska  by  Dr.  Minor,  is  described 
by  Dr.  Brewer  in  the  same  connection  : — "  It  is  a  much  more 
finished  structure.  Its  base  and  periphery  are  composed  of  an 
elaborate  basket  work  of  slender  twigs.  Within  these  is  an 
inner  nest  consisting  of  an  interweaving  of  fine  dry  grasses 
and  long  gray  lichens."  There  is  thus  seen  to  be  the  usual 
variation  in  the  materials  employed  by  this  Thrush  in  the  con- 
struction of  its  nest ;  but  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  no  mud 
enters  into  its  composition,  contrary  to  the  surmise  of  Audu- 
bon  that  the  structure  might  resemble  that  of  the  Robin  in 
this  respect.  The  position  of  the  nest,  at  least  in  Alaska, 
seems  to  be  more  constant;  for,  in  the  several  cases  which  came 
under  Mr.  Ball's  observation,  the  nests  were  close  to  the  river's 
bank,  in  secluded  places,  and  low  in  situation.  The  eggs  are 
about  one  and  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long  by  four-fifths  broad  ; 
in  color,  they  are  light  greenish -blue,  distinctly  speckled  with 
dark  umber-brown. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  geographical  distribution  of  this  species 
was  for  many  years  restricted  to  the  immediate  region  in  which 
the  bird  was  discovered ;  it  was  subsequently  extended  east- 
ward to  Great  Bear  Lake  and  southward  to  Oregon.  It  is  only 
recently  that  information  has  been  secured  of  such  southward 
extension  of  its  habitat  that  I  am  enabled  to  include  the  species 
among  the  birds  of  the  Colorado  Basin.  Its  presence  in  South- 
ern California  is  attested  by  several  observers.  Mr.  Xatitus 
procured  it  at  Fort  Tejon,  and  Professor  Baird,  in  Lieutenant 
Ives's  Eeport  of  the  Exploration  of  the  Colorado,  notes  a  speci- 
men from  Fort  Yuma,  which  fixes  the  southernmost  point  on 
record  to  date.  But  its  presence  so  far  south  as  this,  and  at 
the  same  time  at  such  slight  elevation,  is  perhaps  fortuitous; 
certainly,  neither  Dr.  Cooper  nor  myself  nor  any  of  the  orni- 
thologists who  have  latterly  visited  Arizona  found  it  in  this 
Territory.  In  various  portions  of  Middle  California,  however, 
Dr.  Cooper  has  observed  the  bird,  and  to  some  extent  traced 
its  movements.  He  remarks  that  it  merely  visits  the  lower 
country  of  California  in  winter,  and  that  he  had  not  seen  it 
himself  south  of  the  Coast  range  near  Santa  Clara,  and  even 
there  no  later  than  April.  "  It  is  very  probable,  however,"  he 


ERRATIC    MOVEMENTS    OF    THE*  VARIED    THRUSH        19 

continues,  "that  some  breed  in  the  dark  evergreen  forests 
toward  the  north,  as  they  do  near  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia, 
though  I  did  not  see  any  about  the  suminits  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  in  September,  at  lat.  39°,  elevation  7,000  feet.  In 
October,  they  begin  to  come  down  to  the  valleys,  and  are  quite 
common  in  winter  near  San  Francisco." 

To  the  foregoing  indication  of  the  normal  range  of  the  species, 
namely,  along  the  whole  Pacific  region  from  Bering's  Straits  to 
Southern  California,  I  have  only  to  add  the  record  of  its 
singular  wanderings ;  for  the  Varied  Thrush,  like  the  Even- 
ing Grosbeak,  Lark  Finch,  Arkansan  and  Fork- tailed  Fly- 
catchers, and  some  other  distinctively  western  birds,  has  occa- 
sionally crossed  the  continent.  The  earliest  instance  of  such 
erratic  movement  which  has  come  to  my  knowledge  is  that 
given  by  Dr.  Samuel  Cabot,  who  records  the  capture  of  a  speci- 
men in  New  Jersey.  This  individual,  having  been  secured  in 
the  Boston  market,  has  since  been  more  than  once  mentioned  in 
published  records  as  having  occurred  at  or  near  Boston  ;  but, 
as  Dr.  Cabot  states  explicitly,  it  was  shot  in  New  Jersey. 
Nevertheless,  the  Varied  Thrush  has  actually  appeared  in 
Massachusetts,  and  not  far  from  Boston  either;  a  specimen 
having  been  taken  in  December,  1864,  at  Ipswich,  Mass.,  as 
recorded  by  Mr.  Allen,  Mr.  Mayuard,  Dr.  Brewer,  and  myself, 
in  our  several  papers  above  cited,  all  of  which  refer  to  this 
single  occurrence.  This  individual  is  said  to  be  now  preserved 
in  the  collection  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History.  Mr. 
George  N.  Lawrence,  in  his  List  of  the  Birds  of  New  York, 
Long  and  Staten  Islands,  marks  the  Varied  Thrush  as  "rare", 
without  further  comment;  and,  in  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Eidg- 
way's  work,  a  Long  Island  specimen  is  said  to  be  in  Mr.  Law- 
rence's cabinet.  On  writing  to  Mr.  Lawrence  for  the  particu- 
lars of  this  case,  I  am  favored  with  the  following  items: — 
"  Besides  Cabot's  New  Jersey  example,  two  others  have  been 
procured  near  New  York  city — one  at  Isjip,  Long  Island,  shot  in 
the  fall,  in  company  with  robins,  and  now  in  the  possession  of  the 
person  who  secured  it,  the  other  at  Hoboken,  New  Jersey.  Both 
were  received  in  the  flesh  by  Mr.  J.  Akhurst,  to  be  mounted  f 
the  Hoboken  one  was  subsequently  destroyed  by  fire  in  the 
taxidermist's  workshop.  All  the  specimens  in  my  own  cabinet 
came  from  the  Pacific  side." 

Thus  it  appears  that  there  have  been  four  authentic  instances 
of  the  occurrence  of  the  Varied  Thrush  on  the  Atlantic  sea- 


20          SYNONYMY  OF  TURDUS  PALLASI 

board — all  within  a  very  limited  area :  the  original  New  Jer- 
sey one,  teste  Cabot,  sometimes  wrongly  accredited  to  Boston  ; 
the  Ipswich  one,  December,  1864,  Maynard ;  the  Islip,  L.  I., 
one,  teste  Lawrence  ;  the  Hoboken,  IS".  J.,  one,  teste  Law- 
rence. There  is  yet  another,  making  the  fifth,  record  of  east- 
ward deviation  from  ordinary  lines  of  migration ;  namely,  that 
given  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen  in  Prof.  0.  A.  White's  Geology  of  Iowa. 
This,  however,  Mr.  Allen  himself  informs  me,  is  not  authentic, 
he  having  merely  introduced  the  species  in  his  compiled  list  of 
the  Birds  of  Iowa  on  the  strength  of  its  having  been  found  still 
farther  eastward,  and  no  specimen  being  known  to  have  been 
actually  found  in  that  State. 


Hermit  Thrush 

Tnrclus  (Hylocichla)  pallasi 

a.  pallasi. 

TurdUS  SOlitariUS,  Wils.  AO.  v.  1812,  95  (not  the  pi.  43,  f.  2,  which— swainsoni;  nee  Linn.).— 
Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  275  (critical).— ?  Ornilk.  Comm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii. 
1837,  193  (Columbia  River). -Bp.  C.  &  GL.  1838,  17.— Dp.  CA.  i.  1850,  270.— Aud.  Syn. 
1839,  91.— Aud.  BA.  iii.  1841,  29,  pi.  146.— Thienemann,  Rhea,  i.  1846,  125  (Vienna).— 
?  Woodh.  Sitgreave's  Rep.  1353,  72  (Texas  and  New  Mexico— may  have  been  one  of  the 
other  vare.).—  Thomps.  Vermont,  1853.  80.—  Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  310  (Wiscon- 
sin).— Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  398  (Ohio).— McCoum,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vi.  1853, 
13  (Texas).— ?Henry,Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  310  (New  Mexico— may  have  been  one  of 
tha  other  vars.).— ?Pratten,  Tr.  111.  Agr.  Soc.  1855,  61  (Illinois).— Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
viii.  1856,  289  (Indiana).— Putn.  Pr.  .Essex  Inst.  i.  1856,  209.— ?Kneel.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi. 
1857,  234.— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857, 117  (Nova  Scotia).— Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 
1859,  281  (Nova  Scotia).— Bland,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  287  (Bermuda).— Degl- 
Gerbe,  OE.  i.  1867,  426  (Europe).— Trippe,  Pr.  Essex.  Inst.  vi.  1871,  115  (Minnesota). 

Mcrula  SOlitarla,  S.  4-  R.  PBA.  ii.  1831,  184,  pi.  "35"  by  err.  for  37.—"  Vieitt.  OAS.  ii.  1807, 
7,  pi.  63,  in  part."— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  1844,  191. 

TurdUS  minor,  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  33  (=solitarius  Wils. ;  nee  Gm.).—Naum. 
Isis,  1826,  520.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  75.—Brekm.  VD.  1831,  393.— Nutt.  Man.i. 
1832,  346.— Aud.  OB.  i.  1832,  303,  pi.  58 ;  v.  1839,  445.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839, 
305.— f  Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  153  (may  have  been  T.ustulatus).—Giraud, 
BLI.  1844,  90.— Bald.  Naum.  i.  1849,  10  (Anhalt). 

TurdUS  gUttatUS,  Cab.  Fn.  Peru.  1845-'46,  187. 

TurdUS  pallasii,  Cab.  Arch.  f.  Naturg.  1847,  (1),  205.— Homeyer,  Rhea,  ii.  1849,  147  (mono- 
graphic).— Gundl.J.  f.0. 1855,  470  (Cuba).—  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  212.— Cones  ffPrent.  Smiths. 
Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  404  (Washington,  B.C.).— Ferr.Pr.  Essex  Inst.  iii.  1862, 145  (Maine).— 
Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  124  (Maine).—  Verr.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  137  (Anti- 
costi).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  i.  1864,  14.— Mcllw.  Pr.  Essex  InBt.  v.  1866,  84  (Canada 
West).— Coues,  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  v.  1868,  266  (New  England).— Coues,  Pr.  Bo*t.  Soc.  xii. 
1868,  106  (South  Carolina).— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  380.— Mayn.  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868, 
662, 663.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  488.— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  21 ;  Phila.  ed.  14.— Abbott, 
Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  540,  541.— Parker,  Am.  Nat.v.  1871,  168.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
xxiii.  1871,  19  (North  Carolina).— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  357.— Coues,  Key,  1872 
72.—  Trippe,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  234.—  Merriam,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1874,  7,  8. 


SYNONYMY    OF    T.    PALLASI    AND    ITS    VARIETIES         21 

TurdUS  pallasi,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,  5.— Scl  PZS.  1859,  325  (critical).—  Scl.  Ibis,  iii.  1861,  282.— 
Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  435  (Pennsylvania).—  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 
281  (New  York).—  Allen,  Am.  Nat.  i.  1867,  109.— Ridg.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxi.  1869,  128 
(critical).— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  573.—  Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1872,  8.— Merr.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 
Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  713.— Cones,  BNW.  1874,  Z.  —  Trippe.,  ibid.  225  (Colorado).— Brew.  Pr. 
Bost,  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  438.— B.  B.  $  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  18,  pi.  i.  f.  6. 

Turdus  pallacii,  Allen,  Proc.  Essex  Inat.  iv.  1864,  56. 

Grive  solitaire,  LeM.  Ois.  Cauad.  1861, 169. 

Merle  solitaire,  Degl.-Gerbe.,  l  c. 

Hermit  Thrush;  Solitary  Thrush;  Rafous-tailediTlirush ;  Ground  Swamp  Robin. 

b.  nanus. 

?  Fnalascha  Thrush,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  338,  No.  202. 

?  Turdus  aonalaschkae,  Gm.  SN.  i.  pt.  ii.  1788,  808,  No.  31. 

?  TurdUS  aoonalaschkfle,  Lath.  IO.  i.  1790,  329,  No.  8  (Synop.  iii.  23).—  Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  491. 

?Muscicapa  guttata.  Pall.  ZRA.  i.  1811  (1831),  465,  No.  106. 

TurdUS  nanus,  And.  OB.  v.  1839,  201.  pi.  419  (name  T.  minor  on  pi.).— Towns.  Journ.  Phila. 
Acad.  viii.  1839,  153.— And.  Syn.  1839,  91.— And.  BA.  iii.  1841,  32,  pi.  147.— Garni.  Proc. 
Phila.  Acad.  i.  1843,  262  (California).—  Henry,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  viS.  1855,  310  (New 
Mexico).—  Scl.  PZS.  1859,  4.—Bd.  BNA.  1858,  213.—^.  PZS.  1859,  325  (critical).— Xan- 
tus,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  190  (California).—  Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  106 
(New  Mexico).— Hcerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  pt.  iv.  45.— Scl.  Ibis,  iii.  1861,  282.— Scl.  Cat. 
AB.  1862,  2.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  15.—  Heerm.  Ibis,  1865,  475  (Texas).— Trippe,  Am. 
Nat.  ii.  1868,  380.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  488.—  Mayn.  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  662.— Ridg, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxi.  1869,  129  (critical).— Dall  ff  Bann.  Tr.  Chicago  Acad.  i.  1869,  275.— 
Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  4.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1871,  757.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  16.— 
?Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  438  (New  England). 

HylOCicllla  nan&,  Coues,  Ibis,  1865,  163  (Arizona). 

TurdUS  (HylodChla)  nanus,  Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  65  (Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.). 

Turdus  pallasii  -car.  nanus,  Coues,  Key,  1872,  72. 

Turdus  pallasi  b.  nanus,  Coues,  BNW.  1874,  3. 

? TurdUS  minor,  Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1846, 113  (Cal.);  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1847,  41. 

Dwarf  Thrush ;  Dwarf  Hermit  Thrush. 

c.  auduboni. 

Merula  Silens,  Sw.  Philos.  Mag.i.  1827,  647.— Sw.  FBA.  ii.  1831, 186.  (Not  Turdus silcnsVioill). 
TurdUS  Silens,  Scl.  PZS.  1858,  300  (Parada).— Scl.  PZS.  1859,  325  (critical).— Scl.  Ibis,  iii,  1861, 

282.— Scl.  Cat.  AB.  1862,  2. 

TurdUS  SOlltarlUS,  Scl.  PZS.  1857,  212  (Orizaba). 
TurdUS  auduboni,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  i.  1864,  16  (based  on  M.  silens  Svr.).—Stev.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 

Terr,  for  1870,  1871,  463. 
TurdUS  audubonii,  Allen,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  489  (critical).— Sumich.  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1S69, 

542  (Vera  Cruz).— Ridg.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxi.  1869;  129  (critical).— Merr.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 

Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  705,  713. 

TurdUS  pallasii  var.  audubonii,  Coues,  Key,  1872,  72. 
Turdus  pallasi  c.  audubonii,  Coues,  BNW.  1874,  3. 
Audubon's  Thrush  ;   Rocky  Mountain  Hermit  Thrush. 

HAB. — North  America  at  large,  but  especially  the  Eastern  Province.  Ac- 
cidental in  Europe  (see  above  references).  No  valid  West  Indian  or  Cen- 
tral American  quotations  ?  Mexico  ?  Var.  nanus  chiefly  along  the  Pacific 
side,  from  Kodiak  to  Lower  California.  Var.  auduboni  from  the  Southern 
Rocky  Mountain  regicn  and  Mexico,  where  resident. 

CH.  SP. — a.  PALLASI. — Olivaceus,  cauda  discolor  e,  ritfescente; 
subtus  albus,  lateribus  griseo-olivaceis,  pectore  ct  jugulo  subflam- 
cantibuSj  inaculis  nigris  angularibus  notatis. 

$  $ ,  in  Rammer:  Upper  parts  olivaceous,  with  a  brownish  cast,  and 
therefore  not  so  pure  as  in  swainsoni ;  this  color  changing  on  the  rump  and 


22      DESCRIPTION    OF    T.    PALLASI    AND    ITS    VARIETIES 

upper  tail-coverts  into  the  rufous  of  the  tail,  in  decided  contrast  with  the 
back.  Under  parts  white,  shaded  with  grayish-olive  on  the  sides,  the  breast, 
jugulum,  and  sides  of  the  neck  more  or  less  strongly  tinged  with  yellowish, 
and  marked  with  numerous  large,  angular,  dusky  spots,  which  extend  back 
of  the  yellowish-tinted  parts.  Throat  immaculate.  A  yellowish  orbital 
ring.  Bill  brownish-black,  with  most  of  the  under  mandible  livid  whitish  ; 
mouth  yellow  ;  eyes  brown  ;  legs  pale  brownish.  $  ,  length,  7-7|  inches  ; 
extent,  11-12;  wing,  3^-3|;  tail,  2f-3.  5  smaller,  averaging  under  7 
inches  in  length,  and  other  dimensions  proportionally  less. 

In  winter  :  The  olivaceous  of  the  upper  parts  assumes  a  more  rufous  cast, 
much  like  that  of  ustulatus,  and  the  yellowish  wash  of  the  under  parts  and 
sides  of  the  head  and  neck  is  more  strongly  pronounced.  But  the  most 
rufous  specimens  are  readily  distinguished  from  fuscescens  by  the  strong 
contrast  between  the  color  of  the  tail  and  other  upper  parts. 

Very  young  :  Most  of  the  upper  parts  marked  with  pale  yellowish  longi- 
tudinal streaks,  with  clubbed  extremities,  and  dusky  specks  at  the  end  ; 
while  the  feathers  of  the  belly  and  flanks  are  offcen  skirted  with  dusky  in 
addition  to  the  numerous  blackish  spots  of  the  rest  of  the  under  parts. 

&.  NANUS.  —  Minor;    $  long.  tot.  circ.  7  j   alec  2J  scu  minus; 
caudcc  circ.  2%. 
c.  AUDUBONL—  Major;   £  long.  tot.  circ.  7f  ;  alec,  4  +  ;  caudce 


AMONG  the  Western  Hylociclilcv  of  the  pallasi  type,  there 
are  a  larger  and  a  smaller  race,  both  intergrading  com- 
pletely with  the  dimensions  of  Eastern  pallasi,  their  respective 
averages  being  at  about  the  maxima  and  minima  of  pallasi 
proper.  The  difference  in  size  between  them  is  more  noticeable 
than  that  between  either  of  them  and  T.  pallasi,  and  appears 
to  be  preserved  with  much  constancy.  I  am  unable  to  appreci- 
ate any  of  the  differences  in  coloration  which  have  been  as- 
cribed; at  any  rate,  these  differences  are  fully  within  the 
normal  range  of  variation  of  typical  pallasi.  These  subspecies 
are  less  strongly  indicated  than  either  of  those  of  the  swainsoni 
type,  and  little  violence  would  be  done  by  declining  to  recog- 
nize them  by  name.  Nanus,  in  particular,  is  positively  indis- 
tinguishable from  some  small  specimens  of  Eastern  pallasi. 
Audiiboni  is  rather  better  marked.  I  have  never  seen  the  wing 
of  pallasi  four  inches  long,  and  doubt  that  it  ever  exceeds  this 
dimension,  as  is  the  case  with  some  examples  of  auduboni. 

The  average  of  a  large  series  of  both  sexes  of  typical  pallasi 
from  the  Eastern  States  is  :  —  Length,  7.00  ;  extent,  11.25  ;  wing, 
3.75;  tail,  2.75;  tarsus,  1.15. 

It  is  not  easy  to  determine  the  proper  name  of  this  species 


HISTORY    OF    THE    HYLOCICHLJE  23 

with  the  desired  precision.  Most  of  the  later  descriptions 
upon  which  names  have  been  based  are  perfectly  intelligible ; 
but  the  doubts  which  attach  to  several  early  accounts  will 
probably  never  be  dispelled.  The  earliest  claimant  in  this  con- 
nection appears  to  be  the  Unalashka  Thrush,  described  with 
varying  orthography  by  Latham  and  Pennant,  and  subse- 
quently the  basis  of  Turdus  aonalasclikae  of  Gmelin.  To  enable 
the  reader  to  judge  for  himself  how  little  can  be  made  of  the 
accounts  of  these  authors,  Pennant's  description  is  reproduced: 
"Thrush  with  the  crown  and  back  brown,  obscurely  spotted 
with  dusky :  breast  yellow,  spotted  with  black :  coverts  of  the 
wings,  primaries,  and  tail,  dusky,  edged  with  testaceous.  Size 
of  a  lark.  Found  on  Unalascha."  This  description  might  be 
supposed  to  refer  to  a  young  bird  of  the  present  species,  still 
in  the  speckled  plumage ;  but  it  is  inadequate  to  the  establish- 
ment of  a  species. 

To  pursue  the  subject  of  the  Unalashka  Thrush,  we  may  next 
notice  a  bird  described  by  the  celebrated  traveler  and  natural- 
ist, Peter  S.  Pallas,  in  the  Zoographia  Eosso-Asiatica,  a  work 
which  appears  to  have  been  actually  printed  in  1811,  though 
not  published,  nor  generally  accessible,  until  1831.  This  author 
describes  as  a  new  species  a  certain  Muscicapa  guttata,  from 
the  island  of  Kodiak,  querying  the  Unalashka  Thrush  as  syn- 
onymous. But  how  much  doubt  he  felt  on  this  score  is  evident 
from  the  fact  that  he  also  cites  the  same  bird,  with  a  note  of 
interrogation,  as  a  synonym  of  his  Turdus  auroreus.  The  gen- 
eral drift  of  the  description  of  Muscicapa  guttata  indicates  some 
species  of  Turdus  of  the  Hylociclila  group,  in  the  speckled  plum- 
age of  the  young;  while  the  expressions  "uropygium  rufo- 
lutescens",  "  rectrices  rufescentes  ",  would  seem  to  point  to  the 
Hermit  Thrush.  This  identification  was  made  by  Dr.  Cabanis 
in  the  critical  commentary  accompanying  Tschudi's  Fauna 
Peruana ;  but  the  learned  German  ornithologist  seems  to  have 
soon  felt  the  uncertainty  attaching  to  this  case,  for  he  relin- 
quished his  Turdus  guttatus,  to  bestow  upon  the  Hermit  Thrush 
the  name  of  T.  pallasii,  by  which  it  has  of  late  years  been  gen- 
erally known.  While  I  admit  the  high  probability  of  the  per- 
tinence of  Pallas's  "  Muscicapa"  to  the  present  species,  I 
scarcely  think  that  we  are  required  to  adopt  the  name,  especi- 
ally in  the  uncertainty  as  to  which  of  the  varieties  of  the  species 
the  name  more  particularly  applies. 

Meanwhile,  in  1812,  Alexander  Wilson  described  the  Hermit 


24  HISTORY    OF    THE    HYLOCICHL^E 

Thrush  with  sufficient  accuracy,  though  his  plate  accompany- 
ing rather  indicates  the  Olive-backed  Thrush.  He  gave  it  the 
appropriate  name  of  Turdus  solitarius,  which  has  been  adopted 
by  many  ornithologists,  but  which,  unfortunately,  cannot  stand, 
there  being  already  a  Turdus  solitarius  of  Linna3us. 

The  next  original  name  bestowed  upon  the  Hermit  Thrush 
was  Turdus  nanus,  applied  by  Audubon  in  1839,  used  almost 
without  exception,  of  late  years,  for  the  Western  variety.  The 
name  antedates  Cabanis's  pallasii  by  several  years  5  the  de- 
scription is  evidently  that  of  the  Dwarf  Thrush,  for  the  main 
point  Audubon  makes  is  the  smaller  size  of  his  bird ;  and  Dr. 
Brewer  has  recently  contended  that  the  name  should  replace 
that  of  pallasi.  It  has  been  supposed  that  Audubon  intended 
only  to  signalize  the  Western  Hermit,  or  Dwarf  Thrush,  in 
bestowing  the  name  nanus.  But  reference  to  his  original  de- 
scription will  show  the  contrary;  Audubon  having  first  noted 
the  bird  from  the  Atlantic  States.  "  It  is  extremely  rare  in  our 
Atlantic  distriets,  where,  however,  I  have  procured  a  few  indi- 
viduals. Indeed,  the  first  intimation  which  I  received  respect- 
ing it  was  from  my  friend  Charles  Pickering  of  Philadelphia, 
who,  having  procured  one,  had  kept  its  wings  and  head,  the 
smallness  of  which  struck  me  at  once.  I  was  then  far  from 
imagining  that  its  native  haunts  were  the  valleys  of  the  Colum- 
bia River",  &c.  Since  the  Dwarf  Thrush,  as  understood  by 
modern  ornithologists,  is  confined  to  the  West,  the  Eastern 
specimens  Audubon  procured  must  have  been  only  unusually 
small  examples  of  the  common  Hermit  Thrush,  in  which  a  dif- 
ference of  an  inch  in  length  is  not  seldom  found.  It  is  thus 
evident  that  the  name  nanus  includes  both  the  Hermit  Thrush 
proper,  T.  pallasi  of  most  late  authors,  and  the  Western 
variety,  or  Dwarf  Thrush ;  and  I  really  do  not  see  how  Dr. 
Brewer's  con  elusion,  that  we  should  reverse  our  usual  nomencla- 
ture, make  the  Dwarf  Thrush  the  original  species,  and  write 
T.  nanus  var.  pallasi  instead  of  T.  pallasi  var.  nanus,  can  be 
gainsaid.  It  will,  however,  tend  to  prevent  further  misunder- 
standing of  a  matter  already  sufficiently  involved  to  accept 
the  identification  of  the  names  made  by  Professor  Baird  in  1858. 

The  name  of  Turdus  minor  Grnelin  has  been  applied  by 
Bonaparte  to  this  species,  and  his  example  has  been  followed 
by  several  writers ;  the  name,  therefore,  requires  examination 
in  this  connection.  Eeferring  to  Gmelin,  it  will  be  found  that 
his  Turdus  minor  is  not  available  for  use  in  any  connection, 


HISTORY    OF  THE    HYLOCICHLJE  25 

being  a  thoroughly  "  made  up"  species.  The  diagnosis  given 
is  too  short  to  answer  any  purpose,  and,  in  fact,  applies  almost 
equally  well  to  several  different  species  of  Hylociclila.  His 
quotations  are  of  Brisson,  Buffon,  Pennant,  Edwards,  Catesby, 
and  Latham,  whose  several  descriptions  are  those  of  different 
species.  To  take  only  two  of  them:  Pennant's  "Little 
Thrush  "was  the  species  now  known  as  T.  swainsoni ;  while 
Latham's  "  Little  Thrush "  was  T.  fuscescens.  The  natural 
result  of  Gmelin's  compilation  in  this  case  was  that  his  name 
minor  has  been  applied  repeatedly  to  each  one  of  at  least  three 
species,  namely,  T.pallasi,  T.  swainsoni,  and  T.  fuscescens. 

In  1827,  William  Swainson  described  a  variety  of  the  Hermit 
Thrush  from  Mexico,  under  the  name  of  Herula  silens.  This  is 
the  same  bird  afterward  named  auduboni  by  Professor  Baird — 
the  name  silens  being  pre-occupied  in  the  genus  for  another 
species,  Vieillot  having  first  applied  the  term  silens  to  the 
mustelinus  of  Wilson,  which  is  the  fuscescens  of  Stephens. 

This  sketch  of  the  early  history  of  the  Hermit  Thrush's 
troubles  in  the  way  of  a  name  may  be  continued  with  a  similar 
account  of  the  two  most  nearly  allied  species,  to  avoid  the  neces- 
sity of  again  recurring  to  such  dry  and  uninviting  matters.  We 
will  first  take  up  the  Olive-backed  Thrush,  T.  swainsoni  of  most 
late  authors. 

The  earliest  name  of  supposed  applicability  to  the  Olive- 
backed  Thrush  is  derived  from  Buffon's  Grive  dela  Caroline,  as 
described  by  that  author,  and  as  figured  in  the  Planches  Enlu- 
minees  (pi.  556,  fig.  2).  This  figure  became  the  exclusive  basis 
of  two  different  names  5  for  P.  L.  S.  Muller,  in  his  Supplement 
to  Linna3us'  Systema  NaturaB,  of  date  1776,  at  page  140, 
named  it  Turdus  carolinus  ;  and  P.  Boddaert,  in  his  rare  Ta- 
bleau (1783)'  of  the  Planches  Enluminees,  page  32,  called  it 
Turdus  l)runneus.  G.  E.  Gray,  in  the  Genera  of  Birds,  claims 
that  the  name  brunneus  should  stand  for  the  species ;  this  could 
not  have  been,  even  were  it  not  anticipated  by  Muller's  name ; 
for  it  so  happens  that  Buffon's  figure,  as  Mr.  Cassin  has  re- 
marked, is  one  of  the  few  of  the  whole  series  of  Planches  Enlu- 
minees that  is  utterly  unrecognizable.  It  may  have  been  either 
one  of  the  smaller  Thrushes,  if  not  some  other  bird ;  and  the 
reference  is  entirely  out  of  the  question  as  the  basis  of  a  species. 
Turdus  "carolinus"  I  have  seen  nowhere  except  in  Muller ; 
T.  tl  brunneus  "  is  used  by  Dr.  Brewer  in  1852,  but  for  a  differ- 
ent species,  namely,  T.  fuscescens. 


26  HISTORY    OF    THE    HYLOCICHLjE 

Pennant,  as  we  have  already  seen,  described  the  Olive- 
backed  Thrush  in  1785  under  the  name  of  the  "  Little  Thrush", 
in  this  differing  from  Latham,  whose  "  Little  Thrush"  was  the 
T.fuscescens.  •  But  both  Pennant  and  Latham,  in  their  respect- 
ive works,  introduce  a  "  Brown  Thrush",  which  afterward  be- 
came the  exclusive  basis  of  Turdus  fuscus  of  Gmelin.  That 
this  bird  is  certainly  no  other  than  the  Olive-backed  is  evident 
from  the  folio  wing  description,  quoted  from  Pennant: — "  Thrush 
with  the  head,  neck,  back,  cheeks,  coverts,  and  tail,  of  an  olive  - 
brown :  primaries  dusky:  breast  and  belly  of  a  dirty  white, 
marked  with  great  brown  spots :  legs  dusky.  Size  of  the 
former  [i.  e.,  the  Tawny  Thrush,  T.  mustelinus  Gm.] ;  and  a 
native  of  the  same  country  [New  York]."  Here  is  a  per- 
fectly accurate  and  diagnostic  phrase :  the  name  Turdus fuscus, 
based  upon  it,  would  therefore  require  adoption,  were  it  not 
anticipated  in  point  of  date  by  Turdus  fuscus  of  Miiller,  Syst. 
Nat.  Suppl.  1776,  p.  142,  which  is  an  altogether  different  bird, 
described  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  So  this  name  fuscus 
of  Gmelin  is  thrown  out  of  the  case. 

In  1831,  Swainson  and  Richardson  described  the  Olive- 
backed  Thrush  as  Herula  wilsoni.  This,  however,  was  not  an 
original  imposition  of  a  name,  but  merely  an  erroneous  identi- 
fication of  Bonaparte's  Turdus  wilsonU^  which  latter  was  the 
mustelinus  Wils.  (nee  Gmelin,  i.  e.,  the  fuscescens  Steph.). 

A  few  years  subsequently,  in  1844,  Mr.  J.  P.  Giraud  and  Dr. 
T.  M.  Brewer,  independently  of  each  other,  applied  to  the  Olive- 
backed  Thrush  the  name  of  olivaceus — appropriate  indeed,  and 
only  exceptionable  in  the  fact  that  there  were  already  one  or 
two  entirely  different  species  called  Turdus  olivaceus.  The 
name  therefore  cannot  stand  in  this  connection,  unless  the 
earlier  birds  of  the  same  name  are  shown  to  belong  to  a  differ- 
ent genus. 

In  this  evident  lack  of  a  tenable  specific  name  for  the  Olive- 
backed  Thrush,  Dr.  Cabanis  proposed  to  dedicate  it  to  Swain- 
son,  and  the  term  Turdus  swainsoni  has  been  almost  exclusively 
adopted  for  the  species  of  late  years. 

Two  varieties  of  this  species,  called  respectively  ustulatus  and 
alicice,  have  been  named,  but  do  not  require  comment  here. 

Turning  now  to  the  Tawny  or  Wilson's  Thrush,  or  Yeery,  as 
it  is  indifferently  called,  we  find  what  is  probably  the  earliest 
indication  of  this  species  in  the  "Little  Thrush  "of  Latham 
(but  not  of  Pennant),  on  which  Gmelin  based  his  T.  minor  in 


HISTORY    OF    THE    HYLOCICHL^E  27 

part,  as  already  shown.  It  appears  to  have  been  first  ade- 
quately described  by  Alexander.  Wilson,  in  1812,  under  the 
unfortunate  name  of  Tawny  Thrush,  Turdus  mustelinus,  not- 
withstanding that  this  author  clearly  perceived  it  was  not  the 
" Tawny  Thrush"  of  Pennant,  upon  which  Gmelin's  name  T. 
mustelinus  rested.  The  same  bird  was redescribed  by  Stephens, 
in  his  continuation  of  Shaw's  General  Zoology,  in  1817,  under 
the  new  name  of  Turdus  fuscescens,  which  is  now  generally 
adopted.  Yieillbt,  perceiving  Wilson's  double  employ  of  the 
term  T.  mustelinus,  bestowed  upon  it  the  name  T.silens  in  1823. 
Very  shortly  afterward,  the  Prince  Bonaparte,  also  noting 
Wilson's  error,  but  either  ignoring  or  ignorant  of  both  Steph- 
ens' and  Vieillot's  prior  designations,  dedicated  the  species  to 
Wilson,  calling  it  Turdus  wilsonii,  a  name  current  among 
authors  for  several  years.  These  are  the  only  original  names 
I  have  met  with  of  undoubted  applicability  to  the  present 
species;  though  Swainson  and  other  writers  have  called  the 
bird  T.  minor  after  Gmelin,  and  Dr.  Brewer  has  once  applied 
to  it  the  term  T.  brunneus. 

The  Wood  Thrush  being  a  bird  of  more  marked  characters 
than  any  one  of  the  others,  there  has  been  little  or  no  uncer- 
tainty respecting  it.  The  original  descriptions — the  earliest 
at  least  that  have  come  to  light  so  far — were  those  of  Latham 
and  Pennant,  who  describe  it  from  New  York  under  the  name 
of  Tawny  Thrush,  the  basis  of  T.  mustelinus  of  Gmelin.  Wilson, 
having  appropriated  this  name  to  another  species,' as  we  have 
already  seen,  called  the  Wood  Thrush  T.  melodus — in  so  doing 
apparently  folio  wing  Bartram,  who  had  called  it  T.melodcsm  1791. 


FIG.  4.— Head  of  Wood  Thrush.    Nat/  size. 


The  synonymy  given  at  the  head  of  the  several  species  rep- 
resents an  epitome  of  the  whole  subject  here  treated,  with  a 
great  many  additional  references  to  the  writings  of  various 
authors.  As  the  Wood  Thrush  will  not  be  formally  introduced 


28  SYNONYMY    OF    TURDUS    MUSTELINUS 

into  the  present  work,  since  it  is  not  known  to  occur  in  the 
Colorado  Basin,  its  synonymy  and  description  are  subjoined,* 
to  complete  a  review  of  the  subject.  A  figure  of  the  head  of 
this  species  is  likewise  given. 

WHEN  we  come  to  sketch  the  life-history  of  the  Hermit 
Thrush,  we  shall  be  met  by  difficulties  as  great  as  those 
that  beset  the  interpretation  of  its  written  record,  if  we  attempt 
to  discriminate  between  the  three  recognized  varieties.     Their 
mode  of  life  is  the  same,  notwithstanding  the  points  of  dissimi- 

*The  Wood  Thrush.— Turdus  (Hylocichla)  mustelinus, 

Tawny  Thrush,  Penn.  AZ.ii.1785,  337,  No.  198  (New  York).—  Lath.  Syn.ii.pt.  i.  1783,  26,  No. 
15.  (Not  of  Wilson. ) 

TurdllS  mustelinus,  Gm.  SN.  i.  pi.  ii.  1738,  817,  No.  57  (based  on  Penn.  &  Lath.).— Tun.  SN. 
i.  1806,  Ml.— Lath.  10.  i.  1790,  331,  No.  15.—  Vieill.  OAS.  ii.  1807,6,  pi.  6-2.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye. 
N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  75.—Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,'  343.— And.  OB.  i.  1832,  372;  v.  1839,  446  ;  pi.  73.— 
Bp.  C.  &  GL.  1838,  17.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  304.— D' Orb.  La  Sag.  Cuba,  Ois. 
1839,  48  (Cuba).— And.  BA.  iii.  1841,  24,  pi.  144.— Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847,  144  (in  winter).— 
'Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  270.— Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  398  (Ohio).— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
vi.  1853,  310  (Wisconsin).—  Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  1853,  12,—Gerhardt,  Naum.  iii.  1853, 
38.— Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  State  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  601.— Pratten,  Tr.  Illinois  State  Agric. 
Soc.  i.  1855,  582.— Gund.  J.  f.  O.  1855,  469  (Cuba).— Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856, 
289  (Indiana).— Putn.  Proc.  Essex  lost.  i.  1856,  209.—  Scl.  PZS.  1856,  294  (Cordova).— 
Kneel.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  234.—  Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  1853,  179.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  212.— 
Bland.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,1859,  287  (Bermudas).— Scl.  fy  Salv.  Ibis,  1859,  6  (Guate- 
mala).—SW.  PZS.  1859,  325  (critical),  362  (Xalapa).— Moore,  PZS.  1859,  55  (Omoa).— Mar- 
tens,  J.  f.  0. 1859,  212  (Bermudas).— Gicbel,  Vog.  1860,  37,  fig.  84.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
vii.  1860, 307  (Cuba).— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1863, 1861,  435 (Pennsylvania).— Scl.  Ibis,  iii, 
1861,  282.— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1861,  324  (Cuba).— Coues  ff  Prcnt.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861, 1862, 
—.—Hayd.  Tr.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862,  158  (Missouri  River).— Albr.  J.  f.  O.  1662,  194, 
201  (Jamaica).— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  55.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  13.—  Hoy,  Smiths. 
Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  437  (Missouri).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  281.— Mcllwr.  Pr. 
Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  84  (Canada  West).— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  i.  1867,  110.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
xii.  1868,  106  (South  Carolina).— Coues,  Pr.  Esrf.  Inst,  v.  1868,  266.— SumicJt.  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.i.  1869,  543  (Vera  Cruz).— Turnb.  B.  E.  P%.  1869,  21;  Phila.  ed.  14.— Abbott,  Am. 
Nat.  iv.  1870,  540,  541.— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.vi.  1871,  115.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872, 
266.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  124,  173  (Kansas).— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1872,405  (Cuba).— 
Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  220.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  72.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv. 
1873,  234.— Ooues,  BNW.  1874,  2.— B.  B.  fy  R.  NAB.  i,  1874,  7,  pi.  i.  f.  i.—Breic.  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  xvii.  1875,  438. 

Merula  mustelina,  Rich.  List,  1837. 

Merula  mustelinus,  Denny,  PZS.  1847,  38. 

Turdus  melOdcs,  Bartr.  Trav.  1791,  p.  290  bis. 

Turdus  melodUS,  Wilt.  AO.  i.  1808,  35,  pi.  2,  f.  l.—Licht.  "Preis-Verz.  Mex.  Vog.  1330,  2"; 

J.  f.  0. 1863,  57.— Gosse,  Alabama,  1859,  295. 
Turdus  melodius,  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  33. 
Turdus  densus,  Bp.  CR.  xxviii.  1853,  2. 
Grive  dCS  BoiS,  Flute,  LeMoine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 176. 
Merle  tanne,  D'Orbig.  i.  c. 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Supra  musteUnus,  caudam  versus  olivascens;  subius  albus,  pcctore 
lateribusque  maculis  magnis,  numerosis,  rotundatis,  nigris  notatis. 

$ ,  $ ,  adult :     Upper  parts,   including  the  surface  of  the  closed  wings, 
tawny-brown,  purest  and  deepest  on  the  head,  shading  insensibly  into  oliva- 


DISTRIBUTION    OF    AUDUBON  S    THRUSH  29 

larity  which  some  observers,  recounting  the  impressions  they 
received  from  various  transient  circumstances  of  observation, 
have  sought  to  establish.  For  all  reasonable  purposes  of  biog- 
raphy, the  several  races  of  the  Hermit  Thrush  may  be  treated 
as  one,  as  I  shall  do  on  the  present  occasion,  saving  some  par- 
ticulars of  their  geographical  distribution.  Audubon's  variety, 
or  the  Eocky  Mountain  Hermit,  is  specialized  in  this  respect, 
having  an  exceptional  distribution,  both  during  the  breeding- 
season  and*  at  other,  periods  of  the  year — its  special  habitat, 
which  subjects  it  to  climatic  influences  equally  peculiar,  being 
beyond  doubt  the  cause  of  the  slight  modifications  of  physical 
characters  it  has  undergone.  Audubon's  Thrush  haunts  the 
wooded  mountainous  regions  of  the  West,  especially  in  the 
area  known  as  the  Middle  Fauual  Province.  It  has  not,  to  my 
knowledge,  been  traced  farther  north  than  Fort  Bridger,  in  the 
Eocky  Mountains ;  its  extension  in  this  direction  contrasting 
strongly  with  that  of  either  the  Dwarf  or  true  Hermit,  which 
reach  the  Arctic  regions.  On  the  other  hand,  this  variety  is  the 
characteristic  representative  of  the  species  in  Mexico,  through- 
out the  Alpine  regions,  up  to  an  altitude  of  about  2,500  meters. 
It  breeds  in  that  country,  and,  according  to  M.  Sumichrast,  is 
generally  distributed  and  abundant.  Some  of  the  current  ref- 
erences to  "  Turdus  pallasi  r>  in  Mexico  doubtless  beJong  to  this 

ceous  on  the  rump  and  tail.  Below,  pure  white,  faintly  tinged  on  the  breast 
with  buff,  and  everywhere  except  011  the  throat,  middle  of  belly,  and  cris- 
sum  marked  with  numerous  large,  well-defined,  rounded  or  subtriangular 
blackish  spots.  Inner  webs  and  ends  of  quills  fuscous,  with  a  white  or 
buffy  edging  toward  the  base.  Greater  under  wing-coverts  mostly  white. 
Auriculars  sharply  streaked  with  dusky  and  white.  Bill  blackish-brown 
with  flesh-colored  or  yellowish  base.  Feet  like  this  part  of  the  bill.  Length, 
7  £-8  inches;  extent,  about  13;  wing,  4-4£;  tail,  3-3£ ;  bill,  f ;  tarsus,  1£; 
middle  toe  and  claw  less.  The  sexes  do  not  differ  appreciably,  either  in  size 
or  coloration. 

Young:  For  a  short  time  after  leaving  the  nest,  the  young  are  speckled 
or  streaked  above  with  pale  yellowish  or  whitish ;  usually  especially  noticea- 
ble as  triangular  spots  on  the  wing-coverts.  But  these  speedily  disappear, 
when  a  plumage  scarcely  different  from  that  of  the  adult  is  assumed. 

The  present  is  the  most  strongly  marked  species  of  the  subgenus  Hylo- 
ciclila.  In  T.  pallasi,  the  only^ther  one  showing  both  tawny  and  olive 
on  the  upper  parts,  the  position  of  the  two  colors  is  reversed,  the  tawny 
occupying  the  rump,  the  olive  the  head.  In  no  other  species  are  the  spots 
below  so  large,  sharp,  numerous,  and  generally  dispersed,  only  the  central 
line  of  the  throat,  middle  of  the  belly,  and  the  crissum  remaining  immacu- 
late. The  purity  of  the  white,  moreover,  only  gives  way  to  a  faint,  some- 
times almost  inappreciable,  tinge  of  buff  on  the  breast. 


30  DISTRIBUTION    OF    THE    DWARF    THRUSH 

variety  ;  yet  it  does  not  necessarily  follow  that  the  true  Hermit 
Thrush  is  never  found  so  far  south.  I  should  not  leave  this 
subject  of  the  southerly  distribution  of  the  Audubon  Thrush 
without  calling  attention  to  the  fact  that  it  constitutes  one  of 
the  few  exceptions  to  the  general  rule  that  southern  repre- 
sentatives of  a  species  are  smaller  than  the  others ;  its  larger  size 
being  unaccountable  on  any  premises  we  at  present  command. 
The  distribution  of  the  Dwarf  Hermit  in  latitude  agrees  with 
that  of  its  eastern  relative.  This  bird  is  the  prevailing,  if  not 
the  exclusive,  form  in  the  Pacific  region,  from  Alaska  as  far 
north  at  least  as  Sitka  and  the  island  of  Kodiak,  to  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  peninsula  of  Lower  California.  Though  it  is  par- 
ticularly attached  to  the  immediate  Pacific  slopes,  it  yet 
spreads  eastward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper 
found  it  in  the  Colorado  Valley,  probably  at  Fort  Mojave, 
where  he  was  stationed  for  some  time  as  a  medical  officer 
of  the  Army.  I  occasionally  saw  it  in  the  mountains  of  Central 
Arizona,  and  within  a  year  or  two  Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw  has 
observed  it  still  further  eastward,  in  Southern  Arizona,  and 
among  the  headwaters  of  the  Gila  in  New  Mexico.  These  advices 
clearly  show  that  the  limit  of  eastward  dispersion  assigned 
by  Mr.  Ridgway  (the  valley  of  the  Humboldt  Eiver  in  Nevada), 
must  be  considerably  enlarged.  As  to  the  movements  of  the 
species  within  the  general  area  it  inhabits,  the  accounts 
which  have  reached  us  are  perplexing  ;  yet  they  may,  I  think, 
be  adjusted,  if  we  exercise  due  care.  It  is  evident  from  Dr. 
Cooper's  researches,  that  the  Dwarf  Hermit  winters  in  lower 
portions  of  Arizona,  a  fact  which  both  Mr.  Henshaw?s  observa- 
tions and  my  own  would  confirm,  were  this  necessary  ;  and  its 
occurrence  at  Cape  St.  Lucas  shows  probably  the  southernmost 
point  reached  at  this  season.  Starting  from  these  and  corre- 
sponding latitudes,  the  bird  migrates  to  Alaska,  as  already  inti- 
mated, and  breeds  at  the  northernmost  points  it  reaches.  The 
limit  of  the  breeding-range  in  the  other  direction  remains  to  be 
determined,  for  it  is  pretty  certain  that  Dr.  Cooper,  in  speak- 
ing of  nests  which  he  found  at  Santa  Cruz,  and  supposed  to 
belong  to  the  Dwarf  Thrush,  was  mistaken.  He  describes  the 
nests  as  placed  "  about  five  feet  above  the  ground  ",  and  says 
that  they  contained  speckled  eggs,  neither  of  which  statements 
agrees  with  what  we  know  of  the  nidification  and  color  of  the 
eggs  of  the  Hermit  Thrush.  Dr.  Brewer  has  alluded  to  these 
discrepancies,  which  his  great  familiarity  with  the  subject  ena- 


DISTRIBUTION    OF    THE    HERMIT    THRUSH  31 

bled  him  to  perceive  at  once,  though,  somewhat  inconsistently, 
he  goes  on  to  quote  Dr.  Cooper's  account  in  connection  with 
the  Dwarf  Thrush.  We  may  without  hesitation  reject  the 
whole  record  as  far  as  it  bears  upon  an  alleged  breeding  of  the 
Dwarf  Thrush  so  far  south,  since  there  is  no  doubt  that  Dr. 
Cooper's  nests  were  really  those  of  the  Olive-backed  Thrush,  or 
its  variety  ustulatus.  Observations  are  wanting  to  determine 
the  case  precisely,  yet,  remembering  how  strongly  elevation  of 
surface  affects  the  breeding-range  of  species,  and  that  the 
Dwarf  Thrush  is  found  in  wooded  mountainous  tracts,  we  may 
grant  that  it  will  probably  be  found  to  nestle  much  farther 
south  than  its  Eastern  relative  is  known  to  do.  I  should  not 
be  surprised  if  its  dispersion  during  the  breeding-season  were 
found  very  closely  correspondent  with  that  of  the  Varied 
Thrush. 

Turning  now  to  the  better-known  Hermit  Thrush  of  the  East, 
that  shy  recluse  whose  lowly  home  has  been  often  entered  by 
the  curious  naturalist,  eager  to  learn  its  secrets,  the  first  thing 
that  strikes  us  as  bearing  upon  its  furtive  movements  is  the 
lack  of  any  trace  of  its  presence  in  those  subtropical  regions  to 
which  the  Wood  Thrush  and  the  Olive-backed  and  others  re- 
sort in  winter.  We  are  not  even  sure  that  it  takes  the  short 
flight  from  Florida,  a  favorite  home,  to  any  of  the  West  India 
Islands.  Though  Dr.  Gundlach,  the  veteran  ornithologist  of 
Cuba,  whose  labors  for  many  years  have  done  so  much  to  eluci- 
date the  birdrlife  of  that  island,  once  recorded  its  presence 
there,  it  seems  that  he  had  really  another  species  in  view. 
Like  the  Catbird  and  the  Thrasher,  the  Hermit  Thrush  finds 
in  the  groves  and  swamps  of  the  Southern  States  a  winter 
home  so  congenial  that  it  need  seek  no  further.  Audubon  in- 
formed us  many  years  ago  of  its  abundance  in  Mississippi  and 
Louisiana;  and  later  records,  multiplying  rapidly  with  the 
growing  number  of  those  who  are  interested  in  the  delightful 
study  of  birds,  not  only  confirm  the  statement,  but  extend  its 
applicability  to  most  of  the  Southern  States.  I  well  remember 
the  admiration  which  this  brave  and  hardy  little  bird  used  to 
excite  in  me,  when  I  was  first  trying  my  own  wings  in  short 
flights  in  ornithology,  mostly  confined  to  the  vicinity  of  my 
home  at  Washington,  by  its  appearance,  nothing  daunted,  dur- 
ing the  inclemency  of  October  and  March,  whenits  more  delicate 
relatives  were  far  away.  Its  very  slender,  pale-colored  legs, 
like  those  of  many  other  insect-eating  birds  which  spend  much 


32  DISTRIBUTION    OF    THE  HERMIT    THRUSH 

of  their  time  on  the  ground,  always  suggested  that  it  was  bare- 
footed, and  tempted  me  to  wonder  why  it  did  not  suffer,  ram- 
bling incessantly  over  the  frozen  ground,  or  even  leaving  its 
track  in  a  slight  fall  of  snow.  Though  I  never  knew  it  to  en- 
dure the  depth  of  winter  in  this  locality,  yet  other  observers 
have  found  it  lingering  through  the  whole  season  still  further 
north — the  Eev.  Dr.  Turnbull  has  left  us  such  a  record  in  his 
elegant  little  volume  en  titled  "  The  Birds  of  East  Pennsylvania 
and  New  Jersey";  and  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard  says  he  has  seen  the 
bird  in  Northern  New  Hampshire  in  November,  when  the  snow 
was  on  the  ground.  Those  who  care  to  look  farther  into  the 
details  of  the  subject  will  find  many  other  records,  which  show 
the  whereabouts  of  the  bird  at  various  seasons,  in  my  "  Birds  of 
the  Northwest."  Here,  I  will  content  myself  with  the  further 
statement  that  it  is  chiefly  known  as  a  migrant  in  the  Middle 
States,  not  pausing  to  mate  and  rear  its  young  south  of  Massa- 
chusetts as  far  as  we  now  know, — though  I  suspect  that  it  will 
yet  be  discovered  to  nestle  in  some  of  the  untried  recesses  of 
the  Alleghanies.  In  the  northerly  parts  of  New  England,  and 
thence  to  the  Arctic  regions,  the  Hermit  Thrush  is  at  home  in 
summer.  Whether  it  ever  reaches  Greenland  or  not  is  uncer- 
tain. A  Thrush  is  recorded  from  that  country  by  the  accom- 
plished Danish  ornithologist  Professor  Eeinhardt,  under  the 
name  of  u  Turdus  minor  Grn."  ;  but  I  believe  that  the  actual 
reference  in  this  case  is  to  the  Olive-backed.  The  same  doubt 
attaches  to  a  part,  at  least,  of  the  quotations  we  have  of  the 
bird's  occurrence  in  Europe;  others,  however,  are  undisputed, 
and  the  fact  may  be  considered  established  that  it  occasion- 
ally deviates  so  widely  from  its  established  routes  of  migration. 

From  the  West,  we  have  the  testimony  of  two  excellent  ob- 
servers, to  show  that  the  Hermit  Thrush  reaches  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen  and  Mr.  T.  M.  Trippe  have  each 
found  it  in  Colorado,  and  ascertained  that  it  breeds  in  that 
Territory,  in  the  mountains,  up  to  an  altitude  of  at  least  8,000 
feet, 

How  quietly  and  with  what  solicitude  for  privacy  the  nesting 
of  the  Hermit  Thrush  is  accomplished  !  Such  care  is  taken  to 
conceal  its  nest  in  the  recesses  of  tangled  undergrowth  that 
few  are  the  ornithologists  who  have  found  it.  If  Wilson,  Nut- 
tall,  or  Audubon  ever  saw  a  nest,  no  one  of  them  recognized 
its  owner.  The  nests  and  eggs  which  they  describe  as  those 
of  the  Hermit  were  certainly  the  Olive-backed  Thrush's,  the 


NEST   AND    EGGS    OF    THE    HERMIT  33 

only  one  which  nests  at  any  considerable  distance  from  the 
ground  and  lays  spotted  eggs.  And  unless  the  Hermit  has 
changed  its  choice  of  a  summer  home  since  Wilson  and 
Audubon  thought  they  had  discovered  its  nest,  it  never  bred 
in  the  southerly  regions  where  they  thought  it  did.  But  their 
mistake  was  not  unnatural,  since,  singularly  enough,  neither  of 
these  ornithologists  knew  the  difference  between  the  Olive- 
backed  and  the  Hermit  Thrush — a  distinction  erroneously  said 
by  Dr.  Brewer  to  have  been  first  suggested  by  Professor  Baird 
in  1844,  as  Swainson  had  discriminated  the  two  with  perfect 
accuracy,  though  under  wrong  names,  in  1831.  The  manner 
in  which  the  nest  of  the  Hermit  Thrush  is  built,  its  situa- 
tion, and  the  eggs,  are  all  so  similar  to  the  Yeery's  that  one 
must  detect  the  shy  parents  .themselves  before  being  sure 
which  has  been  found.  The  nest  is  built  on  the  ground  or 
near  it,  generally  in  some  low,  secluded  spot;  no  mud  is  used  in 
its  composition,  the  whole  fabric  being  a  rather  rude  and  inartis- 
tic matting  of  withered  leaves,  weed-stalks,  bark-strips,  and 
grasses — the  coarser  and  stiffer  substances  outside,  the  finer 
fibres  within.  The  cup  is  small  in  comparison  with  the  whole 
size,  owing  to  the  thickness  of  the  walls  and  of  the  base.  The 
eggs  are  like  those  of  the  Kobin  or  Wood  Thrush,  in  their  uni- 
form greenish-blue  color,  but  smaller,  measuring  about  niiie- 
tenths  of  an  inch  in  length  by  five-eighths  in  breadth ;  being 
thus  not  distinguishable  from  those  of  the  Yeery.  I  have  never 
known  of  an  instance,  to  my  recollection,  of  the  eggs  being 
spotted ;  but  so  many  birds  which  usually  lay  whole-colored 
bluish  eggs  occasionally  drop  a  set  which  are  somewhat 
speckled  that  I  should  not  be  surprised  to  find  at  any  time  a 
Hermit  Thrush's  egg  showing  a  few  specks  about  the  larger 
end. 

Great  injustice  would  be  done  were  the  Hermit's  musical 
powers  overlooked  in  any  sketch,  however  slight,  of  its  life- 
history.  The  earlier  authors  were  evidently  unaware  of  its 
accomplishments,  for  its  melody  is  lavished  on  the  gloom  of  the 
swamp,  or  lost  in  the  darkening  aisles  of  the  forest,  where 
years  passed  by  before  the  ear  of  the  patient  and  toiling  stu- 
dent of  nature  was  gladdened  by  the  sweet  refrain.  Wilson 
denies  it  song ;  Audubon  speaks  of  u  its  single  plaintive  note", 
though  he  adds,  perhaps  upon  information  received  from  his 
friend  Dr.  Pickering,  that  "  its  song  is  sometimes  agreeable  n. 
Nuttall  seems  to  have  first  recognized  the  power  and  sweet- 
3  B  c 


34  THE    SONG    OF    THE    HERMIT 

ness  of  the  lay  of  our  Hermit :  he  compares  it  to  the  famous 
Nightingale,  that  sweet  princess  of  song,  and  ranks  it  far 
above  the  Wood  Thrush.  Later  writers  agree  in  this  high 
estimate  of  the  bird's  powers,  though  it  may  be  questioned 
whether  a  comparison  unfavorable  to  the  Wood  Thrush  is  a 
perfectly  just  discrimination.  The  weird  associations  of  the 
spot  where  the  Hermit  triumphs,  the  mystery  inseparable  from 
the  voice  of  an  unseen  musician,  conspire  to  heighten  the  effect 
of  the  sweet,  silvery,  bell-like  notes,  which,  beginning  soft,  low, 
and  tinkling,  rise  higher  and  "higher,  to  end  abruptly  with  a 
clear,  ringing  intonation.  It  is  the  reverse  of  the  lay  of  the 
Wood  Thrush,  which  swells  at  once  into  powerful  and  sustained 
effort,  then  gradually  dies  away,  as  though  the  bird  were  reced- 
ing from  us ;  for  the  song  of  the  Hermit  first  steals  upon  us 
from  afar,  then  seems  to  draw  nearer,  as  if  the  timid  recluse 
were  weary  of  solitude,  and  craved  recognition  of  its  conscious 
power  to  please.  Yet  it  is  but  a  momentary  indecision  — 
true  to  a  vow  of  seclusion,  the  anchorite  is  gone  again  to  its 
inviolate  grotto  in  the  fastnesses  of  the  swamp,  where  a  world 
of  melody  is  wasted  in  its  pathetic  song  of  life :  — 

"Full  many  a  gem  of  purest  ray  serene, 
The  dark  unfathomed  caves  of  ocean  bear ; 
Full  many  a  flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen, 
And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air." 


Olive-backed  Thrush 

Tnrtlus  (Hylocichla)  swainsoiii 

a.  swainsoni. 

Little  ThPHSh,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  338,  No.  201  (not  of  Latham). 

TlirdUS  minor,  Gm,  SN.  i.  pt.  ii.  1788,  809  (in  part ;  mixed  \vithjuscescens).— Lath.  IO.  i.  1790, 
328,  No.  5  (in  part).— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  491.— Vieill.  OAS.  ii,  1807,  7,  pi.  63  (in  part). 

TlirdUS  minor,  Bp.  C.  &  GL.  1838,  17  (wrongly  quotes  FB  A.  pi.  36,  which  is  fuscescens).— 
Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  W\.—Reinh.  J.  f.  O.  1854,  427  (Greenland).— ,SW.  PZS.  1857,  212 
(Orizaba).— Reink.  Ibis,  iii.  1861,  6  (Greenland). 

Brown  Thrush,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  337,  No.  199.— Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  i.  1783,  28,  No.  16. 

Tlirdus  ftlSCUS,  Gm.  SN.  i.  pt.  ii.  1783,  817,  No.  56  (based  on  P«nn.  &  Lath. ;  name  pre- 
occupied).— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  497. 

Turflus  SOlitariuS,  Wils.  AO.  v.  1812,  pi.  43,  f.  2  (not  the  text  on  p.  95).— Coues,  Pr.  Boat. 
Soc.  xii.  1868,  106  (South  Carolina.  Slip  of  the  pen  for  swainsoni). 

Mei'Ula  Wilsonii,  S.  ffR.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  182  (excl.  syn.  "  mustelinus  Wils."). 

Merilla  Olivacea,  Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1844,  191.—  Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  app.  22. 

Turdus  Olivaceus,  Giraud,  BLI.  1844,  92.— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  117  (Nova  Scotia).— 
Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  281  (Nova  Scotia).—  Martens,  J.  f.  O.  1859,  212  (Ber- 
mudas). 


SYNONYMY  OF  TURDUS  SWAINSONI         35 

Turd  US  SWalttSOnii.C'ao.  Fn.  Peru.  1845-'46, 187.— Cab.  Arch.  f.  Naturg.  1847  (i),  205.— tfowzeyer, 
Rhea,  ii.  1849,  149  (monographic),  Cab.  MH.  1850,  5  (Siberia).— Cab.  J.  f.  O.  1857,  241 
(Cuba).— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  216.— Gund.  J.  f.  O.  1861,  324  (Cuba).— Blakis.  Ibis,  iv.  1862, 
4  (Saskatchewan).— Boardm.  Pr.  Bout.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  124  (Maine).—  Verr.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
ix.  1862,  137  (Anticosti).—  Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862.  145  (Maine).— Blakis.  Ibis,  1863, 
58  (Fort  Carlton).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  19.— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  56  (Massachu- 
setts).—Later.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  281  (New  York).—  Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v. 
1866,  S4.—Degl.-Gerbe,  OB.  i.  1867,  427  (Europe).— Pelz.  Orn.  Bras.  ii.  1868,  92.— Coues, 
Proc.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  266  (New  England).— Allen,  Am.  Nat,  ii.  1868,  488,  489.— Mayn. 
Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  662.— Ttirnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  21  ;  Phila.  ed.  14.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 
31,  295.— Allen,  Am.  Nat,  iii.  1869,  573,  574,—Ridg.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxi.  1869,  128 
(critical).— Abbott,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  541.—  Parker,  Am.  Nat.  v.  1871,  168.— Trippe.  Pr. 
Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871,  115  (Minnesota).—  Wyatt,  Ibis,  i.  3d.  ser.  1871,  320  (Colombia).—  Mayn. 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  358.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  266.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  72.— Mayn. 
B.  Fla.  1872,  6.—Gundl  J.  f.  O.  1872,  405  (Cuba).— Merr.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for 
1872,  1873,  704,  713.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  234. 

Turdus  swainsoni,  Scl.  PZS.1858,  451  (Ecuador).-ScZ.  PZS.  1859,  326  (critical ).-Scl.  ffSalv. 
Ibis,  i.  1859,  6  (Guatemala).— Scl.  PZS.  I860,  84  (Ecuador).— Scl.  Ibis,  iii.  1861,  282.— 
Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860,  307  (Cuba).— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,435 
(Pennsylvania).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1868,  91  (Costa  Rica).— v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  O. 
1869,  289  (Costa  Rica).— Coues,  Am.  Nat.  v.  1871,  197.— Merrill,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874, 
547.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  4;  Trippe,  ibid.  228;  Wkeaton,  ibid.  233.— J?.  B.  tf  R.  NAB.  i, 
1874,  14,  pi.  i.  f.  4.— Nelson,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  238,  345  (Utah).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  xvii,  1875,  438. 

TurdUS  minimus,  ?Lafr.  RZ.  xi.  1848,  5  (Bogota).— Scl.  PZS.  1854,  111  (Quijos).— Scl.  PZS. 
1855,  145  (Bogota).— Bry.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  1859,  226  (Bogota).— Law.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. 
viii.  1863,  7  (Panama). 

TurdUS  man  us,  Sam.  Am.  Nat.  ii,  1868,  218  (err.). 

Grlve  de  Swainson,  LeM.  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 170. 

Merle  de  Swainson,  Degl-Gerbe.  l.  c. 

Olive-backed  Thrush ;  Swainson's  Thrush  ;  Swamp  Robin. 

b.  alicia. 

TurdUS  aliCia?,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  217 ;  ed.  of  1861,  pi.  81,  f.  2.— Scl.  PZS.  1859,  326  (critical).— 
Scl.  Ibis,  iii.  1861,  282.— Goues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  ScL  Phila.  1861,  217  (Labrador).— 
Coues  fyPrent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,405  (Washington,  D.  C.).—Hayd.  Tr.  Am. 
Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862,  159.— Bd.  Rev.  1864,  21.—  All.  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  489  (critical).— 
Mayn.  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  662.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1868,  91  (Costa  Rica).— Coues, 
Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  267.—Dall^Bann.  Tr.  Chicago  Acad.  i.  1869,  275  (Alaska).— 
Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  22 ;  Phila.  ed.  l5.—Ridg.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxi.  1869,  128  (critf- 
cal).—  Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  574.— Dall,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  600.— Salv.  PZS.  1870,  180 
(Veragua).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxiii.  1871,  19  (North  Carolina).— Coues,  Am.  Nat. 
vii.  1873,  222.— B.  B.  fy  R.  NAB.  i,  11,  pi.  i.  f.  3.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  438. 

Tnrdus  swainsonii  var.  alicite,  Coues,  Key,  1872,  73. 

Turdus  swainsoni  b.  alicise,  Coues,  BNW.  1874,  4. 

TurdUS  aliciae,  v.  Frantz,  J.  f.  0. 1869,  289  (Costa  Rica).— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1872,  405  (Cuba).— 
Tacz.  J.  f.  O.  1872,  440,  1873,  112  (East  Siberia). 

Alice's  Thrush ;  Gray-cheeked  Thrush. 

c.  ustulatus. 

TurdUS  UStulatUS,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  p.  vi.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,215;  ed.  of  1860,  pi.  81,. 
f.  l.—Scl.  PZS.  1859,  326  (critical).— C.  $S.  NHWT.  I860,  in.— Scl.  Ibis,  iii.  1861,  282.— 
Bd.Hev.  AB.  1864, 18.— Brown,  Ibis,  iv2,  1868,  420  (Vancouver).— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868, 
489.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  Sl.—Ridff.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxi.  1869,  127  (critical).— 
DallSfBann.TT.  Chicago  Acad.  i.  1869,  276.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  5.— Grayson,  Pr. 
Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  276  (Tres  Marias  Islands). 

TurdUS  CCStUlatUS,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  400  (err.  typog.  corrected  on  p.  vi). 

Turdus  swaiusonii  var.  nstulatus,  Coues,  Key,  1872,  73. 

TurdUS  swainsoni  var.  UStulatUS,  B.  B.  Sf  R.  NAB.  i,  1874,  16,  pi.  i.  f.  2.— Nelson,  Pr.  Bost.. 
Soc.  xvii.  1875,  354  (California). 

Turdus  swainsoni  c.  ustulatus,  Coues,  BNW.  1874,  4. 

(?)  Turdus  Fllsonii,  Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  153  (Columbia  River). 


36        CHARACTERS    OF    T.    SWAINSONI    AND    VARIETIES 

CH.  SP.  a.  SWAINSONI.  —  $  9  Olivaceus,  cauda  concolore  ; 
subtus  albus,  lateribus  griseo-olivaceis,  pectore,  jugulo,  palpebris, 
cum  lateribus  capitis  et  colli  subflavicantibus,  pectore  et  jugulo 
maculis  magnis  fuscis  notatis. 

Above  clear  olivaceous,  of  exactly  the  same  shade  over  all  the  upper 
parts  ;  below  white,  strongly  shaded  with  olive-gray  on  the  sides  and  flanks,  . 
the  throat,  breast,  and  sides  of  the  neck  and  head  strongly  tinged  with  yel- 
lowish, the  fore  parts,  excepting  the  throat,  marked  with  numerous  large, 
broad,  dusky  spots,  which  extend  backward  on  the  breast  and  belly,  there 
rather  paler,  and  more  like  the  olivaceous  of  the  upper  parts.  Edges  of 
eyelids  yellowish,  forming  a  strong  orbital  ring  ;  lores  the  same.  Mouth 
yellow  ;  bill  blackish,  the  basal  half  of  lower  maudible  pale  ;  iris  dark 
brown  ;  feet  pale  ashy-brown.  Length  of  $  ,  7-7|  ;  extent,  12-12£  ;  wing, 
about  4;  tail,  about  3;  bill,  |;  tarsus,  I  fa.  $  averaging  smaller—  6£-f- 
extent,  1H-J-  ;  &c. 

&.  ALICIA.  —  $  9  Olivaceus,  lateribus  capitis  concoloribus, 
jugulo  vix  flavido-tincto.  Major;  rostro  longiore,  graciliore;  long. 
tot.  7J-8  $  alar.  exp.  12J-13Jj  ala  4+,  cauda  3+. 


Similar  to  sivainsoni;  sides  of  the  head  like  the  back,  or  merely  more  gray- 
ish ;  the  distinct  yellowish  orbital  ring  and  lores  of  swainsoni  not  being  seen, 
or  but  faintly  indicated.  Breast  but  slightly  tinged  with  yellowish.  Rather 
larger  than  sivainsoni,  the  length  averaging  rather  over  the  maximum  of  the 
latter,  sometimes  exceeding  8  inches,  and  other  dimensions  to  correspond 
bill  rather  over  £  an  inch,  and  comparatively  slenderer  than  in  sivainsoni. 

c.  USTULATUS.  —  $  2    Rufo-olivaceus  j    cceteris   T.   sicainson 
sat  similis. 

This  form  is  entirely  like  swainsoni  proper,  excepting  in  a  rufous  shade  o 
the  olive  of  the  upper  parts  approaching  that  of  fuscescens,  from,  which  it  is 
distinguished  by  the  different  tone  and  pattern  of  the  coloration  of  the 
under  parts.  These  characters,  which  it  shares  with  swainsoni,  distinguish 
it  from  alicice,  no  less  than  does  the  shade  of  the  upper  parts.  It  is  simply 
the  more  rufous  phase  of  swainsoni  from  the  northwest  coast  region. 

T.  alicicK  is  more  decidedly  different  from  swainsoni  in  the  characters  note 
above,  and  is  held  by  many  excellent  ornithologists  as  a  distinct  species. 
The  interrelationships  are  treated  in  my  "  Birds  of  the  Northwest  ",  and 
more  fully  in  the  "  History  of  North  American  Birds  ". 

ONE  of  the  most  peculiar  traits  of  the  Olive  backed  Thrash 
is  its  erratic  disposition.  If  not  a  greater  vagabond  than  the 
Robin  itself,  this  Thrush  commonly  wanders  further  south  than 
any  of  its  relatives  ;  its  journeying  into  distant  portions  of  South 
America  being  conspicuous.  While  the  rest  of  our  Thrushes 
which  leave  the  United  States  in  the  autumn  rarely  if  ever  pene- 


HABITS    OF    THE    OLIVE-BACKED    THRUSH  37 

trate  beyond  the  Isthmus,  the  Olive-backed  Thrash  has  ap- 
peared in  Ecuador,  Peru,  and  Brazil,  as  recorded  by  Sclater, 
Cabanis,  and  von  Pelzeln,  respectively.  It  likewise  occurs  in 
Cuba  and  in  Greenland,  and,  like  all  our  other  Hylociclilcv,  except- 
ing the  Wood  Thrush,  has  been  reported  from  Europe.  There 
is  also  a  record  of  its  presence  in  Siberia;  though  very  possibly 
the  actual  reference  in  this  case  is  to  the  variety  alicice,  lately 
accredited  by  Taczanowski  to  the  same  country.  Its  disper- 
sion over  the  eastern  portions  of  North  America  is  general.  The 
southern  limit  of  its  usual  breeding-range  has  been  fixed  by 
Dr.  Brewer  in  Massachusetts,  but  I  am  under  the  impression 
that  such  restriction  requires  to  be  removed.  I  have  mislaid  a 
reference  I  once  possessed  to  its  breeding  in  Connecticut  and 
in  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  and  cannot  now  recall  the 
authority  ;  but  such  extension  of  its  range  in  summer  agrees 
better  with  the  accounts  of  some  of  the  earlier  writers  as  well 
as  with  what  we  now  know  of  its  distribution  during  the  same 
season  in  the  West.  Late  observations  have  informed  us  of  its 
westward  extension  beyond  the  main  chains  of  the  Kocky 
Mountains.  My  correspondent,  Mr.  T.  M.  Trippe,  found  the 
bird  in  Colorado  Territory  in  May  and  September ;  and  on  one 
occasion  in  October,  when  the  snow  lay  a  foot  deep  on  the 
ground,  he  observed  it  in  company  with  various  other  species 
which  had  gathered  about  the  Hot  Sulphur  Springs,  in  the 
Middle  Park,  apparently  attracted  by  the  warmth  of  these  tepid 
pools.  "  In  the  vicinity  of  Denver,"  says  Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw, 
"the  species  makes  its  appearance  about  the  10th  of  May;  and 
by  the  17th  the  thickets  and  partially  open  ground  in  swampy 
localities  were  fairly  swarming  with  these  birds.  They  were 
perfectly  silent,  and  busied  themselves  after  the  usual  manner 
of  the  family  in  scratching  and  seeking  among  the  leaves  for 
food.  The  males  preceded  the  arrival  of  the  females  by  at  least 
a  week."  The  most  explicit  accounts  from  the  Far  West  are, 
however,  those  given  by  Mr.  Eidgway,  in  his  still  unpublished 
Report  on  the  Birds  observed  during  Clarence  King's  Survey  of 
the  Fortieth  Parallel.  I  quote  from  proof-sheets  which  he 
kindly  placed  at  my  service :  "  Swainson's  Thrush  is  a  very 
abundant  species  among  the  Wahsatch  Mountains,  and  is,  in 
fact,  one  of  the  most  characteristic  summer  birds  of  that  region. 
It  there  breeds  plentifully  in  the  canons,  where  its  song  may 

be  heard  almost  continually  during  the  nesting  season 

Numerous  nests  were  found  among  the  thickets  bordering  the 


38  HABITS    OF    THE    OLIVE-BACKED    THRUSH 

streams ;  they  were  generally  situated  about  five  or  six  feet 
from  the  ground,  in  the  willows  or  other  shrubs,  near  the 
water." 

This  paragraph  leads  me  to  speak  at  once  of  another  pecu- 
liarity of  the  Olive-backed  Thrush  in  comparison  with  all  its 
congeners,  excepting,  of  course,  its  two  varieties  alicice  and 
ustulatus.  I  refer  to  its  laying  speckled  eggs  in  a  nest  several 
feet  from  the  ground.  The  Wood  Thrush,  indeed,  builds  in 
bushes  and  low  trees ;  but  then  its  eggs  are  whole-colored,  like 
those  of  the  Yeery  and  Hermit,  both  of  which  nestle  on  or  very 
near  the  ground.  In  high  Arctic  regions,  whither  many  of  Swain- 
son's  Thrushes  resort  for  the  summer,  the  nest  has  been  fre- 
quently observed  on  the  stunted  vegetation  not  a  yard  from 
the  ground ;  but,  in  more  favored  places,  the  altitude  is  usually 
about  a  man's  height.  The  nest  is  more  compact  and  more 
elaborately  finished  than  those  of  the  ground-builders,  the 
Yeery  and  Hermit,  the  outer  portions  of  which  are  coarser  and 
less  consistent.  The  material  is  very  miscellaneous,  and  varies, 
moreover,  with  the  locality  5  but  mosses,  lichens,  leaves,  bark- 
strips,  and  fibrous  weedy  substances  are  usually  found,  while  in 
some  the  Hypnum  mosses  are  said  to  be  most  conspicuous,  and 
to  give  a  distinctive  character.  In  size,  the  nests  are  only 
about  four  inches  in  diameter  by  half  as  much  in  depth ;  the 
walls  being  about  half  an  inch  thick.  The  eggs,  numbering 
four  or  five,  measure  about  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in  length 
by  five-eighths  in  breadth ;  but  much  variation,  both  in  size 
and  shape,  has  been  observed.  They  are  light  greenish-blue  in 
color,  fully  speckled  with  reddish -brown  and  other  shades. 
Any  Thrush's  eggs  like  this  found  in  a  nest  above  the  ground, 
described  by  early  authors,  were  almost  certainly  those  of  the 
Olive-backed  Thrush,  to  whatever  species  they  may  have  been 
accredited. 

As  to  the  general  habits  of  this  bird  in  comparison  with 
those  of  its  congeners,  there  is  little  to  be  said,  since  they  are 
scarcely  distinctive.  It  is  perhaps  less  decidedly  terrestrial 
and  less  solicitous  of  concealment  than  the  Hermit,  being  often 
observed  in  open  woodland,  and  gleaning  much  of  its  food 
among  the  branches  of  trees.  1  do  not  think  that  I  have  ever 
recognized  its  voice,  excepting  the  short  single  note  which  is 
much  the  same  as  that  of  its  allies.  Dr.  Brewer  describes  it  as 
having  a  certain  resemblance  to  that  of  the  Hermit,  yet  quite 
distinct;  "  it  is  more  prolonged  ;  the  notes  are  more  equal  and 


SYNONYMY  OF  TURDUS  FUSCESCENS         39 

rise  with  more  regularity  and  more  gradually,  are  richer,  and 
each  note  is  more  complete  in  itself.  Its  song  of  lamentation, 
when  robbed  of  its  young,  is  full  of  indescribable  pathos  and 
beauty,  haunting  one  who  has  heard  it  long  after." 


Wilson's  Thrush,  or  Veery 

Turdus  (Hylocichla)  fuscescens 

Little  ThrilSh,  Latham,  Syn.  ii.  pt.  i.  1783,  20  No.  5  (not  of  Pennant). 

Turdus  minor,  Gm.  SN.  i.  pt.  ii.  1788,  809,  No.  32  (in  part  ;  mixed  with  swainsoni). 

Turdus  mustelinus,  Wils.  AO.  v.  1812,  98,  pi.  43,  f.  3  (nee  Gm.,  necauct.). 

TurdUS  fuscescens,  Stept,..  Shaw's  GZ.  x.  1817,  182.— ?  Kneel.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  234.  —Bd. 
BNA.  1858,  214.— Scl.PZS.  1859, 326  (critical).— Scl.  Ibis,  1861,  282—  Gund.J.  f.  0. 1861, 
324  (Cuba).—  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vii.  1861,  326  (New  Granada).  Coues  6f  Prent.  Smiths. 
Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  404.— Scl.  Cat.  AB.  1862,  Z.—Hayd.  Tr.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  1862, 
158.— Verr.  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  iii.  1862, 143.— Blakist.  Ibis,  v.  1853,  58  (Saskatchewan).— Bd. 
Rev.  AB.  1864,  17.-AII.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  56.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 
231.— Mcllw.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  84  (Canada  West).— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inat.  v.  1868, 
266.— Coues,  Pr.  Bout.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  106.—  Allen,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1858,  493,  514.— All. 
Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  489.—  Pelz.  Orn.  Bras,  ii,  1868,  92.— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  21;  Phila. 
ed.  U.—Ridg.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxi.  1869,  127  (critical).— Mayn.  Nat,  Guide,  1870,90.— 
Abbott,  Am.  Nat,  iv.  1870,  540,  541.— May n.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv,  1871,  —.—Stevenson,  U. 
S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1870,  1871,  463.— All.  Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  1871,  256  ;  iii.  1872,  155, 
173  (Colorado).— Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1872,  10.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  73.— Edit.  Am.  Nat.  viii. 
1874,  yil.—  Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1872,  405  (Cuba).— Mayn.  Pr  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  357.— Coues, 
BNW.  1874,  5;  Trippe,  ibid.  228  (Colorado).— Allen,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  48 
(Dakota).— B.  B.  ff  R.  NAB.  i,  1874,  9,  pi.  i.  f.  s.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  438. 

TurdUS  fUSCCSens,  Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  435. 

TurdUS  Silens,  Vieill.  EM.  ii.  1823,  647  (—  mustelinus  Wils.;  nee  silens  Sw.). 

TurdUS  Wilsonii,  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  34  (based  onmustelinus  Wils.  nee  Gm.).—Bp. 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  IQ.—Peab.  Rep.  Orn..Mass.  1839, 306.—  And.  OB.  ii.  1834,  362, 
pi.  164.—  Aud.  Syn.  1839,  90.— And.  BA..  iii.  1841,  27,  pi.  145.— Cab.  Fn.  Peru.  1845-46, 
186.— Cab.  Arch.  f.  Naturg.  1817  (i),  205.— Homeyer,  Rhea,  ii.  1849,  148  (monog.).—  Hoy, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  310  (Wisconsin).  —  Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  79.— Read,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  398  (Ohio).— Kennic.  Tr.  III.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  601.—  Pratien,  Tr. 
111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  601.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  437  (Missouri).— Trippe, 
Pr.  Essex  Inst.  vi.  1871,  115. 

TurdUS  Wilsoni,  Bp.  C.  &  GL.  1838,  17.-B^.  CA.  i.  1850,  271.— Gund.  J.  f.  O.  1855,  470 
(Cuba).— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,  209.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860,  307  (Cuba).— 
Gund.  J.  f.  O.  1861,  405  (Cuba). 

Merula  WilSOnil,  Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  1844,  191. 

Merula  minor,  Sw.  $  Rich.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  179,  pi.  36.— ?  Denny,  PZ3.  1847,  38. 

TurdUS  minor,  Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  408.— D'Orb.  LaSagra's  Cuba,  Ois.  1840,  47,  pi.  5.—Degl.- 
Gerbe,  OE.  i.  1867,  424  (Europe). 

TurdUS  bruneus,  Brew.  Journ.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  185?,  304  (chars,  and  habits).— Cabot,  Naum. 
Bd.ii.  Hft.  iii.  1852,  66  (Lake  Superior). 

Merle  gri?ette,  Degland- Gerbe. 

CH.  SP. —  9  $  Rufo-brunneus,  cauda  concolore  ;  infra  albus, 
lateribus  canis.jugulo  tantum  pallide  flavo-brunnescente,  maculis 
minimis,  sparsis,  sagittatis  fuscis  notato. 

Entire  upper  parts  reddish-brown,  with  a  faint  olivaceous  tinge  ;  no  con- 
trast of  color  between  back  and  tail ;  quills  and  tail-feathers  darker  and 


40        DESCRIPTION    AND    DISTRIBUTION    OF    THE    VEERY 

purer  brown,  the  former  with  white  or  buffy  spaces  at  the  concealed  bases 
of  the  inner  webs,  as  usual  in  this  subgenus.  No  orbital  light  ring  around  the 
eye ;  auriculars  only  obsoletely  streaky.  Below,  white ;  the  sides  shaded 
with  hoary-gray  or  light  grayish-olive  ;  the  juguluni  buff-colored,  contrast- 
ing strongly  with  the  white  of  the  breast,  and  marked  with  a  few  small 
brown  arrow-heads,  the  chin  and  middle  line  of  throat,  however,  nearly 
white  and  immaculate.  A  few  obsolete  grayish-olive  spots  in  the  white  of 
the  breast ;  but  otherwise  the  markings  confined  to  the  buff  area.  Bill  dark 
above,  mostly  all  pale  below,  like  the  feet.  $ ,  7-7£  ;  extent,  about  12 ;  wing, 
4-4£  ;  tail,  3-3J;  bill,  f;  tarsus,  \\.  9  averaging  smaller. 

I  have  not  observed  a  very  early  spotted  and  streaked  stage  of  plumage, 
which,  however,  is  presumed  to  occur,  as  in  other  species  of  this  group.  The 
sexes  are  alike  in  color,  and  the  seasonal  changes  are  slight.  The  differ- 
ences consist  mainly  in  the  stronger  reddishness  of  the  upper  parts,  or  its 
tinging  with  an  appreciable  shade  of  olivaceous.  But  the  upper  parts  are 
never  of  the  decidedly  olive  shade  seen  in  swainsoni  and  in  the  fore  parts  of 
pallasi.  The  color  of  the  upper  parts,  however,  viewing  its  occasional  shad- 
ing toward  olive,  is  less  strongly  distinctive  of  the  species  than  the  peculiar 
coloration  of  the  under  parts  is.  The  pinkish-buff  of  the  jugulum,  restricted 
and  sharply  contrasting  with  the  white  of  the  breast,  and  its  few  small 
brown  (not  black  or  even  blackish)  spots,  which  do  not  extend  into  the 
white  of  the  breast,  are  perfectly  characteristic,  as  are  the  absence  of  a 
decided  yellowish  orbital  ring  and  of  distinct  streaks  on  the  auriculars. 

A  curious  malformation  is  exhibited  in  a  specimen  in  Mr.  Ridgway's  col- 
lection, in  which  the  upper  mandible  is  overgrown,  and  as  much  hooked  at 
the  end  as  that  of  a  Shrike. 

The  average  dimensions  of  a  large  series  of  specimens  of  both  sexes  are  : — 
Length,  7.35;  extent,  11.75;  wing,  3.90;  tail.  2.85  ;  tarsus,  1.12. 

WILSON'S  Thrush  is  another  species  which,  a  few  years 
ago,  could  not  have  been  properly  brought  into  the 
present  connection,  owing  to  our  lack  of  knowledge  of  its  ex- 
treme western  limits.  The  first  authentic  record  of  its  occur- 
rence in  the*Rocky  Mountains  is,  I  think,  that  given  in  1858 
by  Professor  Baird,  who  received  a  specimen  from  Fort  Bridger, 
Utah.  Latterly,  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen  found  the  bird  in  Colorado  Terri- 
tory, where  Mr.  Trippe  also  observed  it,  in  July,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  over  8,000  feet,  and  where  it  was  doubtless  breeding. 
Both  Mr.  Ridgway  and  Mr.  Henshaw  discovered  it  to  be  an 
abundant  species  in  Utah  and  Colorado,  and  the  former  re- 
garded it  as  one  of  the  most  characteristic  birds  of  the  valleys 
of  the  Provo,  Bear,  and  Weber  Rivers  in  Utah.  Two  nests 
were  found  by  the  latter  near  Fort  Garland,  Colorado,  at  nearly 
the  altitude  just  mentioned ;  one  of  them  was  curiously  built 
above  an  old  nest  of  the  previous  season,  which  had  been 
remodeled  for  the  purpose.  As  Mr.  Henshaw  remarks,  though 
the  Veery  is  thus  common  on  the  northern  confines  of  the  Colo- 


HABITS    OF    THE    VEERY  41 

rado  Basin,  no  one  appears  to  have  found  it  in  New  Mexico  or 
Arizona.  It  must  consequently  take  a  somewhat  circuitous 
route  in  gaining  its  winter  home  in  Central  America,  unless 
perchance  it  migrates  at  a  considerable  elevation  along  the 
mountain-chains.  The  latter  supposition  seems  more  probable, 
since  Professor  Sumichrast  has  observed  it  in  Orizaba  in  Mexico. 
Its  general  northward  dispersion  appears  to  be  more  restricted 
than  that  of  either  the  Hermit  or  the  Olive-backed  Thrush, 
being  perhaps  coincident  with  the  limit  of  arboreal  vegetation. 
In  Cuba,  it  is  one  of  the  commoner  species  of  the  genus.  A  few 
linger  through  the  winter  in  our  Gulf  States,  but  the  majority 
leave  our  shores  for  the  more  genial  climate  of  subtropical 
America,  and  proceed  as  far  as  Panama — in  exceptional  cases 
still  farther,  as  in  the  instance  noted  by  A.  von  Pelzelu,  of  an 
occurrence  at  San  Vicente,  Brazil,  in  December.  There  is  even 
a  record  of  the  appearance  of  the  bird  in  Europe  ;  but  I  under- 
stand that  this  is  open  to  doubt.  It  will  be  seen  that  its  dis- 
tribution is  much  like  that  of  the  Hermit  and  the  Olive-backed, 
yet  on  the  whole  somewhat  restricted,  though  less  so  than  that 
of  the  Wood  Thrush.  Its  breeding-range,  similarly,  is  more 
southerly,  approximating  to  that  of  the  Wood  Thrush ;  it  includes 
the  Northern,  Eastern,  and  some  of  the  Middle  States,  and  an 
adjoining  belt  of  country  in  British  America ;  while  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  it  stretches  southward  to  the  confines  of  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona. 

The  Veery's  mating  and  nest  building  season,  when  the  bird 
is  in  full  song,  is  the  genial  month  of  May,  in  most  parts  of  the 
United  States ;  and  two  broods  may  be  reared  under  propitious 
surroundings.  But  further  northward,  where  alobe  have  I  my- 
self found  the  bird  in  its  home,  and  beard  its  seductive  epitha- 
lainium,  the  shorter  span  of  the  summer  season  suffices  but  for 
a  single  brood.  The  yearly  crisis  of  the  bird's  life  is  delayed 
till  June,  and  the  young  are  not  seen  abroad  till  the  latter  part 
of  that  mouth,  if  indeed  before  July.  The  heavy  growth  of 
timber  that  fringes  the  streams  includes  many  nooks  and  dells, 
and  broken  ravines  overgrown  with  thick  shrubbery,  from  out 
the  masses  of  which  the  tall  trees  tower,  as  if  stretching  forth 
their  strong  arms  in  kindly  caressing  of  the  humbler  and 
weaker  vegetation,  their  offspring.  In  such  safe  retreats, 
where  the  sombre  shade  is  brightened  here  and  there  with  stray 
beams  of  sunlight,  in  the  warmth  of  which  myriads  of  insects 
bathe  their  wings  and  flutter  away  their  little  span  of  life, 


42  NESTING    AND    SINGING    OF    THE    VEERY 

humming  a  quaint  refrain  to  the  gurgle  of  the  rivulet,  the 
Veery  meets  his  mate — the  song  rises — the  wooed  is  won — the 
home  is  made.  Should  we  force  our  unwelcome  presence  upon 
the  bird  who  is  brooding  her  newly-found  treasures  with  the 
tenderest  solicitude,  she  will  nestle  closer  still,  in  hope  of  our 
passing  by,  till  we  might  almost  touch  her;  when,  without  a 
word  of  remonstrance  or  reproach,  she  takes  a  little  flight, 
and  settles  a  few  yards  away,  in  silent  appeal.  If  the  time,  the 
place,  the  scene,  suffice  not  for  our  forbearance,  with  what  poor 
words  of  hers  may  we  then  be  moved  ? 

The  nest  will  be  found  at  our  feet,  most  likely  beneath  some 
bush,  resting  upon  a  bed  of  leaves,  or  supported  in  the  forks  of 
some  stems  that  spring  directly  from  the  ground.  It  seems 
large  for  the  size  of  the  bird,  and  perhaps  not  so  neat  and 
finished  as  we  might  expect ;  for  the  Veery,  though  a  patient 
and  faithful  housekeeper,  cares  little  for  appearances.  Among 
the  various  materials  which  enter  into  its  composition,  withered 
leaves  form  a  large  part,  especially  of  the  outer  walls,  while 
grass-stems,  weed-stalks,  and  bark-strips  are  more  compactly 
woven  inside.  There  is  no  special  lining  of  the  interior,  and 
the  cavity  is  small.  The  nest  may  contain  four,  perhaps  five, 
eggs,  like  those  of  the  Hermit,  greenish-blue,  without  markings, 
except  in  rare  instances,  when  a  few  specks  appear,  especially 
about  the  larger  end. 

Varying  estimates  have  been  made  of  the  Veery's  powers  of 
song.  For  myself,  I  rate  this  bird  as  one  of  the  sweetest  of  our 
songsters,  of  whose  "  clear  bell-like  notes,  resonant,  distinct, 
yet  soft  and  of  indescribable  sadness",  I  have  spoken  on  a  former 
occasion.  I  think  Dr.  Brewer's  faint  praise  the  most  cruelly 
unjust  of  all ;  can  he  have  ever  heard  the  Veery's  full  utter- 
ance, and  then  have  written,  "  The  song  of  this  thrush  is 
quaint,  but  not  unmusical ;  variable  in  its  character,  changing 
from  a  prolonged  and  monotonous  whistle  to  quick  and  almost 
shrill  notes  at  the  close"  I  He  speaks  as  he  might  of  a  hurdy- 
gurdy,  instead  of  an  exquisite  oboe.  No  one  of  the  voices  of 
the  woodland  is  less  quaint  than  the  Veery's ;  no  one  is  truer 
to  its  theme,  more  measured  in  its  cadences,  or  softer  and 
.clearer  in  tone  than  that  of  the  Veery— rival  of  the  Olive,  the 
Hermit,  and  the  Wood  Thrush,  completing  the  quartette  of 
silver-tongued  cantatrices,  who  pledge  the  promises  of  spring- 
time in  choral  symphony. 


CHARACTERS    OF    MYIADESTIN^E 


43 


SUBFAMILY  MYIADESTINJE 

FLYCATCHING  THRUSHES 

The  essential  character  of  this  group  has  been  indicated  on 
a  preceding  page.  It  has  usually  been  associated  with  Ptilo- 
gonys  and  Phccnopepla  in 
the  family  (Ampelidce) 
which  contains  the  Ce- 
dar Bird  and  Bohemian 
Wax  wing;  from  all  these 
birds,  however,  the  boot- 
ed tarsi,  speckled  state  of 
the  young,  and  other  char- 
acters sufficiently  distin- 
guish it.  In  comparison 
with  the  Thrushes,  among 
which  it  is  now  located, 
it  differs  in  the  shorter, 
broader,  more  depressed, 
and  flycatcher-like  bill, 
with  its  deeply-cleft  ric- 
tus and  very  short  gonys, 
the  smaller  and  weaker 
feet,  and  in  the  peculi- 
arly double  -  inarginatC  FlG.5.__DetailS  of  external  form  of  Myiadestes  (M.  tovn- 

tail,  the  feathers  of  which     sendi)  •  bil1  and  feet  natural  8ize ;  win&  an<* tail  *• 
taper  gently  from  base  to  tip.    It  is  a  small  group,  nearly  con- 
fined to  the  warmer  portions  of  America,  comprising  only  two 
or  three  genera,  the  leading  one  of  which  is  the — 

Genus  MYIADESTES,  Sw., 

which  was  established  by  Mr.  William  Swainson,  in  1838,  in  his 
arrangement  of  the  Flycatchers,  a  work  forming  part  of  Sir 
William  Jardine's  "  Naturalists'  Library  ".  It  consists  of  ten  or 
twelve  species,  only  one  of  which  occurs  within  our  limits,  the 
others  being  more  southerly.  In  addition  to  the  characters  just 
noted,  it  may  be  observed  that  the  species  of  Myiadestes  agree 
in  their  rather  uniform  dark  or  dull  coloration,  variegated  with 
brighter  tints  on  the  wings.  They  form  part  of  an  interesting 


44  CHARACTERS    OF    MYIADESTES    TOWNSENDI 

and  somewhat  isolated  group,  having  no  very  intimate  rela- 
tions with  the  other  birds  of  our  country,  inhabiting  woodland 
and  shrubbery,  feeding  on  insects  and  berries,  and  capable  of 
musical  expression  in  an  exalted  degree. 


Townsend's  Flycatching  Thrush 

Myiadestes  townsemli 

PtilOgonjS  townsendl,  And.  OB.  v.  1839,  206,  pi.  419,  f.  Z.—Aud.  Syn.  1839.  46.— Nutt.  Mail. 
2d  ed.  i.  1840,  361. 

PtilOgonys  tOWnsendii,  And.  BA.  i.  1840,  243,  pi.  69.— Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1843,  261 
(California).— Gamb.  Pr.  Pbila.  Acad.  iii.  1847,  157  (California).— Heerm.  Journ.  Phila. 
Acad.  ii.  1853,  262.—  Woodh.  Sitgreave'sRep.  1853,  76.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1855, 
308  (New  Mexico). 

PtiliOgonys  tOWnsendii,  Gamb.  Joura.   Phila.   Acad.  i.  1847,  40.—Newb.  PRRR.  vi.  1857,  82. 

Culicivora  townsendl,  DeKay,  N.  Y.  Zool.  ii.  1844, 110. 

MyiadeStCS  tOWnsendii,  Cab.  Arch.  f.  Nat.  1847  (i),  208.— Baird,  BNA.  1858,  321.— Henry,  Pr. 
Phila?  Acad.  xi.  1859,  106  (New  Mexico).—  Kenn.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  25.— Heerm.  PKRR.  x. 
1859,  38.— Xantus,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  xi.  1859,  191  (California).— Hayd.  Tr.  Am.  Philos. 
Soc.  xii.  1862,  162.— Lord,  Pr.  Roy.  Arty.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  116.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
xviii.  1866,  72  (Arizona).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1866,  429,  fig.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  34.— 
Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  134,  figs.— Stev.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1870,  1871,  464.— 
Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  176.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  117,  f.  57.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  93. 

MyiadeSteS  tOWnsendi,  Sd.  PZS.  1857,  5.— Scl.  PZS.  1858,  97.— Coues,  Ibis,  1865,  163  (Ari- 
zona).— Aiken,  Pr.  Bo*t.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  198  (Colorado).— B.  B.  f?R.  BNA.  i.  1874,  406,  pi. 
18,  figs.  3,  4.—Henshaw,  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100th  Merid.  231  (in  presw). 

MyladCStes  Obscurus,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  336  (in  part ;  includes  townsendl).     (Not  of  Lafr.) 

Townsend's  Ptilogonys,  And.  i.  c. 
Townsend's  Flycatching  Thrush,  Coues,  1.  c. 
Townsend's  Solitaire,  B.  B.  4-  R.  l.  c. 

HAB.— Western  United  States,  from  the  easternmost  foothills  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  Pacific  and  British  Columbia.  No£  known  to  penetrate 
any  distance  into  Mexico,  where  replaced  by  other  species. 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  JSordide  cinereus,  infra  dilutior,  gula  crissoque 
albicantibus;  alls  nigricantibus,  fulvo  bisignatis;  cauda  nigricante, 
rectrice  extima  albo-limbata,  rectrice  proxima  albo-terminata;  orbi- 
tis  alb  is;  rostro  pedibusque  nigris. 

$  9  .—General  color  dull  brownish-ash,  paler  below,  bleaching  on  the 
throat,  lower  belly,  and  crissum.  Wings  blackish,  the  inner  secondaries 
edged  and  tipped  with  white,  nearly  all  the  quills  extensively  tawny  or  ful- 
vous at  the  base,  and  several  of  the  intermediate  ones  again  edged  exter- 
nally toward  their  ends  with  the  same  color.  In  the  closed  wing,  the  basal 
tawny  shows  upon  the  outside  as  an  oblique  spot  in  the  recess  between  the 
greater  coverts  and  the  bastard  quills,  separated  by  an  oblique  bar  of  black- 
ish from  the  second  tawny  patch  on  the  outer  webs  of  the  quills  near  their 
ends.  Tail  like  the  wings  (the  middle  pair  of  feathers  more  nearly  like  the 
back)  ;  the  outer  feather  edged  and  broadly  tipped,  the  next  one  more  nar- 


HABITS  OF  TOWNSEND'S  FLYCATCHING  THRUSH     45 

rowly  tipped,  with  white.  A  white  ring  around  the  eye.  Bill  and  feet  black. 
Eye  brown.  Length,  about  8  inches;  wing  and  tail  about  equal,  4-4^;  the 
latter  forked  centrally,  graduated  laterally ;  bill,  | ;  tarsus,  £ ;  middle  toe 
and  claw  rather  more. 

Young :— Speckled  at  first,  like  a  very  young  Thrush.    Each  feather  with  a 
triangular  or  rounded  spot  of  dull  ochraceous  or  tawny,  edged  with  blackish. 

AMONG  the  birds  of  our  Western  country,  Townsend's 
Thrush  is  almost  the  only  one  of  general  distribution 
which  I  have  never  been  able  to  study  in  its  native  haunts. 
Until  very  lately,  the  Dipper  was  another  which  had  always 
given  ine  the  slip;  but,  during  the  summer  of  1874, 1  added  that 
sprightly  and  vivacious  ornament  of  the  mountain-torrent  to 
the  list  of  my  personal  friends,  and  in  good  time,  perhaps,  I 
shall  come  to  know  the  Flycatching  Thrush  as  well.  In  pen- 
ning an  account  of  this  stranger  for  the  "  Birds  of  the  North- 
west7', I  could  only  state  that  I  had  found  it  rather  rare,  in  sum- 
mer, in  the  upper  portions  of  Arizona,  and  gather  from  my  cor- 
respondents, or  from  the  published  records  of  other  observers, 
some  items  of  its  life-history.  I  would  refer  to  this  article, 
however,  as  a  fair  epitome  of  what  was  then  known,  and, 
avoiding  repetition,  can  now  supplement  it  with  some  further 
particulars,  the  principal  of  which  relate  to  the  nidification  of 
the  species. 

None  of  the  earlier  observers  appear  to  have  ever  found  the 
nest  of  this  bird  ;  and  to  this  day  the  eggs  remain  unknown. 
A  few  years  ago,  however,  Mr.  Ridgway  discovered  a  nest,  an 
account  of  whiclj  was  communicated  to  Dr.  Brewer,  and  pub- 
lished in  substance  in  the  work  above  quoted.  The  original 
notice,  as  prepared  and  printed  (but  up  to  the  date  of  present 
writing,  February  8,  1876,  remaining  unpublished),  I  am  able 
to  quote  through  the  kindness  of  the  writer,  who  has  placed  at 
my  service  the  proof-sheets  of  his  report  on  the  birds  observed 
during  the  Exploration  of  the  Fortieth  Parallel  by  Clarence 
King:  — 

"  In  July,  1867,  we  found  a  nest  of  this  species  in  a  deep 
ravine  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  an  alti- 
tude of  about  5,000  feet.  This  nest  was  placed  in  a  cavity  of 
the  rocks  forming  the  perpendicular  upper  bank  of  a  sluice, 
constructed  for  mining  purposes,  and  through  which  ran  the 
water  of  a  considerable  mountain-stream.  The  nest,  which  was 
about  a  foot  above  the  water,  was  nearly  as  bulky  as  that  of  the 
Brown  Thrasher  (Harporliynclms  rufus),  and  similarly  con- 


46     HABITS  OF  TOWNSEND'S  FLYCATCHING  THRUSH 

structed ;  it  contained  four  young.  When  we  approached  it, 
the  female  was  much  excited,  flying  before  us  or  running  upon 
the  ground  in  the  manner  of  a  thrush,  a  species  of  which  she 
was  at  first  thought  to  be,  from  her  entirely  thrush-like  man- 
ners and  appearance.  Even  afterward,  and  until  the  species 
was  identified  by  obtaining  specimens,  we  were  led  into  this 
delusion,  its  gliding,  noiseless  flight,  and  graceful  running  upon 
the  ground  being  so  perfectly  thrush-like." 

This  curious  fact,  which  would  never  have  been  anticipated, 
of  the  nesting  of  the  bird  in  the  rifts  of  rocks,  is  corroborated 
by  the  later  observations  of  Mr.  Henshaw,  whose  article,  as  pre- 
pared for  the  zoological  volume  of  the  Reports  upon  Explora- 
tions West  of  the  One  Hundredth  Meridian — a  work  which  will 
doubtless  issue  from  the  press  during  the  present  year — is  to  the 
following  effect: — During  a  week's  stay  in  June,  at  the  base  of 
Baldy  Peak,  in  Colorado,  he  frequently  saw  this  bird  in  the  pine 
forests,  and  as  high  up  on  the  mountain  sides  as  10,000  feet ; 
its  summer  range  doubtless  extends  up  to  timber  line.  Its 
habits,  as  far  as  he  noticed  them,  are  singularly  like  those  of  the 
Bluebirds.  Besides  a  loud,  liquid  call  note,  the  male  has  a 
beautiful  warbling  song,  which  somewhat  resembles  that  of 
the  Purple  Finch,  but  far  excels  it  in  power,  sweetness  and 
modulation.  Though  he  searched  carefully  for  the  nest,  he  cnly 
succeeded  in  satisfying  himself  that  the  bird  breeds  in  the  crev- 
ices of  rocks.  Its  preference  for  such  localities  during  the  sum- 
mer, with  the  evident  solicitude  manifested  on  more  than  one 
occasion,  left  little  doubt  in  his  mind  on  this  point. 

The  birds  are  quite  common  (Mr.  Heushaw  continues),  in  the 
fall,  in  Eastern  Arizona  and  Western  New  Mexico.  Having 
reared  their  young,  they  appear  to  forsake  the  pine  woods, 
which  constitute  their  summer  abode,  and  are  seen  lower  down, 
on  the  hillsides  covered  with  pinons  and  cedars.  Their  food  at 
this  season  appears  to  consist  almost  exclusively  of  berries, 
particularly  of  the  pinons  and  cedars,  and  the  crops  of  many 
examined  contained  little  else  save  a  few  insects.  Though 
in  summer  a  bird  of  retiring  and  unsocial  habits — never 
more  than  a  single  pair  being  found  in  one  locality — in  the  fall 
they  are  to  a  considerable  extent  gregarious,  associating  usually 
in  small  companies  of  from  five  to  ten.  At  the  Old  Crater, 
forty  miles  south  of  Zuni,  they  had  congregated  in  very  large 
numbers  about  a  spring  of  fresh  water,  the  only  supply  for  many 
miles  around ;  and  hundreds  were  to  be  seen  sitting  on  the 


CHARACTERS    OF    THE    MIMING  47 

bare  volcanic  rocks,  apparently  too  timid  to  venture  down  and 
slake  their  thirst  while  we  were  camped  near  by.  Their  song 
is  occasionally  heard  even  in  November  and  December,  and  is 
very  sweet,  but  not  so  full  and  varied  as  during  the  vernal 
season. 

The  sociable  disposition  which  Townsend's  Thrush  manifests 
during  the  winter,  contrasting  with  those  traits  it  shows  at 
other  seasons  so  conspicuously  that  it  has  acquired  the  soubri- 
quet of  u  Solitaire  ",  is  also  attested  by  Mr.  J.  K.  Lord,  from 
observations  made  at  Colville  during  November,  when  the 
leaves  had  fallen,  snow  covered  the  ground,  and  the  cold  was 
intense.  His  attention  was  attracted  by  the  sound  of  singing, 
unusual  at  that  inclement  season ;  and  he  soon  discovered  a 
score  of  these  brave  little  birds  perched  upon  the  sprays  of  some 
thorn-bushes,  and  was  reminded,  by  their  low,  sweet  notes,  of 
the  Song  Thrush  of  Europe.  Commend  me  to  the  rare  bird 
that  sings  in  winter,  whose  pipe,  yet  limpid  when  the  rivers 
cease  to  flow,  is  tuned  to  sounds  harmonious  amid  the  discord 
of  the  elements,  in  earnest  of  more  genial  times  to  come ! 

SUBFAMILY  MIMING  :  MOCKING  THRUSHES 

CHARS. — There  is  little  to  be  added  to  the  comparative  diag- 
nosis of  this  group  already  given  (p.  5).  The  tarsi  are  scutellate 
anteriorly,  with  seven  scales  (rarely  obsolete,  as  sometimes  oc- 
curs in  Galeoscoptes).  The  wings  are  short  and  rounded — usually 
shorter  than  the  tail,  the  feathers  of  which  are  graduated  in 
length.  There  are  bristles  about  the  base  of  the  bill,  but  the 
feathers  themselves  are  soft.  The  bill  is  extremely  variable  in 
length  and  shape ;  sometimes  it  is  much  shorter  than  the  head, 
and  as  straight  as  that  of  a  typical  Thrush,  but  in  other  cases 
it  equals  or  exceeds  the  head  in  length,  and  is  bent  like  a  bow. 
The  members  of  this  group  have  been  sofnetimes  classed  with 
the  Wrens,  to  which  they  bear  a  strong  resemblance  in  many 
respects.  They  are  peculiar  to  America,  and  abound  in  species 
in  the  warmer  parts  of  this  hemisphere.  In  its  broader  features, 
the  economy  of  these  birds  is  much  the  same  as  that  of  the  true 
Thrushes.  They  are  insectivorous,  but  also  feed  on  various  soft 
fruits.  They  inhabit  shrubbery  rather  than  high-  open  wood- 
land, and  as  a  rule  keep  nearer  the  ground,  some  of  the  species 
being  decidedly  terrestrial,  as  indicated  by  their  large  strong 
feet.  Their  nidification  is  inartistic ;  the  stout  bulky  nests  are 


48  CHARACTERS    OF    THE    GENUS    OROSCOPTES 

placed  in  bushes ;  the  eggs  are  three  to  six  in  number,  usually 
speckled  (the  Catbird  furnishes  an  exception  to  this  last  state- 
ment). In  this  group,  the  vocal  powers  are  carried  to  the  highest 
known  degree,  some  of  the  species  being  able  to  imitate  not 
only  the  notes  of  other  animals,  but  various  sounds  which  are 
mere  noises,  without'  musical  quality. 

There  are  three  Xorth  American  genera  of  this  subfamily,  all 
of  which  are  represented  in  the  Colorado  Basin.  Although  the 
generic  characters  are  not  very  strongly  marked  (all  the  species 
used  to  be  placed  in  the  single  genus  Mimm),  tangible  differ- 
ences will  be  observed  on  comparing  the  diagnoses  given. 

Genus  OROSCOPTES  Baird 

CHARS. — Wings  and  tail  of  equal  lengths,  the  former  more 
pointed  than  in  the  other  genera  of  Mimince,  with  the  first  quill 
not  half  as  long  as  the  second,  which  is  between  the  sixth  and 
seventh  ;  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  about  equal  to  each  other, 
and  forming  the  point  of  the  wing.  Tail  nearly  even,  its 
feathers  being  but  slightly  graduated.  Tarsus  longer  than  the 
middle  toe  and  claw,  anteriorly  distinctly  scutellate.  Bill  much 
shorter  than  the  head,  not  curved,  with  obsolete  notch  near 
the  end.  Eictal  bristles  well  developed,  the  longest  reaching 
beyond  the  nostrils. 

0.  montanus  is  the  type  and  only  known  species  of  this  genus. 


Mountain  Mockingbird 

Oroscoptes  montanus 

OrphCUS  montanus,  Orn.  Comm.  Journ.  Pbila.  Acad.  vii.  1837,  193  (Columbia  River).— Aud. 

Syn.  1839,  89.— Aud.  BA.  ii,  1841,  194,  pi.  139.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1655,  310 

(New  Mexico). 

Turd  us  montanus,  Aud.  OB.fr.  1838,  437,  pi.  369,  f.  1. 
TurdUS  (Orpheus)  montanus,  Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  153. 
Mimus  montanus,  £p.C.&GL.  1838,  17.— Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1846,  114  (California).— 

Gamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i,  1847,  42.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  276.—  McCall,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 

V.  1851,  216  (Texas).—  Woodh.  Expl.  Zuni  River,  1853,  73.—Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,44. 
OroSCOpteS  montanus,  Ed.  BNA.  1858,  347.— Cones,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii,  1866,  65  (Arizona). 
Oreoscoptes  montanus,  Scl.  PZS.  1859,  340  (critical).— Henry,  Pr.  Pbila.   Acad.  xi.   1859, 

107  (New  Mexico).— Bd.  Ives'  Rep.  Expl.  Colorado,  pt.  v.  1861,  Q.—Hayd.  Tr.  Am.  Phil. 

Soc.  xii.  1862, 163  (Black  Hills).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.1864,  42.- Dress.  Ibis,  1865,  482  (Texas)  — 

Butch.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xx.  1868,  149  (Laredo,  Tex.).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  73.— 

Coop.  Pr.  Gala.  Acad.  1870,  75  (Colorado  River).— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  13.— Stev.  U.  S. 

Geol.  Surv.  for  1870,  1871,  464.— Hold.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  1872,  194  (Black  Hills).— All.  Bull. 

MCZ.  iii.  1872,  174.-  Coues,  Key,  1872,  74.—Merr.  U   8.  Geol.  Surv.  for  1872,  1873,  670, 

705,712,713.— Ridg.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873,  179.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  17.—  Allen, 


DESCRIPTION    OF  OROSCOPTES    MONTANUS  49 

Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  97  (Yellowstone  River).— Cones,  BSW.  1674,  7,  228.— B.  B.  ffR. 
NAB.  i.  1874,  31,  fig.  pi.  3,  f.  G.—Yarr.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1S74,  34.—  Yarr.  <V  Hensh.  Rep. 
Orn.  Specs.  1874,  G.— Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  40,  71,  97.— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875, 
150.*— Nelson,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  339,349,  35L>,  355  (California,  Nevada,  Utah). 
Mountain  Mockingbird ;  Sage  Thrasher,  rulg. 

HAB.— United  States,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific ;  eastward 
to  the  Black  Hills  and  Fort  Laramie.  Texas  and  Lower  California. 

CH.  SP. —  3  9  Griseo-cinerens;  infra  alMduSjf nsco-maculalus  ; 
alls  caudaqiie  fuscis,  lllis  albo-bifasciatis  et  Umbalis,  hac  albo- 
terminatd  ;  rostra  peclibusque  nigricantibm. 

$  £ ,  in  summer  :  Above,  grayish  or  brownish  ash.  the  feathers  with  obso- 
letely  darker  centres.  Below,  whitish,  more  or  less  tinged  with  pale  buffy- 
brown,  everywhere  marked  with  triangular  dusky  spots,  largest  and  most 
crowded  across  the  breast,  small  and  sparse,  sometimes  wanting,  on  the 
throat,  lower  belly,  and  crissum.  Wings  fuscous,  with  much  whitish  edging 
on  all  the  quills,  and  two  white  bauds  formed  by  the  tips  of  the  greater  and 
median  coverts.  Tail  like  the  wings :  the  outer  feather  edged  and  broadly 
tipped,  and  all  the  rest,  excepting  usually  the  middle  pair,  tipped  with  white 
in  decreasing  amount.  Bill  and  feet  black  or  blackish,  the  former  often  with 
pale  base.  Length,  about  8  inches ;  wing  and  tail,  each  4  or  rather  less  (not 
nearly  5,  as  given  by  Baird  and  copied  in  my  "  Key") ;  tarsus,  \\  ;  bill,  |. 

Young :  Dull  brownish  above,  conspicuously  streaked  with  dusky ;  the 
markings  below  streaky  and  diffuse. 

Specimens  differ  little  with  sex  or  season,  or  with  age  after  the  first 
streaked  stage  is  passed.  The  individual  variation  consists  in  the  purer  or 
more  brownish  ash  of  the  upper  parts,  and  especially  in  the  shade  of  the 
under  parts,  which  ranges  from  whitish  to  a  decided  browuish-ciunamon 
cast,  and  in  the  amount  of  spotting.  Ordinarily,  the  lower  belly  and  vent, 
and  sometimes  the  throat,  are  immaculate,  but  the  whole  under  surface  is 
sometimes  pretty  uniformly  covered.  The  brownish  shade  is  usually  strong- 
est on  the  breast,  flanks,  and  crissum.  The  newly-grown  quills  and  tail- 
feathers  are  darker  than  the  old  ones,  and  have  more  white  edging.  The 
wing-coverts  are  sometimes  edged  as  well  as  tipped  with  white. 

THIS  interesting  species  resembles  a  Mockingbird — espe- 
cially a  young  one,  before  the  spots  on  tbe  under  parts  are 
lost — in  many  respects,  but  differs  altogether  in  the  quality  of 
its  song,  and  shares  much  of  the  ground-loving  nature  of  a 

*Sincc  these  references  to  Messrs.  Yarrow  and  Henshaw's  writings  (which  are  important  in 
the  present  connection)  may  not  be  generally  understood,  it  should  be  stated  that  "  Rep.  Orn. 
Specs."  refers  to  a  pamphlet  (8vo,  pp.  148)  published  at  the  office  of  the  United  States  Geograph- 
ical and  Geological  Explorations  and  Surveys  West  of  the  One  Hundredth  Meridian,  under  auspices 
of  the  Engineer  Department  of  the  United  States  Army,  relating  to  the  collections  made  by 
the  gentlemen  named  in  1871,  1872,  1673,  containing  five  separate  papers,  one  of  which  is  an 
' '  Annotated  List  of  the  Birds  of  Utah  ",  republished  from  Ann.  Lye.  N.  H.  New  York,  xi,  1874  ; 
and  that  "List  B.  Ariz."  refers  to  a  paper  by  Mr.  Henshaw  in  Appendix  LL  of  Annual  Report 
of  Chief  of  Engineers  of  the  United  States  Army  for  1875  ;  the  pagination  being  given  accord- 
ing to  the  separately-printed  pamphlet  edition  of  this  Appendix  (8vo,  pp.  196).  These  papers 
are  full  of  interesting  field-notes,  and  bear  directly  upon  the  subject  in  hand. 
4  B  C 


50      MIGRATION,  ETC.,  OF  THE  MOUNTAIN  MOCKINGBIRD 

Thrasher.  It  was  one  of  the  birds  discovered  by  Mr.  J.  K. 
Townsend,  who,  with  his  some  time  companion  Nuttall,  explored 
the  region  of  the  Columbia,  bringing  many  ornithological  novel- 
ties to  light.  aSTuttall  speaks  of  its  pleasant  song,  which  he  says 
resembles  that  of  the  Thrasher,  and  ascribes  to  it  powers  of 
imitation ;  but  as  his  statement  of  such  ability  has  not  been 
since  corroborated,  we  are  left  to  infer  that  it  possesses  nothing 
beyond  the  flexible  modulation  of  the  voice  for  which  all  its 
tribe  are  famous.  He  discovered  a  nest,  situated  in  a  worm- 
wood-bush, containing  four  eggs.  The  original  accounts  of  the 
species  constituted  the  sum  of  our  information  respecting  it 
for  many  years,  until  the  general  opening-up  of  almost  untrod- 
den wastes  put  other  eager  and  curious  observers  upon  its  track. 
From  what  we  have  learned,  it  would  appear  to  have  been  mis- 
named the  Mountain  Mockingbird,  since,  as  has  been  intimated, 
its  repertoire  is  not  remarkably  extensive,  while  its  favorite 
haunts  are  the  arid  and  desolate  sage  plains  of  the  great  cen- 
tral plateau.  We  are  now  pretty  well  acquainted  with  its 
geographical  distribution,  though  more  precise  knowledge  of 
its  movements  would  be  acceptable.  It  is  migratory,  like  most 
of  its  tribe,  but  only  within  a  limited  area.  It  is  known  to  be 
resident  in  Texas,  where  my  friend  H.  E.  Dresser,  of  London, 
observed  it  at  San  Antonio  and  Eagle  Pass  in  winter  and  sum- 
mer, and  where  he  procured  the  eggs.  He  found  it,  like  others, 
in  brushy  plains,  and  noticed  its  terrestrial  habits.  As  well  as 
I  can  judge  from  the  accounts  to  which  I  have  referred  for  in- 
formation— having  nothing  original  to  present  upon  the  subject — 
the  bird  offers  one  of  the  many  instances  of  what  I  should  call 
"  migration  at  will",  if  I  dared  to  propose  a  sort  of  paradoxical 
term.  That  is  to  say  :  out  of  the  sum-total  of  individuals  com- 
posing the  species,  congregated  in  their  winter  haunts,  a  cer- 
tain percentage  elects  to  go  north  in  the  spring,  dropping  loi- 
terers by  the  way,  while  the  rest  breed  where  they  wintered. 
In  this  manner,  the  species  spreads  latitudinally  until  the  limit 
of  its  dispersion,  which  cannot  be  far  from  the  northern  bound- 
ary of  the  United  States,  is  reached,  and  may  be  found  nesting 
anywhere  within  the  area  it  inhabits.  In  the  fall  the  return 
movement  is  accomplished,  and  the  species  is  then  withdrawn 
into  its  comparatively  narrow  winter  quarters,  the  limits  of 
which  I  believe  remain  to  be  ascertained.  This  kind  of  optional 
or  elective  migration,  witnessed  in  many  other  cases  besides 
the  present  one,  contrasts  with  the  regular  migration  perforce 


HABITS  OF   THE    MOUNTAIN    MOCKINGBIRD  51 

of  those  other  species,  all  the  individuals  of  which  are  mysteri- 
ously impelled  to  journey  toward  the  pole,  and  settle  for  the 
summer  in  areas  perhaps  more  contracted  than  their  winter 
homes. 

For  the  general  habits  of  this  species  I  shall  presently  quote 
Mr.  Ridgway,  who  has  made  good  use  of  the  favorable  oppor- 
tunities he  enjoyed  ;  but- will  first  describe  the  eggs,  which  I 
have  examined  in  the  [National  Museum  at  Washington.  The 
clutch  usually  numbers  four,  measuring  from  0.94  to  1.03  in 
length,  and  from  0.69  to  0.75  in  breadth  (inches  and  decimals). 
The  ground-color  is  light  greenish-blue ;  this  is  heavily  marked 
with  burnt-umber  or  olive-brown  spots,  and  a  few  others  of 
neutral  tint.  The  pattern  is  generally  bold  and  sharp,  but  in 
some  cases  finer  and  more  diffuse,  when  the  numberless  speck- 
les and  dots  give  an  effect  similar  to  that  of  some  styles  of 
Mockingbirds'  eggs. 

Instead  of  collating  the  fragmentary  notices  of  writers  who 
have  recorded  their  transient  impressions  or  isolated  observa- 
tions, I  shall  conclude  the  history  of  the  Mountain  Mocking- 
bird with  an  extract  from  the  author  last  mentioned.  [Noting 
that  it  inhabits  sage-plains,  especially  of  the '-Great  Basin", 
and  suggesting  the  name  "  Sage  Thrasher "  as  more  appro- 
priate than  "  Mountain  Mockingbird",  Mr.  Kidgway  goes  on  to 
say,  in  his  note-book  now  lying  before  me:  — 

"  Carson  City,  Nevada,  March  24,  18G8. — To-day  we  saw  the 
Sage  Thrasher  for  the  first  time  this  spring,  and  heard  its  song. 
The  sage-brush  was  full  of  the  birds,  and  many  were  singing 
beautifully  when  the  evening  shades  were  lengthened  by  the 
sinking  of  the  sun  behind  the  Sierras.  Owing  to  the  earliness 
of  the  season,  the  song  was  uttered  in  a  subdued  tone,  and  its 
full  merits  could  not  be  appreciated.  The  bird  was  generally 
seen  sitting  in  an  upright  position  upon  a  sage  bush,  but  when 
approached  would  dive — apparently  into  the  bush,  though  close 
examination  failed  to  reveal  its  hiding-place ;  often,  however, 
we  again  heard  it  sweetly  warbling,  perhaps  a  hundred  yards 
away  in  the  direction  from  which  we  had  come.  This  con- 
cealed, circuitous  flight  is  characteristic  of  the  species. 

u  April  2.— Rained  throughout  the  night;  this  morning  the 
air  is  fresh  and  balmy  ;  clouds  are  lowering  about  the  bases  of 
the  mountains,  concealing  them  from  view.  The  air  is  vocal 
with  the  music  of  the  spring  birds,  singing  with  vigor  and 
joyousness.  The  Meadow  Larks  are  singing  throughout  the 


5*2         SONG  AND  NEST  OF  THE  MOUNTAIN  MOCKINGBIRD 

sage-brush,  and  with  their  rich  notes  are  heard  the  sweet  \varb- 
lings  of  Oroscoptes  montanus.  To-day  we  heard  this  song  in  all 
its  loveliness.  Although  weaker  than  that  of  either  the  Brown 
Thrasher  or  the  Catbird,  it  is  more  varied  and  longer  sustained 
as  well  as  superior  in  sweetness  and  delicacy  of  tone.  The 
song  has,  in  modulation  or  style,  a  great  resemblance  to  the 
soft  tender  warbling  of  th3  Ruby-crowned  Kinglet,  although 
it  is  stronger,  of  course,  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  bird. 

"April  9. — The.  Sage  Thrasher  is  now  one  of  the  most  com- 
mon birds  in  this  vicinity.  To  day  a  great  many  were  noticed 
among  the  brush-heaps  in  the  city  cemetery.  Its  manners  dur- 
ing the  pairing  season  are  peculiar.  The  males,  as  they  flew 
before  us,  were  observed  to  keep  up  a  peculiar  tremor  or  flutter- 
ing of  the  wings,  warbling  as  they  flew,  and  upon  alighting 
(generally  upon  the  fence  or  a  bush),  raised  the  wings  over  the 
back,  with  elbows  together,  quivering  with  joy  as  they  sang. 

"April  23. — Although  we  saw  tbese  birds  everywhere  among 
the  sage-brush,  their  nests  were  found  only  with  great  diffi- 
culty. In  the  cemetery,  the  sage  bushes  had  all  been  pulled 
up  and  thrown  in  piles  in  different  parts  of  the  inclosure,  and 
upon  these  the  birds  were  most  frequently  seen.  On  one  occa- 
sion, a  female  was  observed  to  fly  into  one  of  these  brush-heaps, 
with  a  bunch  of  building  material  in  her  mouth ;  but  it  was 
only  by  taking  off  bush  after  bush  that  the  nest  was  discov- 
ered; this,  though  unfinished,  contained  one  egg,  and,  in  its 
construction  and  situation,  resembled  some  of  the  nests  of  the 
jChrasher,  though  less  bulky.  The  bushes  were  carefully  re- 
rplaced,  and  the  nest  left  undisturbed.  In  walking  through  the 
;sage-brush  on  the  open  commons,  several  more  nests  were 
found,  in  similar  situations,  being  placed  in  the  thickest  por- 
tion of  the  bushes,  generally  about  two  feet  from  the  ground, 
but  occasionally  imbedded  in  the  ground  beneath  them.  They 
were  all  well  concealed.  At  one  time,  while  blowing  some  eggs, 
the  parent  birds  came  near  us,  running  gracefully  upon  the 
ground  in  the  manner  of  a  Eobin,  stretching  their  necks,  curi- 
ous to  see  what  we  were  doing,  and  watching  our  movements 
with  an  anxious  look,  but  uttering  no  note  whatever. 

"  The  only  note  of  this  species,  besides  its  song,  is  simply  a 
weak  '-tuck1,  seldom  uttered  unless  the  young  are  disturbed; 
except  during  the  pairing  and  nesting  seasons,  it  is  one  of  the 
.most  silent  birds  with  which  I  am  acquainted.  In  September 
I  saw  it  feeding  upon  the  '  service-berries,7  which  grew  abund- 
antly in  certain  localities  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains." 


MIMUS— SYNONYMY  OF  M.  POLYGLOTTUS      53 

Genus  MIMUS  Boie 

CHARS. — Bill  inucli  shorter  than  the  head,  scarcely  curved 
as  a  whole,  but  with  gently  curved  commissure,  notched 
near  the  end.  Kictal  vibrissre  well  developed.  Tail  rather 
longer  than  the  wings,  rounded,  the  lateral  feathers  being  con- 
siderably graduated.  Wings  rounded.  Tarsal  scutella  some- 
times obsolete.  Tarsi  longer  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw. 

Of  this  genus,  there  are  two  well  marked  sections,  represented 
by  the  Mockingbird  and  Catbird  respective^.  These  may  be 
most  conveniently  distinguished  by  color:  — 

Mimus. — Above    ashy-brown,    below    white;    lateral    tail- 
feathers  and  bases  of  primaries  white.    (Tarsal  scutella  always 
distinct.) 

Galeoscoptes. — Blackish-ash,  scarcely  paler  below;  crown  and 
tail  black,  unvaried;  crissum  rufous.  (Tarsal  scutella  some- 
times obsolete.) 


The  mockingbird 

Mimas  polyglottiis 

TlirdUS  polyglottos,  L.  SN.  i.  10th  ed.  1758,  169,  no.  7  (based  on  Sloane,  ii.  306,  pi.  256,  f.  3  ; 
Gates,  i.  27 ;  Kalm,  ii.  335) ;  12th  ed.  1766,  293,  no.  10  (includes  other  spp.  or  vars.).— 
Bp.  Journ.  Pbila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  32  (critical).— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  74. 

TltrdUS  pOlyglottUS,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  612.—  Lath.  IO.  i.  1790,  339.— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  493.— 
Wile.  AO.ii.  1810,  14,  pi.  10,  f.  l.-Fox,  Newc.  Mus.  1827,  150.—  Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831, 
410.—  Aud.  OB.  i.  1831, 108,  pi.  Zl.—NvM.  Man.  i.  1832,  320.—  Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839, 
300  (rare).— //ay?«.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856,  289.— Gosse,  Alabama,  1859,  47.—Gieb. 
V6g.  1860,  37,  f.  85. 

MsiUUS  POlyglottUS,  Boie,  Lug,  1826,  972.— Bp.  C.  &  GL.  1838,  It.—Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
iii.  1846,  114  (California).— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  276.— McCall,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  v.  1851,  216 
(Texas).— Burnett,  Pr.Bost.  Soc.  iv.  1851,  116.—  Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  309  (Wis- 
consin).— Reed,  Pr.  Phila.  Aead.  vi.  1853,  398  (Ohio).—  Woodh.  Expl.  Zuni  R.  1853,  72.— 
Kennie.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  582  (Illinois).—  Lungersh.  J.  f.  O.  1856,  69  (in 
captivity).— Scl.  PZS.  1857,  212  (Orizaba).— Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  vi.  1858,  179.— Bd.  BNA. 
1858,  344.— Scl.  PZS.  1859,  340  (critical).— -Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  106  (New 
Mexico).— Baird,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  303.— Kenn.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  25.—  Heerm. 
PRRR.  x.  1859,  44.—  Wheat,  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  365,  no.  115  (Ohio).— Barn. 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  436  (Pennsylvania).— Cones  SfPrent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861, 
1862,410  (Washington;  rare).— Scl.  Cat.  AB.  1862,  S.—  Tayl.  Ibis,  1862,  128  (Florida).— 
Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  48.— Mien,  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  iv.  1864,  67  (Massachusetts— northern' 
limit).— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  437  (Missouri).— Bry.  Pr.  Bost,  Soc.  ix.  1865, 
372.— Coues,  Ibis,  1865,  159  (New  Mexico).— Dress.  Ibis,  1865,  481  (Texas).— Coues,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  65  (Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.).— Later.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 
282  (New  York).— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  107  (South  Carolina,  resident).— Butch. 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xx.  1868,  149  (Laredo,  Tex.).— Coues,  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  v.  1868,  267  (New 
England).— Allen,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1868,  523  (Indiana).— Sumich.  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i. 
1869,  543  (Vera  Cruz ;  Gulf  coast  up  to  plateau,  breeding  at  Orizaba).— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa. 
1869,22;  Phila.  ed.  15.— Steams,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  282.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  21.— 
Mayn,  Nat.  Guide,  1870,  92  (Massachusetts).— All.  Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  1871,  259  (Florida, 


54  DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    MOCKINGBIRD 

wintering).— Ooues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxiii.  1871,  19  (North  Carolina).— Parker,  Am.  Nat. 
v.  1871,  168.— Boardm.  Am.  Nat.  v.  1871,  121.— Grayson,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  277 
(Tres  Marias  Islands).— Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1872,  16.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  74,  f.  16 — Allen,  Bull. 
MCZ.  iii.  1872,  134  (Kansas).— Purdie,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  693.— Ooues,  BNW.  1874,  8.— 
Merr.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  7,  8,  86.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  17.— B.  B.  <V  R.  NAB.  i. 

1874,  49,  fig.  pi.  iii.  f.  4.—Hensk.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  97.— Brew.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xvii. 

1875,  438  (New  England).— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  151. 

Orpheus  pOlyfflOttUS,  Sw.  Zool.  Journ.  iii.  1827,  167.— And.  Syn.  1839,  87.— And.  BA.ii.1841, 

187,  pi.  138.— Denny,  PZS.  1847,  38.—Gerhardt,  Naum.  iii.  1853,  37  (song).—  Wailes,  Rep. 

Mississippi,   1854,  319.—  Pratten,  Tr.  III.  Agric.  Soc.  1855,  601  (Illinois). —Henry,  Pr 

Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  310  (New  Mexico). 

Merinus  polyglottus,  Baird,  Ives'  Rep.  Colorado,  pt.  vi.  1861,  5  (lapsu). 
Orpheus  leucopterus,  Vig.  Zool.  Voy.  Bloss.  1839,  18. 
Mimus  leucopterus,  Baird,  Stansbury's  Rep.  GSL.  1852,  328. 
Orpheus  polygothus,  Putn.  Pr.  Essex  last.  i.  1856,  224  (lapsu). 
Mimus  CanadatUS,  Baird,  BNA.  1858,  345  (err.  for  "caudatus"). 
Mimus  caudatus,  Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  191  (California).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 

186.— Coop.  Pr.  Cal.  Acad.  1870.  75. 
MiniUS  pOlyglOttUS  -car.  caudatUS,  Coues,  Ibis,  1865,  533  (Arizona).  —  Eidg.  Bull.  Essex  lust. 

v.  1873,  179  (Colorado). 

Oreoscoptes  montanus!,  Coues,  ibis.  1865, 164  (lapsu). 
Mimic  Thrush,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  333,  no.  194  and  194  B  (young). 
Mockingbird,  Vulg. 
Merle  moqueur,  French. 

SpottYOgel,  German. 

HAB. — United  States,  southerly,  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific.  North  regu- 
larly to  the  Middle  States,  sometimes  to  Massachusetts  and  Wisconsin. 
Northerly  portions  of  Mexico.  Cuba  ? 

CH.  SP.  $  2  Griseus,  infra  sordlde  albm  ;  alls  fuscis  spat  to 
alba,  cauddfusco  alboque  dimidiatd,  rostro  pedibusque  nigris. 

$ ,  adult :  Upper  parts  ashy-gray,  the  lower  parts  soiled  white.  Wings 
blackish-brown,  the  primaries,  with  the  exception  of  the  first,  marked  with 
a  large  white  space  at  the  base,  restricted  on  the  outer  quills  usually  to  half 
or  less  of  these  feathers,  but  occupying  nearly  all  of  the  inner  quills.  The 
shorter  white  spaces  show  as  a  conspicuous  spot  when  the  wing  is  closed, 
the  longer  inner  ones  being  hidden  by  the  secondaries.  The  coverts  are  also 
tipped  and  sometimes  edged  with  white ;  and  there  may  be  much  edging  or 
tipping,  or  both,  of  the  quills  themselves.  Outer  tail-feathers  white  ;  next 
two  pair  white,  except  on  the  outer  web ;  next  pair  usually  white  toward 
the  end,  and  the  rest  sometimes  tipped  with  white.  Bill  and  feet  black,  the 
former  often  pale  at  the  base  below;  soles  dull  yellowish.  Length  about  10 
inches,  but  rangingfrom9i  to  11;  extent  about  14  (13 to  15) ;  wing,  4-4^;  tail, 
4f-5 ;  bill,  f  ;  tarsus,  1£. 

9 ,  adult :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  the  colors  less  clear  and  pure  ;  above 
rather  brownish  than  grayish  ash,  below  sometimes  quite  brownish-white, 
at  least  on  the  breast.  Tail  and  wings  with  less  white  than  as  above  de- 
scribed for  the  male.  But  the  gradation  in  these  features  is  by  impercepti- 
ble degrees,  so  that  there  is  no  infallible  color-mark  of  sex.  In  general,  the 
clearer  and  purer  are  the  colors,  and  the  more  white  there  is  on  the  wings 
and  tail,  the  more  likely  is  the  bird  to  be  a  male  and  prove  a  good  singer.  The 
female  is  also  smaller  than  the  male  on  an  average,  being  generally  under 


DISTRIBUTION    OF    THE    MOCKINGBIRD 


55 


and  rarely  over  10  inches  in  length,  with  extent  of  wings  usually  less  than 
14,  the  wing  little  if  any  over  4,  the  tail  about  4|. 

Young  :  Above  decidedly  brown,  and  below  speckled  with  dusky. 

There  is  comparatively  little  variation  in  this  species  except  in  size.  A 
tendency  is  seen  in  specimens  from  the  southwestern  parts  of  the  United 
States  to  elongation  of  the  tail,  this  member  averaging  about  5  inches,  and 
sometimes  measuring  rather  more. 


FIG.  6.— The  Mockingbird. 

• 

IT  is  unnecessary  to  give  an  extended  account  of  this  famous 
bird,  to  which  full  justice  has  already  been  done  in  several 
treatises  which  the  reader  will  instantly  call  to  mind;  and  should 
he  be  desirous  of  looking  up  the  subject,  the  citations  given  at 
the  head  of  this  article — representing  a  small  portion  of  the 
literature  devoted  to  the  Mockingbird — may  help  him  somewhat. 
The  bird  is  common  in  suitable  situations  in  the  Colorado 
Basin,  and  especially  so  in  the  lower  and  warmer  portions. 
Its  general  range  is  indicated  in  a  foregoing  paragraph.  I 
have  refrained  from  citing  the  various  West  India  islands 
which  are  occupied  by  subspecies  or  varieties  of  the  Mocking- 
bird distinguished  by  some  very  modern  authors.  The  North. 
American  representative  is  almost  confined  to  this  country, 
though  it  also  occurs  in  portions  of  Mexico,  as  Colima,  Mira- 
dor,  Orizaba,  and  Mazatlan,  as  well  as  the  Tres  Marias  Islands, 
and  perhaps  in  Cuba.  It  winters  in  the  Southern  States  in 


56  SYNONYMY    OF    MIMUS    CAROLINENSIS 

great  numbers — on  tlie  Atlantic  side  at  least  as  far  as  South 
Carolina,  where  I  have  observed  it  at  all  seasons.  In  the 
spring,  a  small  proportion  of  the  whole  number  of  individuals 
migrate  "  at  will ",  commonly  reaching  the  Middle  States  and 
corresponding  latitudes  further  west.  The  northernmost 
records  generally  quoted  fix  the  limit  in  Massachusetts ;  but 
Dr.  Brewer  speaks  of  a  single  individual  seen  near  Calais, 
Me.,  by  Mr.  George  A.  Boardman.  Another  record  from  an 
extreme  point,  given  by  Dr.  P.  R.  Hoy,  is  above  quoted; 
the  extension  of  the  bird  to  Wisconsin,  as  there  indicated,  has 
been  commonly  overlooked.  Other  States  in  which  the  bird  is 
known  to  have  occurred  are  New  York,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois, 
Missouri,  Iowa,  and  Kansas.  The  parallel  of  40°  X.  has  been 
named  as  its  usual  or  normal  limit. 


The  Catbird 

Mimus  (Galeoscopies)  caroliueiisis 

MllSCicapa  carolinCBSiS,  L.  SN.  i.  1766,  328,  no.  18  (based  on  Briss.  ii.  365  and  Gates,  i.  66).— 
Bodd.  TabL  PE.  1783,  42  (PE.  676).— Gw.  SN.  i.  1788,  946,  no.  18  ("  Camtschatcje  " 
&.c.).—Latk.  IO.  ii.  1790,  483,  no.  64.— Tun.  SN.  i.  1806,  581. 

Tnrdns CarolinensiS,  Licht.  "Verz.  1823,  33";  "Preis-Verz.  Mex.  Vog.  1830,2";  J.  f.  O. 
1853,  57.— D'Orb.  Ois  Cuba,  1839,  51.— Manger,  Zool.  Gart.  viii.  1867,  191  (in  captivity). 

Orpheus  CarolinensiS,  A ud.  Syn.  1839,  88.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  195,  pi.  140.— Piitn.  Pr.  Ess. 
Inst.  i.  1856,  209.— Bland,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  287  (Bermudas).  —  Martens,  J.  f. 
O.  1859,  213  (Bermudas).—  Jones,  Nat.  Bermuda,  1859,  27. 

MillJUS  CarolinensiS,  Gray.—Scl.  PZS.  1856,  294  (Cordova).— Kneel.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857, 
234.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  346.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  I860,  307  (Cuba).— Barn.  Smiths. 
Rep.  for  1860, 1861,  436.— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1861,  324  (Cuba).— Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix. 
1862,  126  (Maine).— Blak.  Ibis,  iv.  1862,  5  (Saskatchewan).— Tayl.  Ibis,  1862,  128.— Verr. 
Proc.  Essex  Inst,  iii.  1862,  148.— Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862,  163  (Missouri 
to  Rocky  Mountains).— Blak.  Ibis,  1863,  66  (British  America).— Lord,  Pr.  Roy.  Arty. 
Inst.  Woolwich,  iv.  1864,  117  (east  of  Cascade  Mountains).— McJlwr.  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  v. 
1866,  87  (Canada  West).— Bryant,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  1867,  69  (Inagua).— Ooues,  Pr.  Essex 
Inst.  v.  1868, 267.— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  22;  Phila.  ed.  15.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 
73,  295  (Coeur  d'Alefie  Mountains).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxiii.  1871,  19.— Coues,  Key, 
1872,  74.— Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1872,  19.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  174  (Kansas,  Colorado, 
Utah).— Trippe.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  236  (lowa).-PeZ:.  Ibis,  3d  ser.  iii.  1873,  25.— 
Comstock,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  76.- Packard,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  271.— Allen,  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  1874,  49  (Dakota).— Co ues,  BNW.  1874,  8.— Trippe,  ibid.  228  (Colorado;. 

Himius  CarolinensiS,  Clifford,  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  v.  1865,  925  (habits). 

Galeoscoptes  carolinensis,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,  82  (type).— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1855, 470  (Cuba).— 
S.  fyS.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  7  (Guatemala).— Scl.  PZS.  1859,  336  (critical),  362  (Xalapa).— Gundl. 
J.  f.  O.  1861,  406  (Cuba).— Scl.  Cat.  AB.  1862,  6.— Allen,  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  iv.  1864,  63.— 
Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  54.— Gundl.  Report.  1865,  230  (Cuba).— Bryant,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix. 
1865,  372.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  282.— S.  ff  S.  PZS.  1867,  278  (Mosquito 
Coast).— Co  ues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868, 107.—Sumich.  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869,  544  (Vera 
Cruz).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ix,  1869,  204  (Yucatan).— Coop.'B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  23.— S.  tf 
S.  PZS.  1870,  838  (Honduras).-  Stev.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1870,1871,  464.— Gundl. 
J.  f.  O.  1872,  407  (Cuba).— Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  220.-J/err.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 


DESCRIPTION    OF^  THE    CATBIRD  57 

Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  670,  705,  713  (far  west).— Ridg.  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  v.  1873,  179  (Colo- 
rado).— Ridg.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873, 201,  550 ;  viii.  1874, 198.—  Mcrr.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  7.— 
B.  B.  6f  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  52,  fig.  pi.  3.  f.  5.—Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  40,  56, 71  (Utah, 
&c.).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875, 438.—  Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Mericl.  1876, 152. 

Caleoscoptcs  carolinensis,  s.  <v  S.  PZS.  1859,  370  (Oaxaca). 

Felivox  carolinensis,  Bp.  CR.  1853. 

Lucar  carolinensis,  Coues  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1875,  349  (comment,  on  Bartram). 

Lucar  li Virtus,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  Amer.  ed.  1791,  p.  290bis. 

Tnrdns  lividllS,  Wils.  AO.  ii.  1810,  90,  pi.  14,  f.  3  (after  Bartram).  —Bp. 
Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  36  (critical).— Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  410.— 
Gaetke,  J.  f.  O.  1856,  71  (Heligoland!).— Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii. 
1856,  289. 

Orpheus  lividus,  Bias.  Ibis,  iv.  1862,  66  (Heligoland). 

TurdUS  feliVOX,  Vieill.OAS.  ii.  1807,  10,  pi.  67.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv. 
1824,  3tf.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.Y.  ii.  1826, 75.—Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839, 
302.— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  78,  tig.— Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 
1859,  281  (Nova  Scotia). 

OrpheUS  fell  VOX,  Sw.  £  7ttcA.FBA.ii.  1831,  192.— Prattcn,  Tr.  Illinois  Agr. 
Soc.  1855,  601. 

MiniUS  feliVOX,  Bp.  C.&  GL.  1838,  18.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,276.— Burnett,  Pr. 
Bost.  Soe.  iv.  1851,  116.— Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  398.— Hoy, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  309  (Wisconsin).— Kennic.  Tr.  111.  Agr.  Soc. 
i.  1855, 582.— Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  vi.  1858, 180.—  Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864, 
1865,  437  (Missouri). 

Cat  Flycatcher,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  388,  no.  272. 

Merle  a derriere roux,  D'Orb.l.c.  . 

Zorzal  gato,  Cuban.  FIG.  7.— Foot  of 

Merle  Catbird ;  Chat,  Le  Maine,  Oi<.  Canad.  1861, 167.  Catbird,  nat.  size. 

Catbird,  Vulg. 

HAB. — Nearly  all  the  United  States,  and  adjoining  British  Provinces.  North 
to  the  Red  and  Saskatchewan  Rivers  (latitude  54°).  West  to  Washington, 
Oregon,  Wyoming,  and  Utah.  South  in  winter  to  Panama.  Mexico.  Cuba. 
Resident  in  the  Southern  States.  Breeds  throughout  its  range  in  North 
America. 

CH.  SP.  $  2  Sehistaceo-plumbeus,  subtus  dilutior  ;  vertice}caudd, 
rostro  pedibusque  nigris,  alls  nigricantibus,  crisso  castaneo. 

$  $:  Slaty-gray,  paler  and  more  grayish-plumbeous  below ;  crown  of  head, 
tail,  bill  and  feet  black.  Quills  of  the  wing  blackish,  edged  with  the 
body-color.  Under  tail-coverts  rich  dark  chestnut  or  mahogany-color. 
Length,  8^-9;  ex  tent,  11  or  more;  wing,  3£-3f  ;  tail,  4;  bill,  f;  tarsus,  1-1^. 

Young :  Of  a  more  sooty  color  above,  with  little  or  no  distinction  of  a 
black  cap,  and  comparatively  paler  below,  where  the  color  has  a  soiled 
brownish  cast.  Crissum  dull  rufous. 

The  outer  edge  and  tip  of  the  lateral  tail-feather  is  sometimes  decidedly 
paler  than  the  rest,  indicating  the  space  occupied  by  the  white  in  Oroscoptes. 

IT  is  not  easy  to  account  for  the  vulgar  prejudice  against  this 
bird.    The  contempt  he  inspires  cannot  be  entirely  due  to 
familiarity;  for  other  members  of  the  household,  like  the  Eobin, 
Bluebird,  and  Swallow,  do  not  come  under  the  ban.     If  his 
harsh,  abrupt,  and  discordant  note  were  the  cause,  the  croaking 


58  SOME    OF    THE    CATBIRD'S    TRAITS 

Crow  and  chattering  Blackbird  would  share  the  same  disgrace. 
Yet  the  fact  remains  that  the  Catbird  is  almost  always  re- 
garded unfavorably,  not  so  much  for  what  he  does,  perhaps, 
as  for  what  he  is,  or  is  not.  To  eyes  polite,  he  seems  to  be  "  off 
color'';  in  the  best  society,  he  is  looked  upon  as  un  pen  compromise 
There  must  be  a  reason  for  this — the  world  is  too  busy  to  in- 
vent reasons  for  things— for  there  never  was  a  popular  verdict 
without  roots  in  some  fact  or  principle.  It  is  instinctive :  the 
school-boy  despises  a  Catbird  just  as  naturally  as  he  stones  a 
frog ;  and  when  he  thinks  a  thing  is  mean,  no  argument  will 
convince  him  to  the  contrary. 

For  myself,  I  think  the  boys  are  right.  Like  many  of  the 
lower  animals,  they  are  quick  to  detect  certain  qualities,  and 
apt  to  like  or  dislike  unwittingly,  yet  with  good  reason.  The 
matter  with  the  Catbird  is  that  he  is  thoroughly  common-place. 
There  is  a  dead  level  of  bird-life,  as  there  is  of  humanity ;  and 
mediocrity  is  simply  despicable — hopeless  and  helpless,  and 
never  more  so  than  when  it  indulges  aspirations.  Yet  it  wears 
well,  and  is  a  useful  thing ;  there  must  be  a  standard  of  meas- 
ure, and  a  foil  is  often  extremely  convenient.  The  Catbird  has 
certainly  a  good  deal  to  contend  with.  His  name  has  a  flip- 
pant sound,  without  agreeable  suggestiveness.  His  voice  is 
vehement  without  strength,  unpleasant  in  its  explosive  quality. 
His  dress  is  positively  ridiculous — who  could  hope  to  rise  in 
life  wearing  a  pepper-and-salt  jacket,  a  black  velvet  skull-cap, 
and  a  large  red  patch  on  the  seat  of  his  pantaloons  ?  Add  to 
all  this  the  possession  of  some  very  plebeian  tastes,  like  those 
which  in  another  case  render  beer-gardens,  circuses,  and  street- 
shows  things  possible,  and  you  will  readily  perceive  that  a  hero 
cannot  be  made  out  of  a  Catbird. 

But  to  be  common-place  is  merely  to  strike  the  balance  of  a 
great  number  of  positive  qualities,  no  single  one  of  which  is  to 
be  overlooked.  It  is  accomplished  by  a  sort  of  algebraic  proc- 
ess, in  which  all  the  terms  of  an  equation  are  brought  to- 
gether on  one  side,  which  then  equals  zero.  There  is  said  to 
be  a  great  deal  of  human  nature  in  mankind,  and  I  am  sure 
there  is  as  much  bird-nature  in  the  feathered  tribe.  There  is 
as  much  life  in  the  kitchen  as  in  the  parlor  :  it  is  only  a  mat- 
ter of  a  flight  of  stairs  between  them.  We  who  happen  to  be 
above  know  none  too  much  of  what  goes  on  below — much 
less,  I  suspect,  than  the  basse-cour  often  learns  of  the  salon  and 
the  boudoir.  I  sometimes  fancy  that  the  Catbird  knows  us 


UNSCIENTIFIC    NOTIONS    OF     THE    CATBIRD  59 

better  than  we  do  him.  He  is  at  least  a  civilized  bird,  if  he 
does  haug  by  the  eyelids  on  good  society;  if  he  is  denied  the 
front  door,  the  area  is  open  to  him:  he  may  peep  in  at  the 
basement  window,  and  see  the  way  up  the  back  stairs.  His 
eyes  and  ears  are  open ;  his  wits  are  sharp ;  what  he  knows, 
he  knows,  and  will  tell  if  he  chooses.  His  domesticity  is  large ; 
he  likes  us  well  enough  to  stay  with  us,  yet  he  keeps  his  eye 
on  us.  His  is  the  prose  of  daily  life,  with  all  its  petty  concerns, 
as  read  by  the  lower  classes ;  the  poetry  we  are  left  to  discover. 
Explain  him  as  we  may,  the  Catbird  is  inseparable  from 
home  and  homely  things;  he  reflects,  as  he  is  reflected  in, 
domestic  life.  The  associations,  it  is  true,  are  of  an  humble 
sort;  but  they  are  just  as  strong  as  those  which  link  us  with 
the  trusty  Eobin,  the  social  Swallow,  the  delicious  Bluebird,  or 
the  elegant  Oriole.  Let  it  be  the  humble  country-home  of  toil, 
or  the  luxurious  mansion  where  wealth  is  lavished  on  the  gar- 
den— in  either  case,  the  Catbird  claims  the  rights  of  squatter 
sovereignty.  He  flirts  saucily  across  the  well-worn  path  that 
leads  to  the  well,  and  sips  the  water  that  collects  in  the  shallow 
depression  upon  the  flag-stone.  Down  in  the  tangle  of  the  moist 
dell,  where  stands  the  spring-house,  with  its  cool,  crisp  atmos- 
phere, redolent  of  buttery  savor,  where  the  trickling  water  is 
perpetual,  he  loiters  at  ease,  and  from  the  heart  of  the  green- 
brier  makes  bold  advances  to  the  milkmaid  who  brings  the 
brimming  bowls.  In  the  pasture  beyond,  he  waits  for  the  boy 
who  comes  whistling  after  the  cows,  and  follows  him  home  by 
the  blackberry  road  that  lies  along  the  zigzag  fence,  challeng- 
ing the  carelessly  thrown  stone  he  has  learned  to  dodge  with 
ease.  He  joins  the  berrying  parties  fresh  from  school,  soliciting 
a  game  of  hide-and-seek,  and  laughs  at  the  mishaps  that  never 
fail  when  children  try  the  brier  patch.  Along  the  hedge  row, 
he  glides  with  short  easy  flights  to  gain  the  evergreen  coppice 
that  shades  a  corner  of  the  lawn,  where  he  pauses  to  watch  the 
old  gardener  trimming  the  boxwood,  or  rolling  the  gravel 
walk,  or  making  the  flower  bed,  wondering  why  some  people 
will  take  so  much  trouble  when  everything  is  nice  enough 
already.  Ever  restless  and  inquisitive,  he  makes  for  the  well- 
known  arbor,  to  see  what  may  be  going  on  there.  What  he 
discovers  is  certainly  none  of  his  business:  the  rustic  seat  is 
occupied ;  the  old,  old  play  is  in  rehearsal;  and  at  sight  of  the 
blushing  cheeks  that  respond  to  passionate  words,  the  very 
roses  on  the  trellis  hang  their  envious  heads.  This  spectacle 


60  ROMANCE    OF  A    POOR    OLD    CATBIRD 

tickles  bis  fancy ;  always  ripe  for  mischief,  lie  startles  tbe  loving 
pair  with  his  quick,  shrill  cry,  like  a  burlesque  of  the  kiss  just 
heard,  and  enjoys  their  little  consternation.  "It  is  only  a  Cat- 
bird", they  say  reassuringly — but  there  are  times  when  the 
slightest  jar  is  a  shock,  and  pledges  that  hang  in  a  trembling 
balance  may  never  be  redeemed. 

u  Only  a  Catbird  "meanwhile  remembers  business  of  his  own, 
and  is  off.  The  practical  question  of  dining  recurs.  He  means 
to  dine  sumptuously,  and  so,  like  the  French  philosopher,  place 
himself  beyond  the  reach  of  fate.  But  nature,  in  the  month 
of  May,  is  full  of  combustible  material,  and  the  very  atmosphere 
is  quick  to  carry  the  torch  that  was  kindled  in  the  arbor  where 
the  lovers  sat.  His  fate  meets  him  in  the  only  shape  that 
could  so  far  restrain  masculine  instincts  as  to  postpone  a  dinner. 
The  rest  is  soon  told— rather  it  would  be,  could  the  secrets  of 
the  impenetrable  dark-green  mass  of  Smilax  whither  the  pair 
betake  themselves  be  revealed.  The  next  we  see  of  the  bird, 
he  is  perched  on  the  topmost  spray  of  yonder  pear  tree,  with 
quivering  wings,  brimful  of  song.  He  is  inspired;  for  a  time 
at  least  he  is  lifted  above  the  common-place  ;  his  kinship  with 
the  prince  of  song,  with  the  Mockingbird  himself,  is  vindicated. 
He  has  discovered  the  source  of  the  poetry  of  every-day  life. 


Genus  HARPORHYNCHTJS  Cabanis 

CHARS. — Bill  of  indeterminate  size  and  shape,  ranging  from 
one  extreme,  in  which  it  is  straight  and  shorter  than  tbe  head, 
to  the  other,  in  which  it  exceeds  the  head  in  length  and  is  bent 
like  a  bow  (see  figs,  of  the  several  species,  beyond).  Feet  large 
and  strong,  indicating  terrestrial  habits;  the  tarsus  strongly 
scutellate  anteriorly,  about  equaling  or  slightly  exceeding  in 
length  the  middle  toe  with  its  claw.  Wings  and  tail  rounded, 
the  latter  decidedly  longer  than  the  former.  Rictus  with  well- 
developed  bristles. 

Viewing  only  the  extremes  of  shape  of  the  bill,  as  witnessed 
in  JT.  rufus  and  such  species  as  H.  redivivus  or  H.  crissalis,  it 
would  not  seem  consistent  with  the  minute  subdivisions  which 
now  obtain  in  ornithology  to  place  all  the  species  in  one  genus; 
and  two  eminent  European  ornithologists  have  already  pro- 
posed to  separate  them.  But  the  gradation  of  form  is  so  gentle 
that  it  seems  impossible  to  dismember  the  group  without  vio- 


ON    THE    GENUS    HARPORHYNCHUS  61 

lence.  The  arcuation  of  the  bill  proceeds  pari  passu  with  its 
elongation :  the  shortest  bills  being  the  straightest,  and  con- 
versely. There  is  also  a  curious  correlation  of  color  with  shape 
of  bill 5  the  short-billed  species  being  the  most  richly  colored 
and  heavily  spotted,  while  the  bow-billed  ones  are  very  plain, 
sometimes  with  no  spots  whatever  on  the  under  parts. 

The  genus  is  specially  interesting  in  the  present  connection, 
since  it  reaches  its  highest  development  in  the  Colorado  Basin, 
where  nearly  all  the  known  species  occur,  some  of  them  in 
abundance ;  while  several  of  them  are  entirely  confined,  so  far 
as  we  now  know,  to  this  region.  As  much  can  be  said  of  no 
other  genus.  Harporliynclms  is,  in  fact,  the  leading  feature  of 
the  Colorado  avifauna,  whether  we  consider  the  relative  num- 
ber of  species  there  represented,  or  the  extremely  local  distribu- 
tion of  some  of  them.  The  fringilline  genus  Pipilo  offers  much 
the  same  case  ;  and  there  is  a  further  singular  parallelism  be- 
tween the  two.  Both  are  represented,  in  the  United  States  at 
large,  by  a  single  species,  heavily  and  even  richly  colored  in 
comparison  with  the  pale  dull  shades  of  the  numerous  species 
or  races  of  the  Coloradan  region:  in  both  cases,  there  are 
species  restricted  to  this  Basin;  in  both,  rounded  wings  shorter 
than  the  graduated  tail,  large  strong  feet,  and  terrestrial  habits 
are  conspicuous  features  in  comparison  with  their  respective 
allies.  The  parallel  might  even  be  pushed  to  the  length  of 
recognizing  individual  species  of  one  genus  as  representatives 
of  those  of  the  other.  Pipilo  aberti  is  the  counterpart  of  R. 
crissalis,  and  several  others  are  almost  as  clearly  analogous. 


Brown  Thrasher 

Harporliynclms  rufus 

TardilS  rufllS,  L.  SN.  i.  ICth  ed.  1758,  169,  no.  6  ;  12th  ed.  1766,  293,  no.  9  (Gates,  i.  28).— 
Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  812,  no.  9.— Lath.  IO.  i.  1790,  338,  no.  44.— Ttirt.  SN.  i.  1806,  493.— 
Vieill.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  4,  pi.  59.—  Wils.  AO.ii.  1810,  83,  pi.  14.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv. 
1824,  33.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  75.—  Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  408.—  Peab.  Rep.  Orn. 
Mass.  1839,  300.— And.  OB.  ii.  1834,  102;  v.  1839,  441,  pi.  116.-Ger/«.  Nanm.  iii.  1653, 
37.—Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  IQ.—Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856,  288.— Gatke,  J.  f.  O. 
1856,  71  (Heligoland).— Gatke,  Naum.  1858,  424  (same).— Gosse,  Alabama,  1859,  54,  295. 

Orpheus  rilfllS,  5.  «V#.  FBA.  ii.  1831, 189— ATM«.  Man.  i.  1832,  328.— And.  Syn.  1839,  8S.—Aud. 
BA.  iii.  1841,  9,  pi.  Ul.—  Wailes,  Rep.  Mississip.  1854,  319.— Pratt.cn,  Tr.  Illinois  Agric. 
Soc.  1855,  601.— Putn.  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  i.  1856,  209.— Trippe,  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  vi.  1871, 
115  (Minnesota). 

'  Orphea  rufa,  Goui-J,  rzs.  1834,  15. 


62  SYNONYMY    OF    HARPORHYNCHUS    RUFUS 

Mimus  rufllS,  Gray.—  Bp.  C.  &  GL.  1838,  18.— Burnett,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  iv.  1851,  116.—  Woodh. 

Rep.  Expl.  Zuni,  1853,  73.— Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  398.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 

vi.  1853,  309  (Wisconsin).— Kennie.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  582.— Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  vi. 

1858,  180.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  437.— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.1869,  22  ;  Phila.  ed.  15. 
TCXOStoma  rilfuni,  Cab.  Arch.  f.  Nat.  1847,  Bl.  i.  W7.—Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  277.- Bias.  Ibis,  iv. 

1862,  66  (Heligoland). 

ToXO&toma  rufa,  Bruhin,  Zool.  Gart.  1871,  15. 
HarporhynchUS  rufUS,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,  8-2.-Bd.  BNA.  1858,  353.— Scl.  PZS.  1859,  340.-.S't7. 

Cat.  AB.  1861,  8.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  436.— Coues  fy  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep. 

for  1861,  1862,  410.— Hayd.  Tr.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  xii.  1862,  163.— Verr.  Proc.  Essex  Inst,  iii. 

1862, 148.— Blah.  Ibis,  iv.  1862,  5  (Saskatchewan).—  Tayl.  Ibis,  iv.  1862,  128.— Blak.  Ibis, 

v.  1863,67  (Fort  Carl  ton ).— Allen,  Pr.  Essex  Inst,  iv.  1864,  68.— Bd.  RAB.  1864,  44.— 

Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  282.— Mcllwr.  Pr.   Essex  Inst.    v.  1866,  87  (Canada 

West).— Coues,  Pr.  Essex  Inst,  v.  1868,  267.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  107.— Coop. 

Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  296  (Upper  Missouri).— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  508.— Allen,  Am. 

Nat.  vi.  1872,  266.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  75.—  Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.   1872,  173.  -Mayn.   B. 

Fla.  1872,  %\.—Ridg.  Am.  Na't,  vii.  1873,   550.— Coues,  Am.  Nat.   vii.  1873,  32G,  f.  65.— 

Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  236.— Merriam,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  l.—Ridg.  Am.  Nat. 

viii.  1874,  198.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  9  (seep.  229).— Allen,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  49 

(Dakota).— Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  57  (Colorado).— B.B.  ff  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  37,  pi. 

3,  f.  I.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  438.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  154 

(Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado) . 


FIG.  8.— Head  of  Frown  Thrasher,  nat.  size. 

A ntiniimus  rilfus,  Sundev.  Meth.  Av.  Disp.  Tent.  1872,  13  (type\ 

Harporbynchus  rufus  var.  longicaufia,  Bd.  BXA.  1858,  353  (in  text).— Ridgw.  Bull.  Essex 

Inst.  v.  1873,  179  (Colorado). 

Harporbynchus  longicauda,  Stev.  u.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1870,  1871,  464. 
Ferruginous  Thrush,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  333,  no.  195. 
Fox-coloured  Mock-bird, -s.  ffK  1.  c. 
Ferruginous  Mocking-bird,  Aud.  1.  c. 
Grive  rousse,  Le  Maine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861,  171. 
Thrasher,  Brown  Thrush,  Brown  Thrasher,  Sandy  MockingbirJ,  French  Mockingbird, 

Vulg. 

[Some  quotations  of  the  subspecies  H.  LOXGIROSTKIS  I  happen  to  have  at  hand  are  :— Or- 
pheus longirostris,  Lafr.  RZ.  1838,  55  ;  MZ.  1839,  pi.  l.—  Toxostoma  longirostre,  Cab.  Arch.  f. 
Naturg.  1847,  Bd.  i.  207.—Toxostoma  longirostris,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  Til.—Mimus  longirostris,  Bd. 
Rep.  Expl.  GSL.  1852,  328  —Scl.  PZS.  1856,  294  (Cordova).— Harporlynchus  longirostris, 


CHARACTERS  OF  HARPORHYNCHUS  RUFUS      6£ 

Cab.  MH.  i.  1830,  81.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  352;  ed.  of  1860,  352,  pi.  52.— Bd.  U.  S.  Hex.  B.  Surv. 
ii.  pt.  ii.  1859,  Birds,  13,  pi.  14.— Set  PZS.  1859,  339  (critical) ;  1859,  362  (Xalapa)  ;  1864,  172 
(City  of  Mexico) ;  Cat.  AB.  1861,  8.— Bd.  RAB.  1864,  44.— Butch.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1868,  149 
(Laredo,  Te-s..).—Harporhytichus  rufus  var.  longirostris,  Coucs,  Key,  1872,  75.— B.  B.  <$•  R. 
NAB.  i.  1874,  39,  pi.  3,  f.  2.—  HAB.— Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  southward.] 

HAB. — United  States,  and  adjoining  belt  of  British  America;  north  to 
Canada,  Lake  Winnipeg  and  the  Saskatchewan  ;  west  into  the  mountains 
of  Colorado  and  Wyoming.  'Breeds  throughout  its  range.  Winters  in  the 
Southern  States.  No  extralimital  American  quotations.  Accidental  in 
Europe  (Heligoland,  Gatke]  see  above). 

CH.  SP. — a.  RUFUS.  $  $  Supra  ferruginous,  alls  albo-bifas- 
ciatis;  infra  ex  rufo  albidus;  pectore  lateribusque  macuUs  brunneis 
guttato-lineatis;  gonyde  recto;  mandibuld  ad  basin  flavescente. 

$  9  :  Upper  parts  uniform  rich  rust-red,  with  a  bronzy  lustre.  Concealed 
portions  of  quills  fuscous.  Greater  and  median  wing-coverts  blackish  near 
the  end,  then  conspicuously  tipped  with  white.  Bastard  quills  like  the 
coverts.  Tail  like  the  back,  the  lateral  feathers  with  paler  ends.  Under  parts 
white,  more  or  less  strongly  tinged,  especially  on  the  breast,  flanks,  and  cris- 
sum,  with  tawny  or  pale  cinnamon-brown,  the  breast  and  sides  marked  with 
a  profusion  of  well-defined  spots  of  dark  brown,  oval  in  front,  becoming 
more  linear  posteriorly.  Throat  is  immaculate,  bordered  with  a  necklace 
of  spots;  the  middle  of  the  belly  and  under  tail-coverts  likewise  unspotted. 
Bill  black,  with  yellow  base  of  the  lower  mandible ;  feet  pale  ;  iris  yellow. 
Length,  about  11  inches;  extent,  12^  to  14 ;  wing,  3f-4£;  tail,  5  or  more; 
bill,  1 ;  tarsus,  1.25. 

b.  LONGIROSTRIS. — PrcBcedenti  similis;  supra  rufo-brunneus, 
alis  albo-bifasciatis;  infra  albus,  pectore  lateribusque  maculis  ni- 
gricantibus  guttato-lineatis;  gonyde  incur vato. 

Similar  in  general  to  H.  rufus  ;  upper  parts  reddish-brown,  instead  of  rich 
foxy-red ;  under  parts  white,  with  little  if  any  tawny  tinge,  the  spots  larger 
very  numerous,  and  blackish  instead  of  brown.  The  wing  shows  dusky  and 
white  bars  across  the  ends  of  the  median  and  greater  coverts,  as  in  rufus, 
but  the  ends  of  the  rectrices  are  scarcely  or  not  lighter  than  the  rest  of  these 
feathers.  The  bill  is  almost  entirely  dark-colored. 

Besides  these  points  of  coloration,  which  are  readily  appreciable,  there  is 
a  decided  difference  in  the  shape  of  the  bill.  In  H.  nifus,  the  bill  is  quite 
straight,  and  only  just  about  an  inch  long;  the  gonys  is  straight,  and 
makes  an  angle  with  the  slightly  concave  lower  outline  of  the  maiidibular 
rarni.  In  H.  longirostris,  the  bill  is  rather  over  an  inch  long,  and  some- 
what curved  ;  the  outline  of  the  gonys  is  a  little  concave,  making  with  the 
ram  us  one  continuous  curve  from  base  to  tip  of  the  bill. 

AS  in  the  case  of  the  Mockingbird,  I  shall  have  but  a  word 
to  say  respecting  the  Brown  Thrash  or  Thrasher,  whose 
biography  has  already  been  several. times  written,  before  tak- 


64         SYNONYMY    OF    HARPORHYNCIIUS    CURVIROSTRIS 

ing  up  the  other  species  of  the  genus,  which  are  far  better  rep- 
resented in  the  Colorado  Basin.  It  is  scarcely,  in  fact,  an  in- 
habitant of  this  region  at  all,  only  reaching,  as  far  as  we  now 
know,  the  extreme  northeastern  portion,  where  it  has  been 
found,  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen,  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  Ter- 
ritory, up  to  an  altitude  of  7,500  feet.  The  foregoing  para- 
graph indicates  its  general  range,  in  every  part  of  which  it  ap- 
pears to  nestle  with  equal  readiness,  while  it  passes  the  winter 
in  the  southerly  portions.  Very  singularly,  the  only  extralim- 
ital  records  I  possess  of  this  species  refer  to  its  occurrence,  not 
near  our  boundaries,  as  would  be  expected,  but  in  Europe.  It 
has  been  found  in  Heligoland,  that  wonderful  little  island  in  the 
North  Sea,  where  the  ornithology  of  the  four  quarters  of  the 
world  seems  to  come  to  a  focus.  To  epitomize  some  other 
points  in  its  history,  I  may  say  that  it  is  a  delightful  songster, 
like  all  its  tribe ;  inhabits  brushwood  and  shrubbery,  spending 
much  of  its  time  on  the  ground,  scratching  for  food  with  all  the 
persistency  of  a  Towhee ;  feeds  on  insects  and  berries ;  nests, 
according  to  locality,  from  March  to  June,  in  brushes,  vines,  or 
brier-patches;  builds  a  bulky  structure  of  twigs,  weed-stalks, 
withered  leaves,  bark-strips,  and  fibrous  roots,  and  lays  from 
four  to  six  eggs,  about  an  inch  long  by  four-fifths  broad,  white 
or  greenish-white,  marked  with  innumerable  reddish-brown 
dots,  usually  more  numerous  at  or  around  the  larger  end. 


Curve-billed  Thrasher 

Harporliyiielms  cnrvirostris  i>a3iiaeri 

a.  curvirostris. 

OrpheilS  Clirvirostris,  SID.  Philos.  Mag.  iii.  1827,  363  (Eastern  Mexico). —McCtill,  Pr.  Phila. 

Acad.  iv.  1848,  63  (Matamoras). 
Mimus  curvirostris,  Gray,  G.  of  B. 

Toxostoma  curvirostris,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1S50,  277.—  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vi.  1850,  223  (Texas).— 
Bd.  Stansbury's  Rep.  GSL.  1852,  329. 

Toxostoma  Clirvirostre,  Scl.  PZS.  1857,  212  (Orizaba). 

Harporliynchus  cnrvirostris,  Cab.  MIL  i.  1850,  Sl.—Bd.  BNA.  1858, 351 ;  ed.  of  1860,  351,  pi. 
51.— Bd.  U.  S.  Mex.  B.  Surv.  ii.  pt.  ii,  1859,  Birds,  12,  pi.  13.— Scl.  PZS.  1859,  339  (critical); 
1859,  370  (Oaxaca).— .Bd.  RAB.  i.  1864,  45.— Dress.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  18G5,  432  (Texas).— 
Butch.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xx.  1868,  149  (Laredo,  Tex.).— Cones,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  328 
(critical).— B.  B.  $  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  41,  pi.  3,  f.  3  ("adjacent  regions  of  United  States 
and  Mexico,  southward",  &c.). 

Pomatorhinus  turAlnu$,Temm.  re.  41 1. 

Toxostoma  vetula,  rr^.igis,i83i,  528. 

[NOTE.— Some  of  the  foregoing  United  States  references  actually  or  virtually  include  palmeri.] 


CHARACTERS    OF    H.    CURVIROSTRIS    AND    VAR.          65 

b.  palmer i. 
Harporliynrhus  onrvlrostrls,  Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  Parke's    Route,  11  (Arizona.— Heer- 

inaim's  specimen,  No.  8128,  Mus.  Smiths.,  afterward  became  a  type  of  var.  palmeri).— 

Cones,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1868,  83  (Arizona).— Ooues,  Key,  1872,  75. 
Harporh)  nclius  Clirvlrostris  var.  palmeri,  Ridgw.  MSS.— Ooues,  Key,  1872,  351.— tfowes, 

Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  329,   fig.  68.— Brewer,  Pr.   Bost.  Soc.  xvi.  1873,  108  (egg*).— B.  B.  6f  R. 

NAB.  i.  1874,  43  (Tucson,  Ariz.).— Hensk.   List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  154.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl. 

W.  100  Merid.  1876,  156  (Arizona). 

HAB.— Of  the  typical  form,  from  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  along  the 
border  of  the  United  States,  to  Mazatlan,  and  southward  in  Mexico.  Var. 
palmeri  has  only  been,  found  in  Arizona. 

CH.  SP.  a.  CURVIROSTRIS. — Fusco-cinereuS)  alis  cauddque 
fuscis;  infra  albidus,  maculis  rotundatis  fusco-cinereis  nebuloso- 
notatus,  hypochondriis  crissoquv  ochraceo-tinctis,  alls  albo  bifasci- 
atis,  caudd  albo-terminatd. 

$  $  :  Above,  uniform  brownish-gray  (exactly  the  color  of  a  Mockingbird, 
M.  polygloitiis),  the  wings  and  tail  darker  and  purer  brown.  Below,  dull 
whitish,  tinged  with  ochraceous,  especially  on  the  flanks  and  crissum,  and 
marked  with  rounded  spots  of  the  color  of  the  back,  most  numerous  and 
blended  on  the  breast.  Throat  quite  white,  immaculate,  without  maxillary 
stripes;  lower  belly  and  crissum  mostly  free  from  spots.  No  decided  mark- 
ings on  the  side  of  the  head.  Ends  of  greater  and  median  wiug-coverts 
-white,  forming  two  decided  cross-bars;  tail-feathers  distinctly  tipped  with 
white.  Bill  black  ;  feet  dark-brown.  Length  of  <£ ,  about  11  inches  ;  wing, 
4i-4i  ;  tail,  4|-5 ;  bill,  H ;  tarsus,  1£  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1£.  $  averaging 
rather  smaller. 


FIG.  9.— Head  of  Curve-billed  Thrasher  (var.);  nat.  size. 

6.  PALMERI. — Similis;  fasciis  alarum  et  apicibus  rectricum 
albis  obsoletis;  infra  griseo-albidus,  rufo-tinctuSj  maculis  fusco- 
cinereis  obsoletis;  rostra  graciliore. 

Although  the  differences  between  this  and  the  typical  form  are  not  very 
easy  to  express,  yet  they  are  readily  appreciable  on  comparison  of  specimens, 
and  fully  warrant  Mr.  Ridg way's  discrimination  of  a  var.  palmeri.  The  upper 
parts  are  quite  similar;  but  the  under  parts,  instead  of  being  whitish,  with 
decided  spotting  of  the  color  of  the  back,  are  grayish,  tinged  with  rusty, 
especially  behind,  and  the  spotting  is  nebulous.  The  white  on  the  ends  of 
wing-coverts  and  tail-feathers  is  reduced  to  a  minimum  or  entirely  suppressed. 
The  bill  is  slenderer  and  apparently  more  curved  in  all  the  specimens  I 
5  B  C 


66  HABITS    OF    THE    CURVE-BILLED    THRASHER 

have  seen.  (In  the  figure,  the  bill  is  rather  too  stout).  Average  dimensions 
of  four  specimens  of  both  sexes  :  length,  10.75;  wing,  4.33;  tail,  5. 00;  chord 
of  culmen,  1.12;  tarsus,  1.25;  middle  toe  and  claw  rather  more. 

This  form  was  first  indicated,  in  1H58,  by  Professor  Baird,  who  noted  the 
peculiarities  of  a  specimen  (No.  8128  of  the  National  Museum)  collected  near 
Tucson,  Ariz.,  by  Dr.  A.  L.  Heermann,  whose  notice  is  above  quoted.  This 
same  specimen  afterward  became  a  type  of  Mr.  Ridgway's  var.  palmerl,  as 
tirst  published  by  me,  from  his  MS.,  in  the  "  Key  ",  p.  351  (1872). 

THE  habitat  of  the  true  Curve-billed  Thrush  is  stated  to 
extend  to  the  southern  border  of  the  United  States.  This 
would  bring  it  within  the  area  the  birds  of  which  are  treated 
in  the  present  volume ;  but  it  will  be  understood  that  the  re- 
marks which  follow,  relate  to  the  northern  variety,  which,  so 
far  as  we  know,  is  peculiar  to  Arizona.  It  was  discovered  near 
Tucson  by  Dr.  Heermann,  who  Las  left  a  short  note  of  his 
observations,  and  its  peculiarities  were  first  noted  by  Professor 
Baird,  although  it  was  not  named  or  formally  described  as  dis- 
tinct until  1872.  In  1873,  I  gave  a  short  account  of  tbe  bird  in 
the  "American  Naturalist",  as  above  quoted,  accompanied  by  a 
figure  of  the  head  (here  reproduced,  as  are  the  others  illustrating 
the  speciesof  this  genus),  drawn  from  specimens  sent  to  me  while 
I  was  in  Dakota  by  Lieut.  C.  Beudire,  United  States  Arm^.  This 
gentleman's  memoranda  accompanying  the  specimens  indicated 
that  the  habits  of  the  bird  are  much  the  same  as  those  of  other 
Thrashers ;  and  that  it  nests  in  cactus,  mezquite,  and  other 
low  bushes,  laying  usually  three  eggs.  Two  sets  of  eggs  which 
he  obtained  were  taken,  one  July  18,  the  other  August  20. 
They  measure  about  1.10  inches  in  length  by  0.80  in  breadth, 
and  are  pale  dull  greenish- blue,  speckled  evenly  and  profusely 
with  reddish-brown  dots. 

Later  observations,  made  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw  in  Arizona, 
afford  further  insight  into  the  life  of  this  bird.  He  found  it 
common  in  the  dreary  desert  region  about  Camp  Lowell,  where 
it  was  associated  with  H.  bendirii  and  H.  crissalis,  and  easily 
distinguished  it  during  life  by  certain  peculiarities  of  flight. 
It  frequented  the  edges  of  the  mezquite  thickets,  hopping 
lightly  over  the  ground  in  search  of  insects.  It  flew  rapidly, 
keeping  generally  close  to  the  ground,  retreating  when  alarmed 
from  one  thicket  to  another,  and  hiding  in  the  dense  brush. 
Sometimes,  when  startled,  it  mounted  to  the  tops  of  the  inez- 
quites  with  quick  nervous  movements  and  continual  jetting 
of  the  long  tail,  emitting  meanwhile  a  succession  of  loud  cluck- 


CHARACTERS    OF    HARPORHYNCHUS    BENDIRII  67 

ing  notes  to  indicate  its  anger  or  alarm.  In  its  general  dis- 
position, it  appeared  wild  and  suspicious.  Hundreds  of  the 
nests  were  observed  in  the  "cholla"  cactuses  j  but  at  the  time 
(September  1  to  10)  they  were  empty,  and  only  one  bird  in  nest- 
ing-plumage was  found.  "  Near  a  water-hole,  some  thirty  miles 
from  Camp  Lowell,  where  is  found  a  meagre  supply  of  the 
precious  fluid,  which,  from  long  standing,  becomes  so  stagnant 
and  thick  with  mud  that  the  thirsty  animals  which  pass  through, 
though  suffering  terribly  from  the  effects  of  many  miles'  weary 
travel  over  the  burning  sands,  often  reject  it,  considerable 
numbers  of  these  Thrushes  were  noticed  in  the  throngs  of  the 
commoner  kinds,  as  Sparrows  and  White-winged  Blackbirds, 
which  resort  here  through  the  day  to  slake  their  thirst.  The 
brink  of  the  pool  was  often  crowded  with  hundreds  of  birds 
brought  thus  together  from  common  necessity!  and  forgetful  of 
aught  else  save  the  urgent  need  which  impelled  them  to  seek 
that  spot  from  great  distances." 


Arizona  Thrasher 

Harporhynchus  b«ndirii 

Harporh}  nchilS  bendirei,  Ct»w,  Am,  Nat,  vit.  1873,  330,  f.  69.— David  Scott,  Am.  Nat.  vli. 

1873,  565  (disallows  the  species,  upon  presumptive  applicability  of  Darwinism).  -B.  B.  if 

R.  NAB.  iii.  1874,  500. 

Harporhynchus  bendiri,  Brm.  Pr.  Bosk  Soc.  xvi.  1873,  108  (eggs  redescribed). 
Harporhynchus  cinereus  car.  bendirei,  Hensh.  ListB.  Ann.  1875,  154. 
Hurporhj  ncluis  cinerems  car.  bendieri,  Hensk.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid,  1876,  154  (critical). 
Bendire's  Thrush,  Coues,  1.  c. 

HAB, — Arisona. 

CH.  sr. —  $  9  Rostro  capite  breviore,  ad  basin  robusto,  ad 
apicem  acuminate,  gonyde  subrecto;  tarso  digito  medio  cum  un- 
gue  longiore.  Fusco-cinereus,  snbtus  fusco-albidns,  pectore  macu- 
Us  fmcls  acutis,  lateribus  crissoque  rufescentibus;  strigis  max- 
illaribus  nullis. 

$  ? ;  Bill  shorter  than  head,  comparatively  stout  at  base,  very  acute  at  tip, 
the  culmen  quite  convex,  the  gonys  however  only  just  appreciably  concave. 
Tarsus  a  little  longer  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw.  Third  and  fourth  pri- 
maries about  equal  and  lougest,  fifth  and  sixth  successively  slightly  shorter, 
second  equal  to  seventh,  first  equal  to  penultimate  secondary  in  the 
closed  wing.  Entire  upper  parts,  including  upper  surfaces  of  wings  and 
tail,  uniform  dull  pale  grayish-brown,  with  narrow,  faintly  rusty  edgings 
of  the  wing-coverts  and  inner  quills,  and  equally  obscure  whitish  tipping  of 
the  tail-feathers.  No  maxillary  nor  auricular  streaks ;  no  markings  about 
the  head  except  slight  speckling  on  the  cheeks.  Under  parts  brownish- 


68  CHARACTERS    OF    HARPORHYNCHUS    BENDIRII 

white,  palest  (nearly  white)  on  the  belly  and  throat,  more  decidedly  rusty- 
brownish  on  the  sides,  flanks,  and  crissum,  the  breast  alone  marked  with 
numerous  small  arrow-head  spots  of  the  color  of  the  back.  Bill  light  colored 
at  base  below.  $ :  Length,  about  9£;  wing,  4  j  tail,  4J  ;  bill  (chord  of  cul- 
men),  •£;  along  gape,  1£;  tarsus,  1£ ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1£.  $  rather 
smaller  ;  wing,  3f ,  &c. 

This  species  is  allied  to,  and  in  some  respects  intermediate  between,  H. 
curvirostris  palmeri  and  H.  cinereus  ;  its  closest  relationships  being  decidedly 
with  the  latter,  though  the  appearance  of  the  under  parts  is  altogether  dif- 
ferent. It  is  distinguished  from  palmeri  in  being  much  smaller,  with  a  much 


FIG.  10.— Head  of  Arizona  Thrasher,  nat.  size. 

shorter  and  differently  shaped  bill,  different  proportions  of  tarsus  and  toes, 
and  obviously  different  coloration  (compare  measurements  and  description). 
It  comes  much  nearer  H.  cinereus,  in  spite  of  some  decided  differences  both 
of  form  and  color.  In  the  latter,  the  bill,  though  of  nearly  the  same  length, 
is  more  curved;  the  tarsus  is  not  longer  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw ;  the 
third-sixth  quills  of  the  wing  are  about  equal  and  longest,  the  second 
being  about  equal  to  the  eighth  ;  while  the  under  parts  are  as  distinctly  and 
heavily  spotted  as  those  of  H.  rufus  itself.  The  two  are  of  about  the  same 
size,  and  in  the  coloration  of  the  upper  parts  are  much  alike.  While  fully 
recognizing  fthe  close  relationships  of  H.  bendirli  to  H.  cinereus — in  fact,  hav- 
ing insisted  upon  them  from  the  outset,  when  it  was  assumed  that  the  bird 
was  nearer  palmeri — I  am  not  prepared  to  assent  to  Mr.  Henshaw's 
reduction  of  the  species  to  a  variety  of  cinereus.  I  recognize  the  conscien- 
tious care  with  which  he  has  made  his  comparisons,  and  regret  that  I  can- 
not agree  with  conclusions  so  drawn,  unlike  those  of  Mr.  D.  Scott,  which 
rest  upon  hasty  speculation. 

The  synonymy  and  characters  of  H.  cinereus,*  with  a  figure  of  the  head, 
are  given  in  the  subjoined  note,  to  facilitate  comparison. 

*  HARPORHYNCHUS  CINEREUS. — Saint  Lucas  Thrasher. 

llarporhynchllS  Cinereus,  Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  298  (Cape  Saint  Lucag).— Baird, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  303  (the  same).— Scl.  Cat.  AB.  1861,  8.— Bd.  RAB.  1864,  46.— 
Elliot,  BNA.  pi.  1.— Coop,  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  19.-^-Ooues,  Key,  1872,  75.— Cones,  Am.  Nat. 
vii.  1873,  327,  331,  f.  70.— B.  B.  (f  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  40,  pi.  4,  f.  2. 

HAB. — Lower  California. 

CH.  SP. —  $  $  Fusco-cinereus,  infra  albus,  maculis  parvis,  distinctis,  fuscis; 
alis  cauddque  fuscis,  illis  albo-bifasciatis,  hac  albo-terminatd. 
^  ^ :  Upper  parts  uniform  ashy-brown,  the  wings  and  tail  similar  but 


CHARACTERS    OF   HARPORHYNCHUS    CINEREUS         69 

THE  history  of  this  bird  is  short,  if  not  also  in  keeping 
with  the  rest  of  the  familiar  quotation.  That  it  should 
have  been  overlooked  by  all  the  earlier  explorers  in  Arizona 
is  probably  a  result  of  its  extremely  local  distribution  ;  in 
fact,  it  is  only  known  to  inhabit  a  very  restricted  area  in  South- 
ern Arizona,  in  the  vicinity  of  Tucson.  It  was  discovered  in 
1872  by  the  zealous  collector  whose  name  it  bears  in  recogni- 
tion of  the  services  he  has  rendered  in  developing  the  orni- 
thology of  the  Southwest.  In  the  spring  of  1873,  while  at  Fort 
Randall,  Dakota,  I  received  specimens  from  Lieutenant  Beii- 

rather  purer  and  darker  brown,  the  former  crossed  with  two  white  bars 
formed  by  the  tips  of  the  coverts,  the  latter  tipped  with  white.  Below,  dull 
white,  often  tinged  with  rusty,  especially  behind,  and  thickly  marked  with 
small,  sharp,  triangular  spots  of  dark  brown  or  blackish.  These  spots  are 
all  perfectly  distinct,  and  cover  the  lower  parts  excepting  the  throat,  lower 
belly,  and  crissum.  Becoming  smaller  anteriorly,  they  run  up  each  side  of 
the  throat  in  a  maxillary  series  bounding  the  immaculate  area.  The  sides  of 
the  head  are  finely  speckled,  and  the  auriculars  streaked.  The  bill  is  black, 
lightening  at  the  base  below,  and  little  if  any  longer  than  that  of  H.  rufus, 
though  decidedly  curved.  Length  of  $  about  10  inches;  wing,  4  ;  tail,  4J- ; 
bill,  1£;  tarsus,  1£;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1£.  9  averaging  rather  smaller. 


FIG.  11. -Head  of  Saint  Lucas  Thrasher,  nat.  size. 

Young:  In  a  newly-fledged  specimen,  the  upper  parts  are  strongly  tinged 
with  rusty-brown,  and  this  color  also  edges  the  wings  and  tips  the  tail. 

The  striking  resemblance  of  this  species  to  the  Mountain  Mockingbird, 
(Oroscoptes  montanus)  has  been  noted.  The  species  is  immediately  distin- 
guished from  any  others  of  the  United  States  by  the  sharpness  of  the  spot- 
ting underneath,  which  equals  that  of  H.  rufus  itself,  the  small  and  strictly 
triangular  character  of  the  spots,  together  with  the  grayish-brown  of  the 
upper  parts,  and  inferior  dimensions.  The  bill  is  shaped  much  as  in  curvi- 
rostris  and  palmeri.  H.  ocellatus  of  Mexico  is  even  more  boldly  marked 
below,  but  the  spots  are  la'rge,  rounded,  and  black. 


70  HABITS    OP    THE    ARIZONA    THRASHER 

dire,  who  had  already  perceived  that  the  bird  differed  in  its 
habits  as  well  as  in  its  physical  characters  from  either  of  the 
two  species  (crissalis  and  palmeri)  with  which  he  found  it  asso- 
ciated. These  were  soon  afterward  described  in  the  "  Ameri- 
can Naturalist",  and  the  head  figured  to  show  the  peculiar 
shape  of  the  bill. 

The  Arizona  Thrasher  appears  to  be  less  numerous  than 
either  of  its  associates.  The  only  additional  specimens  which 
have  come  to  hand  since  the  types  were  received  are  three 
taken  at  Camp  Lowell  by  Mr.  Henshaw.  The  bird  is  said  to 
differ  notably  in  its  nesting  habits  from  the  Curve-billed 
Thrasher;  the  latter  building  almost  always  in  cactuses,  while 
Bendire's  nests  in  trees  and  bushes,  preferably  mezquite,  some- 
times thirty  feet  from  the  ground.  A  nest  containing  two 
fresh  eggs  was  found  July  19,  1872.  The  eggs  are  readily 
distinguishable  from  those  of  H.  palmeri.  They  are  simply 
grayish- white,  instead  of  light  dull  green,  marked  with 
numerous  spots  and  larger  blotches  or  dashes  of  two  shades 
of  reddish-brown,  with  other  markings  of  lilac  or  lavender. 
The  markings  tend  to  aggregate  about  the  larger  end,  instead 
of  being  evenly  distributed  over  the  whole  surface.  There  is 
comparatively  little  inequality  in  the  contour  of  the  two  ends  ; 
the  size  is  about  1.00  by  0.73.  A  specimen  measured  by  me 
was  only  0.96  by  0.70 ;  others,  according  to  Dr.  Brewer,  were 
1.10  by  0.75. 

According  to  the  observations  recorded  by  its  discoverer, 
and  also  by  Mr.  Henshaw,  the  general  habits  of  the  species 
are  not  peculiar  in  comparison  with  those  of  its  congeners. 


1  lima  Thrasher 

Harporhynchus  redivivus  lecontii 

ToXOStoma  lecontel,  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  v.  1852,  121  (Fort  Yuma).— Bd.  Stansbury's 

Rep.  GSL.  1852,  329. 
HarporhynchUS  lecentei,  Bp.  "  CR.  xxviii.  1654,  57  ;  Not.  Delattre,  39."—  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  350  ; 

ed.  of  1860,  350,  pi.  50 ;  U.  S.  Mex.  B.  Surv.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1859,  Birds,  12,  pi.  12.— Bd.  RAB.  1864, 

47.—Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  65  (near  Fort  Mojave,  Ariz.).— Coop.  Am.  Nat,  Hi.  1869, 

188,  473.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  17. 

Harpnrhynchus  lecontii,  Scl.  PZS.  1859,  339  (critical).— Coues,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  ii.  1866,  259. 
Harporhynchus  redivivus  var.  lecontii,  Ooues,  Key,  1872,  75. 
Harporhynchus  redivivus  var.  lecontel,  Couei,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  328.— B.  B.  Sf  R.  NAB.  i. 

1874,  44,  pi.  4,  f.  3.—Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  154. 

Le  Conte's  Thrasher,  U.  cc. 
HAB.— Immediate  valley  of  the  Colorado  and'Gila  Rivers. 


CHARACTERS    OF    H.    RED1VIVUS    AND    VAR.  71 

b.  LECONTII. — Cinereus,  alls  cauddque  concoloribus ;  infra 
dilutior,  gula  albidd,  strigis  maxillaribus  fuscis,  venire  crissoque 
sensim  ochraceis. 

This  form,  with  the  size  and  proportions  substantially  the  same  as  those 
of  redivivus  proper,  differs  very  notably  in  the  pallor  of  all  the  coloration, 
being  in  fact  a  bleached  desert  race.  Excepting  the  slight  maxillary  streaks, 
there  are  no  decided  markings  anywhere ;  and  the  change  from  the  pale 
ash  of  the  general  under  parts  to  the  brownish-yellow  of  the  lower  belly 
and  crissuai  is  very  gradual. 

The  characters  of  the  typical  form  are  subjoined  for  comparison.* 

*  HARPORHYNCHUS  REDIVIVUS. — California  'ihrasher. 

Ha^pesredivtva,  Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  ii.  1845,  264 ;  iii.  1846,  112  (California). 

ToXOStomarediviva,  Ganib.  Journ.  PLila.  Acad.  2d  ser.  i.  1847.  42.— Bd.  Stansbury'sRep.  GSL. 
1852,  328,—Heerm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  ii.  1853,  264.— Cass.  111.  1855,  260,  pi.  42.— ?? Henry, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855  308  ("New  Mexico  "). 

lOXOStoma  rediviVlim,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  277.— Scl.  PZS.  1857,  126  (California). 

HarporhjnclHlS  redivivus,  Cab.  Arch.  f.  Naturg.  1848,  Bd.  i.  98.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  349.— Scl. 
PZS.  1859,  339  (critical).— Xant.Pr.  Phila.  Acad.xi.  1859,  191  (California). —Bd.  RAB.  1864, 
48.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  188 ;  iv.  1871,  757 ;  viii.  1874,  17.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  15.— 
Cones,  Key,  1872,  75.—  Coues,  Am.  Nat,  vii.  1873,  327,  f.  66.— B.  B.  if  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 
45,  pi.  4,  f.  4. 

HAB.— Coast  region  of  California. 


Flo.  12.— Head  of  California  Thrasher  ;  nat.  size. 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Immaculatus,  alls  cauddque  innotatis,  rostro  arcuato.  Oli- 
vaceo-fuscus,  subtus  dilutior',  ventre  crissoque  rufescentibus,  guld  albd,  lateribus 
capitis  fuscis,  albo-striatis,  rostro  nigro. 

$ :  No  spots  anywhere ;  the  wings  and  tail  without  decided  barring  or 
tipping.  Bill  as  long  as  the  head  or  longer,  bow-shaped,  black.  Wings  very 
much  shorter  than  the  tail.  Above,  dark  oily  olive-brown,  the  wings  and  tail 
similar,  but  rather  purer  brown.  Below,  a  paler  shade  of  the  color  of  the 
upper  parts,  with  the  belly  and  crissum  strongly  rusty-brown,  the  throat 
definitely  whitish  in  marked  contrast,  and  not  bordered  by  decided  maxillary 
streaks.  Cheeks  and  auriculars  blackish-brown,  with  sharp  whitish  shaft 
streaks.  Length  of  $ ,  11£ ;  wing,  4  or  rather  less  ;  tail,  5  or  more  ;  bill  (chord 
of  culmen),  nearly  or  quite  1.50;  tarsus  as  long  as  the  bill ;  middle  toe  and 
claw  about  the  same.  $  similar,  rather  smaller. 


72  CAPTURE    OF    THE    YUMA    THRASHER 

LE  COXTE'S  Thrasher  still  bears  off  the  palm  for  rarity, 
even  in  competition  with  the  newly-found  H.  bendirii. 
Though  it  has  been  known  for  about  a  quarter  of  a  century, 
only  three  or  four  specimens  have  come  to  hand.  The  original 
was  taken  at  Fort  Yuma,  at  the  junction  of  the  Gila  with  the 
Colorado.  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper  states  that  he  secured  two  near 
Fort  Mojave,  along  the  route  in  the  Colorado  Valley  to  the  San 
Bernardino  Mountains,  where,  however,  he  found  them  u  rather 
common"  in  thickets  of  low  bushes.  He  discovered  an  empty 
nest  built  in  a  yucca,  like  that  of  H.  redivivus.  In  September, 
1865,  I  had  the  pleasure  of  meeting  with  the  bird  myself,  about 
fifteen  miles  east  of  the  Colorado  River,  at  a  point  a  little 
above  Fort  Mojave,  and  I  managed,  not  without  difficulty,  to 
secure  a  single  individual.  It  was  in  excellent  plumage,  and, 
having  been  killed  with  a  touch  of  fine  shot  and  preserved  with 
special  care,  made  a  very  fine  specimen.  We  had  come  through 
the  "Union  Pass"  of  a  low  range  of  mountains,  or  high  line  of 
bluffs,  which  flank  the  eastern  bank  of  the  river,  and  were  prepar- 
ing to  make  a  "  dry  camp  "in  a  sterile,  cactus-ridden  plain,  which 
stretches  across  toward  the  broken  ground  where  Beale's  Springs 
are  situated,  when,  in  the  dusk  of  the  evening,  this  singular 
whitish-looking  bird  caught  my  eye.  Though  I  was  not  at  the 
moment  in  an  enthusiastic  frame  of  mind  respecting  ornithology, 
the  sight  was  enough  to  arouse  what  little  energy  a  hard  day's 
march  had  not  knocked  out  of  me,  and  I  started  on  what  came 
near  being  a  wild-goose  chase  after  the  coveted  prize.  It  is 
bad  enough  to  play  the  jack-rabbit  among  Arizona  cactuses  in 
broad  daylight,  and  to  be  obliged  to  skip  about  in  the  uncer- 
tain glimmering  of  evening  is  discouraging  in  the  extreme. 
My  bird  had  the  best  of  it  for  awhile,  and  seemed  to  enjoy  the 
sport,  as  it  fluttered  from  one  cactus  bush  to  another,  with  the 
desultory  yet  rapid  flight  that  is  so  confusing,  and  makes  one 
hesitate  to  risk  a  poor  shot,  in  momentary  expectation  of  getting 
a  better  chance.  At  length,  it  dived  into  the  recesses  of  a  large 
yucca,  where  it  stood  motionless  just  one  instant  too  loug.  I 
did  not  see  it  fall,  and  feared  I  had  missed,  till,  on  gaining  the 
spot,  I  found  the  body  of  the  once  sprightly  and  vivacious  bird 
hanging  limp  in  a  crevice  of  the  thick  fronds.  As  I  smoothed 
its  disordered  plumage,  and  strolled  back  to  camp,  I  felt  the 
old-time  glow  which  those  who  are  in  the  secret  know  was  not 
entirely  due  to  the  exercise  I  had  taken. 


CHARACTERS    OF   HARPORHYNCHUS    CRISSALIS  73 

Crissal  Thrasher 

IlarporliynoIiiiH    orissalis 

Toxostoma  crlssalis,  Henry,  Pr.  Phila  Acad.  x.  1858,  117  ("  New  Mexico"). 

Hurporhynchus  crissalis,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  350;  atlas,  1860,  pi.  82.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
xi.  1859,  107.— Scl.  PZS.  1859,  339  (critical).— Bd.  RAB.  1864,  47.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  xviii.  1866,  65  (Arizona).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  473.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  18, 
fig.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  75.— Coues,  Ain.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  370  (nest  and  eggs) ;  vii.  1873, 
328,  f.  67.— Brew.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xvi.  1873,  108  (egg).— B.  B.  ff  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  47,  pi.  4, 
f.  1.—  Yarr.  &•  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  Q.— Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  40  (Saint 
George,  Utah),  97  ( Arizona). —Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  154.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W. 
100  Merid.  1876,  158.  '  , 

Harporrynchus  crissales,  Bd.  Ives'  Rep.  Colo.  R.  pt.  v.  1861,  6. 

Red- vented  Thrasher,  B.  B.  tfR.  l.c. 

HAB. — Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Southern  Utah,  and  California  in  the  Colo- 
rado Valley. 

CH.  SP. —  $  Immaculatus,  alis  cauddque  innotatis,  rostro 
arcuato,  gracillimo,  nigro.  Fusco-cinereus,' infra  dilutior.  guld 
alba  strigis  maxillaribus  nigris,  crisso  castaneo. 

$  -Brownish-ash,  with  a  faint  olive  shade,  the  wings  and  tail  purer  and 
darker  fuscous,  without  white  edging  or  tipping.  Below,  a  paler  shade  of 
the  color  of  the  upper  parts.  Throat  and  side  of  the  lower  jaw  white, 
with  sharp  black  maxillary  streaks.  Cheeks  and  auriculars  speckled  with 
whitish.  Under  tail-coverts  deep  rich  chestnut,  in  marked  contrast 
with  the  surrounding  parts.  Bill  black,  slenderer  for  its  length  than 


FIG.  13.— Head  of  Crissal  Thrasher ;  nat.  size. 

that  of  any  other  species,  as  long  as  that  of  redivivus,  arcuate.  Length, 
about  12  inches;  wing,  4  or  rather  less;  tail,  about  6  (more  or  less, 
thus  absolutely  longer  than  in  any  other  species),  its  lateral  feathers  H 
shorter  than  the  central  ones ;  bill,  H ;  tarsus,  1£ ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1£. 
Belonging  to  the  group  of  unspotted  Thrashers,  with  very  long  arcuate 
bills,  this  fine  species  is  immediately  distinguished  by  the  abruptly  chestnut 
under  tail-coverts,  the  contrast  being  fully  as  great  as  that  seen  in  the  Cat- 
bird, Mimus  carolinensis—in  fact,  the  bird  looks  not  very  unlike  a  gigantic 
faded-out  Catbird.  The  sharp  black  maxillary  streaks  are  also  a  strong 
character.  The  bill  is  extremely  slender,  the  tail  at  a  maximum  of  length, 
and  the  feet  are  notably  smaller  than  those  of  H.  redivivus. 


74  HISTORY    OF    THE    CRISSAL    THRASHER 

IT  only  remains  to  give  some  account  of  the  Crissal  Thrasher 
to  finish  our  notice  of  the  interesting  genus  Harporhynchus. 
I  have  never  seen  the  bird  alive  ;  but,  to  judge  from  the  meagre 
published  records  respecting  it,  its  general  habits  are  in  no 
wise  peculiar,  and  may  be  passed  over  without  further  com- 
ment. The  species  was  not  discovered  until  about  1858,  when 
a  specimen  obtained  by  himself  near  Mimbres  was  described 
by  Dr.  T.  C.  Henry,  of  the  Army — a  zealous  naturalist,  whose 
untimely  recall  from  this  world's  duties  cut  short  a  career  which 
opened  in  full  promise  of  usefulness  and  honor.  Shortly  after- 
ward, in  1863,  a  second  specimen  was  procured  by  Mr.  H.  B. 
Mollhausen,  while  associated  with  Dr.  O.  B.  K.  Kennedy  on 
the  natural  history  work  of  one  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  surveys, 
under  command  of  Lieutenant  Whipple;  this  was  taken  at  Fort 
Yuma.  Quite  recently,  a  specimen  was  taken  by  a  different 
person  at  Saint  George,  in  Southern  Utah,  June  8, 1870.  These 
three  extreme  points  give  us  the  angles  of  a  triangle  by  which 
the  distribution  of  the  species,  as  far  as  present  knowledge 
goes,  may  be  plotted.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  range  is  a 
little  more  extended  than  that  of  LeConte's,  Bendire's,  or 
Palmer's  Thrasher,  with  all  three  of  which  the  Crissal  Thrasher 
is  associated  in  portions  of  Arizona;  and  we  are  led  to  infer 
that  when  the  "  topography"  of  the  other  three  species  is  fully 
determined,  it  will  be  found  no  less  extensive.  For  there  is 
nothing  peculiar  in  the  economy  or  requirements  of  any  one  o/ 
the  four  in  comparison  with  the  rest. 

Though  the  nidification  of  the  Crissal  Thrasher  is  substan- 
tially the  same  as  that  of  its  associates  just  mentioned,  its  egg  is 
entirely  different,  and  unique  in  the  genus,  as  far  as  known,  in 
being  whole-colored.  It  measures  an  inch  and  an  eighth  or  a 
seventh  in  length  by  a  little  over  four-fifths  of  an  inch  in 
breadth,  and  is  of  a  rich  emerald-green  color,  with  a  shade  of 
blue,  entirely  free  from  markings — at  least,  such  is  the  case  in 
all  the  specimens  which  have  been  examined  by  naturalists. 
The  nest  and  eggs  appear  to  have  been  first  collected  by  the 
person  who  found  the  bird  at  Saint  George;  though  the 
earliest  published  account  of  them  was  a  short  note  which  I 
communicated  to  the  u  American  Naturalist"  in  1872,  giving 
the  results  of  Lieutenant  Beudire's  observations  respecting  the 
species,  made  at  Tucson.  According  to  Dr.  Brewer,  the  Saint 
George  nest  was  an  oblong  flat  structure,  with  very  slight  de- 
pression, consisting  of  coarse  sticks  loosely  put  together,  with 


HISTORY    OF    THE    CRISSAL    THRASHER  75 

an  inner  finishing  of  similar  but  finer  material ;  the  outer  por- 
tion was  a  foot  long  by  seven  inches  broad  ;  the  inner  nest  was 
circular,  with  a  diameter  of  four  and  a  half  inches.  The  site  of 
this  nest  is  not  mentioned. 

Duringthe  latter  partof  March,  1872,  Lieutenant  Bendire  took 
no  less  than  six  nests  in  Southern  Arizona.  "  The  nest,"  he 
writes,  "  is  externally  composed  of  dry  sticks,  some  of  which 
are  fully  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick  ;  the  lining  consists  exclu- 
sively of  dry  rotten  fibres  of  a  species  of  wild  hemp,  or  Ascle- 
pias;  in  none  of  the  nests  did  I  find  any  roots,  leaves  or  hair. 
The  inner  diameter  of  the  nest  is  about  three  inches,  with  a 
depth  of  about  two  inches.  None  of  the  nests  were  more  than 
three  feet  from  the  ground.  In  two  cases  I  found  nests  in  a 
dense  bushy  thicket  of  wild  currant,  twice  again  on  willow 
bushes,  and  in  another  instance  in  an  ironwood  bush.  The 
usual  number  of  eggs,  strange  as  it  may  appear,  is  only  two  ; 
they  are  of  an  emerald  green  color,  unspotted.  The  first  set  I 
found,  March  22d,  contained  small  embryos;  the  third,  next 
day,  was  a  single  egg  with  a  very  large  embryo;  it  was  broken, 
and  must  have  been  laid  as  early  as  March  10th.  From  the 
number  of  nests  taken  it  would  appear  that  the  bird  is  com- 
mon, but  such  is  by  no  means  the  case — I  believe  I  have  found 
every  nest  of  it  on  the  Eillito.  The  Red- vented  Thrush  is  very 
shy,  restless  and  quick  in  its  movements,  and  hard  to  observe. 
It  appears  to  prefer  damp  shady  localities  near  water-courses, 
and  confines  itself  principally  to  spots  where  the  wild  currant 
is  abundant.  At  present,  March  27th,  it  appears  to  feed  prin- 
cipally on  insects.  Its  flight  is  short — only  long  enough  to  en- 
able the  bird  to  reach  the  next  clump  of  bushes.  It  seems  to 
have  more  frequent  recourse  to  running  than  to  flying,  and 
dives  through  the  densest  undergrowth  with  great  ease  and 
rapidity." 


CHAPTER  II.— BLUEBIRDS 


FAM.  SAXICOLID^E 

RECOGNITION  of  the  family  Saxicolidce  is  purely  a  conven- 
tional matter,  in  which  most  ornithologists  tacitly  agree  to 
follow  each  other  upon  no  better  ground  than  that  of  precedent. 
The  characters  of  the  only  genus  with  which  we  have  here  to 
do  will  be  found  beyond  under  head  of  Sialia,  no  definition  of 
the  whole  group  being  attempted — none  being,  perhaps,  prac- 
ticable. The  limitation  of  the  group  fluctuates  with  different 
authors,  especially  on  the  side  next  to  Turdidce.  As  usually 
constituted,  it  contains  about  a  dozen  genera  and  upward  of  a 
hundred  species,  which  agree  in  possessing  10  primaries,  of 

which  the  first  is  very  short  or 
spurious,  and  booted  tarsi.  It 
is  essentially  an  Old  World 
group,  represented  in  the  west- 
ern hemisphere  only  by  the 
characteristic  American  genus 
Sialia,  with  three  species,  and 
by  a  single  species  of  the  typi- 
cal genus  Saxicola,  some  of  the 

FIG.  14.-Details  of  structure  of  Saxicola.        details  Of  the  external  form  of 

which  are  illustrated  in  fig.  14.  This  species,  the  well-known 
Stone  Chat  or  Wheatear  of  Europe,  8.  cenanthe,  occurs  sparingly 
in  Greenland,  along  the  North  Atlantic  coast  of  America,  and 
also  in  Alaska ;  it  is  generally  considered  as  simply  a  straggler 
from  the  Old  World,  but  it  is  apparently  not  rare  in  Labrador, 
in  which  country  there  is  reason  to  believe  it  breeds. 

Genus  SIALIA  Swainson 

CHARS. — Primaries  10,  the  1st  spurious  and  very  short. 
Wings  pointed,  the  tip  formed  by  the  2d,  3d,  and  4th  quills. 
Tail  much  shorter  than  the  wings,  emarginate.  Bill  about  half 
as  long  as  the  head  or  less,  straight,  stout,  wider  than  deep  at 


SAXICOLID.E — SIALIA   SIALIS  77 

the  base,  compressed  beyond  the  nostrils,  notched  near  the  tip, 
the  culmen  at  first  straight,  then  gently  convex  at  the  end,  gonys 
slightly  convex  and  ascending,  commissure  slightly  curved 
throughout.  Nostrils  overhung  and  nearly  concealed  by  the 
projecting  bristly  feathers  of  the  forehead.  Lores  and  chin 
likewise  bristly.  Gape  ample,  the  rictus  cleft  to  below  the  eyes, 
furnished  with  a  moderately  developed  set  of  bristles  reaching 
about  opposite  the  nostrils.  Feet  short,  though  rather  stout, 
adapted  exclusively  for  perching  (in  Saxicola,  and  o;her  typical 
genera,  the  structure  of  the  feet  indicates  terrestrial  habits). 
Tarsi  not  longer  than  the  middle  toe.  Lateral  toes  of  unequal 
lengths.  Claws  all  strongly  curved. 

Blue  is  the  principal  color  of  this  beautiful  genus,  which  con- 
tains three  species,  all  of  them  occurring  in  the  Colorado  region. 
They  are  strictly  arboricole,  frequent  the  skirts  of  woods,  cop- 
pices, waysides,  and  weedy  fields ;  nest  differently  from  the 
Thrushes,  in  holes,  and  lay  whole-colored  eggs ;  readily  become 
semi-domesticated,  like  the  Swallows,  House  Wren,  and  House 
Sparrow;  feed  upon  insects  and  berries  j  and  have  a  melodious 
warbling  song.  They  are  peculiar  to  America,  and  appear  to 
have  no  exact  representatives  in  the  other  hemisphere. 


Wilson's  Bluebird 

Sialia  stalls 

Motacilla  SlaliS,  Linn.  SN.  i.  1758,  187,  no.  25  (ex  Gates,  et  Edw.).— Linn.  SN;  i.  1766,  336, 
no.  38.—Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  610.— Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  416. 

Motacilla  sealis,  Om.  SN.i.  1788,  989,  no.  as. 

Ficedttla  Sails,  Schae/er,  Mus.  Orn.  1789,  36,  no.  122. 

Sylvia  Stalls,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  522,  no  44.— V.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  40,  pis.  101,  102,  103,  —  Wilt.  AO. 
i.  1808,  56,  pi.  3,  f.—.—Lickt.  "  Preis-Verz.  Mex.Vog.  1830,  2";  J.  f.  0.1863,57.— 
Gerhardt,  Naum.  iii.  1853,  38.— Gosse,  Alabama,  1859,  189.— Freyberg,  Zool.  Gart.  xi. 
1870,  191  (in  captivity). 

Sal  I  CO  hi  SiallS,  Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  89. 

AmpeltSSiallS,  Nutt.  Man.i.  1832,  444,  fig. 

Slalla  Stalls,  Haldeman,  "  Trego's  Geog.  of  Penna.  1843,  77".—  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  222.— Barn. 
Smithson.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  435.— Gund.  3.  f.  O.  1861,  324  (Cuba).— Ooues  gf  Prent. 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  405.— Hayd.  Tr.  Am.  Philos.Soc.  xii.  1862,  159  (Upper  Missouri 
River).— Verr.  Pr.  Essex  Inst,  iii.  1862,  145.—  Tayl.  Ibis,  iv.  1862,  128.— Gund.  J.  f.  O. 
1862,  177  (Cuba).— Boardm.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  124.— Allen,  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  iv.  1864, 
58.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  62.— Dress.  Ibis,  i2*.  1865,  475  (Texas).— Mcllw.  Pr.  Essex  lost. 
v.  1866,  84  (Canada  West).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  282.— Butch.  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  xx.  1868,  149  (Texas).— Coues,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  161.— Ooues,  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  v. 
1868,  268.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  IW.—Haldeman,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  159  (claims 
the  name).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  32  (Montana).— Nauman,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  390.— 
Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  22 ;  Phila.  ed.  15.— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871, 115  (Minnesota).— 
Allen,  Bnll.  MCZ.  ii.  1871,  260  ;  iii.  1872,  174  (Kansas).— Holden,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 


78  SYNONYMY   AND    CHARACTERS    OF    S.    SIALIS 

'l94  (Black  Hills) Mayn.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  358.—  Scott,  Pr.  Host.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 

221.— Wood,  Am.  Nat,  vi.  1872,  173  (albino).— Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1872,  23.— Coues,  Key,  1872, 
76.— Ound.  J.  f.  O.  1872,  409  (Cuba).— Purdie,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  693.— Trippe.,  Pr. 
Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  234.— Ridg.  Bull.  EHSCX  Inst.  v.  1873,  179  (Colorado).—  Merr.  Am. 
Nat.  viii.  1874,  S.—Ooues,  BNW.  1874,  13.— Bd.  Br.  ff  Ry.  NAB.  i.  1874,  62,  fig.  pi.  5, 
f.  3.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvli.  1875,  438. 

lUSClniasialis,  Giebel,  Vtigel,  1860,  44,  fig.  94. 

Scialia  SCialis,  Le  Maine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861,  202. 

Sialia  WilSOnil,  "Sw.  Zool.  Journ.  iii.  1827,  173  ".—Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  316.— Burnett, 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  iv.  1851,  116.— Cabot,  Naum.  ii.Heft  iii.  1852,  66.— Thomps.  NH.  Vermont, 
1853,  85,  &s.—  Woodh.  Sitgreave's  Rep.  1853,  6S.—Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Aoad.  vi.  1853,  313.— 
Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853.  399.— Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  583.— Prat- 
few,  TV.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  6Q3.—Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856,  290.— Bland, 
Smithson.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  287  (Bermuda).—  Willis,  Smithson.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859, 
212  (Nova  Scotia).— Hoy,  Smithson.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  438.—  [Ohittenden,]  Am.  Nat.  v. 
1871,  167. 

Erythaca  (Sialia)  wilsonll,  S.  *  R.  FBA.  n.  1831,  210. 

Sialia  Wilson!,  Bp.  C.  &  GL.  1838,  16.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,  208.-- Sd.  PZS.  1856.  293 
(Cordova).—  Kneel.  Pr.  Post.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  233.— Max.  J.  f.  O.  vi.  1858,  120.— Scl.  PZS. 
1858,  297  (Parada).— Scl.  PZS.  1859,  362(Xalapa).-ScJ.  PZS.  1859,  371  (Oaxaca).-S.  gfS. 
Ibis,  i.  1859,  8  (Guatemala).— Martens,  J.  f .  O.  1859,  213  (Bermuda).— Tayl.  Ibis,  ii.  1860, 
110  (Honduras).— S.  ff  S.  Ibis,  ii.  I860,  29  (Guatemala)  —Owen,  Ibhs,  iii.  1861,  60  (Guate- 
mala, breeding). 

Sialia  WllSOnia,  Wailes,  Rep.  Mississippi,  1854,  319. 

Sialia  azurea,  Sw.  Philos.  Mag.  i.  1827,  369.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  62  (Mexico).— Sumich. 
Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  1.  1869,  544  (Vera  Cruz). 

RubeCUla  CarollnensiS,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  423. 

Blue-bacfced  Red-breast  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  398,  no.  281. 

Rouge-gorge  bleue  de  la  Caroline,  Buff.  "  v.  212" ;  PE.  390,  f.  i,  2, 

Blaue  Koth-Kehlein,  Sckaeff.  1.  c. 

Blaue  Sanger,  Giebel,  l.  c. 

Fauvette  bleue  et  roussc  Le  Maine,  1.  c. 

Bluebird,  Cates,  Car.  i.  47,  pi.  47. 

Blue  Redbreast,  Edv>.  Birds,  pi.  24. 
Blue  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  446,  no.  40. 

Common  Bluebird,  Eastern  Bluebird,  Wilson's  Bluebird,  American  Bluebird,  Red- 
breasted  Bluebird,  vuig. 

HAD. — Eastern  United  States,  Canada,  and  Nova  Scotia.  West  to  the  bor- 
ders of  Montana  and  Wyoming  (Milk  River,  Cooper ;  Black  Hills,  Bolden)  ; 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico.  Bermudas.  Cuba. 
Mexico  (with  S.  "  azurea").  South  to  Guatemala.  Breeds  throughout  its 
range.  Winters  in  the  Southern  States. 

OH.  SP. —  $  Azurea,  subius  castanea}  venire  albo,  rostro  pedi- 
busque  nigris.  $  Fusco-ccerulea,  alls  cauddque  ccerulescentibus, 
infra  pallidt  rufa,  venire  albo. 

<?,  in  full  plumage:  Rich  azure-blue  (clear  cobalt),  the  ends  of  the  wing- 
quills  blackish ;  throat,  breast,  and  sides  of  the  body  deep  chestnut ;  belly 
and  crissum  white  or  bluish-white.  The  blue  extends  around  the  head  on 
the  sides  and  often  fore  part  of  the  Chin,  so  that  the  chestnut  is  frequently 
cut  off  from  the  bill.  Length,  6£-7  ;  extent,  12-13  ;  wing,  3J-4  ;  tail,  2£-3. 

$ ,  in  winter,  fall,  and  in  general  when  not  full-plutnaged  :  Bine  of  the 
upper  parts  interrupted  by  reddish-brown  edging  of  the  feathers,  or  obscured 
by  a  general  brownish  wash.  White  of  belly  more  extended  ;  tone  of  the 
other  under  parts  paler.  In  many  eastern  specimens,  the  reddish-brown 
skirting  of  the  feathers  of  the  back  blends  into  a  decided  dorsal  patch  ;  and 


DISTRIBUTION   AND    SONG    OF    THE    BLUEBIRD  79 

when  this  state,  as  sometimes  happens,  is  accompanied  by  more  than 
ordinary  extension  of  blue  on  the  throat,  they  very  closely  resemble  S.  mexicana. 

9,  in  full  plumage:  Blue  of  the  upper  parts  mixed  and  obscured  with 
much  dull  reddish-brown,  becoming  bright  and  pure,  however,  on  the  rump, 
tail,  and  wings.  Under  parts  paler  and  more  rusty-brown,  with  more 
abdominal  white  than  in  the  male.  Little  if  any  smaller  than  the  male. 

Young,  newly  fledged  :  Brown,  becoming  blue  on  the  wings  and  tail,  the 
back  sharply  marked  with  shaft-lines  of  whitish.  Nearly  all  the  under  parts 
closely  and  uniformly  freckled  with  white  and  brownish.  A  white  ring 
round  the  eye;  inner  secondaries  edged  with  brown.  From  this  stage,  in 
which  the  sexes  are  indistinguishable,  to  the  perfectly  adult  condition,  the 
bird  changes  by  insensible  degrees. 

In  Mexican-bred  specimens,  the  blue  has  a  slight  greenish  shade,  approach- 
ing that  of  5.  arctica,  and  does  oot  ordinarily  extend  on  the  side  of  the  head 
below  the  eyes;  the  tail  is  rather  longer.  This  is  the  basis  of  S.  "  aztirea." 

LIKE  the  Thrasher,  the  Bluebird  barely  reaches  the  confines 
of  the  Colorado  Basin,  fairly  within  which  it  does  not  yet 
appear  to  have  been  found.  The  northern  limit  of  its  distribu- 
tion is  nearly  coincident  with  the  boundary  of  the  United 
States,  though  including  a  portion  at  least  of  Canada  and  Nova 
Scotia.  The  westernmost  quotations  I  have  found  are  those 
of  Dr.  Cooper,  Mr.  Holden,  and  Mr.  Ridgway,  which  indicate 
its  extension  to  the  Milk  Biver  in  Montana,  the  Black  Hills, 
lying  across  the  boundary  between  Dakota  and  Wyoming,  and 
the  mountains  (probably  the  eastern  foothills)  of  Colorado  Ter- 
ritory. In  Mexico,  the  species  occurs  together  with  the  slight 
modification  known  as  8.  "azurea."  It  sometimes  penetrates 
to  Central  America ;  other  extralimital  localities  assigned  are 
Cuba  and  the  Bermudas,  to  which  doubtless  the  Bahamas 
should  be  added.  It  breeds  indifferently  throughout  its  United 
States  range,  and  spends  the  winter  in  great  numbers  in  the 
Southern  States. 

There  is  no  occasion  to  speak  of  the  Bluebird's  habits  and 
manners,  familiar  to  every  one.  In  the  Middle  States,  it  is  one 
of  the  earliest  spring  arrivals,  with  the  Robins,  Crackles,  and 
Pewits,  before  the  Swallows  come ;  it  is  occasionally  observed 
during  warm  weather  in  February,  or  even  in  January,  and 
may  be  suspected  even  of  lingering  through  the  winter  when 
not  too  severe.  But  it  disappears  in  inclement  weather,  doubt- 
less taking  the  short  flight  southward  which  brings  it  to  a  more 
congenial  climate ;  yet,  ready  to  yield  to  the  allurements  of  a 
few  bright  sunny  days,  it  soon  returns  with  its  cheery,  voluble 
warbling,  inseparable  from  the  associations  of  spring-time,  pre- 
saging all  the  hopeful  aspirations  of  the  awakening  year.  This 


80  CHARACTERS    OF    SIALIA    MEXICANA 

song  is  melody  without  great  power ;  delightful  modulation 
without  exhibition  of  the  highest  art :  it  is  sweet  and  charming, 
lacking  great  force,  yet  with  a  touch  of  such  nervous  quality 
that  more  is  left  to  the  imaginatiou  than  is  revealed.  Like  the 
sunshine  of  the  days  when  the  year  is  young,  and  nature  seems 
to  pause  to  gather  strength  for  her  intended  triumphs,  this  melt- 
ing music  of  the  Bluebird  is  full  of  delicious  languor  and  dreamy 
voluptuousness,  suggesting  the  possibilities  of  all  things,  ex- 
pressing the  realities  of  none.  It  is  a  promise  and  a  pledge  of 
the  future,  like  the  unconscious  yearning  of  a  maiden  for  what 
she  knows  not. 


Western  or  Mexican  Bluebird 

Sialia  mexicana 

Sialia  mexicana,  S.  tfR.  FBA.ii.  1831,  202.— Bp.  C.  &GL.  1838,  W.—  Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii. 
1846,  113  (California).— Gamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1847,  37.— Scl.  PZS.  1856,  293  (Cor- 
dova).— Scl.  PZS.  1857, 126  (California).— Bd.  BNA.  1858,223.—  Scl.  PZS.  1859,  235  (Van- 
couver).—Sc?.  PZS.  1859,  362  (Xalapa).— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  106  (Xevr 
Mexico).— Xantus,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  190  (California).— Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859, 
43.—Kenn.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  23.— O.  if  S.  NHWT.  I860,  173.—  Ed,  Ives'u  Rep.  pt.  v.  1861, 
5.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  63.— Cones,  Ibis,  i2.  1865,  163  (Arizona).— Ooues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
xviii.  1866,  66  (Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.).— Ooues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xx.  1868,  82  (Arizona).— 
Brown,  Ibis,  iv2.  1868,  420  (Vancouver).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  32,  185.—  Sumich.  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869,  544  (Vera  Cruz).— Coop.  Pr.  Gala.  Acad.  1870,  75  (Colorado  River).— 
Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  28.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1871,  136,—Aiken,  Pr.  Bout.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 
194  (Colorado).— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  174  (Colorado).— Coues,  Key,  1872,  76.— 
Aiken,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  16.— Ooop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874.  16.— Ooues.  BNW.  1874,  14  ; 
Trippe,  ibid.  229.— Bd.  Br.  SfRy.  NAB.  i.  1874,  65,  pi.  5,  f.  2.—Yarr.  $•  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn. 
Specs.  1874,  7.—Hensk.  ibid.  98.—  Nelson,  Pr.  Bout.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  356.— Hensk.  ListB. 
Ariz.  1875,  154.—  Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  161. 

Sialia  OCCidentaliS,  Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1837,  188  (Columbia  River).— And.  BA. 
ii.  1841,  176,  pi.  135.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  513.—  Woodh.  Sitgreave's  Rep.  1853,  68.— 
Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  310  (New  Mexico).— Newb.  PRRR.  vi.  1857,  80. 

Sylvia  occidental  is,  And.  OB.  v.  1839,  41,  pi.  393. 

Sialia  CaeruleocolliS,  Vigors,  Zool.  Voy.  Blossom,  1839,  18,  pi.  3. 

Western  Bluebird,  Mexican  Bluebird,  Vuig. 

HAB. — United  States  and  Mexico,  from  the  Eastern  foothills  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  Pacific.  North  to  Vancouver.  East  occasionally  to  Iowa. 

CH.  SP. —  $  Supra,  cum  capite  toto  et  gula,  azurea;  dorso  medio, 
pectore  lateribusque  castanets;  venire  media  et  crisso  griseo-cceru- 
lescentibus.  2  Griseo-azurea,  dorso  medio  rufescente,  alls,  uropy- 
gio  cauddque  cceruleis,  pectore  lateribusque  griseo-rufis,  guld, 
ventre  crissoque  griseo-ccerulescentibus. 

^,  adult:  Rich  azure-blue,  including  the  head  and  neck  all  around.  A 
patch  of  purplish-chestnut  on  the  middle  of  the  back ;  breast  and  sides  rich 
chestnut ;  belly  and  vent  dull  blue  or  bluish-gray.  Bill  and  feet  black. 
Size  of  the  last  species. 


HABITS    OF    THE    WESTERN    BLUEBIRD  81 

$  ,  and  young :  The  changes  of  plumage  of  this  species  are  precisely  coin- 
cident with  those  of  the  Eastern  Bluebird,  and  therefore  need  not  be  repeated. 
Immature  birds  may  be  recognized,  at  any  rate  in  the  great  majority  of 
instances,  by  traces  at  least  of  difference  in  color  between  the  middle  of  the 
back  and  the  other  upper  parts,  and  between  the  color  of  the  throat  and  of 
the  breast.  But  probably  very  young  birds  in  the  streaky  stage  could  not 
be  determined  with  certainty  if  the  locality  were  unknown. 

In  some  adult  males,  the  dorsal  patch  is  much  restricted,  or  even  broken 
into  two  scapular  patches  with  continuous  blue  between  ;  and  similarly  the 
chestnut  of  the  breast  sometimes  divides,  permitting  connection  of  the  blue 
of  the  throat  and  belly.  Specimens  with  little  trace  of  the  dorsal  patch  are 
with  some  difficulty  distinguished  from  those  samples  of  S.  siaUs  in  which 
there  is  much  blue  on  the  throat — the  grayish-blue  of  the  belly,  instead  of 
pure  white,  being,  in  fact,  a  principal  character.  The  two  species  are  evi- 
dently very  closely  related. 

THIS  is  the  most  abundant  and  characteristic  species  of  the 
genus  in  the  Colorado  Basin.  There  would  appear,  how- 
ever, to  be  some  peculiarity  in  its  local  distribution,  since,  ac- 
cording to  both  Mr.  Eidgway  and  Mr.  Henshaw,  it  has  not  been 
seen  in  Utah.  As  I  stated  in  the  "  Birds  of  the  Northwest", 
certain  observations  render  it  probable  that,  from  the  general 
winter  resorts  of  the  species  in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  it 
migrates  northward  along  two  routes,  one  the  main  chain  of 
the  wooded  Rocky  Mountains,  the  other  the  Pacific  slopes,  the 
Great  Basin  being  th  us  passed  by  on  either  side.  Such  specialty 
of  movement,  however,  may  be  rather  apparent  than  real,  and 
further  observations  are  desirable.  The  species  is  resident  in 
most  parts  of  the  Colorado  Basin,  only  disappearing  fora  short 
time  in  midwinter  from  northerly  and  highly  alpine  localities. 
At  Carson  City,  in  Nevada,  Mr.  Ridgway  did  not  see  it  from 
the  early  part  of  December  until  the  third  week  in  February, 
when  it  became  numerous.  In  comparing  it  with  the  Rocky 
Mountain  Bluebird,  he  remarks  that,  though  the  two  species 
are  associated  in  winter,  they  are  seldom  seen  together  in  sum- 
mer, since  the  arctica  retires  to  the  higher  regions  to  breed, 
while  the  mexicana  remains  in  the  lower  districts,  among  the  cot- 
tonwoods  of  the  river  valleys  and  the  scattered  pines  skirting 
the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  This  corresponds  well  with 
my  observations  made  at  Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.,  where  mexicana 
is  resident  and  extremely  abundant,  though  arctica  is  rather 
uncommon,  and  was  noticed  only  in  fall  and  winter.  The  local 
distribution  may  be  further  elucidated  from  Mr.  Henshaw's 
observations  : — "  In  Colorado,  it  seems  to  be  rather  uncommon 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Territory.  It  was  not  found  in  June 
6  B  c 


82  SYNONYMY    OF    SIALIA    ARCT1CA 

near  Fort  Garland  in  1873,  nor  at  Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex.,  in  June 
of  1874,  where,  however,  the  succeeding  species  was  abundant. 
About  July  23,  Inscription  Rock,  N.  Mex.,  appeared  to  be  a 
favorite  locality  for  the  species,  and  large  numbers  of  both  old 
and  young  were  congregated  together  in  the  pinon  and  cedar 
trees.  From  here  southward  they  were  frequently  seen,  com- 
monly among  the  pines.  At  Cauip  Apache,  iu  August,  I 
found  them  in  large  Hocks  in  the  pine  woods,  and  accompanied 
by  flocks  of  Warblers,  Nuthatches  and  Titmice,  to  which  they 
seemed  to  act  as  leaders,  the  whole  flock  following  their  flight 
from  tree  to  tree.  Jt  apparently  winters  in  the  vicinity  of 
Camp  Apache,  being  found  here  in  quite  large  flocks  in 
November." 


Arctic  or  Rocky  Mountain  Bluebird 

Sialia  arctica 

Erythaca  (Sialia)  arctica,  5.  &  R.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  209,  pi.  39  (north  to  64*°). 

Sialia  arctica,  Nutt.  Man.  ii.  1834,  573  ;  2ded.  i.  1840,  514.— Ornith.  Comm.Jonrn.  Phila.  Acad. 
vii.  1837,  193  (Columbia  River).— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  16.— And.  Syn.  1839,  84.— And.  BA.  ii. 
1841,  176,  pi.  136.— Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1846,  113.— Gamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad,  i. 
1847,  yt.—McCall,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  v.  1851,  215  (Texas).—  Woodh.  Sitgreave's  Rep.  1S53, 
68.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  310  (New  Mexico).— Kneel.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857, 
233.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  224.— Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  1858,  L22.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859, 
106  (New  Mexico).— Bd.  PRRR.  x.  1859;  13,  pi.  tt.—Kenner.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  24.— Heerm. 
PRRR.  x.  1859,  \\.-Bd.  Ives's  Rep.  pt.  v.  1861,  5.—Hayd.  Tr.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862, 
159.— Blakis.  Ibis,  v.  1863,  60  (Rocky  Mountains,  49°).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  64.— Dress. 
Ibis,  1865,476  (Texas).— Cou.es,  Ibis,  1865,  163  (Arizona).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii. 
1866,  66  (Fort  Whipple).— Butch.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xx.  1868,  149  (Laredo,  Tex.).— 
Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  32,  189.— Coop.  Pr.  Gala.  Acad.  1870,  75.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870, 
29.—  Hold.  SfAiken,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  194.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  174.— Coues, 
K*y,  1872,  76.—Merriam,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  187<>,  1873,  671,  712,  713.— Aiken,  Am. 
Nat.  vii.  1873,  \5.—Ridg.  Bull.  Essex  Inst  v.  1873,  179.— Comstock,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874, 
76.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  U.—Trippe.  ibid.  ZM.—Bd.Br.irRy.  NAB.  i.  1874,  67,  pi.  5, 
f.  4.—  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  40,  72,  98.— Allen,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  1874,  1 9.— Nelson, 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  339,  343  (Utah)  —Heash.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  154.—  Hunsh.  Zool. 
Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  162. 

Sylvia  arctica,  Aud.  OB.  v.  1839,  38,  pi.  393. 

8alia  arctica,  Stevenson,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  1871,  463. 
Sialia  macroptera,  Bd  Stansbury's  Rep.  1852,  314,  328. 
Arctic  Bluebird,  Rocky  Mountain  Bluebird,  Vulg. 

HAB. — United  States,  and  British  America  to  Great  Bear  Lake,  from  the 
eastern  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific.     Texas. 

CH.    SP. —  $    Azurea,   infra   dilutior,   aubvirescens^   abdomine 
sensim  albo ;  apicibus  remigum  fuscis,  rostro  pedibusque  nigris. 


DESCRIPTION    AND    DISTRIBUTION    OF    8.    AKCTICA      83 

$  Grisea,   uropygio,   caudd  alisque  ccvruleseentibus ;  infra  rufo- 
gr-isea,  abdomine  albicante. 

<J,  in  perfect  plumage:  Above  rich  azure-blue,  lighter  than  in  the  two 
foregoing,  and  with  a  faint  greenish  hue;  below,  paler  and  more  decidedly 
greenish-blue,  fading  insensibly  into  white  on  the  belly  and  under  tail- 
coverts.  Ends  of  wing-quills  dusky;  bill  and  feet  black.  Larger  than  the 
two  foregoing  species;  length,  7  or  more;  extent,  about  13;  wing,  4-J ; 
tail,  3. 

9 :  Of  a  nearly  uniform  indeterminate  rufous-gray,  lighter  and  more  fle- 
cidedly  rufous  below,  brightening  into  blue  on  the  rump,  tail  and  wings, 
fading  into  white  on  the  belly  and  under  tail-coverts.  Ends  of  the  tail- 
feathers  as  well  as  of  the  wing-quills  fuscous;  outer  one  of  each  edged 
with  whitish.  A  whitish  eye-ring. 

Young:  The  changes  of  plumage  with  age  as  \vell  as  those  with  season 
are  parallel  with  the  stages  exhibited  by  the  other  species.  Very  young 
birds,  in  the  streaky  stage,  are  distinguished  by  their  superior  size  and  the 
greenish  hue  of  the  blue  on  the  wings  and  tail.  The  inner  wing-quills  in 
the  specimens  before  me  are  edged  and  tipped  with  whitish  instead  of  rufous. 

IN  the  preceding  notice  of  8.  mexicana,  I  have  already 
alluded  to  some  points  in  the  distribution  of  this  species, 
and  little  remains  to  be  said.  It  is  notable  as  the  most  north- 
erly representative  of  the  genus,  reaching  latitude  64°  30',  or 
about  fourteen  degrees  beyond  the  usual  range  of  8.  sialis. 
It  would  appear  to  be  also  rather  more  decidedly  migratory 
than  8.  mexicana,  and  is  extremely  abundant  in  some  regions, 
as  portions  of  Dakota  and  Montana,  which  the  latter  rarely  if 
ever  reaches.  It  is  nevertheless  numerous  in  portions  of  Colo- 
rado, Utah,  Nevada,  and  Northern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 
It  breeds  as  far  south  at  least  as  Santa  Fe  in  New  Mexico; 
winters  at  least  as  far  north  as  Carson  City,  Nevada,  and  is 
consequently  resident  in  the  Colorado  Basin  as  a  whole.  As  in 
the  case  of  8.  mexicana,  it  does  not  seem  to  have  any  peculiar 
habits  in  comparison  with  S.  sialis.  Though  a  good  deal  has 
gone  on  record  in  both  cases,  the  supposed  discrepancies, 
may  be  reasonably  attributed  to  transient  circumstances  of 
observation,  or  the  fluctuating  standpoint  of  comparison  as- 
sumed. It  breeds  in  the  mountains  up  to  an  altitude  of  about 
10,000  feet,  in  holes  in  trees  and  similar  nooks,  just  like  both  its 
relatives.  The  eggs  are  of  the  same  pale  bluish  color,  but 
rather  larger  than  those  of  either  of  the  other  species,  measur- 
ing 0.90  to  0.95  in  length  by  about  0.70  in  breadth. 


CHAPTER   III.— DIPPERS 


PAM.  CINCLID^E 

CHARS. — Wing  of  10  primaries,  the  1st  of  which  is  spurious, 
and,  like  the  others,  falcate ;  wing  as  a  whole  short,  stiff, 
rounded,  and  concavo-convex,  something  like  that  of  a  Grebe, 
or  gallinaceous  bird.  Tail  still  shorter  than  the  wing,  soft, 
square,  of  12  broad,  rounded  feathers,  almost  hidden  by  the 
coverts,  both  sets  of  which  reach  nearly  or  quite  to  the  end,  the 
under  coverts  being  especially  long  and  full.  Tarsi  booted, 
about  as  long  as  the  middle  toe  and  claw.  Lateral  toes  equal 
in  length.  Claws  all  strongly  curved.  Bill  shorter  than  the 
head,  slender,  attenuate,  and  compressed  throughout,  higher 
than  broad  at  the  nostrils,  about  straight,  but  seeming  to  be 
slightly  recurved,  owing  to  a  sort  of  upward  tilting  of  the  supe- 
rior mandible;  culmen  at  first  slightly  concave,  then  convex; 
commissure  nearly  straight,  but  slightly  sinuous,  to  correspond 
with  the  outline  of  the  culmen,  notched  near  the  end;  gonys 
convex.  Nostrils  linear,  opening  beneath  a  large  scale  partly 
covered  with  feathers.  No  rictal  vibrissae,  nor  any  trace  of 
bristles  or  bristle-tipped  feathers  about  the  nostrils.  Plumage 
soft,  lustreless,  remarkably  full  and  compact,  water-proof.  Body 
stout,  thick-set.  Habits  aquatic. 

This  is  a  small  but  well  defined  group,  in  which  the  general 
characters  shared  by  the  Turdidce,  Saxicolidce  and  Sylviidce  are 
modified  to  a  degree,  in  adaptation  to  the  singular  aquatic  life 
the  species  lead.  As  generally  understood,  it  consists  of  a 
single  genus,  C Indus,  to  which  a  second,  found  in  Asia,  is  some- 
times added.  These  birds  frequent  clear  mountain  streams  of 
various  parts  of  the  world,  chiefly,  however,  of  the  Northern 
Hemisphere.  It  would  scarcely  be  incorrect  to  say  that  they 
inhabit  these  streams;  for  a  considerable  part  of  their  time 
is  actually  spent  in  the  water— not  merely  on  or  near  it — in 
gleaning  for  food  beneath  the  surface.  Tt  is  marvelous  what 
a  little  change  of  structure  fits  them  for  such  an  anomalous 
mode  of  life — one  wholly  exceptional  in  the  order  to  which  they 


DIPPERS,    OR    WATER    OUZELS 


85 


belong,  for  a  parallel  with  which  we  must  turn  not  only  to'^the 
water-birds,  but  to  the  lowest  representatives  of  the  natatorial 
group,  such  as  Loons,  Grebes,  Cormorants,  and  Penguins.  In  all 
the  true  water-birds,  the  feet  are  paddles,  or  oars,  and  as  such 
fit  instruments  of  progression.  Those  that  dive  but  little  or  not 
at  all  use  the  feet  exclusively  in  swimming ;  in  others,  that 


travel  below  as  well  as  upon  the  surface  of  the  water,  like 
those  just  named,  the  wings  are  also  brought  into  requisition 
as  efficient  organs  of  locomotion.  But  in  the  Dippers,  the  feet 
retain  a  thoroughly  insessorial  character,  being  no  more  fitted 
for  swimming  purposes  than  those  of  a  Thrush  or  Sparrow; 
and  when  the  birds  make  their  aquatic  excursion,  they  swim 
down,  and  stay  below  by  means  of  their  wings — in  a  word,  they 


86  THE  DIPPER'S  ACTIONS  IN  THE  WATER 

fly  through  the  water,  it  was  an  old  notion  that  the  Dippers 
could  walk  on  the  beds  of  streams,  and  various  were  the  inge- 
nious speculations  to  account  for  such  a  phenomenon  ;  for,  the 
specific  gravity  of  their  bodies  being  less  than  that  of  water, 
the  puzzle  was.  how  then  could  they  stay  below  ?  The  fact  ist 
that  they  can  no  more  walk  on  the  bottom  of  a  stream  than  St. 
Peter  could  walk  on  the  water  without  some  such  supernatural 
assistance  as  he  is  alleged  to  have  received.  Their  flights  be- 
low the  surface  require  as  continuous  effort  to  keep  down  as 
ordinary  aerial  flight  demands  in  order  that  a  bird  may  stay 
up  in  the  air.  It  is  the  same  action  in  an  opposite  direction, 
the  operation  of  the  gravitating  force  being  reversed.  The  bird 
plunges  into  the  water,  heading  up  stream  to  stem  the  cur- 
rent, and  flies  obliquely  downward  till  it  gains  the  bottom, 
where  it  maintains  itself  by  a  similar  action  of  the  wiugs,  with 
the  body  held  obliquely  head  downward.  Here  the  feet  may 
aid  it  somewhat,  by  scratching  along  the  ground,  or  even  cling- 
ing to  such  chance  inequalities  of  the  surface  as  may  be  grasped 
by  the  toes,  but  in  no  sense  can  this  be  considered  as  walking. 
The  moment  its  exertions  are  relaxed,  it  comes  to  the  surface 
like  a  cork,  and  may  be  swept  helplessly  along  for  some  dis- 
tance by  the  force  of  the  current  before  regaining  itself.  The 
whole  action  may  be  likened  to  that  of  some  of  the  water-bugs — 
the  Kotonectes  for  example — which  row  idly  about  on  their  backs 
with  long,  feathery  oar-like  feet,  and  when  alarmed  seem  to 
make  vigorous  efforts  to  propel  themselves  obliquely  downward. 
It  is  one  of  the  endless  instances  of  Nature's  delight  in  para- 
doxes— her  magical  way  of  putting  the  same  thing  to  the  most 
diverse  uses,  with  a  touch  of  her  cunning  wand.  Given  a 
brawling  brook,  too  small,  clean,  and  cold  to  suit  any  of  the 
water-birds  she  has  on  hand,  but  just  the  thing  for  a  kind  of 
Thrush,  if  he  can  be  made  to  understand  it;  when  presto! 
Cinclus.  The  odd  little  Thrush  puts  on  his  water-proof  diving 
apparatus,  takes  a  "  header  "  from  the  nearest  green  slippery 
rock,  and  likes  it  so  well  that  he  wonders  why  he  never  did  it 
before.  Divers  ways  of  doing  things  were  evidently  open  to 
Thrushes  in  the  beginning — and  this  is  one  of  them. 

But  1  have  got  off  the  track  of  legitimate  ornithology,  I  find — 
much  as  the  Dipper  itself  is  sometimes  carried  away  when  the 
current  is  a  little  too  strong.  There  are  about  a  dozen  species, 
including  marked  geographical  races,  of  this  family,  the  best 
known  of  which  is  the  Water  Ouzel  of  Europe.  This  bird 


MACGILLIVRAY    ON    THE    DIPPER'S    HABITS  87 

has  been  very  successfully  studied  by  William  Macgillivray, 
whose  singularly  truthful  narrative  reflects  the  general  econo- 
my of  the  family  so  clearly  that  I  shall  transcribe  a  portion  of 
his  account,  especially  since  it  is  equally  applicable,  mutatis 
mutandis,  to  the  single  species  which  is  found  in  North 
America.  I  quote  the  passages  which  refer  more  particularly 
to  the  bird's  actions  in  the  water,  as  corroborative  of  what  has 
been  already  said  with  less  regard  to  minute  detail. 

"  The  flight  of  the  Dipper  is  steady,  direct,  and  rapid,  like 
that  of  the  Kingfisher,  being  effected  by  regularly  timed  and 
quick  beats  of  the  wings,  without  intermissions  or  sailings.  It 
perches  on  stones  or  projecting  crags  by  the  sides  of  streams, 
or  in  the  water,  where  it  may  be  seen  frequently  inclining  the 
breast  down  wards,  and  jerking  up  the  tail,  much  in  the  manner 
of  the  Wheatear  and  Stonechat,  and  still  more  of  the  Wren ; 
its  legs  bent,  its  neck  retracted,  and  its  wings  slightly  drooping. 
It  plunges  into  the  water,  not  dreading  the  force  of  the  current, 
dives,  and  makes  its  way  beneath  the  surface,  generally  moving 
against  the  stream,  and  often  with  surprising  speed.  It  does 
not  however,  immerse  itself  head  foremost  from  on  high  like 
the  Kingfisher,  the  Tern,  or  the  Gannett;  but  either  walks  out 
into  the  water,  or  alights  upon  its  surface,  and  then  plunges 
like  an  Auk  or  a  Guillemot,  slightly  opening  its  wings,  and 
disappearing  with  an  agility  and  dexterity  that  indicate  its 
proficiency  in  diving.  I  have  seen  it  moving  under  water  in 
situations  where  I  could  observe  it  with  certainty,  and  I  readily 
perceived  that  its  actions  were  precisely  similar  to  those  of  the 
Divers,  Mergansers,  and  Cormorants,  which  I  have  often  watched 
from  an  eminence,  as  they  pursued  the  shoals  of  sand-eels  along 
the  sandy  shores  of  the  Hebrides.  It  in  fact  flew,  not  merely 
using  the  wing,  from  the  carpal  joint,  but  extending  it  con- 
siderably, and  employing  its  whole  extent,  just  as  if  advancing 
in  the  air.  The  general  direction  of  the  body  in  these  circum- 
stances is  obliquely  downwards ;  and  great  force  is  evidently 
used  to  counteract  the  effects  of  gravity,  the  bird  finding  it 
difficult  to  keep  itself  at  the  bottom,  and  when  it  relaxes  its 
efforts  coming  to  the  surface  like  a  cork.  Montagu  has  well 
described  the  appearance  which  it  presents  under  such  circum- 
stances : — i  In  one  or  two  instances,  when  we  have  been  able  to 
perceive  it  under  water,  it  appeared  to  tumble  about  in  a  very 
extraordinary  manner,  with  its  head  downwards,  as  if  picking 
something  ;  and  at  the  same  time  great  exertion  was  used,  both 


88  MACGILLIVRAY    ON    THE    DIPPERS    HABITS 

by  the  wings  and  legs.7  This  tumbling,  however,  is  observed 
only  when  it  is  engaged  in  a  strong  current,  and  its  appearance 
is  greatly  magnified  by  the  unequal  refraction  caused  by  the 
varying  inequalities  of  the  surface  of  the  water.  When  search- 
ing for  food,  it  does  not  proceed  to  great  distances  under  water ; 
but,  alighting  on  some  spot,  sinks,  and  soon  reappears  in  the 
immediate  neighbourhood,  when  it  either  dives  again,  or  rises  on 
wing  to  drop  somewhere  else  on  the  stream,  or  settle  on  a 
stone.  Often  from  a  shelving  crag  or  large  stone  it  may  be 
seen  making  short  incursions  into  the  water,  running  out  with 
quiet  activity,  and  presently  bobbing  up  to  the  surface,  and 
regaining  its  perch  by  swimming  or  wading.  Tlie  assertion  of 
its  walking  in  the  water,  on  the  bottom,  which  some  persons 
have  ventured,  is  not  made  good  by  observation  nor  counte- 
nanced by  reason  and  the  nature  of  things.  The  Dipper  is  by 
no  means  a  walking  bird :  even  on  laud  I  have  never  seen  it 
move  more  than  a  few  steps,  which  it  accomplished  by  a  kind 
of  leaping  motion.  Its  short  legs  and  curved  claws  are  very 
ill  adapted  for  running,  but  admirably  calculated  for  securing 
a  steady  footing  on  slippery  stones,  whether  above  or  beneath 
the  surface  of  the  water.  Like  the  Kingfisher,  it  often  remains 
a  long  time  perched  on  a  stone,  but  in  most  other  respects  its 
habits  are  very  dissimilar.  ...  On  being  wounded  the  Dipper 
commonly  plunges  into  the  water,  flies  beneath  its  surface  to 
the  shore,  and  conceals  itself  among  the  stones  or  under  the 
bank.  In  fact,  on  all  such  occasions,  if  enough  of  life  remains, 
it  is  sure  to  hide  itself  so  that  one  requires  to  look  sharply 
after  it.  In  this  respect  it  greatly  resembles  the  Common 
Gallinule." 

The  same  agreeable  writer  speaks  of  the  food  of  the  European 
Dipper  as  consisting  of  molluscs  and  beetles.  "  I  have  opened 
a  great  number  of  individuals  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  but 
have  never  found  any  other  substances  in  the  stomach  than 
Lymnece,  Ancyli,  Ooleoptera,  and  grains  of  gravel" — a  diet 
which  he  considers  to  account  satisfactorily  for  the  bird's  sub- 
aqueous excursions.  He  denies  that  there  is  any  proof  of  its 
feeding  upon  the  ova  or  fry  of  fish,  notwithstanding  the  asser- 
tions of  authors  to  that  effect,  which  have,  in  many  cases,  led 
to  its  unmerited  persecution.  Yet  there  is  no  doubt  that  it  is 
somewhat  piscivorous  ;  for  at  least  one  instance  is  recorded  of 
its  having  been  seen  with  a  fish  in  its  mouth,  (tiaxby,  "  Zool- 
ogist ",  xxi,  1863,  p.  8631.) 


SYNONYMY    AND    DESCRIPTION    OF    C.    MEXICANUS       89 

American  Dipper 

<  iiiclu*   mexicamis 

(Indus  pallasii,  Bp  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  439.— Bp.  AO.  ii.  1828,  173,  pi.  16,  f.  1  (necauct.). 

Cinclus  mexicanus,  Sw.  Philon.  Mag.  i.  1827,  308.— Scl.  PZS.  1859,  36-2  (Xalapa).—  Bd.  Rev. 
AB.  1864,  60.— Cones,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  66  (Arizona).— fSalv.  Ibin,  ii2.  1866,  190 
(Guatemala).— Salv.  Ibis,  Hi2.  1867,  120  (monographic).— Sumich.  Mem.  Boat.  Soc.  i.  1869, 
544(Vera  Cruz).— Coop.  B.  Gal.  i.  1870,  25.  fig.—Coues,  Key,  1872.  77,  f.  18.— Allen, 
Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  174  (Utah  and  Colorado).— Ridgw.  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  v.  1873,  179.— 
Merriam,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  for  1872,  1873,  671,  713  (Montana).— Dall,  Pr.  Gala.  Acad. 
— .  1873,  —  (Unalashka).— Coues,  BNW.  1874.  1 0.—  Trippe, ibid.  229.— Bd.  Br.  ff  Ry.  NAB. 
i.  1874,56,  fig.  pi.  5,  f.  1.—  Yarr.  ff  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  6.—Hens/i.  ibid.  46, 
97.—Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  154  (White  Mountains).—  Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100 
Merid.  1876,  159. 

Cinclus  mexicana,  Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  396. 

Hydrobata  mexicana,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  229.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  106  (New 
Mexico).— Xantus,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  190  (California).— O.  fy  S.  NHWT.  1860, 
175.— Blaldst.  Ibis,  v.  1861,  60  (Athabasca  River).— Brown,  Ibis,  iv2.  1868,  420  (Vancou- 
ver).—Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  32  (Montana).— Dall  (f  Bann.  Tr.  Ghicago  Acad.  i.  1869, 
277  (Alaska).— Dall,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  600.— Aiken,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  194 
(Colorado). 

Cinclus  americanus,  5.  <V  R.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  173.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  569.— And.  OB.  iv.  1838, 
493  ;  v.  1839,  303,  pll.  370,  435.— And.  Syn.  1839,  86.— Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii. 
1839,  153.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  182,  pi.  137.— Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1846,  114  (Cali- 
fornia).— Gamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1817,  43.— McCall,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  v.  1851,216 
(Texan).— Heerm.  Journ  Phila  Acad.  ii.  1853,  264.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  310 
(New  Mexico).— Newb.  PRRR.  vi.  1857,  80.—  Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  44. 

Cinclus  unicolor,  Bp.  Zool.  Journ.  iii.  1827,  52.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  18. 

Cinclus  mortoni,  "  Towns,  varr.  1839,  337". 

Cinclus  tOWnsendli,  "('And.')  Towns.  Narr.  1839,  340". 

Quid  TurdUS  townsendii,  Towns.  Jouru.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  153,  descr.  nulli » 

American  Dipper ;  Water  Ouzel,  Vulg, 

HAB. — Mountains  of  Western  North  America  from  the  region  of  the  Yukon 
into  Mexico. 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Schistaceo-plumbeuv,  infra  dilutior,  capite  brun- 
nescente,  palpebris  plerumque  a  Ibis. 

$  9,  adult,  in  summer:  Slaty-plumbeous,  paler  below,  inclining  on  the 
head  to  sooty-brown.  Quills  and  tail-feathers  fuscous.  Eyelids  usually 
white.  Bill  black  ;  feet  yellowish.  Length,  6  or  7  inches;  extent,  10  or  11  ; 
wing,  3^-4;  tail,  about  2£ ;  bill,  f ;  tarsus,  Ii;  middle  toe  and  claw  rather 
less.  Individuals  vary  much  in  size. 

$  9  i  in  winter,  and  the  majority  of  not  perfectly  mature  specimens  are 
paler  below  than  the  above  description  would  indicate,  all  the  feathers  of 
the  under  parts  being  skirted  with  whitish.  The  quills  of  the  wing  are  also 
conspicuously  tipped  with  white.  The  bill  is  largely  yellowish  at  the  base. 
Young  :  Below,  whitish,  more  or  less  so  according  to  age,  frequently  tinged 
with  pale  cinnamon-brown.  The  whole  under  parts  are  sometimes  over- 
laid with  the  whitish  ends  of  the  feathers,  shaded  with  the  rufous  pos- 
teriorly. The  throat  is  usually  nearly  white ;  the  bill  mostly  yellow.  The 
white  tipping  of  the  wing-feathers  is  at  a  maximum  ;  and  in  some  cases  the 
tail-feathers  are  similarly  marked. 


90  ON    THE    AMERICAN    DIPPER 

MY  limited  experience  with  the  American  Dipper  precludes 
my  giving  anything  particularly  to  the  point  from  original 
observations.  I  never  saw  it  alive  excepting  on  one  occasion, 
when  I  noticed  nothing  in  its  habits  not  already  known  .In 
the  u  Birds  of  the  Northwest''  I  brought  together  nearly  all 
the  information  we  possess,  and  would  refer  to  that  work  for 
the  particulars,  especially  respecting  the  nest  and  egg.  It  is  a 
common  inhabitant  of  the  Colorado  Basin,  in  most  suitable  situa- 
tions, though  there  are  many  eligible  mountain  streams  which 
it  does  not  seem  to  inhabit.  An  occasional  departure  from  its 
usual  habit  has  been  noticed  by  Mr.  Henshaw,  who  found  a  pair 
inhabiting  a  small  isolated  pond  in  the  White  Mountains  of 
Arizona,  seemingly  as  much  at  home  in  this  quiet  little  sheet 
of  water  as  in  the  turbulent  torrent  5  though  he  thought  that,, 
in  keeping  with  their  surroundings,  they  had  lost  somewhat  of 
their  usual  restlessness  and  energy.  Such  choice  of  still  waterr 
however,  must  not  be  presumed  to  be  very  unusual,  since 
the  European  species  is  well  known  to  frequent  lakes,  espe- 
cially those  which  have  a  shingly  or  pebbly  margin. 

NOTE. — I  may  here  allude  to  some  interesting  experiments  to  ascertain  the 
specific  gravity  of  the  European  Dipper,  made  by  Dr.  John  Davy,  and  pub- 
lished in  the  eleventh  volume  (new  series)  of  the  Edinburgh  New  Philo- 
sophical Journal,  p.  265.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  bird's  body  alone,  after 
removal  of  the  skin  and  feathers,  was  1.200;  iu  its  natural  state,  with  the 
feathers  on,  0.724.  "When  under  water,  few  air-bubbles  escaped  from  its 
feathers,  owing  probably  to  their  resisting  wetting  from  the  oil  with  which 
they  are  pruned,  that  being  abundantly  supplied  by  the  large  oil-gland  with 
which  this  bird  is  provided."  ...  "  Its  long  bones  contained  a  reddish 
marrow."  The  specific  gravity  of  a  Wren  was  0.890,  which,  after  immersion 
for  twelve  hours,  had  increased  to  0.960.  The  lowest  specific  gravity  was 
found  in  the  case  of  the  Merlin-hawk— 0.570. 


CHAPTER  IV.— OLD  WORLD  WARBLERS 


FAM  ..SYLVIUXE 

LIKE  the  Saxicolidce,  the  Sylviidce  are  a  large  group  of  chiefly 
Old  World  species,  having  few  representatives  in  this  coun- 
try. The  family  is  not  well  distinguished  from  the  Turdidce 
and  Saxicolidce,  and  no  attempt  will  be  made  here  to  cover  all 
its  phases  by  any  diagnostic  phrase — it  is  perhaps  insusceptible 
of  exact  definition.  While  there  are  several  hundred  species  of 
the  Eastern  Hemisphere,  less  than  a  score  occur  in  America. 
One  of  these  is  a  typical  Sylviine,  a  species  of  Phyllopneuste, 
found  in  Alaska.  The  other  representatives  are  the  two  genera 
Regulus  and  Polioptila,  each  of  which  most  writers  now  consider 
the  type  of  a  subfamily.  They  agree  in  their  extremely  small 
size  (length  four  or  five  inches,  less  than  any  of  the  Turdidce 
or  Saxicolidce),  and  in  possessing  ten  primaries  (by  which  they 
are  separated  from  any  of  the  Sylvicolidce,  or  American  Warb- 
lers), deeply  cleft  toes  (compare  Troglodytidce),  and  straight, 
slender  bill,  with  bristly  rictus  and  exposed  nostrils  (compare 
Certhiidce,  Paridce,  and  JSittidce).  The  tarsi  are  booted  in  Regu- 
lince,  scutellate  in  Polioptilince. 

SUBFAMILY  REGULIN2E :  KINGLETS 

CHARS. — Tarsi  booted,  very  slender,  longer  than  the  middle 
toe  and  claw.  Lateral  toes  nearly  equal  to  each  other.  First 
quill  of  the  wing  spurious,  its  exposed  portion  less  than  half  as 
long  as  the  second.  Wings  pointed,  longer  than  the  tail,  which 
is  emarginate,  with  acuminate  feathers.  Bill  shorter  than  the 
head,  straight,  slender,  and  typically  sylviine,  not  hooked  at 
the  end,  well  bristled  at  rictus,  with  the  nostrils  overshadowed 
by  tiny  feathers. 

These  characters  may  be  compared  with  those  given  beyond 
under  head  of  Polioptilince,  to  which  they  are  antithetical. 
There  is  but  one  genus  in  America,  though  several  are  recog- 
nized by  some  among  the  Old  World  species. 


92         SYNONYMY  OF  REGULUS  CALENDULA 

Genus  REGULUS  Cuvier 

CHARS. — To  the  foregoiug  add:  Coloration  olivaceous,  paler 
or  whitish  below,  with  red,  black,  or  yellow,  or  all  three  of 
these  colors,  011  the  head  of  the  adult. 

There  are  only  two  established  species  in  this  country,  both 
of  which  occur  in  the  Colorado  region.  They  are  elegant  and 
dainty  little  creatures,  among  the  very  smallest  of  our  birds 
excepting  the  Hummers.  They  inhabit  woodland,  are  very  agile 
and  sprightly,  insectivorous,  migratory,  and  highly  musical. 


Ruby-crowned  Kinglet 

Regains  calendula 

Motacilla  Calendula,  Linn.  SN.  i.  1766,  337,  no.  47.— Forst.  Phil.  Tr.  Ixii.  1772,  407,  no.  32.— 

Gm.  SN.  i.  pt.  ii.  1788,  994,  noa.  47,  47  b.—  Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  613. 
Sylvia  Calendula,  Lath.  IO.  ii.   1790,   549,  no.    154.— WUs.  AO.  i.   1808,  83,  pi.  5,  f.  3. 

Sylvia  (Reguloides)  calendula,  Gray,  HL.  i.  1869,  216,  no.  3068. 

RegUlUS  calendula,  "Licht.Verz.  1823".— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  91.— Ifutt.  Man.  i. 
1832,  415.—  And.  OB.  ii.  1834,  546,  pi.  195.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  19.—  And.  Syn.  1639,  83.— 
Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  154.— Nutt.  Man.  2d.  ed.  i.  1840,  500.— And.  BA.  ii. 
1841,  168,  pi.  133.— Garni.  Pr.  Phila  Acad.  iii.  1846.  115.— Garni.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1847, 
36.— JFoodA.  Sitgreave's  Rep.  1853,  67.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  313.— Bead,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  399.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855.  309.—  Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois 
Agr.  Soc.  i.  1855,  583.— Pratten,  Tr.  Illinois  Agr.  Soc.  i.  1855,  603.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst. 
i.  1856, 208.— Scl.  PZS.  1857,  202  (Xalapa).-  Scl.  PZS.  1858,300  (Parada).— Ed.  BNA.  1858, 
226.— Scl.  PZS.  1859,  362  (Xalapa),  371  (Oaxaca).  —  S.  ff  S.  Ibis,  1859,  8  (Guatemala).— 
Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  106.— Xantus,  Pr.  Phila.  Acnd.  1859,  190.—  Willis, 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  282  (Nova  Scotia). —  Kenner.  I'RRR.  x.  1859,  24.—  Heerm. 
PRRR.  x.  1859,  43.— U.  if  S.  NHWT.  I860,  174.—  Wheat.  Ohio  Agr.  Rep  1860,  — .— Barn. 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  I860,  1861,  435.  —  Bd.  Ives's  Rep.  pt.  v.  1861,  5.—Reinft.  Ibis,  iii.  1861, 
5  (Greenland).— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  last.  iii.  1HS2,  145.— Ooues,  Pr.  Phila.  A.cad.  1861,  219 
(Labrador).  -Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  186-2,  \24.-Hayd.  Rep.  1862,  m.-Blakist.  Ibis, 
1863.  60.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  66.— Scl.  PZS.  1864,  172  (Mexico).— Allen,  Proc.  Essex 
Inst.  iv.  1864,  58.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  438.— Dress.  Ibis.  1865,  476  (Texas).— 
Cones,  Ibis,  1865,  163  (Arizona).— Lawr.  Anu.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  282.—  Weiz,  Pr. 
Bost,  Soc.  x.  1866,  267  (Labrador).— Brown,  Ibis,  1868,  420  (Vancouver).— Cones,  Pr. 
Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  107  (South  Carolina,  winter).— Butch.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xx.  1868,  149 
(Laredo,  Tex.).— Tunib.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,22  ;  Phila.  ed.  15.— Ooop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  32.— 
Dall  tfBann.  Tr.  Chic.  Acad.  i.  1869,  276  ( Alaska).— Coop.  Pr.  Cala.  Acad.  1870,  75.— Coop. 
B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  33.— Abbott,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  5*2.— Dall,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  600.— Par- 
ker, Am.  Nat,  v.  1871,  168.— Stev.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  tor  1870,  1871,  463.— Allen,  Am.  Nat. 
vi.  1872,  359.— Aiken,  Pr.  Bost,  Soc.  xv.  1872,  195.— Ooues,  K>y,  1872.  78.—  Hart.  Man. 
Brit.  Birds  1872,  107  (Scotland  \).—Ridg.  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  v.  1873,  119,—Trippe,  Am. 
Nat.  vii.  1873,  498.— T  ippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  234.— Jfe-r.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr, 
for  1872,  1873,  675,  712,  713.—  Merr.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  8.— Abbott,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  364, 
365.— Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  40,  57,  72,  98.  —  Coucs,  BNW.  1874,  15.— B.  B.  Sf  R. 
NAB.  i.  1874,  75,  pi.  5,  f.  9.— Nelson,  IV.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875.  356.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  xvii.  1875,  438.—  Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  155.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid. 
1876,  164. 

llegllllis  calendulus,  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  186.— Brew.  Journ.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1837, 
437.— Peai.  Rep  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  3l4.—Tfiomps.  NH.  Vermont,  1853,  84.— Gould,  PZS. 
1858,  290  (Scotland  !).—Cowes  <$•  Prentiss,  Smiths.  Rt-p.  for  1861,  1862,  W5.—Mcllwr.  Pr. 


CHARACTERS  OF  REGULUS  CALENDULA       93 

Ess.  Inst.  v.  I860,  84.— Ooues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  66  (Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.).— 
Coues,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.  v.  1865,  268.— Trippe,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.  vi.  1871,  115.— Mayn.  B. 
Fla.  1872,  27.—  Mayn.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  361.  —  Trippe  apud  Coues,  BNW.  1874,  229. 

Reguloides  calendula,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  292. 

Phyllobaslleus  calendula,  Cab.  MH.i.  1851,  33. 

Corthylio  calendula,  Cab.  j.  f.  o.  i.  1853,  83. 

Regulus  (Tistatus  alter  vertice  rublni  coloris,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1791,  292. 

RegUlUS  PUblneus,  V.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  49,  pis.  104,  105.— Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  421. 

Ruby-crowned  Wren,  Edw.  Birds,  pi.  254,  f.  2.—Forst.  \.  c. 

Roitelet  rubiS,  Buff.  v.  373.— Le  M.  Ois.  Canad.  1861,  215. 

Ruby-crowned  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  413,  no.  320. 

Ruby-crowned  Ringlet,  And.  l.  c. 

HAB. — North  America  at  large.  Mexico.  Central  America  to  Guatemala 
at  least.  Greenland.  Accidental  in  Europe  ("BREE,  B.  Eur.  ii.  109  "). 

CH.  SP. —  <£  9  Naribus  semi-nudis. —  Virenti-olivaceus,  subtus 
sordide  flavo-albidus,uropygio  vtmarginibus  remigum  rectricumque 
flavicantibus,  alls  albo-bifasciatis,  orbitis  albis,  vertice  coccineo. 
Juu.  vertice  dor  so  concolore. 

$  $  ,  adult :  Upper  parts  greenish-olive,  becoming  more  yellowish  on  the 
rump  ;  wings  and  tail  dusky,  strongly  edged  with  yellowish  ;  whole  under 
parts  dull  yellowish-white,  or  yellowish-  or  greenish-gray  (very  variable  in 
tone) ;  wings  crossed  with  two  whitish  bars,  and  inner  secondaries  edged 
with  the  same.  Edges  of  eyelids,  lores  and  extreme  forehead  hoary  whitish. 
A  rich  scarlet  patch,  partially  concealed,  on  the  crown.  This  beautiful 
ornament  is  apparently  not  gained  until  the  second  year,  and  there  is  a 
question  whether  it  is  ever  present  in  the  female.  Length,  4£  (a  dozen  fresh 
specimens  range  from  4-110-  to  4|) ;  extent,  6f  to  7£ ;  wing,  2-2£  ;  tail,  If. 

Young  for  the  first  year  (and  9  ?) :  Quite  like  the  adult,  but  wanting  the 
scarlet  patch.  In  a  newly  fledged  specimen,  procured  in  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains of  Colorado  by  Major  Powell,  the  wings  and  tail  are  as  strongly  edged 
with  yellowish  asm  the  adult;  but  the  general  plumage  of  the  upper  parts 
is  rather  olive-gray  than  olive-green,  and  the  under  parts  are  sordid  whitish. 
The  bill  is  light  colored  at  the  base,  and  the  toes  appear  to  have  been 
yellowish. 

ONE  of  the  most  remarkable  things  about  the  Ruby-crown 
is  its  extraordinary  powers  of  song.  It  is  really  surprising 
that  such  a  tiny  creature  should  be  capable  of  the  strong  and 
sustained  notes  it  utters  when  in  full  song.  The  lower  larynx, 
the  sound-producing  organ,  is  not  much  bigger  than  a  good 
sized  pin's  head,  and  the  muscles  that  move  it  are  almost 
microscopic  shreds  of  flesh.  If  the  strength  of  the  human 
voice  were  in  the  same  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  larynx,  we 
could  converse  with  ease  at  a  distance  of  a  mile  or  more.  The 
Kinglet's  exquisite  vocalization  defies  description  ;  we  can  only 
speak,  in  general  terms,  of  the  power,  purity,  and  volume  of 
the  notes,  their  faultless  modulation  and  long  continuance. 


94      THE    RUBY-CROWN    AN    ACCOMPLISHED    VOCALIST 

Many  doubtless  have  listened  to  this  music  without  suspecting 
that  the  author  was  the  diminutive  Ruby-crown,  with  whose 
common-place  utterance,  the  slender  wiry"teip".  they  were 
already  familiar.  Such  was  once  the  case  even  with  Audubou, 
who  pays  a  heartfelt  tribute  to  the  accomplished  little  vocalist, 
and  says  further — "When  I  tell  you  that  its  song  is  fully  as 
sonorous  as  that  of  the  Canary-bird,  and  much  richer,  I  do  not 
come  up  to  the  truth,  for  it  is  not  only  as  powerful  and  clear, 
but  much  more  varied  and  pleasing." 

This  delightful  role  is  chiefly  executed  during  the  mating  sea- 
sou,  and  the  brief  period  of  exaltation  which  precedes  it ;  it  is 
consequently  seldom  heard  in  regions  where  the  bird  does  not 
rear  its  young,  except  when  the  little  performer  breaks  forth  in 
song  on  nearing  its  summer  resorts.  Its  breeding  places  were 
long  uncertain,  or  at  least  not  clearly  traced  out,  and  it  is  only 
a  year  or  two  since  that  its  nest  was  discovered.  But  it  is  now 
pretty  certain  that  its  nesting  range  includes  the  wooded  por- 
tions of  the  country  from  Northern  New  England  and  corres- 
ponding latitudes  northward.  It  is  said  that  a  nest  containing 
young  was  recently  found  in  Western  New  York ;  though  I 
am  not  sure  that  this  is  an  authentic  case,  I  think  it  probable 
that  the  Kinglet  will  yet  be  found  to  breed  in  the  mountains 
at  least  as  far  south  as  the  Middle  States,  it'  not  further. 
This  seems  more  probable  since  the  late  discoveries  of  its  nest- 
ing in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  its  unquestionable  residence 
during  summer  in  other  elevated  regions  of  the  West ,  even  of 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona.  Mr.  Heushaw  speaks  without  reserve 
on  this  score : — "  The  species  breeds  in  the  heavy  pine  and 
spruce  forests  on  the  mountains  of  Colorado,  and  also  in  Arizona, 
both  in  the  White  Mountains,  and  as  far  south  as  Mount  Gra- 
ham, in  both  which  localities  I  saw  the  old  leading  about  their 
young,  still  in  the  nesting  plumage  as  late  as  August  1.  In 
the  mountains  near  Fort  Garland.  Col.,  it  was  a  common  species 
in  June  5  the  pine  woods  at  an  elevation  of  10,000  feet  often 
echoing  with  the  music  of  its  sweet,  beautifully  modulated 
song.  . . .  June  11 ,  while  collecting  on  a  mountain  near  the  Rio 
Grande,  I  discovered  a  nearly  finished  nest,  built  on  a  low 
branch  of  a  pine,  which  I  have  little  doubt  belonged  to  this 
bird."  Mr.  Allen  and  Mr.  Trippe  both  observed  it  in  Colorado, 
in  summer,  at  an  altitude  of  from  9  or  10,000  feet  up  to  timber 
line,  and  the  first-named  obtained  the  young  in  the  vicinity  of 
Mount  Lincoln  toward  the  end  of  July.  At  Fort  Whipple,  in 


MOVEMENTS    OF    THE    RUBY-CROWN  95 

Arizona,  I  found  it  extremely  abundant  in  spring  from  the 
latter  part  of  March  to  near  the  middle  of  May,  in  the  fall 
from  the  latter  part  of  September  to  November,  and- judged 
that  it  bred  in  the  higher  mountains  of  the  vicinity.  It  is  un- 
necessary to  multiply  quotations,  all  going  to  show  a  breeding 
range  throughout  the  mountains  of  the  West  from  9,000  feet 
upward,  thence  trending  eastward  along  the  northern  boundary 
of  the  United  States  to  Maine  and  Labrador,  and  probably 
sending  a  spur  southward  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 
Northwestward  it  reaches  to  Alaska,  where  the  bird  was  found 
by  Mr.  W.  H.  Ball  at  Nulato. 

But  in  most  portions  of  the  United  States,  the  Ruby-crown 
appears  as  a  migrant  or  winter  resident.  Taking  an  inter- 
mediate point,  like  the  District  of  Columbia  for  example,  where 
I  became  familiar  with  the  dainty  little  creature  in  my  boy- 
hood, we  find  that  it  arrives  at  least  as  early  as  the  begin- 
ning of  April,  or,  in  open  seasons  like  the  present  (1876),  a 
week  or  two  sooner,  and  remains  until  the  second  week  in  May. 
It  returns  in  the  fall  by  the  end  of  September,  and  loiters  till 
November.  But  it  is  such  a  brave  and  hardy  creature  that  I 
should  never  be  surprised  to  find  it  lingering  through  the  sea- 
son here,  as  it  does  a  little  further  south.  For  in  South  Carolina 
it  is  one  of  the  abundant  winter  birds,  from  October  to  April, 
though  most  numerous  in  November  and  March,  owing  to  the 
recruiting  of  its  ranks  by  fresh  arrivals.  Thence  through  all 
the  Southern  States  to  Texas  it  is  one  of  the  commonest  winter 
birds  in  suitable  localities.  Yet  a  few  press  on  through  Mexico, 
or  directly  across  the  Gulf  to  Central  America.  In  the 
Colorado  Basin,  which  includes  extremes  of  climatic  and  topo- 
graphical conditions,  from  snow- japped  peaks  to  burning 
deserts,  all  the  requirements  of  the  bird  are  fulfilled,  and  there 
it  is  consequently  resident — gathering  on  the  higher  grounds  in 
summer,  spreading  over  the  lower  in  winter — migrating  indeed, 
but  not  in  the  usual  sense  of  that  term,  since  ascent  of  the 
mountain-sides  answers  instead  of  a  journey  toward  the  pole. 

Of  the  eggs  of  this  Kinglet  I  have  nothing  to  say — they  re- 
main unknown  ;  and  it  is  only  a  little  while  ago  that  I  should 
have  been  perforce  as  silent  respecting  the  nest.  Since  Dr. 
Brewer  thought  he  might  "  reasonably  infer'7  that  the  nest  was 
pensile,  the  discovery  has  been  made  that  it  is  not  so,  showing 
the  care  that  must  be  exercised  in  natural  history  inferences. 
The  nest  was  found  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Batty,  in  Colorado,  July  21, 


96  THE  RUBY-CROWN'S  MANNERS 

1873,  on  the  branch  of  a  spruce  tree,  about  fifteen  feet  from  the 
ground.  It  contained,  I  am  informed,  fivre  young  and  one  egg; 
the  latter  did  not  come  under  my  inspection.  The  nest  is  larger 
than  might  have  been  expected — it  could  hardly  be  got  into  a 
good-sized  coffee  cup.  It  is  a  loosely  woven  mass  of  hair  and 
feathers,  mixed  with  moss  and  some  short  bits  of  straw.  The 
nest  which  Mr.  Henshaw  believed  to  be  that  of  a  Kinglet  was 
ua  somewhat  bulky  structure,  very  large  for  the  size  of  the 
bird,  externally  composed  of  strips  of  bark,  and  lined  thickly 
with  feathers  of  the  grouse  w;  it  was  built  on  a  low  branch,  of  a 
pine. 

To  observe  the  manners  of  the  Kuby-crown,  one  need  only 
repair,  at  the  right  season,  to  the  nearest  thicket,  coppice,  or 
piece  of  shrubbery,  such  as  the  Titmice,  Yellow-rumps  and 
other  wa;  biers  love  to  haunt.  These  are  its  favorite  resorts, 
especially  in  the  fall  and  winter;  though  sometimes,  in  the 
spring  more  particularly,  it  seems  to  be  more  ambitious,  and 
its  slight  form  may  be  almost  lost  among  the  brauchlets  of  the 
taller  trees,  where  the  equally  diminutive  Parula  is  most  at 
home.  We  shall  most  likely  find  it  not  alone,  but  in  strag- 
gling troops,  which  keep  up  a  sort  of  companionship  with  each 
other  as  well  as  with  different  birds,  though  each  individual 
seems  to  be  absorbed  in  its  particular  business.  We  hear  the 
slender  wiry  note,  and  see  the  little  creatures  skipping  nimbly 
about  the  smaller  branches  in  endlessly  varied  attitudes,  peer- 
ing in  the  crevices  of  the  bark  for  their  minute  insect  food, 
taking  short  nervous  flights  from  one  bough  to  another,  twitch- 
ing their  wings  as  they  alight,  and  always  too  busy  to  pay 
attention  to  what  may  be  going  on  around  them.  They  appear 
to  be  incessantly  in  motion — I  know  of  no  birds  more  active 
than  these — presenting  the  very  picture  of  restless,  puny 
energy,  making  u  much  ado  about  nothing  ". 


American  Golden-crested  Kinglet 

Regains  satrapa 

Sylvia  regulus,  mis.  AO.  i.  1808,  126,  pi.  8,  f.  2. 

RegUlUS  CriStatUS,  Bartr.  Trav.  Flu.  1791,  291,  no.  107  (see  Coues,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1875, 
351).—  V.  O AS.  ii.  1807,  50,  pi.  107.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Aca.l  iv.  1824,  187.—  Bp.  Aun. 
Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  9l.—Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  420.— And.  OB.  ii  I8:i4,  476,  pi.  I8o.— Towns. 
Jouru.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  154. 

Parus  Satrapa,  "  Illiger  ".     (Probably  only  a  museum  name). 


SYNONYMY    AND    CHARACTERS    OF    R.    CRISTATUS        97 

satrap*,  "  LirJtt.  Vi>rz.  1823,  no.  410".— Dp.  CGL.  1833,  19.— Aud.  Syn.  1839,  82.— 
A/id.  BA.  ii.  1841,  165,  pi.  132.— /?/».  CA.  i  1850,  291.— Cabot,  Nauru,  ii.  pt.  iii.  1852,65 
(Lake  Superior).—  Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  1853,  P>l.—H»y,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  313.— 
Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  185 1,  309.—  Ke.nnic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agr.  Soc.  i.  1855,583  — 
Pratten,  Tr.  Illinois  Agr.  Soc.  i.  1835,  603.—  Putn.  Pr.  Ens.  Inst.  i.  1856,  008.— Badtker, 
J.  f.  O.  1856,  33,  pi.  1,  f.  S  (egg;  Libra  lor).— Scl.  PZS.  1857,  212  (Orizaba).— Maxim.  J. 
f.  O.  vi.  1858,  111.— Bd.  BNA.  1858.  227.— Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1838,  1859,  282  (Nova 
Scotia).— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad  xi.  1859,  106.—  Scl  PZ3.  1859,  235  (Vancouver).— Scl. 
PZS.  I860,  25'  (Oriziba).— G.  b  S.  NHWT.  1860,  174  —  Coues  <V  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for 
1861,  1862,  405.— Boardm.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  124.— Ferr.  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  iii.  1862,  146.— 
Allen,  Pr.  E<s.  lust,  iv.  1864,  58.— Lord,  Pr.  Roy.  Art.  Inst.  Woolvv.  1864,  114  (Vancou- 
ver; breeding).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  65.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  438.— Dress. 
Ibis,  1865,  476  (Texas).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  282.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  i.  1867, 
43.— Brown,  Ibis,  1868,  420  (Vancouver).— Coues,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  107.— Doll  fy 
Bann.  Tr.  Chicago  Acad  i.  1869,  277  (Alaska).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  32  (Montana).— 
Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  22;  Phila.  ed.  \5.-Coop.  B.  Gal.  i.  1870,  32.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ. 
ii.  1 87 1,  260  ( Florida). —  Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  47.—  Brewst.  Am.  Nat,  vi.  1872,  306.— 
Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  361.— Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1872,  25.— Cones,  Key,  1372,  78,  f. 
]9.—Aiken,  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xv.  1372,  195  (Eastern  Colorado).  —  Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv. 
187-2,  234  (Iowa).—  Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.xv.  1873,  234.  —  Trippe  Am.  Nat  vii.  1873,  498.— 
Ridg.  Bull.E-sexIn*t.  v.  1873.  1 79  (Colorado).  —Abbott,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  354.— Coues, 
BNVV.  1874,  16.—  -B.  B.  <V  7?.  NAB.  i.  1874,  73,  pi.  5,  f.  8.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875. 
MS.—Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  154. 

RetlllUK  satrapa,  Barn.  Smithson.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  435. 

Regulus  satrapa  uaholivascens,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  65. 

RegullIS  sutrupus,  Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  66  ("  Arizona  ").— A/cZZwr.  Pr.  Ess.  InBt.  v. 
1866.  85.— Ooues,  Pr.  Ess.  last.  v.  1868,  263.— Abbott,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  542.— Trippe,  Pr. 
Ess.  lust.  vi.  1871,  115. 

RegUldS  tricolor,  Nittt.  Man.  i.  1832,  420.— Brew.  Journ.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1837,  437.—  Peab.  Rep. 
Orn.  Mass  i.  1839,  314  —  Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  399.— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  84. 

?RC£UlUS  americanilS,  Gerhardt,  Naum.  iii.  1853,38. 

fiolden-crested  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  414,  n.32l  (excl.  Eur.  refs.). 

Fiery-crowned  Wren,  Peab.  ^  Thomps.  11.  cc. 

American  Golden-crested  King)e  ,  And.  \.  c. 

RoitelCt  huppe,  Le  Maine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861,  216. 

HAB. — The  whole  of  North  America.  South  to  Orizaba,  Mexico.  Winters 
in  most  of  the  United  States. 

GH.  SP. —  $  2  Naribus  obtectis.  Virenti-olivaceus,  subtus  sor- 
dide  flavo-albus,  alls  cauddquefuscisflavolimbatis,  illis  albo-bifas- 
ciatis;  superciliis  cum  f  route  albidis,  vertice  nigro —  $  media  flam- 
meo  flavo-limbato,  2  medio  flavo. 

$ ,  adult:  Upper  parts  olive-green,  more  or  less  bright,  sometimes  rather 
olive-ashy,  always  brightest  on  the  rump  ;  under  parts  dull  ashy- white,,  or 
yellowish-white.  Wings  and  tail  dusky,  strongly  edged  with  yellowish — 
the  inner  wing-quills  with  whitish.  On  the  secondaries,  this  yellowish  edg- 
ing stops  abruptly  in  advance  of  the  ends  of  the  coverts,  leaving  a  pure 
blackish  interval  in  advance  of  the  white  tips  of  the  greater  coverts,  which, 
with  the  similar  tips  of  the  median  coverts,  form  two  white  bars  across  the 
wings.  The  inner  webs  of  the  quills  and  tail-feathers  are  edged  with  white. 
Superciliary  line  and  extreme  forehead  hoary- whitish.  Crown  black,  inclos- 
ing a  large  space,  the  middle  of  which  is  flame-colored,  bordered  with  pure 
yellow.  The  black  reaches  across  the  forehead,  but  behind  yellow  and 
7  B  0 


98  CHARACTERS    OF    REGULUS    CRISTATUS 

flame-color  reach  the  general  olive  of  the  upper  parts.  Or,  the  top  of  the 
head  may  he  described  as  a  central  bed  of  flame-color,  bounded  in  front  and 
on  the  sides  with  clear  yellow,  this  similarly  bounded  by«black,  this  again 
in  the  same  manner  by  hoary- whitish.  Smaller  than  R.  calendula.  Length, 
4  inches  ;  extent,  6$-7  ;  wing,  2-2*  ;  tail,  If. 

9  ,  adult;  and  young:  Similar  to  the  adult  male,  but  the  central  field  of 
the  crown  entirely  yellow,  inclosed  in  black  (no  flame-color).  I  have  never 
seen  a  newly-fledged  specimen  ;  but  birds  of  the  year,  in  the  fall,  always 
show  black  and  yellow  on  the  head,  and  I  presume  this  appears  with  the 
first  feathering. 


w 
FlO.  16.— Golden-crested  Kinglet. 

Specimens  vary  considerably  in  the  shade  of  the  general  coloration,  being 
sometimes  quite  yellowish  or  greenish,  at  other  times  more  ashy  above, 
except  on  the  rump,  and  nearly  white  below.  Nor  is  this  a  matter  of  age 
or  season,  for  it  is  shown  by  equally  perfect  spring  specimens.  I  am 
unable  to  verify  a  supposed  more  greenish  hue  in  western  specimens;  in 
point  of  fact,  some  o.f  the  richest  specimens  I  ever  saw  are  among  those  I 
collected  years  ago  about  Washington,  D.  C. 

"TTNLIKE  the  Ruby-crown,  the  Gold-crest  is  far  from  con- 
^  spicuous  in  the  Ornis  of  the  Colorado  Basin.  I  find  that 
I  am  usually  quoted  as  authority  for  its  occurrence  in  Arizona; 
but  I  expressly  stated,  in  my  paper  published  in  1866,  that  I 
had  myself  never  met  with  it  there.  1  cannot  now  speak  posi- 
tively of  the  authority  upon  which  I  relied  for  including  it 
among  the  birds  of  that  Territory,  but  think  it  was  Dr.  S.  W. 
Woodhouse,  who  speaks  of  it  as  very  abundant  in  Texas  and 
New  Mexico,  the  latter  including  Arizona  at  the  time  he  wrote. 
It  is  given  in  none  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  Reports,  nor  in  the 
Mexican  Boundary  Survey,  nor  in  Ives's  Colorado  River  Survey, 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DISTRIBUTION    OF    GOLD-CREST         99 

all  of  which  works  mention  the  other  species.  Mr.  Henshaw 
places  it  in  his  List  of  the  Birds  of  Arizona,  but  quotes 
me.  Mr.  Ridgway  includes  it  without  remark  in  his  List  of 
the  Birds  of  Colorado  Territory,  where,  however,  neither 
Mr.  Allen  nor  Mr.  Trippe  appears  to  have  observed  it,  though 
Mr.  G.  E.  Aiken  found  it.  It  is  omitted  from  Mr.  Henshaw's 
List  of  the  Birds  of  Utah.  Mr.  Ridgway  found  it  in  the  West 
Humboldt  Mountains,  and  Dr.  Cooper  in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
From  these  data,  and  others  that  might  be  given,  its  rarity  in 
the  Great  Basin  and  southward  is  clearly  perceived ;  yet  of  its 
actual  presence  in  portions  of  the  region  drained  by  the  Colo- 
rado and  its  tributaries  there  is  of  course  no  doubt.  It  is 
stated  not  to  have  been  found  south  of  Fort  Crook,  California, 
on  the  west  coast.  In  Mexico,  it  has  been  traced  to  Orizaba. 
Details  of  its  local  distribution  aside,  its  general  range  is  much 
the  same  as  that  of  the  Ruby-crown,  including  North  America 
at  large. 

Yet  it  is  upon  the  whole  a  more  northerly  species.  This  is 
witnessed  both  by  its  apparent  absence  from  Central  American 
localities  to  which  the  other  species  regularly  resorts  in  winter, 
and  by  the  respective  limits  of  its  breeding  and  wintering 
ranges.  We  have  no  evidence,  as  yet,  of  its  nesting  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  at  large,  as  the  Ruby-crown  does,  for  the 
southerly  observations  made  upon  it  on  these  and  other  high 
mountains  of  the  west  seem  to  have  been  during  the  migra- 
tions. In  the  West,  it  has  not  been  ascertained  to  breed  south 
of  the  Columbia,  where  Nuttall  states  that  he  saw  it  feeding  its 
young,  May  21,  1835;  Dr.  Cooper  witnessed  the  same  thing 
in  August  at  Puget  Sound ;  and  Mr.  J.  K.  Lord  found  the 
nest  and  eggs  on  Vancouver's  Island.  In  the  East,  the  breeding 
range  seems  to  be  nearly  coincident  with  that  of  calendula.  The 
bird  has  been  observed  through  the  summer  in  Maine,  under 
circumstances  which  left  no  doubt  of  its  nesting  there  ;  while 
Audubon  saw  it  engaged  with  its  young  in  Labrador  in  August, 
and  Herr  F.  W.  Biideker  has  figured  the  egg  from  an  exam- 
ple procured  in  the  last-named  country.  The  close  parallelism 
in  theyeastern  breeding  range  of  the  two  species  should  make 
us  cautious  in  granting  that  the  Golden-crejst  is  actually  absent 
from  most  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  where  the  Ruby- 
crown  breeds;  for  it  will  be  remembered  that  the  evidence, 
though  strongly  presumptive,  remains  of  a  negative  character. 
On  the  other  hand,  there  seems  to  be  a  decided  discrepancy 


100  NEST,  EGGS  AND  MANNERS  OF  THE  GOLD-CREST 

between  the  wintering  ranges  of  the  two;  for  the  present 
species  winters  regularly  and  readily  in  the  United  States  at 
large — even  so  far  north  as  New  England  and  Washington 
Territory. 

Dr.  Brewer  states  that  the  nest  and  eggs  had  not  been  de- 
scribed at  the  time  of  his  writing;  nevertheless,  a  few  lines  fur- 
ther on  he  quotes  Mr.  Lord's  account  of  "a  pensile  nest  sus- 
pended from  the  extreme  end  of  a  pine  branch",  while  the  open- 
ing paragraph  of  the  article  in  which  the  statement  occurs 
gives  the  reference  to  Biideker's  figure  and  desciiption  of  the 
egg.  The  plate  indicates  a  rather  roundish  egg,  though  the 
two  specimens  figured  differ  noticeably  in  size  and  shape  ;  they 
are  spoken  of  in  the  text  as — "niedliche  Ideine  Eierchen  mit 
lehmgelben  Fleckchen  anf  iveissem  Grunde",  and  compared  with 
those  of  other  species  illustrated  on  the  same  plate.  Various 
authors7  accounts  of  the  period  at  which  newly  fledged  young 
were  observed  by  them  render  it  probable  that  two  broods  are 
annually  reared. 

I  have  long  been  familiar  with  the  resorts  and  the  sprightly 
ways  of  the  Golden-crest;  but  these  scarcely  call  for  remark 
after  what  has  been  said  about  the  Ruby-crown,  since  their  hab- 
its and  manners  are  closely  correspondent.  In  peering  about 
for  insects  and  Iarva3  that  lurk  in  the  chinks  of  bark,  it  is 
equally  tireless,  and  makes  the  same  show  of  petty  turbu- 
lence— another  "  tempest  in  a  teapot".  The  song  I  am  not 
sure  I  have  ever  recognized,  and  most  authors  have  passed 
it  over.  Dr.  Brewer  says: — u  Without  having  so  loud  or  so 
powerful  a  note  as  the  Ruby-crown,  for  its  song  will  admit  of 
no  comparison  with  the  wonderful  vocal  powers  of  that  species, 
it  yet  has  a  quite  distinctive  nnd  prolonged  succession  of  pleas- 
ing notes,  which  I  have  beard  it  pour  forth  in  the  midst  of  the 
most  inclement  weather  in  February  almost  uninterruptedly, 
and  for  quite  an  interval." 


SUBFAMILY  POLIOPTILIN.E :    GNATCATCHESS 

CHARS.— Tarsi  scutellate.  Toes  very  short,  the  lateral  only 
about  half  as  long  as  the  tarsus ;  outer  a  little  longer  than  the 
inner.  First  quill  spurious,  ab;>ut  half  as  long  as  the  second. 
Wings  rounded,  not  longer  than  the  graduated  tail,  the  feathers 


POLIOPTILA P.    OERULEA         .  101 

of  which  widen  toward  their  rounded  ends.  Bill  shorter  than 
head,  straight,  broad  and  depressed  at  base,  rapidly  narrow- 
ing to  the  very  slender  terminal  portion,  distinctly  notched  and 
hooked  at  the  end  —  thus  muscicapine  in  character.  Rictus 
with  well  developed  bristles.  Nostrils  entirely  exposed. 

This  is  a  small  group  of  one  genus  and  about  a  dozen  species, 
confined  to  America,  chiefly  developed  in  Central  and  South 
America.  It  may  not  be  well  placed  in  the  Sylviiclce,  but  is 
better  off  here  than  among  the  Paridcc,  where  it  is  put  by  some. 
I  should  not  be  surprised  if  its  closest  relationships  were  with 
the  true  Muscicapidce  of  the  Old  World. 

Genus  POLIOPTILA  Sclater 

CHARS.— To  the  foregoing  add:  Coloration  grayish-blue, 
white  below,  without  red  or  yellow  on  head ;  tail  black,  bor- 
dered with  white. 

The  three  North  American  species  occur  in  the  Colorado 
region,  two  of  them,  in  fact,  being  characteristic  of  this  part  of 
the  country.  They  are  diminutive  birds,  of  great  energy  and 
activity,  expert  in  flycatching,  inhabiting  woodland,  migratory, 
and  musical — though  the  ordinary  call-note  is  a  sharp  squeak. 


Blue-gray  Gnat  catcher 

Polioptila  ceernlea 

Motacilla  caerulea,  L.  SN.  i.  1766,  317  (Edw.  Glean,  pi.  302). 

Sylvia  caerulea,  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790,  540,  no.  121. 

Culicivora  C3erulea,  ?D'Orb.  Ois  Cuba,  1839,90.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860,  306  (Cuba).— 
Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  437. 

Sylvania  caerulea,  Nutt.  Man.  2d  ed.  i.  1840,  337. 

Polioptilacserulea,  Scl.  PZ3.  1855,  IL—Xant.  Pr.  Phila  Acad.  xi  1859, 191  (California).  —Barn. 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  1360,  1861,437.— fid.  Rev.  AB.  1861,  74.— Dress.  Ibis,  1865,  485  (Texas).— 
Coues,  IbK  1865,  538  (Arizona).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  66  (Arizona).— Co ues, 
Pr.  Essex  lust.  v.  1868,  268  —Crues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  107.— Butch.  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  xx.  18(58,  149  (Texas).— Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1872,  28.  —  Scott,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 
2-21  (Virginia).—  Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  269.— Brewer,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  4Qt.  —  Ridg. 
Bull.  Ess.  In*t.  v.  1873,  179.— Merr.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  8.— B.  B.  ff  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  78, 
pi.  6,  f  5.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  187.">,  45\.—Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  155.— Hensh. 
Z>ol.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1&76,  166  (Arizona). 

Motacilla  caerulea,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  992,  no.  43. 

Culicivora  caerutea,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  zifi.—Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1861,  407 /Cuba). 

Polioptila  caerulea,  Scl.  PZS.  1859,  363  (Xalapa).— Gf«n<H.  J.  f.  O.  1861,  324  (Cuba) ;  1872, 
4(19  (Cuba). 

llUSCicapa  eoerulea,  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  172.— Gamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i. 
•  1847,  38. 

Culicivora  ecerulea,  And.  BA.  i.  1840,  244,  pi.  lO.—  Woodh.  Sitgreave's  Rep.  1853,  67.— Henry, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  309  (New  Mexico).— Putn.  Pr.  Essex  lust.  i.  1856,  206. 


102       SYNONYMY   AND    CHARACTERS    OF    P.    C.ERULEA 

Polioptilacoerulea,  Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  107  (New  Mexico).— Ed.  Ives's  Rep. 
pt.  v.  1861,  G.—Laifr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  282.  —  Brewer,  Am.  Nat.  i.  1867,  116, 
\n.—Lawr.  Ann  Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1869,  199  (Yucatan).  —  Turnb.  BE.  Pa.  1869,  28;  Phila. 
ed.  21.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  17  —Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  99. 

Ciilicivora  roerulea,  Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1855,  471  (Cuba). 

Uulicivora  cerulea,  Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  309.— Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856,289. 

Motacilla  cana,  Gm.  SN.  i.  pt.  ii.  1788,  973,  no.   11G  (from  Buff. 

Lath.,  and  Penn.). 

Sylvia  cana,  Lath.lO.  ii.  1790,  543,  no.  133. 
Refill  us  griceus,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1791,  291. 
Culicivoramexicaiia,  lip  CA.  i.  1850,  316  (?;  nee  Cass.). 
PoliOUtila  mexicana,  Scl.   PZS.   1859,  363,  373  (Xalapa,  Oax- 

aca)—  S.  4-5.  Ibis,  1859,  9  (Guatemala).— Scl.  PZS.  1862,18 

(Southern  Mexico). 

Ficedulapensylvanicacinerea,  Briss.  "  Av.  App.  107,  no.  79". 
Little  Blue-grey  Fly-catcher,  Edw.  Glean,  pi.  302. 
Figuh-r  gris-de-fer,  Buff.  "  01*.  v.  3;9". 
CUT  ill  an   Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.   pt.  ii.  1783,   49U,  no.  117.— < 

Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  4U5,  no.  299. 

Flguier  cendrt  a  gorge  <endr5e,  Buff.  "  v.  319  ". 
Groy-lliroat  Warbler,  Latli.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  496,  no.  128.—       FIG.  17.—  Head  of  Blue- 
fenn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  411,  no.  3L5.  gray  Gnatcatcher  (low.  fig.); 

Blue-gray  Flycatcher,  And.  1.  c.  of  Black-capped  Gnatcatcher 

Culicboregris  dc  ler,  D'Orb.  l.  c.  (up.  fig.)  ;  nat.  size. 

HAB.— United  States  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific;  north  to  the  Connecticut 
Valley  and  Yreka,  Cal.;  south  through  Mexico  and  Lower  California  to 
Guatemala.  Bahamas.  Cuba.  Breeds  throughout  its  United  States  range. 
Winters  on  the  southern  United  States  border  and  southward. 

CH.  SP. — Cano-ccerulea,  infra  canescenti  alba,  alis  fmcis  cano 
Umbatis,  caudd  nigrd,  rectrice  externd  albd,secundd  albo-dimidiata, 
tertia  albo-terminala,  orbitis  albis,  rostro  pedibusque  niyris.  $ 
vertice  magis  ccerulescente,  f  route  cam  striga  superciliari  nigrd; 
9  vertlce  dorso  concolore,  fronte  et  superciliis  innotatis. 

J ,  aflult :  Grayish-blue,  bluer  on  the  crown,  hoary  on  the  rump,  the  fore- 
head black,  continuous  with  a  black  superciliary  line.  Edges  of  eyelids 
white,  and  above  these  a  slight  whitish  stripe  is  commonly  observed  bordering 
the  black  exteriorly.  Below  white,  with  a  faint  plumbeous  shade,  particu- 
larly on  the  breast.  Wings  dark  brown,  the  outer  webs,  especially  of  the 
inner  quills,  edged  with  hoary,  and  the  inner  webs  of  most  bordered  with 
white.  Tail  jet-black,  the  outer  feather  entirely  or  mostly  white,  the  next 
oneabont  half  white,  the  third  one  tipped  with  white.  Bill  and  feet  black. 
Length,  4i-5  ;  extent,  6^-7  ;  wing,  2-5>£;  tail  about  the  same. 

$:  Like  the  $ .  but  duller  and  more  grayish-blue  above;  the  head  like 
the  back,  and  without  any  black.  Bill  usually  in  part  light  colored. 

The  extent  of  white  on  the  tail  varies  somewhat ;  but  I  have  seen  no 
eastern  specimens  in  which  the  outer  feather  was  not  white  in  all  of  its 
extent  which  was  not  covered  by  the  under  coverts.  In  some  Arizona 
examples,  however,  the  black  which  usually  exists  at  the  base  extends  be- 
yond the  coverts,  and  in  fact  there  is  little  more  white  on  this  feather  than 
there  is  in  P.  plumbea,  though  the  black  of  the  frontlet  is  intact. 


MIGRATIONS    OF    THE    BLUE-GRAY    GNATCATCHER     103 

IN  its  winter  resorts  among  the  groves  of  the  southernmost 
States,  this  tiny  creature  grows  restless  with  the  first  breath 
of  spring,  and  frets  till  its  impatience  is  resolved  into  the 
mysterious  impulse  of  migration,  or  absorbed  in  the  more 
pressing  duties  of  the  mating  season.  Those  that  are  inclined 
to  seek  a  summer  home  in  the  north  pass  leisurely  along  in 
March  and  April,  reaching  Virginia  and  Maryland  early  in  the 
latter  month,  and  the  Middle  States  by  the  first  of  May.  They 
seldom  proceed  further  than  this  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  the 
Connecticut  Valley  being  the  terminus  of  their  route.  They 
have  been  said  to  reach  Nova  Scotia,  but  this  appears  doubt- 
ful, though  in  the  interior  the  migration  is  pushed  to  the 
region  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  borders  of  the  British  Provinces — 
west  of  the  Mississippi  to  Iowa  and  Nebraska,  but  apparently 
not  to  Minnesota.  Those  that  winter  in  the  valleys  of  the  Rio 
Grande  and  Colorado  Kivers  seem  to  be  more  restricted  in 
their  movements,  as  they  are  not  known  to  penetrate  the  mount- 
ainous regions  to  the  northward  much  if  any  beyond  the  sources 
of  these  great  streams.  On  the  Pacific  slopes,  the  limit  must 
be  fixed,  so  far  as  we  know  now,  at  latitude  42°. 

In  the  Colorado  Basin,  this  Gnatcatcher  is  sparingly  but 
generally  distributed  in  summer,  and  resident,  as  far  as  the 
whole  area  is  concerned,  though  partially  migratory  within  its 
limits,  since  those  individuals  that  repair  to  northerly  or  alpine 
districts  to  breed  retire  in  the  fall  to  the  lower  warmer  portions. 
At  Fort  Whipple,  in  the  spring  of  18G5,  I  did  not  notice  their 
presence  until  the  last  week  in  April ;  but,  as  I  was  not  then 
collecting  every  day,  I  may  have  missed  tkem  on  their  first  ap- 
pearance. At  Washington,  D.  C.,  where  they  are  more  numer- 
ous than  I  have  found  them  to  be  anywhere  in  the  West,  I 
used  to  note  their  arrival  each  spring  for  several  years  in  the 
early  part  of  April.  On  entering  the  noble  oak  forests  which 
still  surround  the  city,  at  a  time  when  the  buds,  though  swollen, 
have  not  yet  burst  into  the  leafy  canopy  which  later  covers 
the  nakedness  of  the  branches  and  gives  privacy  to  the  life  of 
numberless  sylvan  sprites  besides  the  Blue-gray  Gnatcatchers, 
I  seldom  missed  first  hearing,  then  seeing,  these  waf  ward  and 
capricious  little  creatures.  Though  so  near  the  most  uncertain 
and  dangerous  spot  in  America — Washington,  "  Mecca  of  the 
unfortunate  and  the  tomb  of  ambition v,  the  Blue-grays  seem 
to  have  no  fears  for  the  success  of  their  recent  pilgrimage  from 
the  South,  and  indulge  the  aspirations  of  the  day.  Not  content 


104      BEHAVIOR    OF    TILE    BLUE-GRAY    GNATCATCHER 

with  the  low  estate  of  tbe  shrubbery,  which  seems  best  suited 
to  shelter  their  insignificance,  they  mount  the  tallest  trees,  and 
go  the  rounds  with  all  the  bluster  and  display  of  assured  suc- 
cess. From  the  tree- tops  come  the  shrill  wiry  notes,  two  or 
three  at  a  time,  like  tzee-tzee-tzee,  as  the  birds  skip  nimbly  from 
twig  to  twig,  with  lowering  half-spread  wings  and  nervous 
twitching  of  the  whole  body,  in  eager  quest  of  insects  and 
larvsB,  now  pausing  a  moment  to  pry  more  closely  into  a  suspected 
crevice  of  the  bark,  then  darting  into  the  air  to  capture  a  pass- 
ing fly,  and  regaining  their  perch  after  almost  a  somersault. 
Restless  and  bustling  as  all  its  actions  are  at  such  times,  there 
is  something  more  remarkable  still  in  the  excessive  eagerness 
betrayed,  and  the  wonderful  elan  with  which  they  dash  upon 
their  prey — as  if  they  would  crowd  the  business  of  a  lifetime 
into  its  early  days,  and  seize  its  prizes  with  the  first  impetuous 
assault.  We  must  admire  such  spirit,  even  after  we  have 
learned  it  is  unsafe. 

Days  pass  in  this  incessant  activity,  this  impetuous  revolt 
from  the  monotony  of  idleness,  till  other  impulses  are  stimulated 
with  the  warmth  of  the  advancing  season,  and  the  sharp  accents 
of  the  voice  are  modulated  into  sweet  and  tender  song,  so  low 
as  to  be  inaudible  at  any  considerable  distance,  yet  so  fault- 
lessly executed  and  well  sustained  that  the  tiny  musician  may 
claim  no  mean  rank  in  the  feathered  choir.  A  little  later  still 
we  may,  perchance,  if  our  eyes  are  sharp,  and  we  know  just 
where  to  look,  discover  the  extremely  beautiful  nest  which  the 
Blue  gray  makes  for  itself — a  structure  which  cannot  fail  to 
excite  our  wonder  and  admiration.  Excepting  the  Humming- 
bird's nest,  none  can  compare  with  this  exquisite  specimen  of 
bird  architecture,  cunningly  contrived  to  combine  elegance 
with  comfort,  artfully  rendered  substantial  without  sacrifice  of 
good  taste,  and  ingeniously  screened  from  observation  by  the 
same  means  that  are  employed  for  its  ornamentation.  True  to 
its  aspirations,  the  bird  nestles  high  in  the  trees,  usually  at 
least  twenty  yards  from  the  ground,  placing  the  fabric  among 
slender  twigs,  to  which  it  is  woven,  oftenest  at  the  extremity 
of  a  bougti  which  sways  with  the  wind.  To  insure  the  safety 
of  its  contents  during  the  motion  to  which  it  is  often  subjected, 
it  is  built  remarkably  deep,  and  contracted  at  the  orifice,  so 
that  the  cavity  is  somewhat  purse-shaped,  and  the  general 
shape  outside  is  like  that  of  a  truncated  cone.  It  seems  large  for 
the  size  of  the  bird — it  is  sometimes  three  and  a  half  inches  in 


NEST    AND    EGGS    OF    BLUE-GRAY    GNATCATCIIER      105 

height,  and  nearly  as,  much  in  width  at  the  base,  with  a  diameter 
of  two  inches  at  the  brim.  The  walls  are  closely  and  warmly 
matted  or  felted  with  the  softest  vegetable  material,  the  de- 
composed fibre  of  various  plants,  thistle-down,  and  like  sub- 
stances, in  some  cases  woven  with  spider's  web.  The  structure 
is  artistically  finished  with  stucco-work  of  lichens  all  over  the 
outside,  which  serves  the  double  purpose  of  perfecting  its 
beauty  and  making  it  resemble  a  natural  excrescence.  In  such 
an  elegant  cradle,  eggs  are  laid,  to  the  number  of  four,  five,  or 
even  six,  measuring  scarcely  three-filths  of  an  inch  in  length 
and  less  than  half  an  inch  in  their  greatest  diameter — white 
in  color,  speckled  and  dashed,  generally  over  the  whole  surface, 
with  several  shades  of  reddish  or  .umber  brown  and  lilac.  In 
such  a  secure  home  as  this,  the  Blue  gray  Flycatcher  usually 
rears  its  brood  unmolested  ;  it  has  little  to  fear  except  from  the 
Cow  bird  and  from  the  ornithologist,  against  which  enemies  no 
art  avails.  The  parasitic  bird  might  have  its  own  excuse  to 
offer,  could  its  motives  be  called  in  question ;  the  other  may 
apologize,  after  a  fashion,  by  averring  that  even  this  slight 
sketch  of  the  Blue-gray  Guatcatcher's  life  could  not  be  finished 
had  the  nest  never  been  rifled. 


Plumbeous  ftnatcatcher 

Polioptila  plumbea 

Polioptila  plumbea,  Bd.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1838,  118.— Bd.  SNA.  1858,  382;  atlas,  1860,  pi. 

33,  f.  1  (Arizona).— Henry,  Pr.  Pnila.   Acad.  1859,  107.— Bd.  Ives'd  Rep.  pt.  v.  1861,  6.— 

Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  74.— tones,  Ibi.-t,  1865,  533 .— Cones,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  6S —Coop. 

Am.  Nat.  iii. 'l869.  474,  479.— Coop.  B.  Gal  i.  le>70,  37,  fig.— Cones,  Key,  1872,  79.— B.  B. 

ffR.  NAB.  i.  1874,  80,  pi.  6,  f.fi.—ffensh.  List.  B.  Utah,  1875,  155. 
Lead-colored  Flycatcher,  Coop.  I  c. 
(  Lead-colored  Guatcatcher;  Arizona  Gnatcatcher,  B.  B.  ff  R.  1.  c. 

HAB.— (Not  known  to  occur  beyond  the)  Valley  of  the  Gila  and  Colorado. 

CH.  SP. — Similis  prcecedenti  sed  notceo  minus  ccerulescente,  et 
fronte  concolore;  striga  soluni  superciliari  nigrd,  alterd  breviore 
alba;  rectrice  externd  pogonio  exteriore  et  apice  albis.  2  capite 
innotato. 

$ ,  adult :  Upper  parts  like  those  of  P.  cceruka,  but  duller  and  more  gray- 
ish ;  no  black  on  the  forehead  ;  a  short  black  stripe  over  each  eye,  and  be- 
low this  another  one  of  white.  Outer  tail-feather  with  the  whole  outer 


106  THE    PLUMBEOUS    GNATCATCHER 

web  and  tip  white  (much  like  the  second  feather  of  P.  ccenilea)  ;  the  next 
two  feathers  tipped  with  white.  Size  of  P.  ccertilea. 

9  :  Like  the  $  ;  the  upper  parts  still  duller,  and  frequently  with  a  decided 
brownish  shade  ;  uo  black  over  the  eye.  Ouly  distinguished  from  $  ccerulea 
by  less  white  on  the  tail. 

The  difference  between  this  species  and  P.  ccerulea  lies  only  in  the  less 
amount  of  white  on  the  tail  and  absence  of  black  on  the  forehead.  The 
black  on  the  head  is  restricted  to  a  short  superciliary  stripe,  instead  of  reach- 
ing across  the  forehead.  The  outer  tail-feather  has  about  as  much  white  as 
there  is  on  the  second  feather  of  P.  ccerulea,  while  the  next  feather  corre- 
sponds to  the  third  of  cceritlea.  In  view  of  the  observed  variations  in  this 
respect,  it  may  fairly  be  questioned  whether  the  present  is  anything  more 
than  a  local  race  of  P.  ccerulea,  as  would  certainly  seem  to  be  the  case  if 
specimens  also  intermediate  in  the  character  of  the  black  ou  the  head  should 
be  forthcoming.  This,  however,  has  not  been  observed  ;  while  the  fact  that 
the  two  forms  live  side  by  side  ii  Arizona,  each  preserving  its  characters  for 
the  most  part  intact,  is  evidence  in  favor  of  their  specific  difference. 

DR.  C.  B.  E.  KENNERLY  discovered  this  bird  on  Bill  Will- 
iams' River,  Arizona,  in  1854,  and  it  was  described  by  Pro- 
fessor Baird  during  the  same  year.  It  does  not  seem  to  be  a  com- 
mon bird  ;  in  fact,  the  small  number  of  specimens  acquired  in 
the  interval  between  its  discovery  and  the  present  time  go  to 
show  that  it  is  less  abundant  in  Arizona  than  P.  cccrulea, 
though  in  one  sense  it  is  the  characteristic  species  of  the  Ter- 
ritory. During  my  residence  at  Fort  Wbipple,  I  did  not  find  it, 
or,  at  any  rate,  did  not  recognize  it,  though  I  took  specimens 
in  several  other  localities,  lower  than  or  south  of  Whipple.  In 
these  places,  it  was  seen  in  summer  and  early  autumn.  Dr. 
Cooper  remarks  its  wintering  on  the  Colorado  as  high  as  Fort 
Mojave.  There  is  nothing  to  speak  of  in  its  habits  and  man- 
ners after  what  has  been  said  of  its  near  relative. 


Black-capped  Gnat  catcher 

Polioptila  inelaitura 

CuliClvora  atricapilla,  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  v.  1852,  124  (Texas).— Bd.  Stansbury's  Rep. 
1852,  328.— Heerm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  ii.  1853,  263. 

Polioptila  melanura,  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vi.  1856,  168  (Texas  and  California).—^.  BNA. 
1858,  382.— Bd.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  l&.r,9,  304  (Cape  Saint  Lucas).— Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859, 
39.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  68.— Dress.  Ibis,  1865,  485  (Texas).— Cones,  Pr  Phila.  Acad. 
1866,  66  (Arizona).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  184.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  37,  fi^.— 
Couet,  Key,  1872,  79,  f.  20.— B.  B.  Sf  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  81,  pi.  6,  f.  T.—Hensk.  List  B. 
Ariz.  1875, 155. 


THE    BLACK-CAPPED    GNATCATCHER  107 

Culicivora  mexicana,  CMS,  111.  i.  1854,  164,  pi.  27  (not  of  Bp.). 
Black-headed  Gnatcatchcr,  Coues,  l.  c. 
Black-capped  Gnatcatcher,  /;.  />'.  4  R.  1.  c. 

HAB. — Texas  to  Southern  and  Lower  California. 

CH.  SP. — Similis  P.  ccerulece;  sed  vertice 
nigro,  pogonio  externo  rectricis  exterioris  albo- 
limbato,  apice  albo. 

$  :  Like  P.  ccerulex,  but  the  whole  top  of  the  head 
black.  White  of  tail  reduced  to  a  minimum ;  the 
outer  web  of  the  outer  feather  being  usually  edged 
with  white,  instead  of  wholly  white,  and  the  tip  of 
the  inner  web,  with  the  tip  of  the  next  feather,  white  FIG.  18.— c,  tail  of  Black- 
for  a  very  slight  space;  no  white  observed  on  the  capped  Gnatcatcher;  d,  of 
third  feather.  Size  of  the  foregoing;  tarsi  rather  ^*™'U  Gnatcatcher : 
longer — about  0.70.  9  :  No  black  on  the  head. 

The  male  of  this  species  is  immediately  distinguished  from  that  of  either 
of  the  two  foregoing  by  having  the  whole  top  of  the  head  black.  The 
female,  however,  presents  some  difficulty,  being  mainly  distinguishable  by  the 
minimum  amount  of  white  on  the  tail,  as  above  described,  and  the  rather 
longer  tarsi,  which  are  f  of  an  inch  instead  of  about  f . 

THE  Black  capped  Guatcatcher,  first  described  by  Mr,  G.  IS". 
Lawrence  in  1851,  was  discovered  at  Biuggold  Barracks, 
Texas,  by  Capt.  J.  P.  McCown,  then  of  the  United  States  Army, 
who  subsequently  changed  his  allegiance  to  a  temporary  con- 
federation which  was  declared  in  1861.  Various  observers 
have  since  met  with  the  bird  in  different  portions  of  the  South- 
west, till  its  range  has  been  ascertained  to  extend  from  Texas 
to  California,  at  the  latitude  of  San  Diego,  and  down  the  pen- 
insula to  Cape  Saint  Lucas,  including  a  portion  of  Mexico.  I 
never  saw  it  at  Fort  Whipple,  nor  does  Mr.  Henshaw  appear  to 
have  met  with  it  in  his  various  tours  in  the  Southwest.  Lieu- 
tenant Bendire  found  it  resident  about  Tucson,  and  Dr.  Cooper 
states  that  it  remains  during  the  winter  at  Fort  Mojave  and 
San  Diego.  The  published  records  of  its  habits,  excluding 
some  statements  that  do  not  seem  very  well  considered,  indi- 
cate nothing  peculiar  in  comparison  with  those  of  P.  ccerulea; 
while  the  nest  and  eggs,  as  described  by  Dr.  Brewer,  are  sub- 
stantially the  same,  though  some  "  black"  markings  of  the  lat- 
ter are  mentioned.  This  may  be  a  remarkable  circumstance, 
for,  according  to  the  same  author  (N.  Am.  (X)l.  p.  7)  "  markings 
of  a  jet-black  color,  even  to  the  extent  of  blotches,  spots,  or 
lines,  are  of  very  rare  occurrence,  if  not  positively  unknown". 


CHAPTER  V.  — WEEN-TITS 


FAM. 

THIS  small  group  was  proposed  in  1864,  by  Professor  Baird, 
for  the  accommodation  of  a  single  genus  and  species  not 
readily  referable  to  any  established  familv;  although,  as  its 
proposer  suggested,  the  bird  may  belong  to  some  recognized 
exotic  group.  Its  characters,  which  are  in  effect  the  same  as 
those  of  the  genus  Chamcca,  are  given  under  head  of  the  latter. 

Genus  CHAMJEA  Gambel 

CHARS. — Form  and  general  aspect  combining  features  of 
Wrens  and  Titmice.  Plumage  extraordinarily  lax,  soft  and  full. 
Coloration  simple.  Tarsal  scute.lla  obsolete,  or  faintly  indi- 
cated. Toes  coherent  at  base  for  about  half  the  length  of  the 
proximal  joint  of  the  middle  one.  Soles  widened  and  padded, 
much  as  in  Paridce.  Primaries  10,  the  sixth  longest,  the  third 
equal  to  the  longest  secondaries,  the  first  about  f  as  long  as 
the  longest;  wing  thus  extremely  rounded,  and  much  shorter 
than  the  tail  (about  §  as  long).  Tail  very  long,  constituting 
more  than  half  the  entire  length  of  the  bird,  extremely  gradu- 
ated, with  soft,  narrow  feathers,  widening  somewhat  toward 
their  tips,  rounded  at  the  end,  the  lateral  pair  not  two  thirds 
as  long  as  the  middle.  Bill  much  shorter  than  head,  straight, 
stout,  compressed-conical,  not  notched,  with  ridged  culmen, 
naked,  scaled,  linear  nostrils,  and  strongly  bristled  gape. 

The  genus  may  be  found  referable  to  the  Troglodytidcc  in  the 
vicinity  of  Cinnicerthia. 


The  Wren-tit 

Chamroa  fasciata 

ParilS  faSCiatllS,  Gam?>.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  ii.  1845,  265  (California;. 

Cbaimea  fasciata,  Gamb.  Pr.  Phila,   Acad.  iii.    1846,   154  (type).— Gnmb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad. 

2<lser.  i.  1847,  34,  pi.  8,   f.   3.— Cass.   III.  i.    1853,  39,   pi.  7.— Xant.  Pr.  Phila.    Acad.  xi. 

1859,  191.— Ed.  RAB.  i.  1864,  76.  —  Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.   1869.  185.  —  Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870, 

39,  figs.— Coues,  Key,   1872,  79.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.   1874,   17.— B.  B.   tf  Ii.  NAB. 

1874,  84,  fign.,  pi.  6,  f.  8.—  Nels.  Pr.  Bobt.  Soc.-  xvii.  1875,  356 


CHARACTERS    OF    CHAMPA    FASCIATA  109 


,  Cab.  Arch.  f.  Naturg.  1818,  Bd.i.  103.—  Bp.  CA.  i.   1850,  206.—  Ed.  BXA. 
1858.  371).—  Hc.r.rm.  PURR.  x.  1859,  41. 

Chanii  a  tasciata,  Rd.  Stanhbury'tt  Kep.  GSL.  1832,  332.—  Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  187^,  350,  404. 
Ground  Wren,  Wn-n-tit,  Ground-tit,  Vulg. 

II  AB.—  California  from  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  coast,  from  the  Sacra- 
mento Valley  to  Sau  Diego. 

Cn.  SP.  —  (5  2  Olivaceo-fusGa,  capite  obseuriore,  alls  cauddque 
obsolete  transfasciatis  ;  infra  pallide  cinnamomina,  lateribus 
crusoque  obscurioribus,  guld  etpectore  obsolete  fmco-striatis. 

Adult  :  Dark  brown  with  an  olive  shade,  the  top  of  the  head,  clearer  and 
somewhat  streaky,  the  wings  and  tail  purer  brown,  obscurely  marked  with 
numerous  cross-bars  ;  below  dull  cinnamon-brown,  shaded  with  olive-brown 
on  the  sides  and  crissum,  the  throat  and  breast  obscurely  streaked  with 
dusky  ;  bill  and  feet  brown  ;  iris  white.  Length  about  six  inches  ;  wing, 
2i-2i;  tail  an  inch  longer,  much  graduated,  the  lateral  feathers  being  an 
inch  or  more  shorter  than  the  middle  ones;  bill,  £;  tarsus,-^-;  middle  toe 
and  claw,  f.  First  primary  nearly  an  inch  shorter  than  the  longest  one. 

With  a  general  pariue  appearance,  this  species,  as  indicated  by  the  above 
measurements,  is  of  remarkable  shape,  quite  uulik'e  that  of  any  other  North 
American  bird.  It  was  usually  classed  with  the  Pandce,  until  a  separate 
family  was  formed  for  its  reception.  The  tail  is  ve"ry  long,  much  exceeding 
the  wings,  and  forms  rather  more  than  half  the  entire  length  of  the  bird. 
The  wings  are  exceedingly  short  and  rounded,  the  exposed  portion  of  the 
lirst  primary  being  less  than  an  inch  in  length.  The  plumage  is  remarkably 
long,  soft  and  lax  ;  the  coloration  inconspicuous,  blended  and  diffuse.  The 
tarsal  scutella  tend  to  become  fused,  though  a  few  large  plates  may  com- 
monly be  observed  in  front. 

THE  Wren  tit  is  one  of  several  interesting  discoveries  made 
in  California  by  Dr.  William  G-ambel,of  Philadelphia,  whose 
life  left  an  example  of  how  much  may  be  accomplished  in  a 
brief  space  of  time  by  the  wise  use  of  natural  gifts.  He  at 
first  called  it  a  Farm,  but,  soon  perceiving  its  strongly  dis- 
tinctive characters,  conferred  upon  it  the  appropriate  title  of 
Chamcea  (/a/tat,  "on  the  ground'7),  in  allusion  to  its  terrestrial 
habits.  According  to  his  accounts,  which  remain  the  most 
accurate  and  pertinent  of  those  which  have  thus  far  reached 
me,  I  gather  that  its  habits  are  quite  Wren-like  ;  that  it  in- 
habits shrubby  and  weedy  places,  is  restless  and  active,  expert 
in  eluding  obversation,  and  clamorous  in  resenting  intrusion 
of  its  haunts,  with  harsh  scolding  notes  ;  that  it  shares,  further- 
more, the  very  Wren-like  way  of  holding  the  tail  erect  at  times, 
and  nervously  twitching  it.  He  observed  its  manner  of  search- 
ing for  its  insect  food  by  scrambling  sideways  about  the  weeds 
and  bushes  j  and  speaks  of  other  notes  it  possesses  more  musical 


110  HABITS    OF    THE    WREN-TIT 

than  its  usual  scolding  cries — a  succession  of  slow  monotonous 
whistling  notes  prolonged  with  a  trill.  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper,  who 
found  the  bird  "  common  everywhere  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
on  dry  plains  and  hillsides  covered  with  chaparral  and  other 
shrubby  undergrowth  ",  describes  the  nest  and  eggs,  which  he 
discovered  at  San  Diego  during  the  last  week  of  April,  1862. 
The  nest  was  placed  in  a  shrub  about  three  feet  from  the 
ground,  and  was  "composed  of  straws  and  twigs  mixed  with 
feathers,  firmly  interwoven",  lined  with  grass  and  hair;  the 
cavity  was  a  little  less  than  two  .inches  wide,  and  about  as 
deep.  "  The  eggs  were  0.70  x  0.52  inch  in  size,  and  pale  green- 
ish blue"  in  color. 

I  have  myself  never  seen  this  curious  bird  alive ;  and  I 
hesitated  to  bring  it  into  the  present  connection.  A  short 
notice,  however,  of  the  interesting  species  seemed  desirable, 
and  I  concluded  to  introduce  it,  on  the  strength  of  its  occur- 
rence in  the  country  about  Fort  Tejon,  at  the  western  edge  of 
the  interior  basin — particularly  since  there  is  no  doubt  in  my 
own  mind  that  the  bird  actually  inhabits  a  small  part  of  the 
Colorado  water-shed.  It  is,  however,  characteristic  of  the 
coast  region  from  the  Sacramento  Valley  to  Lower  California, 
and  back  from  the  coast  to  the  Sierra  Nevada.  There  is  even 
a  record  of  its  probable  or  possible  presence  in  Colorado  Ter- 
ritory ;  but  this  is  so  extremely  doubtful  that  I  shall  not  refer 
to  it  more  explicitly — I  have  learned  too  much  of  the  "  growing 
apace"  of  ornithological  ill  weeds  that  once  take  root.  For  all 
we  know,  Chamcea  remains  a  singularly  isolated  form,  so  re- 
stricted in  habitat,  and  so  widely  separated  from  former  or 
present  allies,  that  the  wonder  is  how  it  was  ever  developed  in 
this  place  without  leaving  a  trace  of  its  ancestry. 


CHAPTER  VI.— TITMICE 


FAM.  PARID.E 

"inXCEPTING.the  aberrant  genus  Auriparus,  which  perjiaps 
J--^  belongs  elsewhere  (see  beyond),  the  North  American  Paridce 
are  all  very  closely  interrelated,  and  agree  in  the  following  char- 
acters:— Bill  very  short  and  stout,  straight,  compressed-conoid 
in  shape,  not  notched  nox  with  decurved  tip,  its  under  as  well 
as  upper  outline  convex.  Rictus  without  true  bristles,  but 
base  of  the  bill  covered  with  tufts  of  bristly  feathers  directed 
forward,  entirely  concealing  the  nostrils.  Feet  stout ;  tarsi 
distinctly  sen tellate,  longer  than  the  middle  toe;  toes  rather 
short,  the  anterior  soldered  together  at  the  base  for  most  of 
the  length  of  the  basal  joint  of  the  middle  one.  Hind  toe  with 
an  enlarged  pad  beneath,  forming,  with  the  consolidated  bases 
of  the  anterior  toes,  a  broad  firm  sole.  Wing  with  ]  0  primaries, 
of  which  the  first  is  very  short  or  spurious,  scarcely  or  not 
half  as  long  as  the  second;  wing  as  a  whole  rounded,  scarcely 
or  not  longer  than  the  tail,  which  latter  is  rounded  or  graduated 
and  composed  of  12  narrow  soft  feathers,  with  rounded  or 
somewhat  truncated  tips.  Plumage  long,  soft  and  loose,  with- 
out bright  colors  (again  excepting  Auriparus)  or  well  marked 
changes  according  to  sex,  age  or  season.  Size  small  (length 
under  7  inches). 

There  is  really  a  close  similarity  in  external  form — borne  out 
to  some  extent  in  habits— between  the  Titmice  and  the  Jays. 
Thus  a  species  of  Parus  is  hardly  distinguishable  iu  details  of 
form  from  Perisoreus,  and  Lophophanes  as  closely  resembles 
Cyanurus.  There  will,  however,  be  no  difficulty  in  distinguish- 
ing them,  if  only  by  the  arbitrary  criterion  of  size — for  all  the 
Jays  are  much  larger  than  any  Titmice.  In  the  assemblage  of 
upward  of  a  hundred  species  which,  according  to  conven- 
tional usage,  compose  the  Paridce,  certain  aberrant  forms  are 
generally  separated  as  subfamilies;  but  a  large  majority  are 
referable  to  the 


112  CHARACTERISTICS    OF    THE    PARING 

SUBFAMILY  PAEINJE  :  TRUE  TITMICE 

The  familiar  Chickadee,  so  called  from  its  quaint  notes,  which 
are  thought  to  resemble  the  syllables  chick'-a-dee,  stands  as  a 
typical  representative  of  this  group.  The  accredited  species, 
to  the  number  of  about  seventy,  are,  with  few  exceptions, 
confined  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  abound  in  most  parts 
of  Europe,  Asia  and  North  America.  A  strong  family  like- 
ness runs  through  the  whole  of  them,  and  their  habits  and 
manners  in  most  respects  are  much  the  same.  The  principal 
exception  to  this  statement  is  found  in  the  methods  of  nidi  fication, 
which  vary  greatly — some  species  building  in  holes  of  trees, 
which  they  excavate  like  woodpeckers,  while  others  construct 
immense  purse-like  pensile  nests  of  grasses  or  mosses.  They 
are  for  the  most  part  hardy  birds,  capableyof  enduring  great 
cold  with  impunity  5  this  circumstance,  which,  with  their  omniv- 
orous tastes,  renders  procuring  of  food  of  one  kind  or  another 
easy  at  all  seasons,  causes  them  to  be  non-migratory,  or  only 
imperfectly  so.  Their  musical  ability  is  decidedly  of  a  low- 
order,  though  they  have  a  great  variety  of 'hearty  and  not  dis- 
pleasing notes.  They  are  very  active,  restless,  energetic  and 
industrious  birds,  withal  turbulent,  self  asserting,  and  in  the 
presence  of  man  heedless  to  a  degree.  Among  their  own  kind, 
they  are  sociable,  in  some  cases  almost  gregarious,  but  are 
accused  of  being  tyrannical  and  cruel,  like  Jays,  toward  weaker 
or  more  defenseless  species.  They  are  very  prolific,  not  only  lay- 
ing a  large  clutch  of  eggs,  but  often  rearing  more  than  one  brood 
annually;  as  a  consequence,  they  are  usually  abundant  wher- 
ever found  at  all.  They  are  chiefly  confined  to  wooded  country  j 
the  boreal  species  of  America,  like  Parus  liudsonicus,  haunt 
the  coniferous  forests ;  others,  for  the  most  part,  prefer  thickets, 
shrubbery  and  undergrowth. 

The  four  genera  to  be  here  treated  will  be  readily  dis- 
tinguished by  the  following  characters. 

Genus  LOPHOPHANES  Kaup 

CHARS. — Head  crested.  Wings  and  tail  rounded,  of  about 
equal  lengths,  and  about  as  long  as  the  body.  Bill  conoid  com- 
pressed, with  upper  and  under  outlines  both  convex.  No  yel- 
low on  head  nor  red  on  wing.  Plumage  lax,  much  the  same 
at  all  ages  and  seasons.  Average  size  of  the  species  at  a 


LOPPIOPHANES CHARS.  AND  SYNS.  OF  L.  BICOLOR      113 

maximum  for  this  group.     Nests  excavated  in  trees.    Eggs 
spotted. 

There  are  four  perfectly  good  American  species  of  "  Tufted 
Titmice  r,  only  two  of  which  are  known  to  occur  in  the  Colorado 
Basin.  For  convenience  of  comparing  the  three  western  species 
with  the  eastern  one,  the  characters  of  the  latter  are  subjoined.* 

*  I.ophopha !n-s  bicolor.— Tiiftecl  Titmouse. 

Parus  biCOlor,  L.  SN.  i-  1766,  340  (Gates,  i.  pi.  57).- Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  W05.-Latk.  IO.  ii.  1790, 
567.— Tun.  SN.  i.  1806,  621.—  Wils.  AO.  i.  1808,  137,  pi.  8,  f.  5.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad. 
iv.  1825,  255.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  100.— Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  456.— Aud.  OB.  i. 
1831,  199,  pi.  39 — Niat.  Man.  i.  1832,  236.— Temm.  Man.  iii.  1835.  210.— Bp.  C.  &  G.  L. 
1838,  20.— Aud.  Syn.  1839,  78.— Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841,  143,  pi.  125  ("  Nova  Scotia").— Linsl. 
Am.  Journ.  Sci.  xliv.  1843,  255  (Connecticut).— Gir.  BLI.  1844,  78.— Read,  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  vi.  1853,  397  (Ohio).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  iv.  1854,  325.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
vii.  1855,  309  (?  ?  New  Mexico).— Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  584.—  Haym.  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  viii.  185C,  290  (Indiana).— Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  vi.  1858,  118.  (N.  B.— Parus 
bicolcr,  Fabric.  Fn.  Grrenland.  1780,  123,  is  some  other  animal.) 

iophophaiies  biCOlor,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  228.— Cass.  111.1853,  IB.—  Woodk.  Sitgr.  Rep.  Zufii, 
1853,  68  (Indian  Territory).— Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  1858,  117.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  384.— Henry, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  107.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  437  (Pennsylvania).— 
Coues  SfPrent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  4ll.—Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862, 
174.—  Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862,  157.— Bd.  RAB.  1864,78.—  Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864, 
S3.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  438  (Missouri).— Dress.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  485 
(Texas).— Later.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  283.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868, .  107 
(South  Carolina).— Coue§,  Pr.  Ess.  lust.  v.  1868,  279  (New  England).— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa. 
1869,  28  ;  Phila.  ed.  21.— Gregg,  Br.  Elmira  Acad.  1870,  —  (Chemung  Co.  N.  Y.T  rare).— 
Abbott,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  545.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  1871,  261  (Florida);  iii.  1872,125 
(Kansas).— Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  221.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  264.— Mayn.  B. 
Fla.  1872,  32.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  80,  f.  21.—  Snow,  B.  Kans.  1873,  6  (resident).— Ridg. 
Am.  Nat.  vii,  1873,  200.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  236  (Iowa).— M err.  Am.  Nat. 
viii.  1874,  8,  86.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  19.— B.  B.  4-  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  87,  pi.  6,  f.  1.—  Breto. 
Pr.Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  451. 

Bacolophus  bicolor,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,  91. 

Parus  CristatUSj'-Barfr.  Trav.  Fla.  1st  Am.  ed.  1791,  292. 

Lophoplianes  missouriensis,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  3H4  (in  text). 

Toupet  Titmouse,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  423,  no.  324. 

Mesange  bicolore,  Temm.  i.  c. 

Tufted  Titmouse,  Crested  Titmouse,  Vulg. 

HAB.— Eastern  United  States,  from  Texas  and  Nebraska  to  tbe  Connecti- 
cut Valley. 

CH.  SP.: — $  $  Cinereus,  dorso  paululum  olivascente  ;  infra  sordide  albus,  lateri-< 
bus  rufis  ;  f  route  nigrd;  rostro  nigricante,  pedibm  plumbeis. 

3  9 :  Entire  upper  parts  ashy,  tbe  back  usually  with  a  slight  olivaceous 
shade,  tbe  wings  and  tail  rather  purer  and  darker  plumbeous,  the  latter 
sometimes  showing  obsolete  transverse  bars.  Sides  of  the  head  and  entire 
under  parts  dull  whitish,  washed  with  chestnut-brown  on  the  sides.  A 
black  frontlet  at  the  base  of  the  crest.  Bill  plumbeous-blackish  ;  feet  plum- 
beous. Length,  6-6i  inches;  extent,  9f-10£;  wing,  3-3£;  tail  about  the 
same. 

Young :  The  crest  less  developed  ;  little  if  any  trace  of  the  black  frontlet ; 
sides  scarcely  washed  with  rusty. 
8BC 


114     CHARACTERS,  ETC.,  OF  LOPHOPHANES  INORNATUS 

Plain  Titmouse 

Loplioptianes  iiiornatus 

Parus  inornatUS,  Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  ii.  1845,  265;  iii.  1846,  154  ;  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  2d 
ger.  i.  1847,  35,  pi.  8,  f.  2  (California). 

Loptiophanes  inornatUS,  Bd.  Stansb.  Rep.  GSL.  1852,  332.— Cass.  111.  1853,  19.—  Heerm. 
Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  ii.  1853,  263.—  Woodk.  Sitgr.  Rep.  Zuui  R.  1853,  69.— Bd.  BNA.  1858, 
386.— Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  191  (California).—  Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  42.— Scl. 
CAB.  1861,  14.— Bd.  RAB.  1864,  78.— Coties,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  79  (Fort  Whip- 
pie).—  Elliot,  BNA.  pi.  3.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  42,  6g.—Aiken,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv. 
1872,  195  (Colorado).— Coues,  Key,  1872,  80,  f.  W.—Ridg.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873,  179 
(Colorado).— 5.  B.  <V  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  91,  pi.  6,  f.  3.  —  Coues,  BNW.  1874,  20.— Coop.  Am. 
Nat.  viii.  1874,  17.— Yarr.  tfHensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  l.—Hensh.  Rep.  Orn. Specs.  1874, 
40,  99.-7VeZs.Pr.Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  356.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  10U  Merid.  1876,  167. 

Tophophanes  inonuUiis.  Bd.  Ives's  Rep.  Colorado  R.  pt.  vi.  1861,  6. 

Plain  Titmouse,  Gray-tufted  Titmouse,  California  Titmouse,  Vulg. 

HAB. — United  States,  from  Western  Texas  and  Colorado  to  the  Pacific. 
CH.  SP. —  $  9  Olivaceo  cinereus,  fronte  concolore;  infra  cinereo- 
albus,  lateribus  concoloribus  ;  rostro  pedibusque  plumbeis. 

Adults:  Entire  upper  parts  dull  leaden-gray,  with  a  slight  olive  shade; 
the  wings  and  tail  rather  purer  and  darker.  Below,  dull  ashy- whitish,  with- 
out any  rusty  wash  on  the  sides.  No  black  on  the  head.  Extreme  forehead 
and  sides  of  the  head  obscurely  speckled  with  whitish.  No  decided  mark- 
ings anywhere.  In  size  rather  less  than  L.  bicolor;  length  usually  under 
six  inches,  &c. 

The  young  are  quite  like  the  adults.  These  closely  resemble  the  young  of 
L.  bicolor  ;  but  in  the  latter  there  are  traces  at  least  of  the  reddish  of  the 
sides  or  black  of  the  frontlet,  or  both  ;  the  general  coloration  is  purer,  with 
more  distinction  between  the  upper  and  under  parts,  and  the  size  is  rather 
greater.  The  peculiar  speckled  appearance  of  the  sides  of  the  head  ami 
lores  of  L.  inornatus  is  not  observed  in  L.  bicolor. 

THROUGHOUT  the  Colorado  Basin,  the  familiar  Tufted  Tit- 
mouse of  the  Eastern  States  is  replaced  by  the  "  plaiu  " 
species,  well  named  "  inornatus" — a  peculiarly  sordid  bird,  the 
dull  monotony  of  whose  plumage  is  unrelieved  by  a  single  touch 
of  color.  It  inhabits  not  only  a  portion  of  Western  Texas,  the 
whole  of  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  corresponding  latitudes  in 
California,  but  also  portions  of  Colorado,  Utah  and  Nevada. 
How  far  north  it  extends  is  not  precisely  ascertained ;  but  we 
may  suppose  it  to  be  distributed  at  least  half-way  across  the 
three  last-named  Territories,  which  lie  in  a  tier  together.  Its 
southern  extreme,  similarly,  is  uncertain  ;  but,  wherever  the 
"  ragged  edge  "  of  its  habitat  may  run,  the  watershed  of  the 
great  Colorado  of  the  West  is  its  home,  and  there  it  resides 
continually. 

It  is  another  discovery  which  the  lamented  Gambel  made  in 
California,  where  he  first  found  it,  in  November,  near  Monte- 
rey, among  the  evergreen  oaks  of  that  vicinity.  Since  his 


PRACTICAL    ORNITHOLOGY    IN   ARIZONA  115 

time,  nearly  all  the  explorers  of  the  Southwest  have  also  met 
with  the  bird,  and  recorded  the  impressions  it  left  upon  them — 
among  whom  may  be  mentioned  Woodhouse,  Heermann,  Xan- 
tus,  Cooper,  Aiken,  Ridgway,  and  Heushaw,  all  well  known  in 
connection  with  the  ornithology  of  this  very  interesting  region. 
Whilst  living  at  Fort  Whipple,  I  frequently  came  upon  little 
troops  of  these  Titmice,  especially  in  the  winter-time — my  note- 
book is  silent  for  the  summer  months,  but  I  never  doubted 
their  permanence  in  that  vicinity.  Nearly  all  of  us  who  have 
had  anything  to  say  about  the  birds  speak  of  their  fondness  for 
the  tracts  of  country  which  are  covered  with  scrubby  evergreen 
oaks;  in  my  "Prodrome"  1  called  it  "  emphatically  an  ever- 
green oak  species,  eschewing  the  pines,  and  frequenting  the 
open  hill-sides" — a  correct  statement,  though  not  a  model  of 
literary  handicraft.  There  was,  and  for  aught  I  know  to  the 
contrary  there  still  may  be,  a  large  patch  of  oaks  just  back  of 
the  fort,  where  I  was  almost  sure  to  find  these  Titmice  at 
any  time  during  a  portion  of  the  year.  This  scrubby  hillside, 
by  the  way,  was  a  favorite  resort  of  mine,  not  so  much  lor  what 
I  expected  to  find  there  in  the  ornithological  line,  as  for  what 
I  very  sincerely  hoped  not  to  find  in  the  way  of  the  aborigines — 
for  it  was  in  fall  view  of  the  fort,  and  much  safer  than  the 
ravines  on  either  side,  where  I  have  gone  more  than  once  to 
bring  in  the  naked  and  still  bleeding  bodies  of  men  killed  by 
the  Apaches.  This  was  in  1864-*65,  when  the  worst  passions 
of  both  Ked  and  White  men  were  inflamed  by  atrocities  ex- 
changed in  kind,  and  when  practical  ornithology  in  Arizona 
was  a  very  precarious  matter,  always  liable  to  sadden  inter- 
ruption, and  altogether  too  spicy  for  comfort.  In  the  course 
of  this  volume,  I  shall  probably  indulge  in  some  reminiscences 
of  this  sort,  at  times  when  I  feel  in  the  humor,  or  when  I  for- 
get what  I  ought  to  say  about  this  or  that  bird ;  for,  according 
to  the  simplest  laws  of  association,  my  memory  of  many  Ari- 
zona birds — in  fact,  my  whole  notion  of  the  lives  of  some  of 
them — is  pervaded  with  local  color.  The  recollections  of  a 
decade  ago  make  a  crowded  and  strangely  jumbled  picture,  in. 
which  the  high  lights  rest  on  many  an  interesting  bird,  while 
the  swarthy  savage  crouches  in  the  shadow  of  the  background. 
They  tell  me  things  are  better  now— that  the  trails  are  seldom 
blood-stained :  in  some  states  of  the  social  atmosphere,  a 
thunder-shower,  with  leaden  rain,  clears  up  the  sky  ;  and  so  it 
proved  in  this  case. 
In  studying  the  habits  of  GambePs  Titmouse,  surnamed  "  the 


116    A  NOTE  ON  LOPHOPHANES  ATROCRISTATUS 

unadorned",  I  often  desired  to  seize  upon  some  salient  point  in 
its  character,  to  contrast  it  with  its  eastern  relative ;  but  I 
was  as  often  disappointed.  It  has  character  enough,  I  wot — 
few  birds  are  of  more  positive,  self-asserting,  aggressive  person- 
ality than  the  whole  family  of  the  Titmice ;  but,  by  the  same 
token,  there  is  little  to  distinguish  them  from  each  other.  In 
a  word,  the  inornatus  is  the  counterpart  of  the  bicolor;  in  this 
statement,  the  whole  story  of  its  life  is  summed. 

Before  going  on  to  Wollweber's  Titmouse,  I  wish  to  allude  to 
a  closer  ally  of  inornatus:  I  mean  the  Black-crested  Titmouse, 
L.  atrocristatus.  This  bird  was  discovered  in  Texas  by  J.  W. 
Audubon,  son  of  the  famous  ornithologist,  described  in  1851  by 
Mr.  Cassin,  and  treated  at  some  length  in  the  latters  "  Illus- 
trations" by  Dr.  S.  W.  Woodhouse.  This  naturalist  there 
speaks  of  tracing  it  westward  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Rio 
San  Francisco  in  "  New  Mexico  "  (i.  e.  Arizona).  This  state- 
ment, however,  is  not  repeated  in  his  notice  of  the  species,  as 
prepared  for  his  article  in  Capt.  L.  Sitgreaves'  Eeport  of  the 
Expedition  down  the  Zimi  and  Colorado  Rivers — an  omission 
which  supports  the  inference,  drawn  from  other  sources,  that  it 
is  incorrect.  None  of  the  recent  explorers  in  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  have  found  the  bird  ;  and,  so  far  as  we  now  know,  its 
range  is  confined,  in  the  United  States,  to  the  valley  of  the 
Rio  Grande.  Dr.  Brewer  does  not  seem  to  have  noticed  that 
his  quotation  without  comment  of  this  part  of  Dr.  Woodhouse's 
account  is  at  variance  with  his  own  statement  made  in  the  pre- 
ceding paragraph.  I  think  it  very  likely  that  the  bird  really 
does  get  across  the  mountains  into  the  Colorado  watershed ; 
but  for  the  present  I  must  dismiss  the  case  with  the  Scotch 
verdict — "  not  proven  ".  So  I  put  the  Black-crest*  in  limbo  at 
the  bottom  of  my  page,  which  is  a  convenient  place  to  stow 
away  those  species  which  have  no  business  in  the  book  at  all. 

*  liophophanes  atrocristatus.— Blaclt-crested  Titmouse. 

PaniS  atricristatUS,  Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Ac-ad,  v.  1850,  103,  pi.  2  (Texas).  . 

Lophophanes  atricriStatUS,  Bd.  Stansb.  Rep.  GSL.  1852,  332.— Cass.  111.  1853,  13,  pi.  3.— 
Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  Expl.  Zuni  R.  1853,  69.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  385.— Bd.  Rev.  1864,  78.— 
Dress.  Ibis,  2d  8er.  1865,  485.— Vcop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  43,  fig.  (uot  iu  California <).— 
Coues,  Key,  1872,  80,  f.  23.— B.  B.  ff  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  90,  pi.  6,  f.  2. 

Black-crested  Titmouse,  Texas  Titmouse,  Vulg. 

HAB. — Valley  of  the  Kio  Grande,  and  southward  in  Mexico. 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Olivaceo-pliimbeus,  infra  drier eo-albus,  lateribus  rufis,  f  rente 
albidd,  cristd  nigrd, 

$  $:  Plumbeous,  with  a  shade  of  olive,  the  wings  and  tail  rather  darker 
and  purer,  edged  with  the  color  of  the  back,  or  a  more  hoary  shade  of  the 


DESCRIPTION    OF    LOPHOPHANES    WOLLWEBERI       117 


Bridled  Titmouse 

T.opliophaiie*  wollweberi 

Lo;)llOphancs  WOllweberi,  Bp.  CR.  xxi.  Sept.  1850,  478.—  Westermann,  Bijdr.  Dierk.  iii.  1851, 
15,  plate.— Bd.  Stansb.  Rep.  GSL.  1852,  332.— Cass.  111.  i.  1853,  19.— Bd.  BNA.  1858t 
388;  ed.  of  1860,  pi.  53,  f.  l.-Sd.  PZS.  1858,  299  (Parada,  Mex.);  1859,  373  (Oaxaca).— 
Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  107  (Sew  Mexico).— Bd.  U.  S.  Mex.  B.  Surv.  ii.  pt.li. 
1859,  Birds,  14,  pi.  15,  f.  l.—Bd.  RAB.  1864,  79.— Scl.  PZS.  1865, 397  (VeraCruz).-Oow^ 
Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  164  (Arizona).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  79  (Arizona).— 
Coop.  B.  Gal.  i.  1870,  43.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  81,  f.  23.— B.  B.  $  tf.  NAB.  i.  1874,  93, 
pi.  6,f.  l.  —  Hensh.  Rep.Orn.  Specs.  1874,  99.— Hensh.  Zool.Expl.  W.  lOOMerid.  1876,  168. 

Parus  WOllweberi,  Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  309  (New  Mexico). 

ParilS  annexilS,  Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  v.  Oct.  1850, 103,  pi.  1  (Texas). 

Parus  galeatus,  tlLickt.  MUS.  Berol." 

Lophoplianes  galeatus,  Cab.  MIL  i.  1850,  90. 

CH.  SP. —  <J  9  Olivaceo-cinereus  vertice  concolore  ;  infra  cinereo- 
albidus;  later ibuset  apice  cristce,  torque  nuzhali,  strigdpostoculari 
et  auriculari,  necnon  guld,  nig r is;  lateribus  capitis,  striga  super- 
eiliari  et  postoculari,  albis. 

$  $ :  Upper  parts  olivaceous-ash,  the  wings  and  tail  darker,  edged  with 
the  color  of  the  back,  or  even  a  brighter  tint,  sometimes  nearly  as  yellowish 
as  in  EeguUs.  Under  parts  sordid  ashy-white.  Crest  black,  with  a  central 
field  like  the  back.  Whole  throat  black,  as  in  species  of  Parus.  A  black 
line  runs  behind  the  eye  and  curves  down  over  the  auriculars,  distinguished, 
from  the  black  of  the  crest  and  throat  by  the  general  white  of  the  side  of  the 
head  and  conspicuous  white  superciliary  stripe.  There  is  also  a  half-collar 
of  black  on  the  nape,  descending  on  the  sides  of  the  neck,  there  separated 
from  the  black  crescent  of  the  auriculars  by  a  white  crescent,  which  latter 
is  continuous  with  the  white  of  the  superciliary  line.  There  is  considerable 
whitish  speckling  in  the  black  of  the  forehead  and  lores.  Bill  blackish- 
plumbeous;  feet  plumbeous.  Smallest:  Length,  5  inches  or  less;  wing,  2i 
(2.40  to  2.65);  tail  the  same  ;  bill,  £  ;  tarsus,  f  (0.60-0.70). 

Young:  Chin  narrowly  or  imperfectly  black,  and  some  of  the  above  de- 
scribed head-marks  obscure  or  incomplete. 

The  singularly  variegated  markings  of  the  head  of  this  species  at  once 
distinguish  it.  The  several  black  and  white  streaks  vary  somewhat  in  their 
exact  relations,  and  are  too  intricate  to  be  fully  appreciated,  except  upon 
fresh  or  very  well  prepared  specimens,  where  they  will  be  found  to  be  sub- 
stantially as  above  described.  The  male  and  female  do  nob  appear  to  dif- 
fer materially. 

same.  Beneath  dull  ashy-whitish,  especially  on  the  breast,  the  abdomen 
whiter,  the  sides  chestnut-brown  as  in  L.  bicolor.  Extreme  forehead  and 
lores  whitish;  entire  crest  glossy  black.  Bill  blackish-plumbeous;  feet 
plumbeous.  Small :  length  about  5  inches;  wing,  2J ;  tail  the  same. 

I  have  had  no  opportunity  of  examining  very  young  birds  to  see  whether 
the  crest  is  black  at  all  ages.  From  analogy,  it  would  be  expected  that- 
the  crest  should  at  first  be  like  the  rest  of  the  upper  parts. 

The  specific  name  in  this  case  should  be  written  atrocristatus — the  construc- 
tion of  the  word  requiring  the  ablativus  in8trumenti,M  will  be  evident  on  reply- 
ing to  the  question,  How  or  with  what  is  the  bird  cristatitz?  Ans.  With  black. 


118  HISTORY    OF    THE    BRIDLED    TITMOUSE 

WOLL  WEBER'S  Titmouse  came  to  us  with  letters  of  in- 
troduction from  three  very  eminent  ornithologists,  all 
written  in  1850,  and  so  nearly  simultaneously  that  it  is  a  close 
question  of  actual  priority.  The  Prince  Bonaparte  named  it 
in  honor  of  Wollweber  in  the  issue  of  the  "  Comptes  Eenclus  " 
dated  September,  1850.  Mr.  Cassin  described  it  as  Parus  an- 
nexus  in  the  "Proceedings"  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  for 
October,  1850;  and  it  must  have  been  close  upon  this  date 
that  Dr.  Cabanis  published  a  description  under  the  name  of 
Lopliophanes  galeatus^  adopting  the  term  from  Prof.  Li  ch  ten  stein's 
museum  name,  Parus  galeatm.  For,  though  the  whole  Theil  of 
the  "  Museum  Heineanum  "  which  treats  of  the  Slngvogel  is 
dated  1850-1,  it  was  published  in  sheets,  and  not  furnished 
with  an  introduction  until  October,  1851,  and  the  name  occurs 
on  the  second  page  of  the  twelfth  "  signature",  the  fourteenth 
of  which  bears  date  January,  1851.  No  one,  however,  appears 
to  dispute  Bonaparte's  actual  precedence  in  the  matter.  Mr. 
Cassin  figured  the  bird  with  his  description.  The  following- 
year,  1851,  Professor  Westerinann  also  gave  a  figure  in  the 
"Bijdragen  tot  de  Dierkunde";  for  the  third  time  it  was  re- 
figured  by  Professor  Baird,  in  the  Mexican  Boundary  Survey 
Report;  a  fifth  illustration  is  found  in 
Dr.  Cooper's  work ;  a  sixth  in  my  "  Key  " ; 
and  a  seventh  in  the  "  History  of  North 
American  Birds".  The  curious  striping 
of  the  head  is  a  specific  character  which 
immediately  attracts  attention,  and  one 
well  adapted  to  pictorial  illustration.  The 
figure  here  given,  reproduced  from  the 
"  Key",  is  a  copy  (none  too  good)  of  the 
FIG.  i9— Head  of  Bridled  head  of  that  in  the  Mexican  Boundary 

Titmouse.  '  Report. 

This  elegant  little  species  is  better  known  stuffed  than  alive ; 
the  Stubengelehrten  and  some  of  the  "  Balgkriimer"  .(B,rnoug  whom 
it  is  whispered  the  namer  of  Parus  galeatus  is  ranked  by  some) 
have  had  it  pretty  much  their  own  way.  Yet  the  remark,  made 
by  Dr.  Brewer  in  1874,  that  "Dr.  Kennerly  is  the  only  one  of 
our  naturalists  who  has  mentioned  meeting  the  species  in  its 
living  form  ",  was  not  strictly  correct.  For  one,  I  had  become 
familiar  with  the  bird  at  Fort  Whipple,  Arizona,  and  had 
summed  my  observations  in  a  brief  phrase : — "  Permanent 
resident;  common,  more  so  at  least  than  the  preceding  [L. 


HABITS    OF    THE    BRIDLED    TITMOUSE  119 

inornatm].  Usually  seini-gregarious  except  when  breeding. 
Found  in  all  situations ;  but  chiefly  affects  the  oak  thickets, 
and  the  chaparral  of  open  hillsides.  Generally  distributed 
through  the  Territory,  and  extending  southward  into  Sonora." 
These  items,  published  in  1866,  might  easily  be  expanded  into 
a  considerable  article ;  but  there  is  no  real  occasion  for  much 
further  remark.  The  habitat  there  indicated,  with  reference  to 
only  one  Territory,  requires  to  be  enlarged  to  include  New  Mexico 
and  Western  Texas,  as  well  as  the  table-lands  of  Mexico  to 
Oaxaca  and  Orizaba  at  least.  The  species  is  presented  in  Dr. 
Cooper's  work,  without  remark  to  indicate  that  it  has  ever  been 
found  in  that  State  (though  it  probably  occurs  on  the  west 
as  well  as  east  side  of  the  great  river) ;  but  I  find  no  record  of 
its  presence  in  Colorado,  Utah  or  Nevada.  As  to  its  habits, 
we  may  premise  that  its  nidification  and  oviposition  continue 
unknown ;  and  that  in  other  respects  it  agrees  so  closely  with 
its  congeners  that  shrewd  and  repeated  observation  is  re- 
quired to  detect  any  peculiarities.  I  mentioned  above  what 
I  considered  its  leading  specialite — gregariousness,  not  wit- 
nessed to  the  same  extent  in  the  other  species,  though  all  the 
Titmice  are  rather  sociable  birds.  Mr.  Henshaw  has  lately  con- 
firmed the  statement;  speaking  of  its  habits  in  the  fall,  he  says: — 
"  Instead  of  being  found  in  small  companies  or  as  stragglers  on 
the  skirts  of  the  large  flocks  of  other  species,  it  habitually  moves 
about  in  flocks,  composed  often  of  twenty-five,  and  even  more, 
of  its  own  species;  its  exclusiveness  in  this  particular  being 
quite  noticeable,  though  once  or  twice  I  have  seen  a  few  on 
intimate  terms  of  companionship  with  the  other  Chickadees." 
The  same  excellent  observer  refers  to  what  I  consider  another 
trait  of  this  species  in  comparison  with  its  relatives  of  the  same 
genus :  it  does  not  so  frequently,  nor  indeed  habitually,  descend 
to  the  ground  in  search  of  insects,  acorns  and  other  seeds. 
Corresponding  with  its  smaller  size  and  more  delicate  organiz- 
ation, its  voice  is  not  so  strong ;  the  notes,  though  vehement 
and  unmistakably  "parine",  being  weaker  and  of  less  volume. 

Genus  PARUS  Linnaeus 

CHARS. — Head  not  crested.  Wings  and  tail  rounded,  of  ap- 
proximately equal  lengths,  and  about  as  long  as  the  body. 
Bill  typically  parine  (see  foregoing  characters).  No  bright 
colors  (in  the  American  species — the  expression  not  applicable 
to  the  genus  at  large);  throat  usually  with  a  black  patch. 


120         PARUS P.    ATRICAPILLUS    SEPTENTRIONALIS 

Plumage  lax,  without  decided   changes  with   age   or  season. 
Size  medium.    Nest  excavated.     Eggs  spotted. 
This  genus  has  developed  a  greater  number  of  species  than 


FIG.  20.— A  typical  Parus  (P.  atricapillus). 

any  other  of  the  family,  and  may  be  considered  in  one  sense 
the  typical  expression  of  the  whole  parine  group.  There  are 
five  or  six  American  species,  two  of  which,  perfectly  distinct 
from  each  other,  inhabit  the  Colorado  Basin. 


Long-tailed  Chickadee 

Parus  atricapillus  septentrionalis 

ParUS  atricapillus,  in  part,  of  some  authors.— Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  vi.  1858,  119. 

Parus  Septentrionalis,  Harris,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  ii.  1845,  300  (Upper  Missouri  River).  —  Bd. 
Stansb.  Rep.  GSL.  1852,  316—  Cass.  III.  1853,  17,  80,  pi.  14.— Ed.  SNA.  1858,  389.— Scl. 
Cat.  AB.  1861,  U.—Hayd.  Tr.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862,  164.— Blak.  Ibis,  iv.  1862,  5 
(Saskatchewan).— Blak.  Ibis,  v.  1863,  67  (British  America).— Bd.  Rev.  1864,  19.—(l)Hoy, 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  438  (Missouri).— Coop.  Am.  Nat,  'iii.  1869,  74.— Coves,  Am. 
Nat.  v.  1871,  369.— Stev.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1870,  1871,  464.—  Aiken,  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  xvi.  1872,  195  (Colorado)  .—Mvrr.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  713. 

Lophophanes  septenrionalis,  Bd.  Stansb.  Rep.  GSL.  1852,  332. 

ParUS  atricapillus  var.  septentrionalis,  Alltn,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  ITL—Coues,  Key.  1&72, 
81.—  Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  396.— Ridg.  Bull.  Ess.  lust.  v.  1873,  179.— Coues,  BNW. 
1874,  21,  230.— Allen,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  49.— B.  B.  Sf  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  99,  pi.  7,  f. 
2.— Yarr.  &  Rensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  7.—Hensfi.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  41,  72.— 
Allen,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  49,—Nels.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  339  (Utah).— Hensh. 
Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  171. 

ParUS  Septentrionalis  var.  albescens,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  p.  xxxvii.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869.299. 

Parus  albescens,  Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  74. 

HAB. — Region  of  the  Missouri  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  south  in  Alpine 
districts  to  New  Mexico. 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Dor  so  ochraceo-cinereo^gastrceo  ochraceo-albo;  alls 
cauddque  fuscis,  late  albo-limbatis;  lateribus  capit-is  et  colli  mveisr 
vertice,  nuchd  guldque  nigris.  Caudd  alis  longiore. 

$  9  :  Dorsal  region  ashy,  with  an  ochraceous tinge,  especially  on  the  rump  ;. 
under  parts  white,  with  an  ocbraceons  tiuge.  Wings  and  tail  fuscous,  very 


DESCRIPTION    OF    LONG-TAILED    CHICKADEE  121 

strpngly  edged,  especially  on  the  secondaries  and  lateral  tail-feathers,  with 
hoary-white,  which  usually  passes  entirely  around  the  ends  of  these  feathers. 
Sides  of  the  head  and  neck  snowy-white.  Cap  pure  black  and  very  extensive, 
reaching  to  between  the  shoulders.  Black  of  throat  extending  to  the  breast. 
Bill  and  feet  plumbeous-black.  Larger  than  P.  atricapillus,  the  tail  decid- 
edly longer ;  average  general  dimensions  about  those  of  the  maximum  of 
P.  ab-ioapiUiis,  and  minimum  length  of  tail  about  the  same  as  the  maximum 
of  that  of  P.  atricapillus.  Length  averaging  at  least  5i ;  extent,  8|  or  more  : 
wing,  2f-2f  ;  tail,  2£-3. 

Young :  Similar  to  the  adult,  but  with  the  usual  indications  of  immaturity 
in  a  more.sordid  coloration,  less  extent  and  intensity  of  the  black  cap,  &c. 

The  Colorado  region  does  not,  it  seems,  furnish  us  with  typical  atrica- 
piUus,  still  less  with  any  smaller,  darker-colored  and  shorter- tailed  form  to 
correspond  with  the  P.  carolinensis  of  similar  latitudes  on  the  Atlantic  side. 
In  this  region,  the  Part  are  mainly  confined  to  the  upper  and  to  mountain- 
ous portions ;  and,  P.  montanus  aside,  all  the  specimens  I  have  seen  are  derived 
from  the  prolongation  southward  along  the  mountains  of  the  true  septentrio- 
nalis  form.  The  above  description  is  taken  from  New  Mexican,  Coloradan 
and  Utah  specimens,  which  are  among  the  largest,  hoariest  and  longest- 
tailed  I  have  seen — quite  equal  in  these  respects  to  the  series  I  procured  on 
the  Upper  Missouri  in  the  winter  of  1872-3. 

NOTHING  in  iny  own  experience  with  this  bird,  or  in  the- 
recorded  observations  of  other  naturalists,  indicates  any 
real  differences  between  its  habits  and  those  of  its  several  allies. 
While  at  Fort  Randall,  Dakota,  where  it  is  resident  and 
abundant,  I  thought  I  perceived  a  peculiarity  in  the  intona- 
tion of  the  ,  two-syllabled  note  which  is  uttered  at  the  ap- 
proach of  the  breeding  season;  but  as  I  only  compared  the 
sound  with  my  recollections,  the  impression  received  may  have 
had  little  real  foundation.  I  never  saw  the  bird  in  Arizona,, 
and  do  not  think  it  has  been  found  in  this  Territory ;  but  it 
occurs  in  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico  at  corresponding  lati- 
tudes, and  thence  northward  into  the  British  Possessions. 

I  shall  not  here  enter  into  any  general  account  of  the  habits 
of  the  Chickadees ;  1  have  already  outlined  the  family  traits, 
and  almost  every  one  who  is  interested  in  birds  is  capable  of 
filling  in  the  details  from*  his  own  experience.  But  I  will  repro- 
duce a  pleasant  passage  from  Dr.  Brewer's  pen,  to  illustrate 
how  far  the  stout-heartedness  of  these  small  creatures  may  be 
pushed  under  the. stimulus  of  maternal  love.  I  only  know  of 
a  parallel  case  in  the  instance  of  the  Crossbill,  as  told  by  the 
same  author : — 

"  Their  courage  and  devotion  to  their  young  is  a  remarkable 
trait  with  the  whole  race,  and  with  none  more  than  with  the 
present  species.  On  one  occasion  a  Black-Cap  was  seen  to  fly 


122  DESCRIPTION    OF    PARUS    MONTANUS 

into  a  rotten  stump  near  the  roadside  in  Brookline.  The 
stuuip  was  so  much  decayed  that  its  top  was  readily  broken  off 
and  the  nest  exposed.  The  mother  refused  to  leave  until  forci- 
bly taken  off  by  the  hand,  and  twice  returned  to  the  nest  when 
thus  removed,  and  it  was  only  by  holding  her  in  the  hand  that 
an  opportunity  was  given  to  ascertainlthere  were  seven  young 
birds  in  her  nest.  She  made  no  complaints,  uttered  no  outcries, 
but  resolutely  and  devotedly  thrust  herself  between  her  nest- 
lings and  the  seeming  danger.  When  released  she  immediately 
flew  back  to  them,  covered  them  under  her  sheltering  wings, 
and  looked  up  in  the  face  of  her  tormentors  with  a  quiet  and 
resolute  courage  that  could  not  be  surpassed." 


Mountain  Chickadee 

Parus  montanus 

Parus  montanus,  Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Aead.  i.  1843,  259  (Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex.);  iii.  1846,  155; 
Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  2d  ser.  i.  1847,  35,  pi.  8,  f.  1.— Qass.  111.  i.  1853,  18.—  Woodh.  Sitgr. 
Rep.  Expl.  Zufii,  1853,  68.— Fetch.  PRRR.  vi.  1857,  79.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  394  (Oregon ; 
Nebraska;  Texas).—  Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859,  191  (Fort Tejon,Cal.).—tfeerm.  PRRR. 
x.  1859,  42.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859,  107.— Coop.  4-  Suck.  NHWT.  1860,  194.— Bd. 
Ives's  Rep.  Col.  R.  1861,  pt.  vi.  6.—Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  82.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
xviii.  1866,  79.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  75  (Montana).— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  46,  fig.— 
Stev.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1870,  1871,  464.— Aiken,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  195  (Col- 
orado).— Coues,  Key,  1872,  81.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  174.— Merr.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 
Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  672,  712,  1\3.—Ridgw.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873,  179.— Yarr.  6?  Hensh. 
Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  7.— Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  40,  72,  99.— Coop.  Am.  Nat, 
viii.  1874,  17.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  22,  230.— S.  B.  $•  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  95,  fig.  pi.  7.  f.  5.— 
Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  169. 

PffiCiJe  montanus,  Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  79  (Arizona). 

Mountain  Chickadee,  White-browed  Chickadee,  Vulg. 

HAB. — United  States,  from  eastern  slopes  and  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains to  the  Pacific.  In  southerly  portions,  chiefly  alpine  districts. 

CH.  SP. —  $  2  Cinereus,  infra  cinereo-albus;  alis  cauddque  cinc- 
reo-fuscis,  albido-limbatis  ;  lateribus  capitis  et  colli  albidis;  pileo, 
nuchd  gulaque  nigris^  strigd  super ciliari  alba. 

$  $  :  Upper  parts  ashy-gray,  with  scarcely  a  shade,  and  only  on  the  rump, 
of  the  ochraceous  seen  in  most  of  the  other  species ;  under  parts  similarly 
grayish- white,  without  an  ochrey  tinge,  the  middle  of  the  belly  nearly  white, 
the  rest  more  heavily  shaded.  Wings  and  tail  with  comparatively  little 
whitish  edging— the  tail  at  least  with  no  more  than  that  of  P.  caroUnensis. 
Sides -of  the  head  and  neck  white ;  top  of  the  head,  and  the  throat,  black. 
A  conspicuous  white  superciliary  stripe  in  the  black  cap1,  usually  connecting 
with  its  fellow  across  the  forehead.  Length  about  5  inches  ;  wing,  2^-2| ; 
tail,  rather  less;  bill,  f ;  tarsus,  f. 


DISTRIBUTION    OF    THE    MOUNTAIN    CHICKADEE       123 

Young :  I  have  never  seen  this  species  without  indication  at  least  of  the 
white  superciliary  stripe,  hy  which  it  is  immediately  distinguished  from 
any  of  its  congeners. 

This  species  presents  the  opposite  extreme  of  P.  septentrionalis  in  the 
general  darkness  of  its  colors,  little  hoary  edging  of  the  wings  and  tail.  &c., 
in  these  respects  more  nearly  resembling  P.  carolinensis,  or  even  P.  meridio- 
nalis,  as  it  does  also  in  the  shortness  of  the  tail  as  compared  with  the  wings. 
The  white  superciliary  streak  is  a  conspicuous  specific  character. 

THE  White-browed  or  Mountain  Chickadee  is  a  common  in- 
habitant of  alpine  regions  in  the  Middle  and  Western 
faunistic  Provinces.  It  was  discovered  by  Dr.  Gainbel  in  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  has  since  been  ascertained  to  occur 
also  in  the  mountains  of  California,  Nevada,  Utah,  Colorado, 
Wyoming,  Idaho,  Montana  and  Oregon.  I  have  no  informa- 
tion that  it  inhabits  Texas,  Mexico  or  Lower  California. 
Throughout  the  whole  region  just  indicated,  it  is  a  resident 
species ;  and  it  is  found  in  the  mountains  up  to  the  timber- 
line.  The  vast  tracts  of  coniferous  forests  that  clothe  these 
alpine  regions  with  perennial  verdure  seem  best  suited  to  its 
requirements.  Yet  it  is  not  confined  to  the  pine-belts  ;  it  often 
descends  to  the  low  country,  even  in  the  southern  portions  of 
its  habitat,  and  is  then  to  be  found  among  the  fringes  of  willows 
and  cottonwoods  along  the  streams.  In  saying  even  so  little 
as  this,  I  have  about  exhausted  the  scanty  material  which  the 
bird  affords  a  biographer ;  its  nest  and  eggs,  I  think,  have 
never  been  seen  ;  its  habits  are  in  no  wise  peculiar.  The  litera- 
ture which  the  little  bird  has  occasioned  consists,  in  about 
equal  parts,  of  variously  couched  and  sometimes  spun-out  state- 
ments to  this  effect,  and  of  mention  of  the  particular  locali- 
ties, all  within  the  general  area  above  mentioned,  where  differ- 
ent observers  found  it  more  or  less  abundant. 

Genus  PSALTRIPARUS  Bonaparte 

CHAKS.— Head  not  crested.  Wings  rounded,  decidedly 
shorter  than  the  long,  graduated  tail,  which  exceeds  the 
length  of  the  body.  Bill  thoroughly  parine.  No  bright  colors 
(in  our  species) ;  neither  crown  nor  throat  black.  Plumage 
lax,  without  decided  changes  according  to  age  or  season.  Size 
very  small.  Nest  pensile,  woven ;  entrance  lateral.  Eggs  white. 

This  genus  includes  two,  perhaps  three,  kinds  of  Titmice, 
notable  for  their  extremely  diminutive  stature.  In  bulk,  they 
scarcely  equal  a  Polioptila,  and,  were  it  not  for  the  length  of 


124  PSALTRIPARUS P.    MINIMUS 

the  tail,  would  rank  next  to  the  Hummingbirds  in  dwarfish- 
ness.  One  author  has  called  them  "fairy"  Titmice,  doubtless 
thinking  of  their  elfish  aspect •;  nevertheless,  they  are  more  posi- 
tive and  substantial  pygmies  than  those  we  fancy  at  the  court 
of  Queen  Mab ;  while,  as  for  the  hanging  castles  they  build, 
there  is  room  enough  in  them  for  all  the  fairies  that  ever  were 
seen. 

The  species  inhabiting  the  Colorado  Basin  is  appreciably  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  the  Pacific  coast  region,  though  so  closely 
related  that  combination  of  the  two  under  one  specific  name 
may  be  required.  The  synonymy  and  characters  of  the  origi- 
nal species*  are  subjoined  for  comparison,  especially  as  it 
extends  to  the  very  border  of  the  Colorado  watershed. 

There  is  a  third  species  of  this  genus,  the  Black-eared  Bush- 
tit  (P.  melanotis),  which  we  may  expect  to  find  in  the  region, 
under  consideration.  It  has  been  for  some  years  admitted  to 
the  United  States  fauna,  on  the  strength  of  its  occurrence  near 
the  Mexican  Boundary,  but  I  am  not  aware  that  it  has  actually 
been  known  to  cross  over  the  border.  It  is  supposed  to  have 
been  seen  in  Nevada  by  Mr.  Eidgway. 


*  i*sal<  r  i  pa  i-iis  minimus.  —  Least  Bush-tit. 
ParilS  minimus,   Towns.  Journ.   Phila.   Acad.   vii.    1837,    190   (Columbia  River).—  Bp.  C. 

&GL.  1838,  20.—  Aud.  OB.  iv.  1838,  382,  pi.  353,  f.  5,  6.—  Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad. 

viii.  1839,  152.—  And.   Syn.  1839,  80.—  And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  160,  pi.  130.—  Gamb.  Pr.  Phila. 

Acad.  iii.  1846,  155  (California).—  Gamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1847,  36.—  (t)Henry,  Pr. 

Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  309. 
Poecila  minimus,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  230. 
Psaltria  minima,  Cass.  111.  1853,  2Q.—Hverm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  ii.  1853,  264.—  Scl.  PZS. 

1857,  126  (California).—  Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  43. 
PsaltripaniS  minimus,  Bp.  CR.  xxxviii.  1854,  62.—  Bd.  BWA.  1853,  397.—  Xant.  Pr.  Phila. 

Acad.  xi.  1859,  191  (California).—  Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acud.  xi.  1859,  107.—  Ooop.  &f  Suckl. 

NHWT.  1860,  195.—  Bd.RAB.1864,  84.—  Ooop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  46,  fig.—  Coop.  Am.  Nat. 

iv.  1871,  757.—  Ooues,  Key,  1872,  W.—Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  17.—  Nets.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 

.xvii.  1875,  356  (California). 

Psaltriparus  minimus  var.  minimus,  B.  B.  <v  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  109,  fig.  pi.  7,  f.  9. 
Chestnut-crowned  Titmouse,  Least  Titmouse,  Least  Tit,  Least  Bush-tit,  Authors. 


.T-  Pacific  Coast  region  of  the  United  States. 
CH.  SP.  —  $  2  Sordide  plunibem,  infra  albldas,vertioe  bntnnescente. 

3  9  :  Dull  lead-color,  frequently  with  a  brownish  or  olivaceous  shade,  the 
top  of  the  head  abruptly  darker  —  clove-brown  or  hair-brown.  Below  sordid 
whitish,  or  brownish-  white.  Wings  and  tail  dusky,  with  slight  hoary  edgings. 
Bill  and  feet  black.  Length,  4  inches  or  rather  less  ;  wing  scarcely  or  not 
2  inches  ;  tail,  2  inches  or  a  little  more  ;  bill,  £  ;  tarsus,  f  . 

Young  birds  do  not  differ  materially.  There  is  considerable  variation  in 
the  precise  shade  of  the  body,  but  the  species  always  presents  the  brown  cap 
appreciably  different  in  color  from  the  rest  of  the  upper  parts. 


CHARACTERS    OF    PSALTRIPARUS    PLUMBEUS          125 

Plumbeous  Bush-tit 

Psaltriparns  plumbens 

f'sa Stria  pluinbfll,  Bd.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1854,  118  (Colorado  Chiquito,  Arizona). 
Psaltriparus  plumbeus,  Bd.  BNA.  185d,  398;  ed.  of  1860,  pi.  33,  f.  Z.—Kenner.  PRRR.  x. 

1859,  Whipple's  Route,  Birds,  25,   pi.  33,  f.  2  (Arizona).—  Henry,  Pr.   Phila.  Acad.  xi. 

1859,  107.— Bd.  RAB.  1864,  84.— Coues,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  164  (Arizona).— Coues,  Pr. 

Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  79  (Arizona).— Coop.  Am.  Nat,  iii.  1869,  479.— Coop.  B.  Cal. 

1870,  49,  &S.-OOHCS,  Key,  1872,  82.—  Aiken,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  195 (Colorado).— Stcv. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Stirv.  Terr,  for  1871,  1872,  464  (Green  River,  Wyoming).— Coues,  BNW. 

1874,  23.— Yarr.  <V  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  7. 
I'saltriparus  minimus  var.  plumbeus,  Ridg.  Bnii.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873, 180.— B.  B.  4-  R.  NAB. 

i.  1874,  110,  pi.  7,  f.  10.— Hensli.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  40,  99. 

leaden  Titmouse,  Plumbeous  Titmouse,  Lead-colored  Titmouse,  Lead-colored  Bush- 
titmouse,  Authors. 

HAD. — Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the  United  States,  southerly ;  north  to 
Green  River,  Wyoming ;  west  to  the  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada. 

CH.SP. —  $  2  Plumbeus,  vertice  concolore,  infra  griseo-albus;  la- 
teribus  capitis  pallide  brunnescentibus;  caudd  alls  longiore. 

$  9 :  Clear  plumbeous,  with  little  or  no  olive  or  brownish  shade,  the  top 
of  the  head  not  different  from  the  back.  Sides  of  the  head  pale  brownish. 
Under  parts  as  in  P.  minimus,  but  rather  clearer.  Tail  considerably  longer 
than  the  wings.  Eyes  indifferently  yellow  or  dark  brown.  Length  about 
4i  inches  ;  wing,  2  or  rather  less  (l|-2i);  tail,  2i-2| ;  bill,  i  ;  tarsus,  f. 

This  species  is  very  closely  related  to  P.  minimus,  and  may  ultimately  prove 
to  be  simply  a  local  race;  but* I  have  seen  no  specimens  not  readily  dis- 
tinguishable. The  total  length  is  somewhat  greater,  owing  to  the  greater 
size  of  the  tail,  which  sometimes  exceeds  that  of  the  wings  by  half  an  inch. 
The  general  coloration  is  clearer  and  purer ;  the  crown  is  not  different  in 
color  from  the  back,  and  the  cheeks  are  pale  brownish  in  obvious  contrast. 

UP  to  the  present  time,  no  one  seems  to  have  found  the  nest 
of  the  Plumbeous  Bush-tit,  though  several  naturalists  be- 
sides myself  have  collected  diligently  in  regions  where  the  bird 
abounds.  Not  to  pass  over  so  extraordinary  a  specimen  of  bird- 
architecture  as  the  genus  Psaltriparus  has  invented  and  success- 
fully introduced,  I  shall  refer  to  the  nests  of  P.  minimus,  from 
which  those  of  the  scarcely  distinct  P.  plumbeus  cannot  be  pre- 
sumed to  differ.  The  order  of  architecture  is  thoroughly  com- 
posite 5  in  its  execution,  the  qualities  of  skill,  ingenuity,  good 
taste  and  laborious  perseverance  are  exhibited  on  the  part  of 
the  builders;  while  the  wee  creatures  seem  possessed  of  no 
little  ambition  to  make  a  monument,  which,  if  not  so  lasting  as 
brass,  is  infinitely  more  comfortable  and  convenient.  This  nest 
belongs  in  the  category  of  pensile  structures,  being  suspended 


126  ARCHITECTURE    OF    THE    BUSH-TIT 

from  twigs  of  trees  or  bushes,  but  it  is  not  a  simple  cup  or 
basket,  open  at  the  top.  It  resembles  the  old-fashioned  silken 
purse  (which  I  recall  from  tradition  rather  than  by  actual 
memory)  more  than  many  of  the  nests  called  "purse-like"  do, 
the  entrance  beiug  a  circular  orifice  at  the  side — nothing  but 
the  rings  which  slipped  along  these  old  purses  beiug  wanting 
to  render  the  simile  complete.  One  hardly  knows  which  to 
admire  most — the  industry  with  which  such  a  great  feat  is 
executed,  or  the  cunning  with  which  so  curious  a  fabric  is 
wrought — and  no  one  certainly  would  suspect  the  owners  of 
the  nest  to  be  such  pygmies.  As  Dr.  Cooper  says,  it  seems  as 
if  it  would  take  a  whole  flock  to  get  up  one  such  structure. 
The  nest  measures  in  length  from  six  to  eight  or  nine  inchesr 
with  a  diameter  of  three  or  three  and  a  half ;  the  general  shape 
is  cylindrical,  not  perfectly  expressed  however,  for  the  ends 
are  rounded  and  the  top  contracted.  The  orifice  is  about  an 
inch  in  diameter.  The  substance  is  closely  woven  of  lichens, 
mosses,  very  soft  plant-fibre,  or  cottony  vegetable  matter,  slender 
spears  of  grass  and  fibrous  rootlets,  and  lined  with  the  down- 
iest, softest  possible  material,  arid  a  great  mass  of  feathers, 
some  of  which  may  appear  at  the  entrance,  or  be  felted  in  the 
substance  of  the  walls.  The  weaving  is  usually  so  well  executed 
that  the  walls  appear  pretty  firm  and  smooth  from  the  outside; 
while  their  thickness  reduces  the  cavity  about  one-half.  The 
nest  retains  the  greenish-gray  color  of  the  mosses  and  lichens 
of  which  it  is  principally  composed,  and  the  whole  affair 
resembles  a  natural  product,  The  reader  will  find,  on  Audu- 
bon's  plate  already  cited,  an  artistic  representation  of  a  nest 
presented  to  him  by  Mr.  Nuttall,  and  as  the  birds  are  drawn 
alongside,  in  spirited  attitudes,  the  striking  disparity  in  size  is 
illustrated.  In  this  wonderfully  elaborate  structure,  eggs  are 
deposited  to  the  number  of  six  to  nine — an  egg  to  every  inch  of 
nest;  they  are  pure  white,  without  markings,  and  measure 
scarcely  or  not  three-fifths  of  an  inch  in  length,  by  less  than 
half  an  inch  in  breadth — more  exactly,  in  one  instance  0.56  x 
0.44.  Eggs  found  by  Mr.  Kuttall  on  the  Wahlamet  or  Willamette 
Eiver  in  Oregon,  about  the  third  week  in  May,  were  near  hatch- 
ing ;  in  the  south,  the  bird  builds  much  earlier,  Dr.  Cooper 
having  observed  a  nest  near  San  Diego  completed  by  the  1st  of 
March. 

This  bird,  for  aught  we  know  to  the  contrary,  is  confined  to 
the  Pacific  coast  region.    Dr.  Brewer,  indeed,  quotes  Dr.  Gain- 


HABITS    OF     THE    PLUMBEOUS    BUSH-TIT  127 

beFs  authority  for  its  abundance  "  both  in  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains and  throughout  California  ".  But  Dr.  Gainbel,  it  will  be 
recollected,  wrote  some  years  before  the  Plumbeous  Bush-tit 
was  discriminated  from  the  other,  and  evidently  overlooked 
those  slight  but  nice  differences  which  are  impressed  upon  the 
bird  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  by  some  climatic  or  other 
influences  not  yet  understood.  The  Least  Bush-tit,  in  fact,  could 
not  be  made  " exceedingly  abundant"  in  this  region.  The 
habitat  of  each  is  correctly  given  in  the  technical  portion  of 
the  work  to  which  the  biographical  paragraph  in  question  was 
contributed. 

The  Plumbeous  Bush  tit  was  discovered  by  Dr.  C.  B.  R. 
Keunerly,  then  naturalist  of  Lieutenant  Whipple's  Surveying 
Expedition,  and  afterward  of  the  Northwest  Boundary  Com- 
mission, whose  early  death,  under  very  deplorable  circumstances, 
left  a  gap  in  the  ranks  of  western  explorers.  He  found  it  on 
the  Colorado  Chiquito  and  Bill  Williams7  Rivers  ;  and,  for  a 
long  time  after  the  publication  of  the  species  by  Professor 
Baird,  its  range  was  supposed  to  be  confined  to  Arizona.  Mr. 
C.  E.  Aiken,  who  has  dealt  very  successfully  with  the  bird- 
fauna  of  Colorado,  found  it  in  that  Territory,  where  it  was 
occasionally  seen  during  the  winter  in  the  eastern  foothills  of 
the  mountains.  It  has  been  traced  west  to  the  Humboldt 
Mountains,  Nevada,  where  Mr.  Ridgway  observed  it  in  abund- 
ance, and  north  to  Green  River,  Wyoming,  where  Mr.  James 
Stevenson,  the  zealous  and  faithful  member  of  Dr.  Hayden's 
Survey,  secured  specimens.  Its  southern  limit  is  unknown  $  I 
have  seen  no  Mexican  quotations.  To  what  extent,  if  at  all,  it 
is  migratory,  I  have  not  ascertained,  but  I  am  inclined  to  think 
it  is  a  resident  species  wherever  found,  as  is  certainly  the  case 
within  the  area  of  the  Colorado.  Considering  the  whole  coun- 
try, from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  to  the  Pacific,  the  respective 
ranges  of  the  Plumbeous  and  Least  Bush-tit  are  nearly  com- 
plementary, though  the  latter  extends  further  north  on  the 
Pacific  coast  than  the  former  is  known  to  do  in  the  interior. 

These  queer  little  elfs  were  very  numerous  about  Fort  Whip- 
pie,  where  I  saw  them  all  the  year  round,  and  learned  as  much 
about  them  as  any  one  seems  to  know.  Though  living  in  a 
coniferous  region,  they  avoided  the  pine  forests,  keeping  in 
the  oak  scrub  of  the  hillsides,  and  the  undergrowth  along  the 
creek  bottoms  and  through  the  numerous  ravines  that  make 
down  the  mountain  sides.  They  endured,  without  apparent 


128  BEHAVIOR    OF    THE    PLUMBEOUS    BUSH-TIT 

inconvenience,  an  extreme  of  cold  which  sometimes  proved  fatal 
to  birds  of  much  more  seeming  hardihood,  like  Ravens  for  in- 
stance ;  and  were  as  active  and  sprightly  in  the  depth  of  winter 
as  at  any  other  time.  I  used  to  wonder  how  they  managed,  in 
such  tiny  animal  furnaces,  to  generate  heat  enough  to  stand 
such  a  climate,  and  speculated  whether  their  incessant  activity 
might  not  have  something  to  do  with  it.  They  always  seemed 
to  me  model  store-houses  of  energy — conserved  to  a  degree  in 
cold  weather,  with  consumption  of  no  more  than  was  needed  to 
keep  them  a-going,  and  thus  accumulated  for  the  heavier  draft 
required  when,  in  the  spring,  the  arduous  duties  of  nest-build- 
ing and  rearing  a  numerous  family  devolve  upon  them.  Their 
food  at  this  season  consists  of  various  seeds  that  persist  through 
the  winter;  during  the  rest  of  the  year,  different  insects  con- 
tribute to  their  subsistence,  and  foraging  for  the  minute  bugs, 
larvae  and  eggs  that  lurk  in  the  crevices  of  bark  seems  to  be 
their  principal  business.  They  are  very  industrious  in  this 
pursuit,  and  too  much  absorbed  in  the  exciting  chances  of  the 
chase  to  pay  attention  to  what  may  be  going  on  around  them. 
They  are  extremely  sociable — the  gregarious  instinct  common 
to  the  Titmice  reaches  its  highest  development  in  their  case, 
and  flocks  of  forty  or  fifty — some  say  even  of  a  hundred — may 
be  seen  after  the  breeding  season  has  passed,  made  up  of 
numerous  families,  which,  soon  after  leaving  the  nest,  meet 
kindred  spirits,  and  enter  into  intimate  friendly  relations. 
Often,  in  rambling  through  the  shrubbery,  I  have  been  sud- 
denly surrounded  by  a  troop  of  the  busy  birds,-  perhaps  un- 
noticed till  the  curious  chirping  they  keep  up  attracted  my 
attention  ;  they  seemed  to  pervade  the  bushes.  If  I  stood  still, 
they  came  close  around  me,  as  fearless  as  if  I  were  a  stump, 
ignoring  me  altogether.  At  such  times,  it  was  pleasant  to  see 
the  earnestness  with  which  they  conducted  affairs,  and  the 
energy  they  displayed  in  their  own  curious  fashion,  as  if  it 
were  the  easiest  thing  in  the  world  to  work  hard,  and  quite 
proper  to  attend  to  serious  matters  with  a  thousand  antics. 
They  are  droll  folk,  quite  innocent  of  dignity,  superior  to  the 
trammels  of  decorum,  secure  in  the  consciousness  that  their 
wit  will  carry  off  any  extravagance.  I  used  to  call  them  my 
merry  little  philosophers — for  they  took  the  weather  as  it  came, 
and  evidently  knew  how  much  better  it  is  to  laugh  at  the 
world  than  cry  with  it.  When  fretted  with  the  friction  of 
garrison-life,  I  have  often  sought  their  society,  and  amused 
myself  like  another  Gulliver  among  the  Liliputians. 


AURIPARUS SYNONYMY    OF    A.    FLAVICEPS  129 

Genus  AURIPARUS  Baird 

CHARS. — Head  not  crested.  Wings  pointed,  the  second  quill 
being  little  shorter  than  the  third ;  the  first  spurious.  Tail  little 
rounded,  decidedly  shorter  than  the  wings.  Bill  not  typically 
pariue — extremely  acute,  with  straight  or  slightly  concave 
under  outline,  and  barely  convex  culmen ;  longer  and  slenderer 
than  usual  in  Parlnce;  nostrils  scarcely  concealed  by  the  imper- 
fect ruff.  Tarsi  relatively  shorter  than  in  the  preceding  genera. 
Bright  colors  on  head  (yellow)  and  wing  (red).  Plumage  com- 
paratively compact ;  sexes  alike,  but  young  very  different  from 
the  adult.  Size  very  small.  General  form  sylvicoline.  Nest 
globular,  woven.  Egg  spotted. 

This  remarkable  genus  departs  widely  from  ordinary  parine 
characters,  and  I  am  far  from  satisfied  with  its  reference  to 
this  family,  suspecting  that  Mr.  Lawrence  was  nearer  right  in 
describing  the  type-species  as  a  Conirostrum.  The  bill  is  de- 
cidedly unlike  that  of  any  of  the  American  genera  of  Paridce, 
resembling  that  of  some  species  of  the  sylvicoline  genus  Hel- 
minthophaga,  though  stouter  at  base,  in  this  coming  still  closer 
to  the  form  found  in  some  exotic  genera  of  Ccerebidw  or 
Dacnidce.  Examination  of  the  tongue  in  the  fresh  state  might 
give  a  clue  to  the  true  position  of  the  genus.  For  the  rest,  the 
character  of  the  plumage,  its  changes,  and  the  system  of  colora- 
tion are  peculiar  as  far  as  American  Paridce  are  concerned. 

Yellow-headed  Terdin 

Anriparns  flaviceps 

£&itbalug  flaviceps,  Sund.  "Ofvei-s.  Svensk.  Akad.  Forh.  vii.  pt.  v.  1850,  129". 

Psaltria  flaviceps,  Sci.  PZS.  1856, 37. 

Paroides  flaviceps,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  400;  ed.  of  I860,  pi.  53,  f.  &—Bd.  Pr.    Phila.  Acad.  xi. 

1859,  304  (Cape  Saint  Lucas).— Bd.  U.  S.  Mex.  B.  Surv.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1859,  14,  pi.  15,  f.  2.— 

Bd.  Ives's  Rep.  Col.  R.  pt.  vi.  1861,  6. 

AcgithnlllS  flaviceps,  Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  Williamson's  Route,  Birds,  43. 
Psaltriparus  flaviceps,  Sci.  CAB.  186 1, 13. 

Auriparus  flaviceps,  Bd.  RAB.  1864,  85.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  79  (Arizona).— 
Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1868,  83  (the  same).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  474.—  Coop.  B. 

Cal.  i.  1870,  51,  fig.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  82.— B.  B.  if  R.  NAB.  i.   1874,  112,   figs.  pi.  7, 

f.  ll.—Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  99,-Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  173. 
ConirostPUin  ornatum,  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  v.  1852,  112,  pi.  5,  f.  1  (Texas).— 5d.  Stansb. 

Rep.  GSL.  1852,  327.— McCown,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vi.  1853,  9  (Texas). 

HAB.— Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  of  the  Colorado  (not  known  north  to 
Colorado  or  Utah).     Lower  California  to  Cape  Saint  Lucas. 

CH.  SP. —  3  $  Cinereus,    alls  cauddque    obscurioribus ;    infra 
albidus;  capite  flavo,  tectricibus  alarum  minoribus  rubro-castaneis. 

9   B   C 


130  DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    VERDIN ITS    NEST 

$  9  :  Upper  parts  ashy  ;  under  parts,  dull  whitish  ;  wings  and  tail  fuscousr 
with  hoary  edgings.  Whole  head  yellow.  Lesser  wing-coverts  rich  chest- 
nut-red. Bill  blackish-plumbeous;  feet  plumbeous.  Length,  4  inches  or 
rather  more  ;  wing,  2  or  rather  less;  tail,  lf-2^. 

Young:  No  yellow  on  head,  nor  chestnut  on  the  wing.  Above,  brownish- 
gray,  including  the  head  ;  below,  whitish.  Bill  pale  below. 

Before  the  young  has  attained  the  distinctive  markings  of  the  species,  it  is 
an  obscure  object,  superficially  resembling  a  Psaltripanis  or  a  female  Polio- 
ptila.  The  generic  characters,  however,  will  suffice  for  its  recognition.  The 
shape  of  the  bill  is  peculiar.  In  its  extreme  acuteness,  it  resembles 
that  of  a  Helminthophaga,  but  it  is  stouter  at  the  base,  and,  in  fact,  to  com- 
pare a  very  small  thing'with  a  large  one,  looks  curiously  similar  to  the  bill 
of  an  Oriole  (Icterus),  though  the  culmen  is  a  little  curved. 

Specimens  vary  much  as  usual  in  the  shade  of  the  ash,  sometimes  quite 
pure,  in  other  cases  showing  an  olivaceous  or  brownish  cast.  The  yellow  of 
the  head  extends  further  on  the  throat  than  on  the  crown.  It  is  generally, 
in  adult  birds,  rich  and  pure,  but  is  frequently  found  dull  and  greenish  ; 
again,  in  highly  plurnaged  specimens,  it  may  be  intensified  into  rich 
brownish-orange,  like  that  on  the  head  of  some  of  the  tropical  conspecies  of 
Dendrceca  cestiva.  The  chestnut  on  the  wing  often  assumes  a  rich  hajniatitic 
tint.  Specimens  differ  to  an  unusual  degree  in  the  length  of  the  tail.  Thus, 
one  of  two  examples  before  me  as  I  write  has  this  member  half  an  inch 
longer  than  it  is  in  the  other. 

I  SHALL  claim  the  reader's  indulgence  to  present  one  more 
bird  supposed  to  belong  to  the  numerous  family  of  the  Tit- 
mice. Like  the  last  species  noticed,  the  Yerdin  is  an  architect 
of  extraordinary  ability,  and  the  history  of  its  nidification 
should  be  as  conspicuous  an  item  in  its  biography  as  the  nests 
themselves  are  in  those  localities  where  the  birds  are  abundant. 
At  Cape  Saint  Lucas,  according  to  Mr.  Xantus,  Verdins  are  the 
most  numerous  of  all  the  birds  which  nest  there ;  and  nearly 
half  of  the  eggs  he  collected  in  the  summer  of  1859  were  those 
of  this  kind — more  than  a  hundred  in  all.  The  nest  is  de- 
scribed as  a  large  globular  mass  of  twigs,  lined  with  down  and 
feathers,  having  the  entrance  on  one  side,  near  the  bottom. 
This  singular  structure  is  suspended  from  the  extremity  of  a 
branch  of  some  algarobia,  acacia  or  mimosa,  at  a  varying 
height — sometimes  only  two  or  three  feet  from  the  ground, 
sometimes  much  higher.  In  the  Colorado  and  Mojave  Eiver 
Valleys,  Dr.  Cooper  observed  many  nests,  one  of  which  he  de- 
scribes with  particularity  : — "  On  the  10th  of  March,  I  found  a 
pair  building,  first  forming  a  wall  nearly  spherical  in  out- 
line, out  of  the  thorny  twigs  of  the  Algarobia  (in  which  tree 
the  nest  is  usually  built),  then  lining  it  with  softer  twigs, 
down,  leaves  of  plants,  and  feathers,  covering  the  outside  with 


INCOMPLETE    HISTORY    OF    THE   VERDIN  131 

thorns,  till  it  becomes  a  mass  as  large  as  a  man's  head,  or 
9.00x5.50  inches  outside,  the  cavity  4.50x2.70,  with  an  open- 
ing in  one  side,  just  large  enough  for  the  bird  to  enter.  On 
the  27th  of  March,  I  found  the  first  nest  containing  eggs,  and 
afterwards  many  more.  There  were  in  all  cases  four  eggs 
[others  say  four  to  six],  pale  blue,  with  numerous  small  brown 
spots,  chiefly  near  the  large  end,  though  some  had  very  few 
spots  and  were  much  paler ;  size  0.60  x  0.44  inch.  In  one  nest 
which  I  watched  they  hatched  in  about  ten  days,  and  in  two 
weeks  more  the  young  were  ready  to  leave  the  nest." 

I  never  saw  the  Yerdin  at  Fort  Whipple,  and  do  not  think 
it  leaves  the  lower  portions  of  the  Territory  for  the  mountains ; 
nor  have  other  observers  found  it  in  elevated  portions  of  Ari- 
zona or  New  Mexico,  though  it  occurs  in  suitable  places  across 
the  country  from  the  Kio  Grande  Valley  to  that  of  the  Colo- 
rado, and  thence  down  the  peninsula  of  Lower  California  to 
Ca.pe  Saint  Lucas.    No  fairly  full  account  of  its  habits,  except 
as  far  as  its  nest-building  is  concerned,  has  appeared,  and  I 
particularly  regret  my  inability  to  complete  the  history  of  the 
species.     I  bring  no  message  from  this  interesting  bird — only 
gleaning  here  and  there  from  those  who  have  been  before  me. 
Heermann,  Kenuerly  and  Cooper,  the  principal  observers  besides 
Xantus,  agree  upon  a  trait  that  is  extremely  un-parine — I  mean 
the  wildness  they  attribute  to  the  bird.    Heermann  speaks  of 
certains  actions,  such  as  hanging  "back  downward,  which  are 
tit-like,  yet  shared  by  many  other  small  birds.    Cooper  alludes 
to  habits  "  intermediate  between  those  of  Titmice  and  Warb- 
lers", a  chickadee-like  song,  and  a  "triple  lisping  note  like 
that  of  tsee-tu-tu".    A  sort  of  local  migration  has  been  noticed, 
though  the  birds  reside  in  the  Colorado  Valley  at  least  as  high 
as  Fort  Mojave.    Evidently  we  have  much  to  learn  of  the  Ver- 
din,  and  much  light  upon  its  doubtful  affinities  to  hope  for, 
from  thoughtful  study  of  its  habits,  as  well  as  from  examina- 
tion of  those  portions  of  its  structure,  no  hint  of  which  can  be 
gained  from  inspection  of  stuffed  specimens. 


CHAPTER   VII.— NUTHATCHES 


FAM.  SITTID.E 

CHARS.—  Bill  subcylindrical,  tapering,  compressed,  slender, 
acute,  not  notched,  nearly  or  about  as  long  as  the  bead  j  culmeu 
and  commissure  nearly  straight;  gonys  long,  convex,  ascending. 
Nostrils  rounded,  concealed  by  tufts  of  bristly  feathers  (as  in 
Paridce).  Wings  long,  pointed ;  primaries  ten,  the  first  of 
which  is  short  or  spurious.  Tail  much  shorter  than  the  wings, 
nearly  even,  of  twelve  soft,  broad,  not  "  scansorial "  feathers. 
Tarsus  shorter  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw,  scutellate  in  front. 
Toes  long,  with  large,  strongly  curved,  compressed  and  acute 
claws,  in  adaptation  to  scansorial  habits.  Hallux  with  its  claw 
abtfut  as  long  as  the  middle  toe ;  the  claw  as  long  as  the  digit. 
Lateral  toes  of  very  unequal  lengths.  Plumage  compact. 
Body  stout,  depressed.  Tongue  horny,  acute,  barbed.  Habits 
highly  scansorial ;  manner  of  climbing  peculiar. 

The  Nuthatches  are  related  to  the  Titmice,  both  in  physical 
structure  and  general  economy,  but  present  certain  peculiarities 
probably  warranting  the  independent  family  rank  I  have  as- 
signed to  them.  The  bill  is  altogether  different ;  other  details 
of  structure  are  modified  in  adaptation  to  a  particular  kind  of 
climbing,  which,  if  not  entirely  peculiar  to  these  birds,  is  at 
least  their  prime  characteristic.  Our  other  scansorial  birds, 
such  as  the  Creepers  and  Woodpeckers,  use  the  tail  as  a  prop 
or  stay  to  assist  in  maintaining  position;  for  which  purpose 
the  feathers  are  specially  contrived  by  their  rigidity  and 
strength,  being  pressed  against  the  support  by  the  action  of 
strong  muscles.  In  the  case  of  the  Nuthatches,  the  tail  does  not 
assist  in  the  acts  of  climbing.  The  birds  just  mentioned,  more- 
over, never  climb  head  downward ;  while  the  Nuthatches  scram- 
ble about  in  every  imaginable  attitude,  running  down  the 
trunks  of  trees,  or  along  the  under  side  of  the  branches,  with 
the  same  ease  with  which  they  climb  upward.  When  reversed 
in  position,  they  are  still  unlike  the  Titmice  and  other  small 
birds  which  momentarily  hang  suspended  by  their  claws;  for 


CHARACTERISTICS  OF  NUTHATCHES        133 

they  appear  to  "  hug "  the  tree  as  closely  as  they  do  in  any 
other  posture.  They  are  among  the  most  nimble  as  well  as 
adroit  of  creepers,  matching  any  of  our  birds  in  activity  and 
restless  energy— a  Woodpecker,  for  instance,  is  almost  a  sedate 
bird  in  comparison.  Though  not  properly  gregarious,  they  are 
sociable  birds,  and  often  gather  in  troops,  with  which  Titmice, 
Kinglets  and  various  Warblers  may  also  mix.  They  are  con- 
fined to  woodland,  and  will  be  found  oftener  in  high  forests, 
on  the  larger  trees,  than  in  the  undergrowth.  In  their  rela- 
tions to  man,  these  birds  are  heedless  and  familiar,  as  if  they 
trusted  to  his  good  will  in  return  for  the  valuable  services  they 
render  him  in  destroying  incalculable  numbers  of  noxious 
insects — a  confidence  too  often  abused  by  the  vulgar  and  ignor- 
ant, who  harbor  against  them  the  same  prejudice  that  exists 
against  the  Sapsuckers  (Sphyrapicus),  the  innocent  and  industri- 
ous Nuthatches  being  supposed  to  injure  trees,  when  the  fact 
is,  they  spend  the  whole  of  their  laborious  lives  in  man's  ser- 
vice. Instances  are  known  of  some  Nuthatches  becoming  so 
tame,  when  they  are  appreciated  and  properly  treated,  as  to 
almost  take  food  from  the  hand.  The  voice  is  harsh,  abrupt 
and  unmelodious — they  have  nothing  to  be  called  a  song.  Be- 
sides insects,  they  feed  upon  various  hard  fruits,  such  as  nuts 
and  acorns — whence,  it  is  said,  is  derived  the  curious  name 
"nuthatch",  equivalent  to  "nut-pecker",  and  perhaps  altered 
from  "nut-hacker".  The  nidification  resembles  that  of  the 
typical  Titmice ;  they  nest  in  holes  of  trees,  and  lay  numerous 
white,  speckled  eggs.  The  coloration  is  not  bright.  The  sexes 
are  similar,  or  nearly  so;  and  the  young,  in  the  first  full  plum- 
age, closely  resemble  the  adults. 

The  genus  Sitta,  to  which,  as  the  leading  representative  of 
the  family,  the  foregoing  remarks  apply  more  particularly,  now 
comprises  about  fourteen  species  of  Europe,  Asia  and  North 
America.  Australia  has  its  peculiar  genus  Sittella;  another, 
Acanthisitta,  is  confined  to  New  Zealand;  while  a  disputed 
Madagascau  form,  Hypherpes,  is  by  some  referred  to  this  family. 
No  South  American  representatives  are  known.  The  family 
is  a  rather  small,  as  well  as  a  somewhat  isolated,  group,  com- 
prising  in  all  only  some  thirty  species. 

Genus  SITTA  Linnaeus 

CHARS,  as  above.  Of  the  five  North  American  species  or 
varieties  three  occur  in  the  Colorado  Basin. 


134     DESCRIPTION    OP    SITTA    CAROLINENSIS    ACULEATA 


bilJecl  Nuthatch 

Sit  Ja  carolinensis  aculeata 

Sitta  carol  ineiisls,  pt.,  of  some  authors. — Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  155. —  Woodh. 

Sitgr.  Rep.  1853,  66.—Newb.  PRRR.  vi.  1857,  79.— (l)Scl.  PZS.  1856,  293  ;  1858,  300:  1859, 

363,373  (all  Mexican  quotations).— (?)  Sumich.  Mem.  Boat.  Soc.  i.  1869,  544  (Vera  Cruz). 
Sitta  aculeata,  Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856,  254  (California).— Scl  PZS.  1857,   126.— Bd. 

BNA.  1858,  375  ;  ed.  of  1860, 375,  pi.  33,  f.  3.— Kenn.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  Whipple's  Route, 

26,   pi.   33,  f.  3.—Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  Williamson's   Route,  56.— Xant.    Pr.    Phila. 

Acad.  1859,  191.— C.  ffS.  NHWT.  1860,  193.— Bd.  RAB.  1864,  m.—Feilner,  Smiths.  Rep. 

for  1864,  1865,  425,—Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  78.— Brown,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  iv.  1868,  421 

(Vancouver).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  74.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  54,  figa.—Aiken,  Pr. 

Bost.   Soc.    xv.   1872,  195.— Merr.  U.    S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873,   672,  713.— 

Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  17. 
Sitta  carolinensis  var.  aculeata,  Coues,  Key,   1872,  83.—  A  lien,  Bull.   MCZ.  iii.   1872,    174.— 

Ridg.  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  v.  1873,   180.— Allen,  Pr.   Bost.   Soc.  1874,  59.—  Yarr.  &  Henah, 

Rep.   Orn.   Specs.  1874,  S.—Hensk.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.   1874,   40,  73,  100.— Coues,  BNW. 

1874,  24,  230.— B.  B.  tf  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  117,  fig.  pi.  8,  with  jig.  Z.—Hensk.  Ann.  List.  B. 

Ariz.  1875,  155.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  173. 

HAB.— Wooded  regions  of  the  Middle  and  Western  Provinces  of  the  United 
States,  and  portions  of  Mexico. 

CH.  SP. —  $  ?  Cceruleo-plumbea,  infra  alba,  crisso  rufo-notaio, 
alis  nigricantibus,  cceruleo-plumbeo  Umbatis,  rectricibus  mediis 
dorso  concoloribus,  ccuteris  nigris,  albo-notatis  ;  rostro  tenuissimo  ; 
$  pileo,  nuchd  et  cervice atris,  ?  pileo  nigricante aut  dorso  concolore. 

$ ,  adult :  Upper  parts,  central  tail-feathers  and  much  edging  of  the 
wings  clear  ashy-blue,  the  whole  crown,  nape  and  back  of  the  neck  glossy 
black.  Under  parts,  including  sides  of  the  neck  and  head  to  above  the  eyes, 
dull  white,  more  or  less  marked  on  the  flanks  and  crissum  with  rusty-brown. 
Wings  and  their  coverts  blackish,  much  edged  as  already  said,  and  with  an 
oblique  bar  of  white  on  the  outer  webs  of  the  primaries  towards  their  ends  ; 
concealed  bases  of  primaries  white ;  under  wing-coverts  mostly  blackish; 
no  bold  bluish  and  black  variegation  of  the  innermost  secondaries.  Tail, 
excepting  the  two  middle  feathers,  black  ;  each  feather  marked  with  white 
in  increasing  amount,  the  outer  web  of  "the  lateral  feather  being  mostly 
white.  Bill  blackish-plumbeous,  pale  at  the  base  below,  extremely  slender. 
Feet  dark  brown.  Iris  brown.  Length,  5^-6  inches  ;  extent,  10^-U  ;  wing, 
3^ ;  tail,  If  ;  bill  about  f  of  an  inch  long,  but  only  about  f  of  an  inch  deep 
at  the  base. 

9  :  Similar  to  the  £  ;  but  the  black  of.  the  head  imperfect,  mixed  or  over- 
laid with  the  color  of  the  back,  or  altogether  restricted  to  the  nape. 

This  form,  extremely  similar  to  the  eastern  S.  carolinensis,  differs  in  the 
slenderer  bill,  which  is  only  4-i  deep  at  the  base,  instead  of  y~g,  and  in  the 
indistinctness  of  the  markings  of  the  inner  secondaries,  which,  in  S.  caroli- 
nensis, are  boldly  variegated  with  blackish  and  ashy-blue. 

I  HAVE  never  observed  the  slightest  difference  in  habits 
between  this  species  and'its  familiar  eastern  representative ; 
other  authors  also  agree  that  one  is  the  counterpart  of  the 


HABITS    OF    THE    SLENDER-BILLED    NUTHATCH       135 

other.  Sometimes  I  fancied  the  Slender-billed  to  be  fonder  of 
pine  woods ;  but  then  I  saw  it  chiefly  in  a  country  where  the 
Coniferce  were  the  only  extensive  forests,  and  I  knew  that  the 
common  White-bellied  inhabited  pines  just  as  frequently,  con- 
sidering the  relative  numbers  of  these  and  deciduous  trees  in 
most  portions  of  the  eastern  United  States.  Mr.  T.  M.  Trippe 
has  spoken,  in  my  "  Birds  of  the  Northwest",  of  what  he  con- 
siders a  decided  difference  in  the  notes  of  the  two  birds :— "  The 
common  piping  note  is  nearly  the  same,  though  in  a  different 
key ;  but  the  loud  spring  call  is  very  different.  It  is  far  coarser, 
louder,  and  more  rapid  in  aculeata — so  loud  and  rattling,  in 
fact,  that  I  have  mistaken  it  for  the  call  of  the  Eed-shafted 
Flicker — while  there  is  none  of  the  soft  musical  tone  that  marks 
the  Spring  note  of  S.  carolinensis."  This  observation,  however, 
has  not  been  corroborated  by  others;  for  Dr.  Kennerly,  in  styl- 
ing the  note  "  peculiar",  evidently  refers  to  the  generic  char- 
acter of  the  voice  of  Nuthatches,  while  Mr.  Eidgway  remarks 
that  the  notes  u  are  much  weaker  and  are  uttered  in  a  finer 
tone,  some  of  them  being,  indeed,  entirely  different  from  those 
of  8.  carolinensis,  though  of  the  same  general  character  r.  In 
this  disagreement  of  the  witnesses,  I  will  not  undertake  to 
judge ;  but,  in  leaving  the  case  .open,  I  suspect  that  it  has  been 
somewhat  "  worked  up  ". 

I  found  the  Slender-billed  Nuthatches  to  be  very  common  in 
the  pineries  about  Fort  Whipple,  where  they  reside  all  the 
year ;  and  the  birds  seem  to  be  distributed  throughout  the 
wooded  regions  of  the  West,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
the  Pacific.  The  northern  limit  is  not  precisely  determined ; 
but  it  is  doubtless  near  the  boundary  of  the  United  States. 
In  the  mountains,  the  birds  have  been  observed  up  to  the 
limits  of  arboreal  vegetation.  They  seem  to  descend  from  the 
more  elevated  regions  in  the  autumn,  but  there  is  no  regular 
migration.  We  know  that  the  birds  endure  extreme  cold  with 
impunity,  since  they  remain  all  winter  about  Colville,  sometimes 
braving  a  temperature  of  —30°  F. 

I  am  not  aware  that  the  nests  and  eggs  of  this  particular 
variety  have  been  described ;  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose 
they  will  be  found  to  differ  from  those  of  8.  carolinensis.  The 
latter  nests  like  a  Titmouse— rather,  like  a  Woodpecker,  con- 
sidering that  it  regularly  digs  a  hole  for  itself,  both  sexes 
working  assiduously  till  an  excavation,  it  may  be  fifteen  or 
twenty  inches  deep,  is  prepared  for  the  reception  of  the  nest. 


136  SYNONYMY    OF    SITTA    CANADENSIS 

This  is  a  rather  scanty  lining  of  an  indiscriminate  mass  of  soft 
vegetable  and  animal  substances.  The  eggs,  to  the  number  of 
five  or  six,  measure  on  an  average  about  four-fifths  of  an  inch 
in  length,  and  three-fifths  in  breadth.  They  are  white,  often 
with  a  rosy  or  creamy  hue,  speckled  and  blotched  with  reddish- 
brown  and  purplish  or  lavender  shades,  sometimes  evenly  and 
thickly  over  the  whole  surface,  oftener  chiefly  about  the  larger 
end,  where  a  wreath  of  the  markings  may  be  more  or  less  per- 
fectly formed. 


Red-bellied  Nuthatch 

Sitta  caiiadeiisis 

Sitta  Canadensis,  L.  SN.  i.  1766,  177,  no.  2  (Briss.  iii.  593,  no.  2,  pi.  29,  f.  4).—Bodd.  Tabl. 
PE.  1783,  38.— Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  441,  no.  2.— Lath.  IO.  i.  1790,  262,  no.  2.—  Turt.  SN.  i. 
1806,  271.—  Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  96.—Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  583.— Aud.  OB.  ii.  1834, 
24,  pi.  105. —  Ornith.  Comm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1837,  193  (Columbia  River). — Bp.  C. 
&  GL.  1838,  10.—  Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  339.— Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839, 
155.— Aud.  Syn.  1839,  167.— Nutt.  Man.  2d  ed.  i.  1840,  697.— Aud.  BA.  iv.  1842,  179,  pi. 
5248.— Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1846,  112  (California).— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  227,—McCaU, 
Pr.  Pbila.  Acad.  v.  1851,  215  (Texas).— Cabot,  Naum.  ii.  Hft.  iii.  1852,  66  (Lake  Supe- 
rior).— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  381  (Wisconsin).— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  95.— 
Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  401  (Ohio).— Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 
584.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  313  (New  Mexico).— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856, 
214.— Kneel.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  233.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  376.—  Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for 
1858,  1859,  283  (Nopa  Scotia).— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  107  (New  Mexico).— 
Coop.  <V  Suck.  NHWT.  1860,  193.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  437.— Bd.  Ives'a 
Rep.  Col.  R.  pt.  vi.  1861,  6  (Fort  Yurna).— Scl.  CAB.  1861,  15.— Coues  ff  Prent.  Smiths. 
Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  411.— Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862,  164.— Blak.  Ibis,  1862, 
5  (Saskatchewan).— Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  126.— Verr.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  186S, 
138  (Anticosti).—  Verr.  I'r.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862,  149.— Blak.  Ibis,  V.  1863,  67.— Bd.  RAB. 
1864,  87.— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864  69.  —Feilner,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865.  426 
(California).— Scl  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  311.—  Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  88.— Cones, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  79  (Arizona).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866.  283.— 
Brown,  Ibis,  2d.  ser.  iv.  1868,  421  (Vancouver).— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  279.— 
Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  107  (South  Carolina).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  74.— 
Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  581.— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  28  ;  Phila.  ed.  21.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i. 
1870,  54.— Abbott,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  546,—Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871,  llT.—Stev.  IT. 
S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1870,  1871,  464.— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  359.—Trippe, 
Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872, 47.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  83,  f.  27.—Hensk.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  73  (Col- 
orado, breeding).—  Coues,  BNW.  1874.  26.— B.  B.  ff  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,118,  pi.  8,  f.  7.— 
Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  438,—Hensk.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  155.—Hensh.  Zool.  Expl. 

W.  100  Merid.  1876,  174. 

Sitta  Varia,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.   1st  Am.  ed.  1791,  289 
bis.—  Wils.&Q.  i.  1808,  40,  pi.  2,  f.  4.— Bp.  Journ. 
Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  25,  275. 
Sitta  stulta,  "  Vieill." 

Sittelle  de  Canada,  "  Buff.  x.  209  "  ;  "  v.  471 ". 
Torchepot  du  Canada,  Buff.  PE.  623,  f.  2. 
Canada  Nuthatch,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  281,  no.  170  (in 
part ;  the  description  and  figure  are  those  of  Si 
FIG.  21.-Head  of  Canada  Nuthatch.  CaroanenstS).-Lath.Syu.l  1782,  pt.  2,  651,  no.  3. 

Nuthatch  du  Canada,  Le  Maine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861,  237. 
Canada  Nuthatch,  Red-bellied  Nuthatch,  Vulg. 
HAB.— Wo  oded  portions  of  temperate  North  America. 


DESCRIPTION  OF    SITTA    CANADENSIS  13  7 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Plumbeo-cwrulea,  rectricibus  mediis  concoloribusr 
lateralibus  nigris  albo  maculatis,  alls  extns  innotatis;  infra  fer- 
ruginea;  $  vertice  cum  lateribus  capitis  nlgris,  striga  frontali  et 
superciliari  alba;  2  pileo  dorso  concolore. 

^,  adult:  Upper  parts  leaden-blue  (brighter  than  in  S.  carol'metisis} ,  the 
central  tail-feathers  the  same ;  wings  fuscous,  with  slight  ashy  edgings  and 
concealed  white  bases  of  the  primaries.  Eutire  under  parts  rusty-brown, 
very  variable  in  shade,  from  rich  fulvous  to  brownish-white,  usually  palest 
on  the  throat,  deepest  on  the  sides  and  crissum  ;  tail-feathers,  except  the  mid- 
dle pair,  black,  the  lateral  marked  with  white.  Whole  top  and  sides  of 
head  and  neck  glossy  black,  that  of  the  side  appearing  as  a  broad  bar 
through  the  eye  from  bill  to  side  of  neck,  cut  off  from  that  of  the  head  by  a 
long  white  superciliary  stripe,  which  meets  its  fellow  across  the  forehead. 
Bill  dark  plumbeous,  paler  below ;  feet  plumbeous-brown.  Length,  4£-4£  ; 
extent,  8-8^;  wing,  2£;  tail,  1£  ;  bill,  ^. 

9  :  Crown  like  the  back;  lateral  stripe  on  the  head  merely  blackish.  The 
under  parts  average  paler  than  those  of  the  $ ,  but  there  is  no  constancy 
about  this.  Young  birds  resemble  the  9  . 

Pennant,  in  the  "  Arctic  Zoology  ",  makes  a  curious  mistake  in  treating 
of  the  Canada  and  Black-headed  Nuthatches.  His  first  species,  no.  170, 
called  "  Canada  "  Nuthatch,  consists  of  the  references  to  this  species  and 
the  description  of  the  other  one,  and  the  figure  on  plate  13  unmistakably 
represents  carolinensis  ;  while  under  his  no.  171,  called  "  Black-headed"  Nut- 
hatch, he  describes  canadensis.  He  correctly  distinguishes  the  two  species  but 
inadvertently  calls  one  the  other. 

OUR  knowledge  of  the  distribution  and  movements  of  the 
Canada  Nuthatch  lacks  precision.  As  already  said,  it  is 
known  to  inhabit  wooded  portions  of  temperate  North  America,, 
from  one  ocean  to  the  other,  and  from  Florida,  Texas  and 
Arizona  to  Labrador  and  other  portions  of  British  America ; 
but  to  what  extent  it  is  migratory  within  this  large  area,  and 
in  what  portions  it  is  resident,  or  a  summer  or  winter  visitor, 
we  are  still  insufficiently  informed.  There  appears  to  be  little 
doubt  that,  unlike  its  relatives,  it  is  decidedly  migratory ;  yet 
authors  are  singularly  at  variance  in  their  accounts  of  its  move- 
ments. Wilson  speaks  of  its  leaving  for  the  Southern  States 
in  October,  and  returning  again  in  April.  Brewer  alludes  to 
a  flock  which  he  saw  in  Massachusetts,  May  20,  which  had 
"evidently  just  arrived  from  the  South".  But  Allen  states 
that  it  is  chiefly  a  winter  resident  in  Massachusetts,  arriving 
in  October  and  departing  in  April.  In  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, Coues  and  Preutiss  say  that  it  is  a  winter  resident,  from 
early  in  October  until  May.  Ridgway  found  it  in  the  mount- 
ains of  Nevada  in  September  and  June.  Such  conflicting  state- 


138    DISTRIBUTION  AND  HABITS  OF  CANADA  NUTHATCH 

ments  might  be  multiplied  5  and  1113-  limited  experience  with 
the  bird,  which  I  have  only  seen  during  the  colder  part  of  the 
year,  and  only  about  Washington,  simply  forces  me  to  an 
expression  of  opinion  formed  according  to  the  balance  of  evi- 
dence. 1  judge  that  the  bird  is  on  the  whole  a  more  northerly 
species  than  the  Carolina  Nuthatch ;  that,  unlike  the  other 
Nuthatches,  the  Titmice  and  the  Creeper,  all  of  which 
are  imperfectly  migratory,  if  not  stationary,  it  migrates  to  a 
considerable  extent  in  spring  and  fall.  There  appears,  further- 
more, to  be  an  uncertain  intermediate  tract,  in  northerly  por- 
tions of  the  United  States,  where  some  individuals  at  least  are 
resident,  and  north  of  which  the  bird  is  only  seen  in  summer, 
while  further  south  it  will  only  be  found  in  winter,  except  at 
high  elevations  among  the  mountains  of  the  West,  where  alti- 
tude answers  for  latitude.  Its  northern  limit  of  distribution 
has  been  stated  to  be  about  latitude  6G°  ST.  In  the  West,  it 
extends  southward  to  the  Mexican  border,  a  specimen  having 
been  obtained  at  Fort  Yurna  by  Lieut.  J.  C.  Ives.  I  have 
observed  no  Mexican  references,  nor  am  I  aware  that  the  bird 
has  ever  been  found  south  of  the  United  States. 

The  rarity  of  the  Canada  Nuthatch  in  most  of  the  Col- 
orado Basin  may  be  inferred  from  the  infrequency  of  the 
original  quotations  referring  to  this  section  of  the  country — 
most  writers,  in  fact,  refer  to  the  Yuma  example  just  men- 
tioned. I  never  saw  it  myself  in  any  portion  of  New  Mexico 
or  Arizona,  nor  does  Mr.  Henshaw  appear  to  have  met  with  it 
in  either  of  these  Territories  or  in  Utah.  He  gives  us,  how- 
ever, an  interesting  record  of  its  breeding  in  the  pine  woods 
about  Fort  Garland ,  Colorado,  where  he  states  it  was  by  no 
means  rare.  The  nest  was  found  in  a  pine  stump  a  few  feet 
from  the  ground,  excavated  in  the  decayed  wood  to  the  depth 
of  five  inches,  and  lined  with  bits  of  bark ;  the  eggs  were  five 
in  number,  in  an  advanced  state  of  incubation.  A  nest  which 
Audubon  found  in  Maine  as  early  as  April  19,  before  the  ice 
was  all  gone,  was  dug  to  a  depth  of  about  fourteen  inches ;  it 
contained  four  eggs.  The  eggs  I  have  examined  in  the  Smith- 
sonian collection  are  like  those  of  the  Carolina  Nuthatch,  but 
noticeably  smaller,  measuring  about  0.60x0.48;  they  are 
white,  sprinkled  with  reddish  dots,  sometimes  pretty  evenly 
distributed  over  the  whole  surface,  sometimes  chiefly  wreathed 
about  the  larger  end,  or  there  confluent.  The  same  general 
characters  obtain  in  the  eggs  of  other  Nuthatches. 


SYNONYMY  AND  DESCRIPTION  OF  SITTA  PYGMvBA     139 

Pygmy  Nuthatch 

Si!  t 


SWa  pygimea,  nf.  Zool.  Voy.  Bloas.  1839,  29,  pi.  4.  f.  2  (California).  -Bp.  C.  &  GL.  1838, 

10.—  And.  OB.  v.  1839,  63,  pi.  415.—  And.  Syn.  1839,  168.—  Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1846, 

112.—  ScZ.  PZS.  1859,   363  (Xalapa).—  Coop.  <&  Suck.  NHWT.  1860,  193.—  Bd.  Ives'a  Rep. 

Col.  R.  pt.  vi.  1861,  6.—  Bd.  RAB.  1864,  88.—  Scl.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  311.—  Fcilner,  Smiths. 

Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  426  (habits).—  Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866    78  (Arizona).— 

Brown,  Ibis,  2d  g  r.  iv.  1868,  421  (Vancouver).—  Coop.  Am.  Nat,  iii.  1869,74,  299.—  Sumich. 

Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869,  544  (Vera  Cruz).—  Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  55,  fig.—  Aiken,  Pr.  Boat. 

Soc.  xv.  1872,  195  (Colorado)  .—Cones,  Key,    1872,   83.—  Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,.  17.— 

Cones,   BNW.  1874,   25,    230.—  B.  B.  <V  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,    120,    pi.  8.—  Yarr.  6f  Hensh.  Rep. 

Orn.  Specs.  1874,  8.—  Yarr.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  34.—  Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid. 

1876,  175. 
Sltta  pyginea,  And.  BA.  iv.  1842,  184,  pi.  250.—  Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  ZuiU  R.  1853,  66.—  Henry,  Pr. 

Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  313  ;  xi.  1859,  107  (New  Mexico).—  Newb.  PRRR.  vi.  1859,  79. 
Sitta  pyginaea,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  227.—  Bd.  BNA.  1858,378.—  Keunerly,  PRRR.  x.  1859,Whipple's 

Route,  26. 

Sitta  piffmaea,  Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1871,  757. 
Sitta  pusillil  var.  pygimea,  Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  174  (Colorado).—/?^.  Bull.  Essex  lost. 

v.  1873,  180  (Colorado).—  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  40,  73,  100. 
Pygmy  .Nuthatch,  California!!  .Nuthatch,  Vulg. 

HAB.  —  United  States  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific.  North  to 
49°  (Vancouver,  Brown}.  South  in  Mexico  to  Xalapa  and  Vera  Cruz. 

CH.  SP.  —  3  9  Plnmbeo-ccerulea,  pileo  et  nnchd  olivaceo-brunnels, 
lateral-tier  obsciirioribm,  macula  alba  nuchali  obsoletd  ;  rectricibus 
mediis  dorso  concoloribus,  macula  magnd  longitudinali  alba;  infra 
sordlde  alba,  plus  minusve  rufescens^  crisso  lateribusque  dorso  vix 
discolor  ibus. 

$  9:  Upper  parts  ashy-blue,  and  wings  with  little  or  no  markings  (as  in 
canadensis),  though  some  of  the  outer  primaries  maybe  narrowly  edged  with 
white.  Whole  top  of  head,  nape  and  back  of  neck,  with  the  sides  of  the 
head  to  below  the  eyes,  olive-brown,  the  lateral  borders  of  this  patch  blackish, 
andan  obsolete  whitish  patch  at  the  back  of  the  neck.  Central  tail-feathers 
like  the  back,  but  with  a  long  white  spot,  and  their  outer  webs  black  at  the 
base;  other  tail-feathers  blackish,  with  white  marks,  and  often  also  tipped 
with  the  color  of  the  back.  Entire  under  parts  ranging  in  different  specimens 
from  a  mere  muddy  white  to  smoky-brown  or  rich  rusty,  nearly  or  quite  as 
intense  as  in  S.  canademis;  the  flanks  and  crissum  shaded  with  a  duller 
wash  of  the  color  of  the  back.  Bill  and  feet  dark  plumbeous,  the  former 
paler  at  base  below.  Iris  black.  Length  about  4  inches,  or  rather  less; 
extent  about  8  ;  wing,  2$  ;  tail,  1£  ;  tarsus,  |  ;  bill  about  |. 

Young  :  Differs  from  the  adult  much  as  the  9  of  the  foregoing  species 
differs  from  the  <?,  in  having  the  top  of  the  head  like  the  back;  the 
under  parts  are  usually  muddy-whitish,  but  there  is  great  difference  in  this 
respect.  The  tail-feathers  have  constantly  shown  me  the  characteristic 
markings  of  the  species. 


I 

140      .  HISTORY    OF    THE    PYGMY    NUTHATCH 

While  this  species  is  indubitably  very  closely  related  to  S.  pmilla  of  the 
Southero  States,  it  presents  differences  which  I  have  not  seen  bridged  over 
by  intermediate  examples.  The  color  of  the  head  is  a  pure  hair-brown  in 
&  pusilla,  in  which  the  white  nuchal  spot  is  large  and  distinct  ;  and  the 
central  tail-feathers  show  little,  if  any,  trace  of  the  black  and  white  markings 
so  conspicuous  in  S.pygmcea. 

HERE  we  have  the  most  abundant,  characteristic  and  gen- 
erally distributed  species  of  the  family  in  the  Colorado 
Basin.  The  bird  was  originally  brought  to  the  notice  of  natur- 
alists by  Mr.  N.  A.  Vigors,  who  received  it  from  Monterey, 
where  it  was  collected  during  the  voyage  of  the  "  Blossom  ", 
under  command  of  Capt.  F.  W.  Beechey,  R.  1ST.,  and  described 
and  figured  it  in  the  volume  in  which  the  zoological  results  of 
the  expedition  were  made  known,  in  1839.  A  few  years  sub- 
sequently, Dr.  Wm.  Ganibel  spoke  of  its  great  abundance  in 
certain  portions  of  California;  and  most  of  the  western  explorers 
who  followed  in  the  wake  of  the  sturdy  pioneers  of  740  have  left 
memoranda  of  their  observations.  From  the  southwesterly 
regions  where  the  species  was  first  noticed,  its  known  range 
has  gradually  extended  to  the  east  and  north,  till  it  now  includes 
the  whole  of  the  United  States  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
the  Pacific.  In  Mexico,  similarly,  we  have  had  advices  of  its 
presence;  it  has  been  recorded  from  Xalapa,  and  Sumichrast 
states  that  it  is  resident  in  Yera  Cruz  up  to  the  limit  of  vegeta- 
tion on  the  highest  peaks.  Though  it  is  strictly  the  western 
representative  of  the  Brown-headed  Nuthatch,  yet  its  range  is 
much  more  extended  ;  for  the  latter  is  almost  entirely  confined 
to  the  Southern  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  only  occasionally 
reaching  as  far  north  as  Ohio. 

Within  the  whole  area  of  its  dispersion,  the  Pygmy  Nut- 
hatch is  resident,  like  most  of  its  family  and  their  allies.  Some 
pass  the  winter  as  far  north  as  latitude  49°,  although,  according 
to  Mr.  J.  K.  Lord,  many  proceed  southward  in  November.  I 
found  it  at  all  seasons  about  Fort  Whipple;  but  in  the  pine  forests 
of  that  elevated  locality  it  is  most  abundant  in  summer.  It 
seems  to  prefer  the  pines,  especially  during  the  breeding  sea- 
son, and  ranges  up  the  mountains  to  an  altitude  of  8  or  10,000 
feet,  or  to  the  timber-line ;  at  other  times  it  is  more  generally 
distributed  through  the  deciduous  woods  of  lower  levels.  During 
my  residence  at  Fort  VVhipple,  the  habits  of  these  birds  were  to 
me  a  study  which  never  failed  to  please.  If  I  loitered  in  list- 
less mood  among  the  magnificent  pines,  uthe  world  forgetting, 
by  the  world  forgot,"  absorbed  in  the  sensuous  undercurrent 


LEADING  TRAITS  OF  THE  PYGMY  NUTHATCH    141 

of  merely  anitnal  existence,  the  vivacity  of  these  ubiquitous 
little  creatures  seldom  failed  to  break  the  spell  of  iny  dream, 
and  bring1  me  back  to  the  realities  that  surrounded  me.  If  I 
hurried  breathless  through  the  woods,  in  eager  pursuit  of  some 
feathered  prize  that  seemed  likely  to  escape  me,  how  did  my 
haste  in  quest  of  a  coveted  thing  differ  from  the  bustling  activity 
and  restless  energy  they  displayed  in  their  search  for  what 
seemed  good  to  them  !  The  naturalist  is  never  alone  j  solitude 
is  not  for  him  ;  he  can  call  nothing  his  own — not  even  his 
thoughts,  which  he  must  be  content  to  share  with  all  the  forms 
of  life  about  him,  and  suffer  to  be  carried  beyond  his  control. 
"  How  singularly,"  I  have  said  to  myself,  •"  how  perfectly,  do 
these  busy  troops  of  birds  illustrate  the  waste  of  nervous  force ! 
Will  they  never  learn  to  make  haste  slowly  ?  Are  they  so  full  of 
energy  that  such  incessant  motion  becomes  a  pleasure — a  neces- 
sity •?  And  after  all,  what  does  this  eager  scrambling  amount 
to  ?  They  make  a  living  by  it,  to  be  sure,  and  that  is  something ; 
but  so  do  some  of  the  laziest  people.  Perhaps  they  like  it ; 
perhaps  they  cannot  help  it.  That  may  be  a  flock  of  young 
birds,  relishing  their  work  with  the  zest  of  enthusiasts  who 
have  yet  to  learn  the  lesson  that  hard  work  teaches ;  this  may 
be  a  lot  of  old  ones,  no  longer  buoyant,  yet  equally  eager,  for 
to  them  work  has  become  a  painful  necessity,  since  habit  has 
rendered  idleness  intolerable." 

With  such  incessant  activity  as  this  do  the  Pygmy  Nut- 
hatches go  about  their  daily  avocations.  With  the  appearance 
of  the  earlier  broods  the  different  families  unite,  and  the  busy 
throng  roams  through  the  woods,  straggling  from  tree  to  tree 
with  desultory  flight,  calling  incessantly  to  each  other  as  if  to 
make  sure  that  all  the  company  keep  together.  They  show 
some  little  preference  in  the  matter  of  their  hunting  grounds, 
more  rarely  scrambling  about  the  trunks  than  among  the  smaller 
branches  of  the  trees,  like  the  Brotf  n-headed  Nuthatches,  which 
they  resemble  so  closely  in  appearance,  and  they  habitually  resort 
to  the  terminal  branchlets  and  foliage  of  the  tree -tops.  Their  diet 
is  a  mixed  one,  consisting  in  part  of  the  minute  insects  which 
lurk  in  the  cracks  of  the  bark,  in  part  of  the  seeds  of  conifers, 
and  doubtless  other  small  hard  fruits.  Their  sociability  is  a 
prominent  trait ;  indeed,  they  may  almost  be  called  gregarious 
at  all  times  excepting  during  the  breeding  season.  Flocks  of 
a  dozen  or  twenty,  and  even  up  to  fifty  or  a  hundred,  are  not 
seldom  seen ;  and  in  the  same  company  numbers  of  Titmice 
and  Warblers  may  often  be  found.  They  are  extremely  noisy 


142  HABITS    OF    THE    PYGMY    NUTHATCH 

at  such  times — not  clamorous  in  fretfnlness  or  irritation, 
but  with  the  jovial  abandon  of  good  fellowship.  The  notes  are 
not  susceptible  of  description,  such  is  the  endless  variety  of 
the  queer  chattering  and  whistling  cries  emitted,  amidst  which 
the  peculiar  quanlc  of  the  larger  Nuthatches  finds  no  counter- 
part. Nor  are  they  in  themselves  harmonious  $  yet  the  effect 
of  the  medley  is  pleasing. 

The  nest  of  the  Pygmy  Nufhatch  1  have  never  found  ;  but 
the  nidification  is  now  well  known  to  agree  with  that  of  its 
congeners,  as  far  as  the  excavation  of  a  hole  is  concerned. 
Accounts  differ  respecting  the  lining  of  the  cavity  ;  according 
to  some  the  eggs  are  simply  deposited  upon  the  chips  and  dust 
at  the  bottom  of  the  hole,  while  in  other  cases  a  tolerably  well 
made  and  consistent  nest  of  various  soft  vegetable  and  animal 
substances  is  constructed.  Doubtless  both  these  accounts  are 
correct,  their  variance  being  chargeable  to  the  birds  them- 
selves. It  is  probable  that,  in  some  localities  at  least,  two 
broods  are  reared  each  season ;  in  Arizona,  I  observed  the 
earliest  young  on  wing  in  June,  which  would  leave  ample  time 
for  a  second  family.  The  eggs  are  not  distinguishable  with 
certainty  from  those  of  the  Canada  Nuthatch,  though  said  to 
be  somewhat  smaller  and  more  pointed.  They  appear  to  have 
been  first  discovered  at  Fort  Crook,  California,  by  Captain 
(then  Sergeant)  John  Feiluer,  U.  S.  A.,  who  was  not  long  after- 
ward killed  by  Sioux  in  Dakota.  In  his  notice  of  the  species 
above  quoted,  he  concludes  with  a  graphic  portrayal  of  a  little 
scene  which  those  who  have  watched  the  birds  will  recognize 
as  true  to  nature.  ...  "  The  pine  nuts  are  very  closely 
searched  for  their  seeds ;  when  found,  it  alights  on  a  limb, 
where,  holding  it  with  one  foot,  it  hammers  witli  the  bill 
until  it  has  broken  it  in  such  parts  as  will  enable  it  to  eat  the 
seed.  If  it  should  happen  to  one  to  drop  such  a  seed,  two  or 
three  will  be  seen  diving  after  and  catching  it  before  it  can 
reach  the  ground  5  another  place  will  be  found,  and  the  ham- 
mering commences  afresh.  The  scene  presented  by  observing 
a  party  of  these  little  birds  all  in  a  bustle  and  activity,  engaged 
in  breaking  pine  nuts,  and  to  hear  their  chattering  and  ham- 
mering, reminds  one  of  an  immense  machine  shop,  where  all 
the  mechanics  are  busily  engaged  in  the  various  divisions  of 
their  craft." 


CHAPTER  VIII.—  CREEPERS 


FAM.  CERTHIID^E 

THIS  is  a  small,  well-defined  group,  of  four  or  five  genera 
and  about  a  dozen  species,  usually  divided  into  two  sub- 
families".   One  of  these  is  the  Tichodromince,  represented  by  the 
European  Wall  Creeper,  Tichodroma  muraria,  and  some  species 
of  the  chiefly  Australian  genus  Climtioteris.    The  other  is  the 

SQBFAMILY  CERTHIIN^E :  TOPICAL  CREEPERS 

These  are  represented  by  the  genus  Certhia,,  and  one  or  two 
others;  they  are  confined  to  the  Old  World,  with  the  exception 
of  a  single  species  of  the  typical 

Genus  CERTHIA  Linnaeus 

CHARS.— Adaptation  to  scansorial  habits  by  the  structure 
of  the  tail  and  feet.  Tail  long  and  strong,  formed  of  12  rigid, 
acuminate  feathers  graduated  in  length ;  the  shafts  are  stout, 
curved  and  elastic,  the  points  extremely  acute,  and  the  whole 
structure  of  the  feathers  closely  resembles  that  seea  in  the  Wood- 
pecker family.  Tarsus  scutellate,  shorter  than  the  middle  toe 
and  claw ;  anterior  toes  connate  at  base  for  the  length  of  the 
1st  joint  of  the  middle  one.  Lateral  toes  unequal  in  length,  the 
inner  being  much  shorter  than  the  outer.  Hind  toe  shorter 
than  its  claw.  Claws  strong,  much  curved,  very  sharp,  the 
hinder  one  of  great  size  ; 
wing  with  10  primaries,  the 
first  not  half  as  long  as  the 
2d,  which  is  shorter  than 
the  3d ;  point  of  the  wing 
formed  by  the  3d-5th  quills. 
Bill  about  as  long  as  the 
head,  extremely  slender, 
acute,  curved ;  nostrils  ex- 
posed, narrow,  Scaled.  NO  FIG.  22. -Head,  foot  and  tail-feather  of  the  Creeper* 

rictal  vibrissa3. 
The  general  economy  ot  the  Greepsra  is  peculiar.      Their 


144  GENERAL    ECONOMY    OF    CREEPERS 

habit  of  climbing  is  the  most  prominent  trait;  the  action  is  pre- 
cisely similar  to  that  of  the  Woodpeckers,  and  quite  unlike  that 
of  their  much  nearer  relatives,  the  Nuthatches — for  the  Creep- 
ers iiever  scramble  about  head  downward,  and  never  move 
without  being  propped  up  by  the  stiff,  elastic  tail,  which  is 
pressed  against  the  support.  The  structure  and  grasping  power 
of  the  feet  are  much  the  same  as  in  the  Nuthatches.  The  bill 
differs  altogether  from  the  stout,  chisel-like  instrument  with 
which  both  Woodpeckers  and  Nuthatches  bore  into  wood 
either  to  procure  food  or  to  construct  a  nesting-place,  being 
weak,  slender,  curved  and  sharp  pointed.  The  mandibles  may 
be  likened  to  an  extremely  delicate  pair  of  forceps,  which  may 
be  insinuated  into  the  narrowest  crevices  of  the  bark  to  pick 
out  the  most  minute  objects — and  a  very  efficient  tool  it  proves, 
as  used  by  its  skillful  and  indefatigable  owner.  The  food  of  the 
Creepers  consists  chiefly  of  small  insects ;  sometimes,  it  is  said, 
they  feed  upon  particles  of  vegetable  matter,  such  as  lichens 
or  mosses.  Their  nidification  is  like  that  of  the  Nuthatches 
and  typical  Titmice,  inasmuch  as  they  nest  in  holes;  but  their 
weak  bill  is  unfit  for  the  labor  of  digging  into  wood,  and  they 
consequently  occupy  such  natural  excavations  as  they  find  in 
decayed  wood,  or  the  deserted  homes  of  Woodpeckers  and 
other  animals.  The  eggs  are  numerous,  white,  speckled.  The 
birds  inhabit  woodland,  and  seem  to  prefer  trees  of  large  size. 
They  are  not.  highly  musical,  and  are  generally  considered 
songless  ;  yet  some  close  observers  say  they  have  heard  a  suc- 
cession of  modulated  notes,  by  no  means  unmusical.  In  plum- 
age, the  sexes  are  alike,  and  the  regular  changes  are  not 
decided;  while  the  variegated  tints,  harmonizing  with  the 
colors  of  the  bark,  are  a  great  safeguard.  The  activity,  or 
rather  the  industry,  of  the  Creepers  is  a  strong  trait ;  yet  they 
have  none  of  the  vivacity  and  turbulence  of  the  Titmice  and 
Nuthatches,  being,  in  fact,  very  sedate  and  almost  demure 
birds,  gliding  stealthily  about  the  trees,  and  likely  to  elude 
observation  unless  narrowly  watched.  Our  species  is  not  regu- 
larly migratory.  All  the  species  of  the  genus  resemble  each 
other  so  closely  that  it  is  difficult  to  say  how  many  there  are ; 
we  have  but  one  in  the  United  States,  believed  to  be  identical 
with  that  of  Europe  ;  there  is  another  species  or  variety  in  the 
warmer  parts  of  America,  and  several  are  ascribed  to  Asia. 


SYNONYMY    OF    CERTIIIA    FAMILIARIS  145 

Brown  Creeper 

Ccrtliia  fa  mi  liar  is 

(General  references) 

Certhia  familiar!*,  L.  SX.  i.  lOthed.  1758,  118,no.  1  (Fn.  Suec.  213,  etc.) ;  12th  ed.  1766, 184,  no. 
l.—Brilnn.  OB.  1764,  12.— Scop.  Bem^rk.  ed.  Gihith.  1770,  53,  no.  59.—  Bodd.  Tabl.  17t>3, 
42  (PE.  631,  f.  l).—G>n.  SX.  i.  1738,  469,  no.  l.-Sckae/.  Mus.  Orn.  1789,  41,  no.  136.— 
Lith.  IO.  i.  L79(),  230,  no.  l.—Turt.  SX.  i.  18')6,  -291.—  Fox,  Newc.  Mas.  1827,  61.— Less. 
Tr.  Orn.  1831,  ail.—Temm.  Man.  i.  410;  iii.  1835,  283.—  Kaup.  Thierr.  ii.  pt.  i.  1836,  153.— 
Bp.  C.  &  GL.  1833,  \\.-Macg.  Man.  Br.  B.  i.  1840,  214.— Siedh.  Stubenv.  Deut's.  1845. 
351. —  Pa-wler,  Naura.  i.  1830,  49  (aest  and  egg-i). — Naum.  Vog.  pi.  140. —  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 
224.— Gould,  BE  pi.  237—  Tobias,  Naum.  i.  1851,  6.5.—  Wentzel,  J.  f.  O.  1853,  442.— 
Homey.  J.  f.  0.  1854,  365.— Radde,  J.  f.  O.  1854,  62  (Southern  Russia).— Vang.  J.  f.  O. 
1855,  m.  —  M'tiller,  J.  f.  O.  1856.  221.— Pdssler,  J.  f.  O.  1856,  42.— B.  Preen,  J.  f.  O.  1859, 
45L—Flnsck,  J.  f.  O.  1859,  384.—  Brdt.  An.  Vert.  Siberia,  26.—Gieb.  Vog.  1860,  85,  f. 
153.— Sc/irenck,  Araurl.  185f),  330.— Zaiid.  Arch.  Ateckleab.  xv.  1861,  95.— Hintz  I.  J.  f.  O. 
1863,  426.— R  Bias.  Beigabe  J.  f.  O.  1863,  48.— r.  Preen,  J.  f.  O.  1863,  281.— Radde,  Reisen, 

1863,  217.— Sperf.  Ibis,  vi.  1864,  281  (Corfu).— Nordm.  J.  f.  O.  1864,  365.— w.  Drosle,  J.  f.  O. 

1864,  iM.—Hintz  I.  J.  f.  O.  18tfl,  106,  194.— Hintz  I.  J.  f.  O.  1865,  235.— Afore,  Ibis,  2d  ser. 
i.  1865,  136.— Degl.-Gerbe,  OE.  i.  1867,  186.— Hintz  I.  J.  f.  O.  1867,   168.— Holtz,  J.  f.  O. 
1868,  118.— Hintz  I.  J.  f.  O.  1868,  395.—  Homey.  J.   f.  O.   1869,    172  (Extern  Siberia).— 
E.  8fB.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  vi.  1870,  198  (Turkey).— Saunders,  Ibis,  3d  ser.  i.  1871,  -IQB.—Fritsch, 
J.  f.  O.  1871,  189.— Rey,  J.  f.  O.  1872,  143.— Hart.  Man.  Br.  B.  1872,  2Q.—Jerdon,  Ibis,  3d 
Her.  ii.  1872,  19  (Kashmir).— Tacz    J.  f.  O.  1872,  353  (Eastern  Siberia).— Sioinh.  Ibis,  3d 
ser.iv.  1874,  152  (Hakodadi).— Hanc.  B.North.&  Durh.  1874, 30. -Dress.  BE.  1874,pt.xxix. 

Certhla  scandulaca,  Pallas,  Zoog.  R.-A.  i.  "  18U  "  (1830,  432. 
CerthiUS  major,  C.  minor,  Frisch,  "  Vog.  Teuschl.  fol.  B.  1817,  taf.  39  ". 
Certhia  macrodactyla,  C.  brachydactyla,  C.  septentrionalis,  C.  m  garliynclios,  Brehm, 
VD.  1831,  pp.  208-211. 

Certhia  nattereri,  Bp.  c.  &  GL.  1838, 11. 
Certhia  natereri,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  224. 

Certhia  COSt.-e,  Bailly,  "  Bull.  Soc.  Hist.  Nat.  Savoie,  Jan.  1852  ".—  Sand.  J.  f.  0. 1855,  60. 
Certhia  brachyrhynchus,  C.  parailoxa,  L.  Brehm,  Naum.  1855,  274. 
Certhia  rufidorsalis,  "  Br.",  Giebel,  Thes.  Om.  i.  1872,  618. 
Certhia  hodgsoni,  Brooks,  "  JASB.  1872,  73  "  (fide  Dresser). 

Motacilla  SCOlOpaciua,  Stium,  "Trondh.  Selsk.  Skr.  1770,  Jide  Collett,  Norg.  Fugl.  1868,  16" 
(from  Dresser). 

(American  references) 

Certhia  familiariS,.par%,  of  older  authors.— Vicill.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  IQ.—  Wils.  AO.  i.  1808,  122, 
pi.  7,  f.  L—  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  27.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  95.—  Nutt. 
Man.  i.  1832,  585.—Ornith.  Comm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1837,  193  (Columbia  River).— 
Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1839,  155.— Penh.  Rep.  Orn.  Ma^s.  1839,  341.— And.  OB. 
v.  1839,  158,  pi.  415.— Aud.  Syn.  1839,  72.— And.  BA'.  ii.  1841,  109,  pi.  115.— Burnett,  Pr. 
Bost,  Soc.  iv.  1851,  116.—  Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  Zuni  R.  1853,  66.— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853, 
95.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  209  (Mew  Mexico).— Hat/m.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii. 
1856,  283.—  Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  282  (Nova  Scotia).— Tarnb.  B.  E.  Pa. 
1869,  27  ;  Phila.  ed.  2(}.—Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871,  115.— Mayn.  BE.  Mass.  1870,  93.— 
Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  359,—Coues,  Key,  1872,  84,  f.  28.— Cones,  BN  W.  1874,  26, 
230.— Nets.  Pr.  Bost.  xvii.  1875,  343,  356  (California  and  Utah).— Gentry,  Life-Hist.  B.  E. 
Penna.  1876,  70  (habits). 

[Certhia  mfa,  Bartram  Trav.  Fla.  1st  Am.  ed.  1791,  289bi*.— Cones,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1875,  347, 
Certhia  t'usca,  Barton,  Fragm.  N.  H.  Peuna.  1799,  11. 

Certhia  americana,  Bp.  c.  &  GL.  1833,  u.—ltutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  701.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 

225.— Reich.  "  Hdbh.  i.  1853,  265,  pi.  dcxv.  f.  4102,  4103 )!.— Rend,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi. 
1353,  401.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1353,  381.— Gerh.  Naum.  iii.  1853,  38.— Kennic  Tr. 
Illinois  Agr.   Soc.  i.  1855,   583.— Maxim.  J.  f.   O.  vi.  1853,  105.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  372.— 
10  B   C 


146  CHARACTERS    OF    CERTIIIA    FAMILIARIS 

Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1839,  107.— Scl.  PZS.  1859,  235.— Kenner.  PRRR.  x.  1859, 
Whipple's  Route,  Birds,  26.—  Heerm.  PRRR.  X.  1859,  Williamson's  Route,  Birdn,  42.— 
Coop  6f  Sudd.  NHVVT.  1860,  192.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  I860,  1861,  437.— Scl.  CAB. 

1861,  15.— Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  126.— Ooues  ff  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861, 

1862,  410.— Verr.  Pr.    Ess.  Inst.  iii.   1862,   149.— Bd.  RAB.    1864,  89.—  Allen,    Pr.  Ess. 
Inst.  iv.  1864,  68.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865.  W8.—Hamlin,  Pr.  Post.  Soc.  x.  1865, 
80  (habits).— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  88.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  79 
(Arizona).— Labr.  Ann. Lye. N.Y.viii.  1868,  283.— Coues,  Pr. Bost. Soc. xii.  1868,  108.— Ooues, 
Pr.   Ess.  Inst.  v.   1868,  273. — Brown,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  iv.  1868,  42  (Vancouver). — Coop.  Am. 
Nat.  iii.  1869,  296.— Abbott,  Am.  Nat.   iv.  1870,   543.— Abbott,  Am.   Nat.   \\.  1872,  367.— 
Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.   1873,  236. — Snow,  B.  Kans.  1873,  6. — Merriam,  Am.  Nat.  viii. 
1874,  8.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439. 

Certhia  familiaris  car.  americana,  Ridgw.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873, 180  (Colorado).— B.  E.  fyR. 
NAB.  i.  1874,  125,  tigs.  pi.  8,  f.  \\.-Htnsh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  41,  73.—Hen*k.  List  B. 
Ariz.  1875,  155,-Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  177. 

Certhia  mexicana,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  372,  923  (in  part ;  refers  to  western  United  States  speci- 
mens).— Feilner,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  425.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  74.— Coop. 
B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  58,  fig.  (Not  of  Gloger.) 

European  Creeper,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  285,  no.  174  (in  part). 

Grimpereau  commun,  Le  M.  Ois.  Canad.  1861,  236. 

Creeper,  Tree  Creeper,  Brown  Creeper,  Common  Creeper,  American  Creeper,  Vulg. 

var.  mexicana 

Certhfa  mexicana,  "Gloger."— Reich.  "  Hdbh.  i.1853,  265,  pi.  dlxii.  f.  3841,  3842".— Scl.  PZS. 
1856,  290  (Ranches  de  Suapam).— Bd.  BNA.  ed.  of  I860,  pi.  83,  f.  2  (Mexico).— Scl.  PZS. 
1858,  297  (Parada).— $cl.  PZS.  1859,  362  (Xalapa),  372  (Oaxaca).—  Xant.  Pr.  Phila.Acad. 
xi.  1859,  191  (California).— #</.  RAB.  1864,  90.— Salv.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  ii.  1866,  190  (Guate- 
mala).— Sumich.  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869,  544  (Vera  Cruz). 

Certhia  americana  var.  mexicana,  (?)  Dress.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  485  (Southern  Texas). 

Certhia  familiaris  var.  mexicana,  B.  B.  4-  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 128. 

HAB.— Temperate  North  America,  in  wooded  regions. 

CH.  SP. —  $  2  Fusca,  albido  striata,  uropygio  rufesce.nte,  infra 
albida;  alls  albido  variegatis,  rufo  albidoque  bifasciatis. 

$  9  :  Upper  parts  dark  brown,  changing  to  rusty -brown  on  the  rump, 
everywhere  streaked  with  ashy-white.  This  coloration  descends  to  the  sides 
of  the  head.  An  obscure  whitish  superciliary  stripe.  Under  parts  dull 
whitish,  sometimes  tinged  with  rusty  on  the  flanks  and  ccissum.  Wing- 
coverts  and  quills  tipped  with  white,  the  inner  secondaries  also  with  wbrte 
shaft-lines,  which,  with  the  tips,  contrast  with  the  blackish  of  their  outer 
webs.  Wings  also  twice  crossed  with  white  or  tawny-white,  the  anterior 
bar  broad  and  occupying  both  webs  of  the  feathers,  the  other  only  on  the 
outer  webs  near  their  ends.  Tail  grayish-brown,  immaculate,  darker  along 
the  shaft,  and  at  the  ends  of  the  feathers,  sometimes  showing  obsolete  trans- 
verse bars.  Bill  blackish  above,  mostly  flesh-colored  or  yellowish  below  ; 
feet  brown.  Length,  5£-5f  ;  extent,  7|-8  ;  wing,  2|,  more  or  less  ;  tail  usu- 
ally a  little  longer  than  the  wiug,  sometimes  not  so,  2^  to  nearly  3  inches. 
9  averaging  smaller  than  $  . 

Of  late  years,  the  American  Creeper  has  been  very  generally  separated 
from  the  European  under  the  name  of  C.  americana  ;  but  this  term,  which 
Bonaparte  proposed  in  1838,  is  anticipated  by  Professor  Barton's  futtca  (1799), 
which  is  in  turn  antedated  by  Bartram's  rufa  (1791).  It  appears,  however, 
that  the  bird  is  not  fairly  separable  from  C.  familiaris  ;  the  various  marks 
of  distinction  which  have  been  adduced  do  not  prove  constant,  and,  more- 


DISTRIBUTION    OF    THE    AMERICAN    CREEPER          147 

over,  specimens  from  different  parts  of  North  America  vary  among  themselves 
quite  as  much  as  some  of  them  do  from  European  examples.  The  length  of 
the  tail,  by  which  it  has  been  said  C.faniiliaris  is  "  at  once  separated",  is  a 
particularly  variable  feature,  having  a  range  of  variation  of  nearly  or  about 
half  an  inch,  and  being  sometimes  shorter,  though  usually  longer,  than  the 
tail.  Its  length  depends  in  a  degreeupon  the  age  and  "  wear"  of  the  feathers, 
which  are  constantly  pressed  against  the  rough  bark  of  trees.  The  shades 
of  the  several  brown  and  rusty  markings,  particularly  those  of  the  rump  and 
crissum,  are  likewise  subject  to  much  variation,  not  only  with  sex  and  age 
and  locality,  but  as  a  matter  of  individual  peculiarity.  The  best  European 
authorities  have  united  the  several  supposed  species  of  their  Creeper,  and 
generally  consider  ours  as  not  different.  The  var.  mexicana  appears  to  be 
better  marked  in  its  darker  and  richer  coloration.  This  is  a  Central  Ameri- 
can and  Mexican  form,  which  has  never  been  shown  to  occur  in  the  United 
States,  unless  the  Texas  record  above  quoted  invalidates  this  statement ; 
for  the  several  Californian  references  to  C.  "  mexicana"  really  belong  to  the 
common  form. 

SOME  insight  into  the  Creepers'  mode  of  life  has  been  given 
in  sketching  the  leading  features  of  the  genus  ;  it  remains 
to  be  more  explicit  respecting  the  particular  species  which 
inhabits  the  Colorado  Valley  as  well  as  most  other  portions  of 
North  America.  I  am  not  aware  that  the  northern  limit  of  its 
distribution  has  been  accurately  determined.  Dr.  Brewer  speaks 
of  its  extension  "  to  high  northern  latitudes  ",  yet  the  authors 
of  the  Fauna  Boreali- Americana  had  nothing  to  say  of  the  bird. 
The  character  of  the  arboreal  vegetation  probably  determines 
its  northerly  dispersion,  since  it  is  strongly  attached  to  wood- 
land of  large  growth.  But  it  is  known  to  extend  into  the 
British  Provinces  :  Newfoundland  and  Lake  Winnepeg  are  two 
of  the  most  northerly  localities  I  find  mentioned  by  writers  in 
this  connection.  Its  distribution  in  the  United  States  is  general 
in  all  suitable  places ;  there  are  scarcely  any  of  our  faunistic 
lists  of  any  considerable  pretensions  to  completeness  in  which 
its  name  does  not  occur.  Yet  it  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
found  in  Florida  by  Allen,  a  circumstance  corroborating  Audu- 
bon's  statement  that  in  some  portions  of  that  State  alone  he 
had  never  observed  it.  It  is  a  common  inhabitant  of  suitable 
regions  throughout  the  Colorado  water-shed. 

The  leading  trait  of  the  Brown  Creeper  is  its  extraordinary 
industry — the  "incomparable  assiduity",  as  it  has.  been  well 
styled,  with  which  it  works  for  a  living.  Like  all  good  workers, 
the  Creeper  makes  no  fuss  about  it,  but  just  sticks  to  it.  So 
quietly,  yet  with  such  celerity,  does  it  go  about  its  business 
that  it  scarcely  seems  to  be  at  work,  but  rather  to  be  rambling 


148  ACTIVE    MOVEMENTS    OF    THE    CREEPER 

in  an  aimless  way  about  the  trunks  of  trees,  or  at  most  only 
caring  to  see  how  fast  it  can  scramble  up  to  the  top.  During 
all  this  time,  however,  the  bird  is  on  the  alert  in  the  search  for 
insects,  which  it  extracts  from  their  lurking  places  with  such 
dexterity  that  its  progress  is  scarcely  arrested  for  a  moment ; 
and  the  numbers  of  these  minute  creatures  yearly  destroyed 
is  simply  incalculable.  The  Creeper  is  strongly  attached  to 
the  trunks  of  large  trees,  being  seldom,  seen  foraging  on  even 
the  larger  branches;  and  it  has  a  great  fancy  for  traveling 
upward.  These  two  traits  combined  result  in  its  marked  habit 
of  beginning  its  curious  search  for  insects  near  the  bottom  of 
a  tree,  and  ascending  with  jerks  in  a  straight  or  spiral  line  to 
the  top.  Then,  if  it  likes  the  tree,  and  thinks  it  a  good  place 
to  stay  a  while  longer  in,  the  bird  launches  itself  into  the  air, 
and  drops  down  on  wing,  to  begin  another  ascent,  in  prefer- 
ence to  scrambling  down  again,  as  a  Woodpecker  or  Nuthatch 
would  do.  The  easy,  gliding  motion  with  which  it  climbs  has 
deceived  one  writer  into  stating  that  the  Creeper  does  not  hop 
along  like  a  "Woodpecker;  but,  in  fact,  the  movement  is  exactly 
the  same  in  both  cases.  One  of  the  English  writers  (Barrington, 
Zool.  2d.  ser.  ix.  p.  3998)  describes,  however,  something  peculiar 
in  the  position  of  the  feet  during  the  act  of  climbing  : — These,  he 
says,  are  not  held  parallel  with  each  other,  and  near  together, 
under  the  belly,  but  widely  straddled,  and  thrown  so  far  forward 
as  to  form  with  the  end  of  the  tail  a  surprisingly  broad-based 
isosceles  triangle.  So  nimble  is  the  bird,  and  such  a  sly  way 
has  it  of  eluding  observation  by  turning  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion to  that  in  which  a  person  moves  te  look  after  it,  thus  con- 
tinually interposing  the  trunk  of  the  tree  in  the  line  of  vision, 
that  it  is  no  wonder  the  way  it  holds  its  feet  long  remained 
unascertained.  Many  things  conspire  to  screen  the  queer  little 
bird  from  any  but  the  most  patient  and  closest  scrutiny  during 
its  ordinary  avocations;  and  so  nearly  do  its  colors  correspond 
with  the  tints  of  the  bark  that  it  is  likely  to  be  overlooked 
altogether.  But  its  habits  are  so  methodical  and  undeviating 
that  when  one  has  learned  them  there  is  no  difficulty.  If  we 
see  a  Creeper  alight  at  the  base  of  a  tree  on  the  side  away  from 
us,  we  have  only  to  stand  still,  and  keep  a  sharp  lookout  for  it 
higher  up;  in  a  few  moments,  its  spiral  twisting  will  bring  it 
round  to  our  side ;  the  chief  point  is  to  look  high  enough  up, 
for  it  is  surprising  how  rapidly  the  bird  ascends.  It  generally 
makes  the  whole  journey  before  dropping  on  wing  to  the  base 


THE    CREEPER    ASLEEP IN    SOCIETY  149 

of  the  tree  again,  or  making  off  to  another;  sometimes,  how- 
ever, the  tree  seems  to  be  not  to  its  liking,  when,  as  if  actuated 
by  a  sudden  impulse,  it  abandons  an  unprofitable  search,  and 
flies  to  a  more  promising  feeding  ground. 

In  thinking  about  the  extraordinary  activity  of  many  small 
birds,  one  is  tempted  to  ask  himself  the  question,  Do  they  ever 
rest?  Who  ever  saw  a  Creeper,  Nuthatch,  Titmouse  or  Gold- 
crest  motionless  for  any  considerable  length  of  time!  Very 
few,  I  suspect.  In  the  present  case  of  the  Creeper,  however, 
Audubon  has  left  a  note  of  his  observation,  showing  that  even 
this  most  indefatigable  of  insect-hunters  requires  its  period  of 
repose: — "I  have  observed  it  when  satiated,"  he  says,  "remain 
still  and  silent  as  if  asleep,  and,  as  it  were,  glued  to  the  bark, 
for  nearly  an  hour  at  a  time.  But  whether  the  bird  was  really 
asleep,  or  wished  to  elude  us,  is  more  than  I  can  affirm,  though 
I  am  inclined  toward  the  latter  supposition,  because  toward 
night  it  retires  to  a  hole,  where  frequently  as  many  as  a  whole 
brood  repose  together,  as  I  have  on  several  occasions  wit- 
nessed.'7 Mr.  T.  G.  Gentry  has  noticed  the  same  thing: — "On 
the  outskirts  of  Philadelphia,"  he  says,  "  stands  a  certain  hol- 
low birch-tree,  which  has  afforded  lodgings  for  a  half-dozen 
individuals  of  this  species  for  several  successive  winters.  On 
the  return  of  night,  the  birds  will  precipitate  themselves  into 
the  cavity,  and  closely  huddle  en  masse,  until  day-break." 

The  Creeper  differs  from  most  of  its  relations  in  having  very 
little  sociability;  it  seems  to  be  too  much  occupied  with  its 
pressing  affairs  to  have  any  time  for  social  relaxations.  Though 
it  is  often  found  with  Nuthatches  and  Titmice,  it  seems  that 
the  association  is  not  sought  on  its  own  part,  but  is  rather  the 
intrusion  of  the  other  birds,  or  the  casual  coming  together  of 
species  whose  resorts  are  similar.  I  think  it  is  decidedly  a  shy 
and  solitary  bird.  Audubon's  remark,  that  the  members  of  one 
family  usually  remain  together  until  the  following  spring,  is 
contrary  to  my  experience ;  but  it  derives  some  probable  sup- 
port from  Mr.  Gentry's  above-quoted  observation.  The  birds 
that  the  Creeper  is  oftenest  seen  on  the  same  tree  with  are 
probably  the  smaller  species  of  Woodpecker,  commonly  called 
"  sapsuckers  ".  The  infestation  of  particular  trees  by  insects 
probably  calls  the'  two  kinds  of  bird  together  in  community 
of  interest ;  though  it  is  supposed  by  some  that  the  wily  little 
Creeper  takes  advantage  of  the  superior  ability  of  Woodpeck- 
ers to  find  insects,  and  follows  in  their  wake  to  trees  where  it 


150   BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  CREEPER  TOWARDS  MAN 

may  be  sure  of  a  feast.  Yet  its  solitary  habits  are  always  con- 
spicuous, and  are  exhibited  by  its  choice,  especially  during  the 
breeding  season,  of  the  depths  of  the  forest  for  its  home,  and 
by  the  little  attention  it  pays  to  other  birds.  At  other  seasons, 
however,  it  betrays  more  familiarity,  and  is  occasionally  seen 
in  orchards,  gardens,  and  lawns  near  dwelling-houses.  The 
degree  of  shyness  or  timidity  it  shows  in  the  presence  of  man, 
and  of  the  pains  it  takes  to  elude  observation,  has  been  vari- 
ously rated  by  authors.  Dr.  Brewer  alludes  to  the  current 
statement  that  the  Creeper,  on  perceiving  itself  to  be  watched, 
moves  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  trunk,  as  lacking  foundation, 
and  is  inclined  to  the  opinion  that  the  bird's  movements  are 
not  due  to  caution,  but  simply  to  restlessness,  he  having  always 
found  them  unconscious  or  regardless  of  his  presence.  My 
experience  goes  to  confirm  this.  While  I  do  not  mean  to  assert 
that  a  Creeper  may  not  be  frightened,  and  instinctively  scuttle 
arouiid  the  trunk,  or  fly  away,  I  have  often  stood  within  a  few 
feet  of  one  of  the  birds,  and  watched  its  movements  with  per- 
fect ease;  the  course  of  its  cork-screw  journey  brought  it  into 
view  as  often  as  it  was  hidden,  and  the  bird  appeared  all  the 
while  to  consider  me  of  no  account  whatever.  Dr.  Brewer's 
remark  was  made  apropos  of  a  statement  supposed  to  be  Dr. 
Keunerly's.  The  paragraph  sounded  very  familiar  to  me,  and 
I  thought  I  had  seen  it  before — in  short,  I  find  that  Dr.  K. 
copied  the  statement  almost  word  for  word  from  Nuttall,  for- 
getting to  use  the  customary  quotation  marks. 

As  already  stated,  the  bird  in  nesting  occupies  natural  cavi- 
ties of  the  wood,  or  deserted  Woodpeckers'  holes,  and  similar 
retreats,  in  which  is  deposited  a  lining  composed  of  grasses, 
lichens,  or  decayed  wood,  usually  mingled  with  the  hair  of 
quadrupeds  or  the  feathers  of  birds,  the  whole  mass  having 
little  consistency.  It  appears  to  nest  with  equal  readiness  at 
different  elevations,  sometimes  selecting  a  rotten  stump  close 
to  the  ground,  at  other  times  finding  a  hole  at  a  considerable 
height.  It  is  represented  as  a  brave  and  devoted  parent, 
regardless  of  its  own  danger  when  its  nest  is  threatened.  The 
eggs  are  stated  to  vary  in  number  from  five  to  eight  or  even 
nine.  They  resemble  those  of  the  Nuthatches  and  most  Tit- 
mice in  being  white,  sprinkled  with  reddish-brown  dots,  and 
others  of  purplish  or  neutral  tint;  the  dots  being  rather  spar- 
ingly distributed,  though  tending  at  times  to  wreathe  about  the 
larger  end.  The  Creeper  being  a  slender-bodied  bird  in  com- 


EGGS,  FOOD  AND  SONG  OF  THE  CREEPER     151 

parison  with  its  linear  dimensions,  the  eggs  appear  rather 
small  for  its  size,  being  about  0.53  in  length  by  0.44  in  breadth. 

The  insectivorous  diet  of  the  Creeper  is  occasionally  varied 
with  vegetable  substances.  Audubon  speaks  of  finding  particles 
of  lichens  in  its  gizzard,  and  Mr.  Gentry  affirms  that  he  has 
frequently  seen  the  bird  upon  hemlock,  spruce  and  birch  trees, 
feeding  upon  the  seeds  which  are  contained  in  the  cones  of  the 
two  former,  and  upon  the  catkins  of  the  latter.  According  to 
the  same  writer,  the  following  insects  have  been  identified 
among  the  contents  of  its  stomach: — Cratonyclms  cinereus,  0. 
pertinax,  jRhynchcenus  pinus,  Bostrichus  pinus,  Platynus  cuprei- 
pennis,  Harpalus  compar,  Formica  sanguined  and  F.  subterranea. 
Ants  appear  to  be  a  favorite  article  of  its  diet,  and  are  devoured 
in  such  quantities  that  at  times  the  body  of  the  bird  has  been 
found  to  smell  of  these  creatures. 

The  Creeper's  musical  ability  is  not  conspicuous.  I  have 
never  recognized  its  song,  and  most  authors  say  nothing  on 
this  score.  But  it  seems  that,  besides  its  well-known  harsh 
call-note  (more  easily  learned  and  recognized  than  described), 
it  has  " a  very  distinct  and  varied  song".  This  observation 
seems  to  have  been  first  made,  in  the  case  of  the  American  bird, 
by  Mr.  William  Brewster,  of  Cambridge,  who  states  that  he 
has  heard  the  birds  singing,  in  different  parts  of  New  England, 
from  the  middle  of  March  to  Julie.  "  Their  notes  are  varied 
and  warbling  and  somewhat  confused  ;  some  of  them  are  loud, 
powerful,  and  surpassingly  sweet,  others  are  more  feeble  and 
plaintive;  their  song  usually  ends  with  their  accustomed  cry, 
which  may  be  represented  bycree  cree-cre-ep."  The  same  thing, 
however,  had  been  noticed  in  the  case  of  the  European  Creeper ; 
its  song  during  the  pairing  season  being,  according  to  Pro- 
fessor Newton,  "loud  and  pleasing,  though  not  often  heard, 
and  pitched  in  a  high,  shrill  key".  So  it  seems  that  this 
obscure,  hard-working  and  very  practical  little  bird  has  found 
time  amidst  its  absorbing  pursuits  to  cultivate  some  of  the 
accom  plish  meuts. 


CHAPTER  IX.  — WEENS 


FAM.  TROGLODYTIDJE 

THE  composition  of  the  Wren  family  at  present  generally 
accepted  'by  naturalists  is  such  that  its  strict  definition 
scarcely  becomes  possible;  for  within  its  limits  is  embraced 
much  variety  of  form,  and  some  of  its  accredited  members  are 
with  difficulty  distinguished  from  those  of  certain  other  groups. 
Without  attempting  to  frame  an  exact  diagnosis,  I  can  never- 
theless point  out  those  features  by  which  the  Wrens  of  this 
country  at  least  may  be  recognized.  The  chief  trouble  lies  in 
the  direction  of  the  Mocking  group  of  Thrushes  ;  Wrens  being 
so  very  much  like  these  birds  that  the  arbitrary  criterion  of 
size  is  the  most  obvious  distinction.  From  the  Mimince,  how- 
ever, the  Troglodytidcv  are  distinguished  by  the  greater  extent 
of  the  cohesion  of  the  anterior  toes  at  their  bases  : — "  The  inner 
toe  is  united  by  half  its  basal  joint  to  the  middle  toe,  sometimes 
by  the  whole  of  this  joint ;  and  the  second  joint  of  the  outer 
tee  enters  wholly  or  partially  into  this  union,  instead  of  the 
basal  only." — (BAIKD.)  The  possession  of  ten  primaries  separates 
the  Wrens  from  all  of  the  large  sylvicoliue  group  of  birds ;  and 
the  first  primary,  though  short,  is  not  spurious.  The  scutellate 
tarsi  distinguish  them  from  those  groups,  discussed  in  preced- 
ing chapters,  which  have  the  tarsi  booted.  In  comparison  with 
the  Titmice  and  Nuthatches,  we  observe  that  in  the  Wrens  the 
bill  is  altogether  different,  being  of  a  slender,  lengthened,  and 
generally  curved  shape,  showing  exposed  scaled  nostrils.  This 
member  lacks  obvious  rictal  bristles,  though  the  frontal 
feathers  may  be  bristle-tipped.  The  tail  is  variable,  and  with- 
out any  special  attribute,  unless  the  erected  position  so  fre- 
quently observed  may  be  considered  a  characteristic.  We  thus 
arrive  at  some  understanding  of  the  nature  of  this  group ;  and 
for  the  practical  purpose  of  discriminating  the  species  with 
which  we  have  to  deal,  we  may  say  they  are  10-primaried 
Oscinesof  small  size,  with  scutellate  tarsi,  short,  rounded  wings, 
not  peculiar  tail,  slender,  unnotched  bill,  with  exposed  scaled 
nostrils  and  no  rictal  vibrissse,  and  extensively  coherent  toes— a 


CHARACTERISTIC    TRAITS    OF    WRENS  153 

conventional  expression  which  probably  covers  all  the  modifica- 
tions of  the  North  American  species  at  least,  to  the  exclusion 
of  the  birds  of  other  families. 

About  a  hundred  species  and  geographical  races  of  Wrens 
are  usually  recognized,  and  referred  to  some  fifteen  or  twenty 
genera.  Nearly  all  of  them  are  American,  and  the  great 
majority  inhabit  the  warmer  parts  of  this  hemisphere.  'With 
the  exception  of  certain  aberrant  forms,  by  some  placed  in  this 
family,  the  group  is  only  represented  in  the  Old  World  by  one 
or  two  species — the  common  Wood  Wren  of  Europe,  Anorthura 
troglodytes^  analogue  of  our  Winter  Wren,  and  a  closely  related 
Japanese  species,  A.fumlgatus,  thought  to  be  much  the  same 
as  the  Alaskan  Wren  lately  described  by  Professor  Baird.  The 
habits  and  general  economy  of  these  birds  vary  to  such  a 
degree  that  only  a  few  leading  traits  can  be  conveniently 
sketched.  The  Wrens  habitually  live  near  the  ground,  inhabit- 
ing shrubbery  rather  than  trees,  the  reeds  of  swamps  or  marshes, 
the  tangled  brushwood  of  windfall  country,  patches  of  cactus, 
piles  of  rocks,  &c.  Although  not  at  all  scansorial  in  the  proper 
sense,  they  have  a  good  deal  of  the  Creeper  in  their  composi- 
tion, and  are  incessantly  rustling  about  in  the  intricate  recesses 
of  their  chosen  resorts,  gliding  with  short  flights  or  leaping 
impetuously.  Such  humility,  and  the  evident  desire  for  a 
means  of  ready  concealment,  even  though  not  always  taken 
advantage  of.  contrast  curiously  with  some  other  traits  the 
Wrens  exhibit  in  an  exaggerated  degree,  and  result  in  a  singu- 
lar compound.  For  the  Wrens  possess  a  high  rate  of  irritability — 
they  are  bold,  self-asserting  and  aggressive,  petulant  to  the 
verge  of  fretfulness,  with  a  certain  pertness  of  demeanor,  and 
a  singularly  prying,  inquisitive  disposition.  They  are  the  irre- 
pressible busy-bodies  of  feathered  society,  and  not  seldom  make 
trouble  among  some  of  the  milder-mannered  and  better-behaved 
members  of  the  sylvan  circle.  They  are  noisy  birds ;  when 
alarmed  or  displeased,  they  have  a  loud,  harsh,  chattering  or 
scolding  note  5  but  they  are  also  fine  songsters.  Every  one  is 
familiar  with  the  bright  hearty  carol  which  the  House  Wren 
trills  so  persistently  in  the  spring,  and  the  song  of  other  species 
is  often  of  wonderful  timbre.  The  nidification  differs  in  detail 
with  the  several  species;  but  it  may  be  said,  in  general  terms, 
that  the  WTrens  build  rude  and  bulky  structures  of  coarse 
materials,  sometimes  stowed  away  in  holes,  beneath  rocks,  &c., 
in  other  cases  hung  in  bushes  or  reeds.  There  is  no  constant 


154  THE    GENUS    CAMPYLORHYNCHUS 

character  of  the  eggs  (of  two  closely  related  species,  for  exam- 
ple, the  eggs  are  in  one  case  white,  in  the  other  dark  chocolate 
color) ;  but  the  clutch  is  always  numerous.  The  Wrens  are  all 
plainly  colored  birds,  the  browns  and  grays  being  the  prevail- 
ing shades;  none  of  our  species,  at  least,  and  perhaps  none  of 
the  family,  show  red,  blue,  yellow,  or  green.  The  dietetic 
regime'n  is  insectivorous. 

Species  of  this  family  abound  in  all  parts  of  temperate  North 
America,  and  one  of  them  also  attains  the  higher  latitudes. 
Among  them  are  some  of  the  best  known  of  our  eastern  birds; 
but  in  the  West  and  Southwest  there  are  several  kinds,  be- 
longing to  distinct  genera,  of  which  less  is  generally  known.  I 
shall  take  occasion  to  treat  the  latter  with  sufficient  particu- 
larity to  reflect  all  that  has  been  learned  of  their  life-history ; 
but  the  more  familiar  species  must  be  slighted  to  some  extent, 
since  the  limits  which  have  been  set  to  the  present  work  forbid 
the  completion  of  biographies  in  every  case. 

Genus  CAMPYLORHYNCHUS  Spix 

CHARS. — <•'  Bill  stout,  compressed,  as  long  as,  or  longer  than 
the  head,  without  notch  or  rictal  bristles ;  culmen  and  commis- 
sure curved  ;  gonys  nearly  straight.  Nostrils  in  the  antero- 
inferior  part  of  nasal  groove,  in  advance  of  the  frontal  feathers, 
with  an  overhanging  scale  with  thickened  edge,  as  in  Thryo- 
tliorus;  sometimes.,  as  in  the  type,  reduced  to  a  slight  ridge 
along  the  upper  side  of  the  nasal  groove.  Lateral  septum  not 
projecting  below  or  anteriorly  into  the  nasal  cavity,  but  con- 
cealed by  the  nasal  scale.  Tarsus  a  little  longer  than  the  middle 
toe  and  claw ;  claws  strong,  much  curved,  and  very  sharp : 
middle  toe  with  the  basal  joint  adherent  almost  throughout. 
Wings  and  tail  about  equal,  the  latter  graduated ;  the  exterior 
webs  of  lateral  feathers  broad.  In  size  the  largest  of  the 
family." — (BAIRD.)  Tarsi  scutellate  posteriorly. 

This  notable  genus  consists  of  some  twenty  species,  inhabit- 
ing Central  and  South  America,  with  a  single  one  extending 
into  the  United  States.  A  second,  found  in  Lower  California, 
may  possibly  be  hereafter  included  in  our  fauna ;  it  is  noted 
below.*  These  birds  look  quite  unlike  ordinary  Wrens,  our 
ideas  of  which  require  to  be  considerably  enlarged  to  include 
the  Campylorhynchi.  They  illustrate  a  peculiarity,  shared  by 

*CampylorhynchUSafflniS,  Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859,  298.— Bd.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859 
303.— Ed.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  100.— Scl.  Cat.  AB.  1861,  17.— Elliot,  BNA.  pi.— Coop.  B.  Cal. 
i.  1870,  62,  fig.—  Coues,  Key,  1872,  85.— B.  B.  Sf  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  133,  pi.  8,  f.  6. 


TARSAL  ENVELOPE  OF  CAMPYLORHYNCHUS,  ETC.  155 

the  other  two  western  genera,  Catherpes  and  Salpinctes,  in  com- 
parison with  the  more  typical  Troglodytes.  In  the  latter,  the 
tail  is  tliin,  that  is,  the  individual  feathers  are  narrow ;  in  the 
western  forms,  these  feathers  are  broad  and  rounded,  and  the 
tail  as  a  whole  is  consequently  fan-shaped.  As  already  stated, 
the  species  are  of  great  size  for  this  family,  and  their  habits  are 
in  some  respects  peculiar. 

Impressed  with  certain  differences  observable  between  typical  Wrens  and 
the  three  western  genera,  Campylorkynchus,  Salpinctes,  and  Catherpes,  gen- 
erally assigned  to  the  Troglodytidw,  I  have  been  led  to  look  into  the  techni- 
cal aspects  of  the  case,  with  the  result  of  becoming  dissatisfied  with  the 
alleged  position  of  these  forms  among  the  Wrens.  In  establishing  the  genus 
Catherpes  as  distinct  from  Salpinctes,  Professor  Baird  noted  certain  discrepan- 
cies in  the  structure  of  the  feet ;  and  in  1864  (Review,  p.  109),  he  enlarges 
upon  the  remarkable  structure  of  the  tarsus  of  Salpinctes,  which  he  charac- 
terizes as  "  especially  peculiar  among  all  its  cognate  genera  by  having  the 
usual  two  continuous  plates  along  the  posterior  half  of  the  inner  and  outer 
faces  of  the  tarsus  divided  transversely  into  seven  or  more  smaller  plates, 
with  a  naked  interval  between  them  and  the  anterior  scutellce  ".  This  is 
certainly  a  remarkable  feature  for  a  presumed  thoroughly  Oscine  bird  to 
exhibit,  since  it  is  highly  characteristic  of  Oscines  to  have  the  postero -lateral 
tarsal  plates  continuous,  meeting  in  a  sharp  ridge  behind.  I  verify  the  state 
of  the  case  in  Salpinctes  as  given  by  Professor  B  iird,  but  I  find,  to  my  sur- 
prise, that  in  Campylorhynchus  the  lateral  plates,  but  especially  the  outer  one, 
are  broken  up  into  a  series  of  conspicuous  scutella ;  and  that  Catherpes  shows 
a  tendency,  not  so  fully  expressed,. to  similar  division  of  the  tarsal  envelope. 
If  this  structure  really  possesses  the  significance  attributed  to  it  by  many 
of  the  best  writers,  the  question  whether  these  birds  are  Wrens  at  all  is 
re-opened.  That  they  possess  decidedly  Wren-like  habits  is  no  strong  argu- 
ment, for  nothing  is  more  fallacious  than  such  teleological  bending  of 
diverse  structures  to  similar  ends.  It  will  be  remembered  that  Lafresnaye, 
and  other  writers  of  repute,  have  placed  species  of  Campylorhynchits  in  the 
genus  Picolaptes,  which  is  a  member  of  the  large  family  Dendrocolaptidcv ; 
some  of  these  birds  have  rigid  acuminate  Certhia-like  tail-feathers,  and 
Creeper-like  habits;  in  others,  however,  the  tail  is  soft,  and  among  them  is 
witnessed  the  greatest  diversity  of  habits.  On  comparing  our  Campylorhyn- 
clius  with  a  typical  Dendrocolaptine  (Dendrornis  erythropygia),  I  find  that  the 
bills  of  the  two  are  extremely  similar,  and  that  the  tarsal  envelope  of  Den- 
drornis is  broken  up  posteriorly  into  a  number  of  plates,  of  which  those  on 
the  inner  aspect  are  continuous  with  those  in  front,  while  the  postero- 
exterior  ones  are  a  series  of  rounded  and  isolated  scales.  Again,  in  the  case 
of  Salpinctes,  it  will  be  recollected  that  Bonaparte  placed  it  in  the  genus 
Myiothera,  and  considered  it  an  Ant-thrush  (Formicarlidce).  On  examining 
the  tarsus  of  a  species  of  Thamnophilus,  a  typical  Formicarian,  I  find  that  the 
plates  are  divided  behind,  and  the  general  structure  is  substantially  the 
same  as  in  Salpinctes.  The  case  of  Catherpes  is  less  clear,  but  it  would  proba- 
bly go  with  Salpinctes.  These  points  may  not  suffice  for  the  summary  dis- 
missal of  the  genera  under  consideration  from  the  Troglodytidce,  but  they  go 
to  show  that  their  position  in  that  family  is  not  assured. 


156     SYNONYMY    AND    DESCRIPTION    OF    CACTUS    WREN 

Cactus  Wren 

Campy  lorliyiichns  fornnneicapillns 

PiCOlaptCS  IminneicapillUS,  Lafr.  "Mag.  de  Zool.  1835,  fil,  pi.  47"  (?"  California  ").—  Lffwr. 

Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  v.  1832,  114  (Texas).—  Bd.  Stansbury's  Rep.  1852,  327.—  Hccnn.  Journ. 

Phila.  A<-ad.  ii.  1853,  263—  Oass.  Til.  B.  Cal.  &  Tex.  1854,  156,  pi.  25. 
Campylorhynchus  brunneicapillns,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1847,  \59.-Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  223.—  Srf. 

Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856,  264.—  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  355.—  Bd   U.  S.  Mex.  B   Surv.  ii.  pt.  ii. 

1859,  Birds,  13.—  Bd.  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1859,  304.—  Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  Williamson's 

Route,  Birds,  41.—  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  i.  1864,  99.—  Dress.  IbiH.  1865,  483  (Texas).—  Cou.es,  Pr. 

Phila.  Acad.  1866,  77  (Arizona)  ;  1868,83  (the  same).—  Butcher,  Pr.  Phila.   Acad.  18H8, 

149  (Laredo,  Tex.).—  Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  183.—  Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  61,  figs.—  Cone*, 

Key,  1872,  S5.—Merr.  U.  S.  Geol.  Snrv.  Ter.  for  1872,  1873,  713  (Utah).—  Yarr.  «$•  Hensh. 

Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  9.—  Hensh  Rep.  Orn.   Specs.   1874,  41,   100—  B.  B.  <V  R.  NAB.  i. 

1874,  132,  fig.  pi.  8,  f.  5.—  Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  178  (Utah,  &c.). 
Camplorynchus  brunneicapillus,  Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  155. 
Brown-headed  Creeper,  Cass.  }.  c. 
Call  form  ian  Cactus-wren,  Coop.  i.e. 
Cactus  Wren,  B.  B.  <V  R.  1.  c. 

HAB.  —  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Southern  Utah,  Southern  Nevada,  and 
portions  of  California.    Northern  Mexico. 

Gil.  SP.  —  $  9  Griseo-fuscus,  albo  nigroque  notatus,  pileo  obscure 
tirunneo,  immaculate  ;  infra  rufo-albus,  posticb  rufescens,  gultl 
maculis  magnis  rotundatis  nigris,  reliquis  partibus  punctis  sparsis 
nigris  ;  caudd  nigricante,  rectrice  externd  albo  multifasciatd,  reli- 
mediis  exceptis,  albo  unifasciatis. 


$  ,  adult  :  Back  grayish-hrown,  marked  with  black  and  white,  each  feather 
having  a  central  white  field  several  times  indented  with  black.  Whole 
crown  of  head  and  nape  rich  dark  wood-brown,  immaculate.  A  long  white 
superciliary  stripe  from  nostril  to  nape.  Beneath,  nearly  pure  white  anter- 
iorly, gradually  shading  behind  into  decided  cinnamon-brown  —  the  throat 
and  fore  part  of  the  breast  marked  with  numerous  large,  crowded,  rounded, 
black  spots,  the  rest  of  the  under  parts  with  small,  sparse,  oval  or  linear,  black 
spots,  again  enlarging  somewhat  on  the  crissura.  Wings  darker  and  more 
fnscous-brown  than  the  back  ;  all  the  quills  with  a  series  of  numerous  white 
or  whitish  indentations  along  the  edge  of  both  webs  —  largest  and  purest  on 
the  inner  webs.  Central  tail-feathers  like  the  wings,  with  numerous,  more 
or  less  incomplete,  blackish  bars  ;  other  tail-feathers  blackibh,  the  outer 
with  several  broad  white  bars  on  both  webs;  the  rest  with  usually  only  a 
single  complete  white  bar  near  the  end.  Bill  dark  plumbeous,  paler  below  ; 
iris  orange.  Length,  near  8  inches  ;  wing,  3  or  more  ;  tail  rather  longer 
than  the  wing  ;  bill,  f  j  tarsus,  1. 

$  ,  adult  :  Quite  like  the  $  ,  but  the  spots  on  the  throat  and  bresst  rather 
smaller,  therefore  less  crowded,  and  less  strongly  contrasting  with  the  sparse 
speckling  of  the  rest  of  the  under  parts. 

Young  :  A  newly  fledged  specimen  before  me  is  very  similar  to  the  adult 
on  the  upper  parts,  but  the  throat  is  whitish  with  little  speckling,  and  there 
are  scarcely  any  spots  on  the  rest  of  the  under  parts,  which  are,  however, 
as  decidedly  cinnamon  as  those  of  the  adults. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    CACTUS    WREN  157 

The  points  of  difference  between  this  species  and  the  nearly  allied  though 
apparently  qnite  distinct  C.  affinis  of  Lower  California  (which  may  yet  be 
found  in  the  Colorado  Basin)  are  as  follows:  In  C.  affinis,  the  cap  is  reddish- 
brown,  lighter  instead  of  darker  than  tbo  back.  The  marking  of  the  back 
is  very  conspicuous,  in  strong  streaks  of  black  and  white,  these  two  colors 
bordering  each  other  with  little  or  no  indentation.  The  under  parts  are 
nearly  white,  with  smiiller  markings  on  the  throat  and  larger  ones  else- 
where, so  that  these  areas  are  scarcely  contrasted  in  appearance.  Lastly 
and  chiefly,  all  the  lateral  tail-feathers,  instead  of  only  the  outer  ones,  are 
crossed  011  both  webs  with  numerous  complete  white  bars.  The  variations 
with  sex  and  age  correspond  with  those  of  C.  brunneicapillus. 

THE  history  of  the  Brown-beaded  Cactus  Wren  begins  in 
doubt  whether  it  is  the  bird  which  the  famous  French 
ornithologist  De  Lafresnaye  (or  De  La  Fresnaye — it  is  written 
both  ways  by  the  Baron  himself)  described  and  figured  in  1835 
under  the  name  of  Picolaptes  brunneicapillus.  In  critically 
reviewing  the  case,  Professor  Baird  found  it  u  quite  impossible  " 
to  reconcile  the  ascribed  characters  of  Lafresnaye's  bird  with 
the  present  species,  and  alludes  to  the  chance  that  it  may 
.have  come  from  Peru,  instead  of  California,  as  was  supposed. 
However,  as  the  identification  has  been  universally  accepted, 
we  are  warranted  in  retaining  it,  in  the  absence  of  proof  to  the 
contrary.  I  almost  wish  that  it  may  be  shown  to  be  necessary 
to  change  the  name,  which  becomes  most  inconveniently  long 
when  associated  with  the  generic  term — in  fact,  I  remember 
but  one  more  cumbrous  appellation  for  a  North  American 
bird.  This  is  Synthliborhamphus  icurmizuzume,  a  curious  Greco- 
Japanese  term,  which  was  invented  for  one  of  the  North  Pacific 
species  of  the  Auk  family  (Altidcc),  and  for  which  Brandt,  Tern- 
mi  nek  and  myself  are  jointly  responsible. 

The  English  name  which  the  "  Cactus"  Wren  has  acquired 
indicates  the  nature  of  its  customary  resorts,  and  affords  a  hint 
of  its  peculiar  nidification.  As  we  have  already  seen,  several 
of  the  Arizona  birds  are  architects  of  singular  skill  and  taste ; 
the  Cactus  Wren  is  one  of  them.  In  the  most  arid  and  desolate 
regions  of  the  Southwest,  where  the  cacti  flourish  with  wonder- 
ful luxuriance,  covering  the  impoverished  tracts  of  volcanic 
debris  with  a  kind  of  vegetation  only  less  surly  and  forbidding 
than  the  very  scoria,  this  Wren  makes  its  home,  and  places  its 
nests,  on  every  hand,  in  the  thorny,  embrace  of  the  repulsive 
vegetation.  True  to  the  instincts  and  traditions  of  the  Wren 
family,  it  builds  a  bulky  and  conspicuous  domicile;  and  when 
many  are  breeding  together,  the  structures  become  as  noticeable 


158  HISTORY    OF    THE    CACTUS    WREN 

as  the  nests  which  a  colony  of  Marsh  Wrens  build  in  the  heart  of 
the  swaying'  reeds.  But  it  is  not  a  globular  mass  of  material* 
nor  yet  a  cup;  it  is  like  a  purse  or  pouch,  and  also  peculiar  in 
its  position  ;  for  such  nests  are  usually  pensile.  In  the  present 
case,  the  nest  resembles  a  flattened  flask — more  exactly,  it  is 
like  the  nursing-bottle,  with  which  all  mothers  (and  I  suspect 
some  fathers)  are  familiar,  and  this  is  laid  horizontally,  on  its 
flat  side,  in  the  crotch  of  a  cactus.  It  is  constructed  of  grasses 
and  small  twigs  woven  or  matted  together,  and  lined  with 
feathers.  Including  the  covered  way  or  neck  of  the  bottle 
leading  to  the  nest  proper,  the  structure  is  some  ten  or  twelve 
inches  long,  and  rather  more  than  half  as  much  in  breadth. 
The  bird  appears  to  be  an  early  breeder;  Dr.  Cooper  found  it 
preparing  to  build  nests  about  San  Diego  so  early  as  the  26th 
of  February.  This,  however,  may  have  been  somewhat  excep- 
tional; for  the  nests  which  the  same  naturalist  actually  examined 
in  May  contained  eggs  or  newly-fledged  young,  and  must,  there- 
fore, have  been  constructed  in  April.  The  eggs,  from  four  to 
six  in  number,  and  an  inch  long  by  two-thirds  as  much  in 
breadth,  are  white,  but  so  thickly  flecked  with  small  salmon- 
colored  spots  that  a  rich  cast  of  this  tint  is  given  to  the  whole 
surface. 

The  first  naturalist  to  fully  identify  the  species  as  a  bird  of 
the  United  States  was  Mr.  George  N.  Lawrence,  who  examined 
specimens  taken  in  Texas  by  Capt.  J.  P.  McCown,  in  1851. 
Soon  afterward,  it  was  noticed  by  Dr.  A.  L.  Heermaun  in 
the  vicinity  of  Guaymas ;  and  that  gentleman's  observations 
upon  its  habits  were  published  by  the  Philadelphia  Academy, 
in  its  "Journal".  In  1854,  Mr.  John  Cassiu  gave  a  recogniz- 
able figure  of  the  species,  referring  it,  as  others  before  him  had, 
to  the  genus  Picolaptes,  and  consequently  placing  it  on  his 
plate  in  a  climbing  attitude,  which,  however  suitable  for  a  Pico- 
lapteSj  is  not  characteristic  of  a  Campy lorhynchus,  as  these  birds 
have  nothing  substantially  in  common  with  the  scansorial 
nature  of  the  Creepers  and  Nuthatches.  In  the  mean  time, 
other  observers  successively  contributed  their  quota  to  the 
general  fund  of  our  knowledge,  gradually  establishing  the 
geographical  distribution  of  the  species  I  have  given  in  a  pre- 
ceding paragraph,  and  affording  further  insight  into  its  mode 
of  life.  Two  of  the  latest  items  respecting  its  distribution, 
given  by  Mr.  tfenshaw  in  a  work  just  now  issuing  from  the 
Government  press,  are  specially  interesting,  as  they  carry  the 


GENUS    SALP.NCTES S.    OBSOLETUS  159 

known  range  into  Utah  and  Nevada:  the  bird  was  taken  in 
1871  by  Mr.  Ferdinand  Bischoff  in  the  last  named  Territory, 
and  by  Dr.  H.  (3.  Yarrow  and  Mr.  Heushaw  at  Saint  George, 
Utah,  during  the  following  year.  All  onr  accounts  agree  sub- 
stantially respecting  the  thoroughly  Wren-like  nature  of  the 
bird.  Its  motions  are  sprightly  and  varied ;  its  temperament 
is  curiously  compounded  of  self-assertion,  petulance,  inquisitive- 
ness,  and  timidity;  now  it  skulks  in  the  shelter  of  the  impene- 
trable cactus  patches  and  other  dense  undergrowth,  now 
mounts  the  tops  of  the  bushes  to  scold  in  a  loud,  harsh  tone, 
or  to  utter  the  notes  of  its  clear  and  ringing  song. 

Genus  SALPINCTES  Cabanis 

CHARS. — Bill  about  as  long  as  the  head,  slender,  compressed, 
straight  at  base,  then  lightly  decurved,  acute  at  tip,  faintly 
notched.  Nostrils  conspicuous,  scaled,  in  a  large  fossa.  Wing 
longer  than  the  tail,  the  exposed  portion  of  the  first  primary  about 
half  as  long  as  the  second,  which  is  decidedly  shorter  than  the 
third.  Tail  rounded,  of  twelve  broad  plane  feathers,  with  rounded 
or  subtruncate  ends.  Feet  small  and  weak ;  tarsus  longer 
than  the  middle  toe,  scutellate  posteriorly.  Hind  toe  and  claw 
shorter  than  the  middle  one.  Lateral  toes  of  unequal  lengths, 
the  outer  being  the  longest ;  both  very  short,  the  tips  of  their 
claws  falling  short  of  the  base  of  the  middle  claw. 

The  special  structure  of  the  tarsal  envelope,  in  connection 
with  the  small  size  of  the  feet  and  peculiar  relative  proportions 
of  the  tarsus  and  the  several  toes,  readily  distinguishes  this 
genus  among  its  allies.  It  is  represented,  as  far  as  now  known, 
by  a  single  species ;  though  a  different  variety  has  lately  been 
ascertained  to  occur  on  the  island  of  Guadaloup,  off  the  coast 
of  Lower  California. 


Rock  Wren 

Salpinctes  obsoletns 

Troglodytes  ohsoletus,  Say,  Long's  Exp.  R.  Mta.  ii.  1823,  4.  -AuJ.  OB.  iv.  183?,  443,  pi.  360, 
f.  4.— And.  Syn.  1839,  73.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  113,  pi.  116.—  Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  Zulu, 
1853,  QQ.—Hcerm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  ii.  1853,  263.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1855,  309 
(New  Mexico).— Ncwb.  PRRR.  vi.  1857,  80.—Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  41. 

MyiOthera  obSOleta,  Bp.  AO.  i.  1825,  6,  pi.  1.  f.  2.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  182F,  73.—  Towns. 
Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  1839,  154. 

Troglodytes  obsoleta,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  435. 

Troglodites  ohsoletus,  Ornith.  Comm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1337,  193. 

ThryothOFUS  ObSOlCtUS,  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  il.—Bp.  "  Rev.  Zool.  ii.  1839,  98". 


160          SYNONYMY  AND  DESCRIPTION  OF  ROCK  WREN 

SalplllCtes  OllSOletllS,  Cab.  Arch.  f.  Xaturg.  1847,  Bd.  i.  323  (type).—  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  224.- 
J3d.  BNA.  1858,  357.— Ed.  U.  S.  Mex.  B.  Surv.  ii  pt.  ii.  1859,  Birds,  13.— Henry,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  1859,  107  (New  Mexico).— Scl.  PZS.  185!),  371  (Oaxaca).— Xant.  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  1859,  191  (California).—  S.  Sf  S.  Ibis,  I860,  30  (Vera  Paz).  —  fid.  Ives's  Exped.  pt.  v. 
1861,  6  (Colorado  River.)— Hayd.  Tr.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  18G2,  463.— Bd  Rev.  AB.  i. 
1864,  UO.—Goues,  Ibis,  1865,  Kil  (Arizona).— Cones,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  77  (Arizona).— 
Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1868,  83  (Arizona).— Butih.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1868,  149  (Texas).— 
Brown,  Ibis,  1863,  421  (Vancouver).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  73,  183,  297  (Upper  Mis- 
souri).— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  64,  fig.— Coop.  Pr.  Cal.  Acad.  1870,  75  (Colorado  River).— 
Coues,  Key,  1872,  85.— Allen.  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  174.— Hold.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 
195  (Black  Hills).— Merr.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  673,—  Trippe,  Pr.  Bogt. 
Soc.  xv.  1873,  236  (Decatur  County,  Iowa). — Ridg.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873  180  (Colo- 
rado).— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  566  (the  same).— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vii.*1873,  363.— 
Ridg.  Am.  Nat,  vii.  1873,  605.— Allen,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  50  (Yellowstone  River).— 
Coues,  BNW.  1874,  27,  230.— Bd.  Br.  Sf  Ry.  NAB.  i.  1874,  135,  figs.  pi.  8,  f.  3.—Yarr.  $• 
Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  Q.— Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  41,  100.— Nelson,  Pr. 
Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  353  (Nevada).— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  179. 

NalpillCtllS  ObSOletUS.  Stev.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1870,  1871,  404. 

SalpinetCS  ObSOletUS,  Merr.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  713. 

Thryothorus  latifaSCiatUS,  "  Licht  Preis-Verz.  1831,  no.  82?  " 

Rocky  Mountain  Wren,  Bock  Wren,  Authors. 

HAB. — Western  United  States  and  Mexico.     South  to  Guatemala. 

Cn.  SP. —  B  9  Fusco-fjriseus,  nigro  et  albido  punctatus,  obsolete 
fusco-undulatus,  uropyyio  rufescente;  subtus  aVoidus  post  ice  rufes- 
cens,  guld  obsolete  fusco-striatd ;  rectricibus  mediis  dorso  concolori- 
buSj  Jmco-striatis,  lateralibus  fulvis,  nigro-fasciatis. 

$  9>  adult:  Upper  parts  pale  brownish-gray,  minutely* dotted  everywhere 
with  blackish  and  whitish  points  together,  and  usually  showing  obsolete 
wavy  bars  of  dusky.  Rump  cinnamon-brown  ;  a  whitish  superciliary  line  ; 
beneath,  soiled  white,  shading  behind  into  pale  cinnamon,  the  throat  and 
breast  obsoletely  streaked,  and  the  under  tail-coverts  barred,  with  dusky. 
Quills  of  the  wings  rather  darker  than  the  back,  with  similar  markings  on 
the  outer  webs.  Middle  tail-feathers  like  the  back,  with  many  dark  bars  of 
equal  width  with  the  lighter  ones;  lateral  tail-feathers  similarly  marked  on 
the  outer  webs,  plain  on  the  inner  webs,  with  a  broad  subterminal  black 
baron  both  webs  and  cinnamon-brown  tips,  the  latter  usually  marbled  with 
dusky ;  outer  feather  with  several  blackish  and  cinnamon  bars  on  both 
webs.  Bill  and  feet  dark  horn  color,  the  former  paler  at  base  below. 
Length,  5J-6  :  wing,  2|-2f  ;  tail,  2J-2f;  bill,  £-f  ;  tarsus,  f-*. 

Most  of  the  markings  of  this  species  are  blended  and  diffuse.  The  shade 
of  the  upper  parts  is  quite  variable,  from  dull  grayish  to  a  more  plumbeous 
shade,  often  with  a  faint  pinkish  tinge.  Specimens  in  worn  and  faded  plum- 
age may  altogether  fail  to  show  the  peculiar  dotting  with  black  and  whitish 
usually  seen  ;  but,  in  these,  the  crosswise  dusky  undulation,  as  well  as  the 
streaks  on  the  breast,  are  commonly  more  distinct  than  in  fresher- feathered 
examples.  The  rufous  tinge  of  the  under  parts  is  very  variable  in  shade ; 
that  of  the  rump,  however,  is  always  well  marked. 

STATEMENTS  to  the  effect  that  the  Rock  Wren  does  not 
occur  on  the  Pacific  side  have  no  foundation  in  fact.    In 


DISTRIBUTION    OF    THE    ROCK    WREN  161 

the  "  History  of  North  American  Birds  "  (1874),  it  is  said  to  be 
u  not  recorded  from  Pacific  slope";  but  one  such  record,  of 
date  1868,  is  above  quoted.  The  current  eastward  limitation 
of  its  range  must  likewise  be  extended,  since  the  bird  has  been 
found  in  Iowa.  Yet  authors  are  right  in  regarding  it  as  more 
especially  or  chiefly  an  inhabitant  of  the  great  central  plateau 
and  Rocky  Mountains  at  large  to  the  Coast  ranges;  and  1  am 
not  aware  that  it  has  ever  been  found  on  the  coast  of  Upper 
California,  or  Oregon,  though  it  is  said  by  Dr.  Cooper  to  appear 
toward  the  Sacraineiito  Valley.  It  gains  the  coast  further 
south,  and  extends  to  Cape  Saint  Lucas.  Its  northern  limit  is 
close  by  the  boundary  of  the  United  States  (latitude  49°).  In 
the  other  direction,  the  matter  is  less  definite.  1  give  a  Mexi- 
can quotation  in  a  preceding  paragraph,  and  we  have  the  ex- 
cellent authority  of  Mr.  Osbert  Salvin  for  the  occurrence  of  the 
bird  in  Guatemala.  Of  the  movements  of  the  bird  within  the 
general  area  of  its  distribution,  I  am  not  prepared  to  speak  with 
desirable  precision.  It  is  migratory ;  but  the  northern  limit 
of  its  wintering,  and  the  southern  limit  of  its  summering,  I 
think  remain  to  be  ascertained.  It  appears  to  breed  at  large 
in  its  United  States  range.  At  Fort  Whipple  I  noticed  its 
arrival  during  the  latter  part  of  April,  and  it  remains  there  at 
least  until  April.  At  Fort  Mojave,  lower  in  the  Territory, 
though  near  the  same  latitude,  its  presence  has  been  noted  in 
February,  and  the  inference  is  that  it  winters  there.  It  has 
been  found  at  Toquerville,  Utah,  after  the  middle  of  October. 
Some  of  its  movements  may  be  further  illustrated  by  the  fol- 
lowing notes  of  Mr.  T.  M.  Trippe,  extracted  from  the  "  Birds  o'f 
the  Northwest":  — 

u  The  Kock  Wren  arrives  at  Idaho  [Springs,  Clear  Creek 
County,  Colorado,]  about  the20tb  of  May,  and  extends  its  range 
up  to,  and  a  little  above,  timber-line.  It  breeds  most  abundantly 
between  6,500  and  9,500  feet,  rarely  nesting  higher  than  the 
latter  elevation,  though,  found  during  summer  from  12,000  feet 
down  to  the  plains.  It  is  a  constant  resident  of  the  piles  of  loose 
rock  which  lie  scattered  on  the  mountain-sides,  in  which  it  finds 
its  food  and  rears  its  young,  and  to  which  it  retreats  for  safety 
on  being  alarmed.  On  its  first  arrival  it  is  rather  shy,  but 
soon  becomes  tame  and  even  familiar,  haunting  piles  of  boul- 
ders and  small  stones  in  the  placer  diggings,  close  to  the  miners7 
cabins.  It  rarely  ventures  far  from  its  favorite  rocky  retreats ; 
but  occasionally  visits  the  road-sides  to  pick  up  flies  and  other 

11  B  C 


162        HABITS    AND    MANNERS    OF    THE    ROCK    WREN 

insects,  and  sometimes  hops  over  the  roofs  of  cabins  and  mills, 
and  not  infrequently  chooses  the  ridge  as  a  convenient  place 
from  which  to  serenade  its  mate.  It  has  a  curious,  rapidly 
repeated  note,  that  sounds  like  the  whirring  of  wings ;  its  song 
is  very  beautiful,  louder  and  sweeter  than  that  of  tbe  House 
Wren,  though  not  as  varied.  While  singing,  the  bird  usually 
perches  on  the  top  of  a  heap  of  stones,  and  stands  erect,  with 
head  thrown  up,  like  the  Carolina  Wren.  At  such  times  it  is 
quite  timid,  and  if  alarmed,  instantly  ceases  the  song  and  looks 
anxiously  around,  bobbing  itself  up  and  down  every  little 
while,  like  the  Dipper,  and  presently  creeps  down  into  the 
stone-heap.  Late  in  autumn  its  feathers  become  much  worn 
from  constant  creeping  among  the  rocks.  In  Septeinber  it 
disappears." 

The  Eock  Wren  abounds  in  suitable  situations  throughout 
the  Colorado  Basin,  where  its  vivacious  behavior  and  load 
notes  render  it  conspicuous  among  the  other  smaller  plainly  clad 
species.  It  is  found  in  most  situations,  whether  wooded  or 
open,  but  evidently  prefers  rocky  places,  full  of  chinks  and 
crannies,  where  it  creeps  furtively  about  like  a  mouse,  only 
with  greater  agility,  or  skips  and  flutters  from  stone  to  stone. 
The  greater  portion  of  its  habitat  being  still  unsettled,  the  bird 
thus  frequenting  wild  and  desolate  places  has  acquired  a  repu- 
tation for  shyness  and  love  of  seclusion;  but  there  is  every 
reason  to  suppose  that  in  the  course  of  time,  should  the  coun- 
try ever  grow  populous,  it  will  become  as  familiar  as  the  House 
Wren.  In  the  West,  Parkman's  Wren,  which  is  nothing  but 
a  variety  of  the  sociable  little  aedon,  continues  to  be  quite  as 
retiring  and  solitary  a  bird  as  the  Eock  Wren.  In  the  case  of 
the  latter,  we  already  have  the  premonitory  signs  of  the  semi- 
domestication  of  which  the  bird  is  susceptible ;  it  often  comes 
about  the  miner's  or  the  squatter's  cabin,  even  building  its  nest 
in  the  chinks  of  the  logs ;  and  with  equal  readiness  haunts  the 
shrubbery  of  gardens  in  many  of  the  western  towns.  It  would 
make  a  very  desirable  addition  to  our  "  household  birds  ". 

The  materials  which  compose  the  Eock  Wren's  nest  are  very 
miscellaneous — some  general  term  like  "  rubbish  "  would  best 
express  the  state  of  the  case.  Sometimes  a  nest  is  found  to  be 
composed  almost  entirely  of  some  single  substance  that  hap- 
pened readily  available  ;  but  it  is  oftener  built  of  a  variety  of 
materials — any  that  come  handy — sticks,  bark-strips,  weeds, 
grasses,  moss,  hair,  wool,  &c.  The  sites  selected  are  quite  as 


NESTING    OF    THE    ROCK    WREN CATHERPES         163 

various ;  usually  the  nest  is  built  in  a  rift  of  rocks,  or  on  the 
ground  beneath  some  shelving  rock.  The  variety  of  the 
Kock  Wren  which  inhabits  the  island  of  Guadaloup,  off  the 
coast  of  Lower  California,  is  said  to  ingeniously  block  up  the 
entrance  to  its  nest  with  an  artificial  wall  built  of  pebbles,  leav- 
ing an  aperture  only  just  large  enough  to  pass.  A  nest  has 
been  found  in  the  natural  cavity  of  a  clay  bank ;  and  others, 
as  already  hinted,  between  the  logs  of  a  cabin.  As  to  the 
period  of  laying,  we  are  again  met  by  great  diversity,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  wide  range  of  the  bird  during  the  breeding 
season.  Dr.  Cooper's  Fort  Bentou  nest  contained  nine  eggs, 
in  June;  at  San  Diego,  the  same  naturalist  found  young  birds 
in  May ;  in  New  Mexico,  Mr.  Henshaw  took  a  nest  containing 
three  young  and  one  egg,  June  17 ;  and  another,  with  four 
nearly  fledged  young,  was  secured  July  28,  though  birds  of  the 
year  already  flying  had  been  observed  two  weeks  previously. 
This  indicates,  of  course,  that  at  least  two  broods  are  reared; 
and  such  is  doubtless  the  rule,  in  the  southerly  localities  at  any 
rate.  The  eggs  seem  to  run  from  four  to  eight  or  nine  to  a 
clutch ;  they  measure  from  0.72  to  0.77  in  length  by  0.60  to 
0.66  in  breadth,  averaging  about  f  x  §  ;  they  are  noticeable  for 
their  rotundity,  and  the  crystalline  purity  and  smoothness 
of  the  shell.  The  white  ground  is  rather  sparingly  sprinkled 
with  distinct  reddish-brown  dots,  usually  massed  at  the  large 
end  or  wreathed  around  it. 

Genus  CATHERPES  Baird 

CHARS. — In  general  features,  even  to  the  system  of  colora- 
tion, and  the  tints  themselves,  closely  resembling  Salpinctes. 
Tail  and  wings  much  as  in  that  genus.  Bill  singularly  attenu- 
ate, about  as  long  as  the  head,  nearly  straight  in  all  its  out- 
lines, even  the  gonys  being  scarcely  appreciably,. and  the  cul- 
men  and  gonys  only  slightly,  deflected  toward  the  end.  There 
appears  to  be  some  peculiarity  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of 
the  bill  as  a  whole  in  comparison  with  that  of  the  rest  of  the 
skull,  there  being  little  rise  of  the  forehead  from  the  line  of  the 
culmeu.  Tarsus  short,  not  exceeding  the  middle  toe  and  claw, 
with  a  tendency  to  subdivision  of  the  tarsal  plates  behind. 
Hind  toe  and  claw  as  long  as  the  middle  one.  Lateral  toes  of 
unequal  lengths,  the  tip  of  the  claw  of  the  outer  one  reaching, 
or  rather  surpassing,  the  base  of  the  middle  claw. 

As  in  the  case  of  Salpinctes^  this  genus  possesses  but  one 
known  species,  which  is  separable  into  two  geographical  races. 


164        SYNONYMY  AND  CHARACTERS  OF  CANON  WREN 

Canon  Wren 

Catlierpes  mexicanus*    consperstis 

Troglodytes  nlbifrons,  Ed.  Stansbury's  Rep.  1852,  327. 

Troglodytes  mexicanus,  Heerm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.   1853,  263.— Oass.  111.   B.  Cul.  &  Tex. 

1854,  173,  pi.  30  (in  part). 
Catherpes  mexicanus,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  35<>  (in  part).— Kmner.  P.IRR.  x.  1859,  26.— Xant.  Pr. 

Phila.  Acad.  1859,  191  (California).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  U864,  111  (in  part). -Dress,  Ibis,  1865, 

484  (Texas).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  77  (Arizona).— Coop.  B.  Gal.  i.  1870,  66,  figs.— 

Aiken,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  196  (Colorado,  resident).— Allen.   «ull.  MCZ.  1872,  175 

(Colorado  City).— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.   1872,   404.— Coues,  Key,   1872,   85.—  Merr.  U.  S. 

Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873,713  (Utah).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  17.— Coues,  BN\V. 

1874,  28. 
Catherpes  mexicanus  var.  conspcrsus.  Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  603.— Ridg.  Bull.  Ess. 

Inst.  v.  1873,  180  (Colorado).— JW.  Br.  ff  Ry.  NAB.  i.  1874,  139,  fig.  pi.  8,  f.  4.~Yarr.  S? 

Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  9.—  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.   Specs.   1874,  41,  IOL— Hensh.  Zool. 

Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  181. 
White-throated  Wren,  White-throated  Rock  Wren,  Caiion  Wren,  Authors. 

HAB. — Throughout  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  portions  of  Texas, 
Colorado,  Utah,  Nevada,  and  California.  Resident. 

CH.  SP. —  S  2  Brunneus,  antice  pdllescens,  posticd  rufescens, 
undique  albido  nigroque  punctatus  ;  caudd  cinnamomind,  angustis- 
sime  nigrofasciatd  ;  guld  alba;  ventre  ferrugineo,  obsoletd  albido 
fuscoque  notato;  pedibits  nigris. 

$  $  ,  adult :  Upper  parts  brown,  paler  and  grayer  anteriorly,  behind  shad- 
ing insensibly  into  rich  rufous,  everywhere  dotted  with  small  du>sky  and 
whitish  spots.  Tail  clear  cinnamon-brown,  crossed  with,  numerous  very 
narrow  and  mostly  zigzag  black  bars.  Wing-quills  dark  brown,  the  outer 
webs  of  the  primaries  and  both  webs  of  the  inner  secondaries  barred  with 
the  color  of  the  back.  Chin,  throat,  and  fore  breast,  with  tho  lower  half 
of  the  side  of  the  head  and  neck,  white,  shading  behind  through  ochraceous- 
brown  into  rich  deep  ferruginous,  and  posteriorly  obsoletely  waved  with 
dusky  and  whitish.  Bill  slate  color,  of  a  pale  livid  hue  below  ;  feet  black; 

*  The  synonymy  of  the  true  mexicanus  is : — 
Thryothorus  mexicanus,  Sw.  Zool.  111.  i.  1829,  pi.  11. 
Troglodytes  mexicanus,  Licht.  "  Preis-Verz.  Mex.  Vog.  1830,  2  ";  J.  f.  O.  1863,  57.— Gray,  G. 

of  B.  i.  1847,  159. 
SalpinCtCS  mexicanus,  Cab.  Wieg.   Arch.   1847,  Bd.  i.  324,-Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 224.- Cab.  MH. 

1.  1850,  78.— Scl.  PZS.  1855,  66;   1857,212  (Orizaba);   18o8,  29  (Oaxaca).— Scl.  Cat.  AB. 

1861,  18. 
Catherpes  mexicanus,  Scl.  PZS.   1864,   172  (City  of  Mexico).— Sumich.  Mem.  Bost.   Soc.  i. 

1869,  545  (Vera  Cruz). 
Catherpes  mexicanus  var.  mexicanus,  Ridg.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  603.— Bd.  Br.  Ry.  NAB.  i. 

1874,  138. 
Thryothorus  gllttlllatUS,  Lafr.  RZ.  1839,  99. 

?  Troglodytes  albicollis,  "  Cm>." 

?  Troglodytes  murarlus,  Licfit.  "  Preis-Verz.  Mex.  Vog.  1830,  2  ";  J.  f.  0. 1863,  57. 

?Certhia  albifrons,  Giraud,  Sixteen  Sp.Tex.  B.  1841,  pi.  8  (see  Ridg.  Am.  Nat. vii.  1873,604). 

HAB. — Mexico,  southward  from  near  the  border  of  the  United  States. 


THE  HAUNTS  OF  THE  CANON  WREN        165 

eyes  brown.    Leugth  about  5£  inches;  extent,  7^-;  wing,  2}  ;  tail,  2^;  bill, 
*-  ;  tarsus,  f. 

The  numerous  United  States  specimens  of  this  bird  I  have  examined  differ 
decidedly  from  the  Mexican  form,  as  accurately  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Ridgway. 
The  Mexican  bird  is  larger,  with  a  different  curve  of  the  bill ;  it  is  much 
darker  colored  both  above  and  below,  with  sharper  distinction  of  the  white 
throat,  and  with  the  spots  of  the  upper  parts  restricted  to  the  back  and 
wings;  with  the  black  tail-bars  ranch  broader  and  more  regular,  and  the 
light  markings  on  the  outer  webs  of  the  quills  mere  indentations  instead  of 
complete  bars. 

POINTS  about  the  Cafion  Wren  are  its  fondness  for  the 
resorts  the  name  indicates,  and  its  wonderfully  impressive 
chant.  More  anon  of  the  last  of  these  two  leading  traits.  I 
will  first  speak  of  its  haunts,  which  are  no  less  characteristic 
of  the  bird  than  its  singular  utterances.  It  is  not  very  long 
since  the  bird  was  unknown  as  an  inhabitant  of  the  United 
States ;  and  no  one  could  have  surmised  how  large  an  area  in 
this  country  it  really  occupies  from  the  hints  of  its  distribution 
which  our  literature  of  ten  years  ago  afforded.  It  was  supposed 
to  merely  reach  our  border,  with  a  little  extension  within  our 
limits  up  the  Colorado  Valley.  The  fact  that  I  had  never  seen 
it  at  Fort  Whipple  supported  this  notion  of  its  limited  distribu- 
tion, and  in  my  "Prodrome"  of  1866  I  gave  the  bird  as  one  gen- 
erally distributed  over  the  southern  and  western  portions  of 
Arizona,  up  to  Fort  Mojave  at  least.  I  now  see  that  its  absence 
from  that  locality — at  any  rate,  its  rarity,  so  great  that  it  never 
came  under  my  observation — was  due  to  the  topographical 
features  of  the  place,  not  its  geographical  position.  There 
were  plenty  of  rocks  about  the  fort  (rocks,  like  reptiles  and 
cactuses,  are  natural  products  of  Arizona),  just  suiting  the 
wants  of  the  Salpinctes;  but  this  immediate  vicinity  lacked 
the  singular  walled  chasms  with  which  many  portions  of  the 
Territory  are  scored  and  seamed — those  reproductions  on  a 
smaller  scale  of  the  Grand  Caiion  of  the  Colorado  itself,  most 
wonderful  crack  of  the  ground  in  America — and  such  rifts  of 
solid  rock  alone  are  entirely  to  the  liking  of  the  Canon  Wren. 
So  it  fell  out  thtit  it  was  left  for  the  latest  ornithologists  of 
the  Southwest — for  Allen,  Aiken,  Ridgway,  and  Henshaw — to 
show  that  the  range  of  the  bird  extends  from  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico,  and  portions  of  Texas  and  Southern  California, 
into  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Nevada.  How  much  further  it  may 
actually  reach  we  do  not  yet  know ;  but  there  is  nothing  in 
the  analogies  of  the  case  to  forbid  the  supposition  that  the 


166  THE    CACTUS    WREN    AS    A    MUSIC-BOX 

Canon  Wren  may  push  northward  wherever  its  favorite  resorts 
can  be  found.  For  it  is  by  no  means  the  tender,  semi-tropical 
bird  we  may  have  somewhat  unconsciously  supposed;  it  is 
resident  in  all  the  Territories  just  named ;  it  ivinters  in  Colorado, 
Utah,  and  Nevada ;  and  if  it  is  ever  subjected  to  the  migratory 
impulses  which  most  of  the  Wrens  feel  at  times,  there  is  noth- 
ing but  the  lack  of  suitable  haunts  to  restrain  its  movements. 

We  remember  the  "  rift  within  the  lute  ";  in  the  Canon  Wren 
we  have  the  lute  within  the  rift — a  curious  little  animated 
music-box,  utterly  insignificant  in  size  and  appearance,  yet  fit 
to  make  the  welkin  ring  with  glee.  This  bird-note  is  one  of 
the  most  characteristic  sounds  in  nature;  nothing  matches  it 
exactly;  and  its  power  to  impress  the  hearer  increases  when, 
as  usually  happens,  the  volume  of  the  sound  is  strengthened 
by  reverberation  through  the  deep  and  sinuous  canon,  echoed 
from  side  to  side  of  the. massive  perpendicular  walls  till  it 
gradually  dies  away  in  the  distance.  No  technical  description 
would  be  likely  to  express  the  character  of  these  notes,  nor 
explain  the  indelible  impression  they  make  upon  one  who  hears 
them  for  the  first  time  amid  the  wild  and  desolate  scenes  to 
which  they  are  a  fit  accompaniment.  The  song  is  perfectly 
simple ;  it  is  merely  a  succession  of  single  whistling  notes,  each 
separate  and  distinct,  beginning  as  high  in  the  scale  as  the 
bird  can  reach,  and  regularly  descending  the  gamut  as  long  as 
the  bird's  breath  holds  out,  or  until  it  reaches  the  lowest  note 
the  bird  is  capable  of  striking.  These  notes  are  loud,  clear, 
and  of  a  peculiarly  resonant  quality  ;  they  are  uttered  with 
startling  emphasis,  and  I  sometimes  fancied  I  detected  a  shade 
of  derision,  as  if,  secure  in  its  own  rocky  fastnesses,  the  bird 
were  disposed  to  mock  the  discomforts  and  anxieties  of  a 
journey  through  hostile  deserts. 

In  its  general  habits,  the  Canon  Wren  displays  much  of  the 
nature  of  a  Creeper;  and,  on  closely  comparing  the  structure 
of  its  feet,  much  resemblance  may  be  traced.  In  fact,  its  habits 
recall  the  impression  I  have  formed  respecting  those  of  the 
European  Wall  Creeper  (Tichodroma}.  It  often  flies  up  and 
down  the  face  of  perpendicular  cliffs,  clinging  to  the  slightest 
inequalities  of  surface,  or  settling  to  sing  upon  the  very  edge 
of  the  crest ;  and  has  even  been  observed  to  cling  to  the  roof 
of  a  cave  with  all  the  facility  of  a  Creeper.  When  among  loose 
bowlders,  its  behavior  is  more  becoming  a  Wren  ;  it  threads  the 
mazes  of  the  rocks,  like  the  Salpinctes,  with  wonderful  agility, 


ANALYSIS  OF  TROGLODYTIN.E          167 

in  a  sly  and  furtive  way,  delighting  to  baffle  observation  and 
re  appear  unexpectedly  in  another  place  to  laugh  heartily  at 
the  perplexity  it  has  occasioned.  But  I  must  not  represent 
the  Canon  Wren  solely  in  its  leading  character  of  the  scoffing 
anchoretic  cave-dweller  ;  it  sometimes  displays  familiar  traits, 
coming  in  friendly  spirit  about  man's  abode,  to  nest  in  crevices 
of  walls  and  buildings,  or  even  occupy  boxes  put  up  for  its 
accommodation,  like  a  Martin,  Bluebird,  or  House  Wren. 
Sufficient  and  satisfactory  details  respecting  its  nest  and  eggs 
have  not  yet  reached  me ;  from  what  1  can  gather  from  the 
published  records,  its  economy  in  these  matters  closely  resem- 
bles that  of  the  Rock  Wren.  Eggs  supposed  to  belong  to  the 
Canon  Wren  have  been  described  by  Dr.  Brewer ;  they  were 
"  four  in  number,  were  unusually  oblong  and  pointed  for  eggs 
of  this  family,  and  measured  .80  by  .60  of  an  inch,  with  a 
crystalline-white  ground,  profusely  covered  with  numerous  and 
large  blotches  of  a  reddish  or  cinnamon  brown  '•. 

SUBFAMILY  TROGLODYTIN^E  :  TYPICAL  WRENS 

This  is  a  much  more  homogeneous  group  than  the  family  at 
large  as  usually  constituted.  The  current  genera  of  North 
America  are  very  closely  related — so  closely  that  their  formal 
discrimination  becomes  difficult.  They  are  in  fact  best  dis- 
tinguished by  the  system  of  coloration,  in  connection  with 
certain  slight  details  of  form.  Since  every  one  of  our  species 
represents  a  different  subdivision,  it  will  suffice  to  present  here 
an  analysis  which  will  serve  for  their  recognition,  and  obviate 
the  necessity  of  diagnosis  under  the  several  heads  given  beyond. 

All  the  following  sections  with  the  wings  and  tail  more  or  less  completely 
barred  crosswise. 

A.  Large.     Upper  parts  uniform  in  color,  without  streaks  or  bars ;  rump 

with  concealed  white  spots.  Belly  unmarked ;  a  conspicuous  super- 
ciliary stripe. 

a.  Tail  shorter  or  not  longer  than  the  wings,  all  the  feathers  brown, 
distinctly  barred THRYOTHORUS  ( T.  ludovicianm}. 

6.  Tail  decidedly  longer  than  the  wings  (in  our  species),  blackish,  not 
fnlly  barred  on  all  the  feathers THRYOMANES  (T.  bewicki). 

B.  Small.     Upper  parts  not  uniform,  the  back  being  more  or  less  distinctly 

barred  crosswise  ;  wings,  tail,  and  flanks  fully  barred. 

c.  Tail  about  equal  to  wings,  the  outstretched  feet  reaching  scarcely  or 

not  beyond  its  end TROGLODYTES  (T.  aedon). 

d.  Tail  decidedly  shorter  than  wings,  the  outstretched  feet  reaching 

far  beyond  its  end ANORTHURA  (A.  troglodytes). 


168        SYNONYMY    OF    THRYOTHORUS    LUDOVICIANUS 

C.  Small.     Upper  parts  not  uniform,  the  back  being  streaked  lengthwise; 

flanks  scarcely  or  not  barred. 
•    e.  Bill  about  £  as  long  as  head  ;  crown  plain  ;  streaks  of  back  confined 

to  interscapular  region TELMATODYTES  ( T.  palustris'). 

''  f.  Bill  scarcely  or  nor  £  as  long  as  head  ;  crown  streaked,  like  the  whole 

back  CISTOTHORUS  (C.  stellaris). 

Species  of  all  these  sections,  excepting  typical  Thryothorus, 
occur  in  the  Colorado  Basin.  The  synonymy  of  Thryothorus 
ludovicianus  *  is  subjoined,  together  with  a  figure  of  the  same 

*Tnryothorus  ladoviciaiius.— Carolina  Wren. 

a.  ludovicianus. 

Motacilla  troglodytes,  var.  y,  Gm.  SN.  i.  pt,  ii.  1788,  994,  no.  46y  (Buff.v.  361;  PE.  730,  f.  1). 
Sylvia  111  do  Vie  hum,  Lath.  IO.  ii.    1790,   548,  n.  150  (also  based  on  Buffon).     (Not  of  p.  535, 
no.  105). 

Motacilla  ludovisiana,  Tun.  SN.  i.  1806,  613. 

Troglodytes  )UdOVicianuS,  "Licht.  Verz.  1823,  35".— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  29.— 
Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  93.—Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  429.— And.  OB.  i.  1831,399,  pi.  78.— 
And.  Syn.  1839,  74.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  116,  pi.  117.—  Giraud,  BLI.  1844,  75.—  Woodh. 
Sitgr.  Rep.  1853,  67.—Gerhardt,  Naum.  iii.  1853,  37.—  Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853, 
,  313  (Wisconsin).— Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  399  (Ohio).— Kennic.  Tr.  111.  Agric. 
Soc.  i.  1855,  583.— Pratten,  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  603.— Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  1858,  110.— 
Gosse,  Alabama,  1859,  83.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  438  (Missouri).— Mayn.  B. 
Fla.  1873,  37. 

ThryothoruS  ludovicianus,  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  11.— Burnett,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  iv.  1851,  116.— Sr.l. 
Cat.  AB.  1861,  20.— Barnard,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  436.— Coues  ff  Prent.  Smiths. 
Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  410.— Ed.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  123.— ?  Dress.  Ibis,  1865,  484.— Lawr.  Ann. 
Lye.  N.Y.  viii.  1866,283  (Long  Inland). —Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  108.— Allen, 
Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1858,  523.— Tnrnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  27 ;  Phila.  ed.  20  (wintering).— 
Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1871,  19.— Oouu,  Am.  Nat.  1871,367.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  187L, 
266;  iii.  1872,  125,  175  (Kansas).  -Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  265.— Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv. 

1872,  221.— Coues,  Key,   1872,  86,  f.  29.—- SHOW,  B.  Kansas,  1873,  Q.—Alltn.  Am.  Nat.  vii. 

1873,  363.— Pidg.   Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  550,   605;  viii.  1874,  198.— Merr iam,  Am.  Nat.  viii. 

1874,  8,  86.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  29. 

Thryothorus  ludovicianus  var.  ludovicianus,  Bd.  Br.  4-  Ry.  NAB.  i.  1874,  142,  pi.  9,  f.  ]. 

Thriothorus  ludovicianus,  lid.  BNA.  1858,  361. 

Thryotorus  ludovicianus,  Bp.  CA.i.  1850,  220. 

Motacilla  caroliniana,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1st  Am.  ed.  1791, 291. 

Certhia  Caroliniana,  mis.  AO.  ii.  1810,  61,  pi.  12,  f.  5.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  28. 

Troglodytes  arundinaceUS,  Vieill.  OAS.  ii.  1807,   55,  pi.    108  (not  the  account  of  habits). 

Thryothorus  arundinaceus,  "  Less.  RZ.  1840,  263  (syn.  excl.) ". 

Thryo!horus  littoralis,  Vuill.  "Nouv.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat,  xxxiv.  1819,  56  ". 

Thryothorus  louisianse,  "  Less.  RZ.  1840,  263  "  (in  part). 

Troglodyte  de  la  Louisiane,  Buff.  "  v.  361";  (PE.  730,  f.  i).— Bodd.  Tabl.  PE.  1783,46. 

Roitelet  de  la  Lonisiane,  Buff.  PE.  730,  f.  i. 

Louisiana  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  Suppl.  ii.  244,  n.  16  (not  o/Syu.  ii,  pt.  ii.  480,  no.  101). 
Troglodyte  des  Roseaux,  Vieill.  (I807wec  1819). 
Carolina  Wren,  Great  Carolina  Wren,  Authors. 

b.  berlandieri. 

Thriothorus  berlandieri,  Couch,  MSS.—Bd.  BNA.  1858,  362;  ed.  of  i860,  pi.  83,  f.  i. 
Thryothorus  berlandieri,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  124.— Coues,  Am.  Nat.  v.  1871,  367. 
Thryothorus  ludovicianus  var.  berlandieri,  Coues,  Key,  1872, 86.— Cones,  BNW.  1874,  29.— 

Bd.  Br.  ffRy.  NAB.  i.  1874.  144,  pi.  9,  f.  2. 

HAB.— Eastern    United    States;    north  to  New  York.     Var.   bcrlanditri, 
Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande. 


THE    WHITE-BELLIED    WREN 


169 


bird,  to  complete  an  enumeration  of  the  North  American  species. 
My  notices  of  the  species  must  be  brief,  and  restricted  chiefly 
to  local  items,  since  ample  details  of  these  well  known  birds 
have  already  been  published  in  other  treatises. 


w 


FIG.  23.— Carolina  Wren. 


White-bellied  Wren 

Thryomaiies  bo  wick  i  leucogaster 

a.  bewicki. 

Troglodytes  bewiCkii,  And.  OB.  i.  183 1,  96,  pi.  IS.—Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  434  ;  2d.  ed.  i.  1840, 

489.— And.  Syn.  1839,  74.— Less.  RZ.  1840,  Wl.—Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841,  120,  pi.  118.— Woodh. 

Sitgr.  Rep.  1853,  67  (Indian  Territory).  —  Trippe,  PC.  E«a.  Inst.vi.  1871,  115  (Minnesota). 

Thryothorus  bewiCkii,  Butch.  Pr.  Phil*.  Acad.  1868,  149.— Cones,  Pr.  Boat.   Soc.   xii.   1868, 

108.  —  Turnb.  B.   E.  Pa.   1869,  27;  Phila.  ed.  20.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  %Q.—Ridg.  Am.  Nat. 

vii.  1873,  605.— Snow,  B.  Kans.  1873,  6.— Cones,  BNW.  1874,  31. 

ThryothOMlS  bewiCkii  var.  bewiCkii,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  i.  1864,  126  (subg.  Thryomanes).—B.  B. 

4-  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  145,  figs.  pi.  9,  f.  3. 

Thriothorus  bewiCkii,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  363.—  Barnard,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  I860,  1861,  436. 
Thryothorus  bewiCkl,  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  11.—  Dress.  Ibis,  1865,  484  (Texas). 

Thryotorus  bewickl,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 221. 
Telma  odytfs  bewicki,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,  78. 
Bewick's  Wren,  Long-tailed  House  Wren,  Authors. 

b.  leucogaster.  (Bd.) 
Thryothorus  bewiCkii,  ?Scl.  PZS.   1859,  372  (Oaxaca).— Coues.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.   1866,   78 

(Arizona).—  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  101  (Arizona). 
Thryothorus  bewicki,  Coves,  Ibis,  1865,  164  (Arizona). 


170        CHARACTERS    OF    THE    WHITE-BELLIED    WREN 

Thryothorus  bewkkil  var.  ICUCOgaSter,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  i.  1864,  127  (not  Trog.  leucogastra 
Gould,  PZS.  1836,  89,  which  is  of  a  different  genus).—  Ooues,  Key,  1872.  86.— Yarr.  <$• 
Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  9.— Hensk.  ibid.  41.— B.  B.  $  R.  NAB.  i.  1871,  147. 

Tbryothorus  ?  ewicki    b.  leucogaster,  Coues,  BNW.  1874,  31. 

Thryothorus  bewicki  var.  leucogaster,  Hensh,  ListB.  Ariz.  1875,  155;  Expl.  W.  100  M.  183. 

Thrlothorus  leucogaster,  Coop.  Am.  Nat.  m.  1869, 474, 479. 

White-bellied  Wren,  Authors. 

c.  spilurus. 

TroglOditCS  bewickii,  Ornith.  Comm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1837,  193. 

Troglodytes  bewickii,  Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  1839,  .154.— Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1846, 

113.— Newb.  PRRR.  vi.  1857,  80.— ? Xant.  Pr.  PhiU.   Acad.  1859,    191   (Fort   Tejon).— 

Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  40.— C.  ff  S.  NHWT.  1860,  189. 
Thryothorus  bewicki,  Brown,  Ibis,  1868,  421  (Vancouver). 
Thryothorus  bewickii  »<m  spilurus,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  i.  1864.  126.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  86.-B.  B. 

4  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  147.—  Nels.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  357. 
Thryothorus  bewickii  c.  spilurus,  Ooues,  BNvV.  1874,  31. 

Troglodytes  Spilurus,  Pig.  Zool.  Voy.  Bloss.  1839/18,  pi.  4.  f.  ].— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  222. 
Thryothorus  spilurus,  Coop.  B.  Gal.  i.  1870,  69,  fig. 

HAS. — Eastern  United  States,  north  to  the  Middle  States  and  Minnesota. 
Var.  leucogaster,  Southwestern  United  States  and  southward  in  Mexico. 
Var.  spilurus,  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States  and  Lower  Califoruia. 

OH.  SP. —  $  9  Cinereo-brunneus,  infra  cinereo-albus;  strigd 
superciliari  alba;  caudd  nigric&nte,  rectricibus  mediis  cinereo- 
multifasciatis,  cceteris  albo-terminatis,  pogonio  exteriore  rectricis 
extimce  albo-fasciato. 

£$,  adult:  Above  uniform  clear  ashy-brown.  Below  clear  ashy-white, 
pure  white  on  the  middle  parts.  A  long,  strong,  white,  superciliary  stripe 
from  .the  nostrils  to  the  sides  of  the  nape,  and  auriculars  speckled  with  white. 
A  number  of  concealed  white  spots  on  the  rump,  which  only  show  on  dis- 
turbing the  plumage.  Quills  of  the  wings  fuscous,  the  inner  feathers  very 
obsoletely  waved  with  the  color  of  the  back.  Two  middle  tail-feathers 
closely  and  regularly  barred  with  pure  dark  ash  and  black ;  the  others 
black,  with  irregular  white  or  ashy-white  tips,  the  outer  web  of  the  exterior 
feather  barred  with  white.  Length,  5£-5f  inches;  extent,  Of;  wing,  2-2£ ; 
tail,  2£-2£  ;  bill,  | ;  tarsus,  f . 

This  is  the  best  marked  of  the  races  currently  quoted,  in  the  clearer  ashy- 
brown  of  the  upper  parts,  white  shaded  with  pure  ash  rather  than  with 
brown  on  the  under  parts,  obsoleteness  of  the  transverse  marking  on  the 
inner  secondaries,  abundance  and  size  of  the  concealed  white  spots  on  the 
rump,  and  length  of  the  tail.  The  Pacific  crJast  form  ( T.  spilwm  Vig.),  which 
shares  this  length  of  tail,  has  the  bill  even  longer  (about  f)  and  the  browner 
coloration  of  typical  bewicki]  the  spots  on  the  rump  are  as  numerous  as  in 
the  Coloradoan  form. 

A  technical  point  affecting  nomenclature  here  requires  passing  notice. 
This  bird  is  not  Troglodytes  leucogastra  of  Gould,  as  supposed  by  Professor 
Baird,  Gould's  bird  being  the  same  that  was  afterward  described  as  Cyphorinua 
pmillus  by  Dr.  Sclater  (P.  Z.  S.  1859,  372),  and  consequently  not  even  of  the 
same  genus.  The  Cyphorinus  would  consequently  stand  as  C.  leucogaster 
(Gould),  and  the  Thryomanes  remain  T.  bewicki  leucogaster  (Baird,  1864).  See 
Ibis,  1874,  p.  — ,  where  the  point  is  elucidated  by  Mr.  Salvin.  In  the  "  Nomen- 
clator  Avium  Neotropicalium  "  (p.  155),  Gould's  bird  is  made  the  type  of  a  new 
genus  and  called  Uropsila  leucogastra. 


SYNONYMY    OF    TROGLODYTES    DOMESTICUS  171 

BEWICK'S  Wren,  of  the  White-bellied  variety,  is  a  common 
bird  in  the  Colorado  Basin.  At  Fort  Whipple,  I  found  it 
to  be  the  most  abundant  and  characteristic  representative  of 
its  family ;  it  resides  there  during  the  whole  year,  and  seems 
as  indifferent  in  its  choice  of  resorts  as  it  is  in  regard  to  the 
changes  of  the  seasons.  There  is  no  occasion  to  enlarge  upon 
its  habits,  since  they  are  substantially  the  same  as  those  of  its 
eastern  relative,  which  have  already  been  sufficiently  described 
by  other  writers  besides  myself.  What  I  regard  as  probably 
the  best  account  we  have  is  that  contributed  by  Mr.  Ridgvvay 
to  the  "  History  of  North  American  Birds".  My  u Birds  of 
the  Northwest"  contains  some  additional  information. 


Western  House  Wren 

Troglodytes  domesticus  parkmani 

a.  domesticus 

Motacilla  domestica,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1st  Am.  ed.  i.  1791,  291. 

Sylvia  domestica,  mis.  AO.  i.  1808,  129,  pi.  8,  f.  3.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.iv.  1824,  187. 

Troglodytes  domestica,  Cones,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1875.  351. 

Troglodytes  tedon,  Vieill,  OAS.  ii.  1807,  52,  pi.  107;  "  Nouv.  Diet,  xxxiv.  1819,  506".— Bp. 
Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  187.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  92.—  Aud.  OB.  i.  427  ; 
v.  470 ;  pi.  83.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  11.—  Aud.  Syn.  1839, 75.— Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841,  125,  pi.  120.— 
Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  312.— Thomps.  NH.  Vermont,  1853,  84.— Woodh.  Sitg.  Rep. 
ZuBi,  1853,  <ol.—  WaVes,  Rep.  Mississ.  1854,  318.— Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 
583.— Pratten,  ibid.  603.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,  208.—Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
1856,  288.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  437.— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862,  149.— 
Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  138.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  438.—  Mcllw.  Pr.  EBB.  Inst. 
v.  1866,  88.— Coves,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  108.— Hill,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  49.—  Naum. 
Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  390.— McLaugh.  Am.  Nat,  iii.  1869,  614.— Abbott,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870, 
540,  545.— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871.  U5.—Trippe,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  236.— 
Ridg.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  550.— B.  B.  &f  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  149,  pi.  9,  f.  5. 

Troglodytes  acdon,  Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839, 314.—  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  475.— Bp.  CA. 
i.  1850,  22-2.— Gerh.  Naum.  iii.  1853,  37.— Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  399.— Bd.  BNA. 
1858,  367.—  Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  1858,  109.—  Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  68.—Lawr.  Ann. 
Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  283.— Coues,  Pr.  EBB.  Inst.  v.  1868,  278.—Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 
27;  Phila.  ed.  20.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  86.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  1871,  265.—  Allen,  Am. 
Nat.  vi.  1872,  265,270,  275.— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  360.—  Allen,  Am.  Nat.  1873, 
362.— Mayn.K.  Fla.  1873,  39.— Brew.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439.— Coues,  BNW.1874,  32. 

Hylemathrous  aedon,  Cab.  J.  f.  O.  i860,  407. 

Troglodytes  flllvus,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  422. 

Troglodytes  furvus,  Rick.  "  List,  1837,  II  ".—Qloger,  J.  f.  O.  1854,  376. 

Troglodytes  americanus,  Aud.  OB.  ii.  1834,  452,  pi.  179.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  11.— Peab.  Rep. 

Orn.  Mass.  1839,  316.— Aud.  Syn.  1839,  75.— Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841,  123,  pi.  119.— Bp.  CA.  i. 

1850,  222.— Putn.  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  i.  1856,  208.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  368.— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.   Inst. 

iii.  1862,  149.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  141.— Lawr.  Ann  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  283.— Ooues,  Pr. 

EBB.  Inst.  v.  1868,  278.—Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  27 ;  Phila.  ed.  20. 
Troglodytes  americana,  Brew.  Journ.  Bost.  Soc.  1837,  437. 
Traglodytes  americauus,  Thomps.  N.  H.  Vermont,  1853,85. 
Hylemathrous  amerlcanus,  Cab.  J.  f.  O.  i860,  407. 
Troglodyte  Jed  n.  V.  \.  c.  1807.— LeM.  Ois.  Canad.  1861,  182. 
House  Wren,  Authors. 


172       CHARACTERS  OF    THE    WESTERN    HOUSE    WREN 

b.  parkmani 

Tl'Oglodites  fulviIS,  Ornitk.  Comm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1837,  193. 

Troglodytes  flllVUS,  Towns.  Journ.  Pbila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  154. 

Troglodytes  parkmanii,  And.  OB.  v.  1839,  310.— And.  Syn.  1839,  75.  —  Towns.  Journ.  Phila. 
Acad.  1839,  154.—  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  483.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  133,  pi.  122. 

Troglodytes  parkmanni,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  ya-i— Bd.  BXA.  1858,  367.-  Bd.  u.  S.  Mex.  B. 
Surv.  li.  pt.  ii.  1859,  13.—  Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859,  191.— 0.  6f  S.  NHVVT.  I860,  191.— 
Bd.  Ives's  Rep.  pt.  v.  1861,  6.— Blakist.  This,  iv.  1862,  5  (Saskatchewan) ;  1863,  Ql.—Hayd. 
Tr.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862,  164.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  L4'».— Cones,  Ibis,  1865,  164.— 
Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  78.— Brown,  Ibis,  1868,  4-21.— Corp.  B.  Gal.  i.  1870,  71,  fig.— 
Coop.  Pr.  Gala.  Acad.  1870,  75.—Ooop.  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1871,  758.— Allen,  Am.  Nat,  vi.  1872, 
275.—  Merr.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  1873,  673,  713.— Ridg.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  200. 

Troglodytes  parkmani,  Aiken,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  196. 

Troglodytes  parkmannii,  stee.  U.  S.  G*oi.  Surv.  for  1870,  1871, 464. 

Troglodytes  aedon,  S.  ff  R.  FBA.  ii.  1831,316,  fig.  (Rocky  Mountains). 

Troglodytes  aedon,  Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  \\.-Holden,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  196. 

Troglodytes  aedon  var.  parkmanni,  Coues,  Key,  1872,  87.—  Rid?.  Bull.  E*s.  lost  v.  1873. 
180.— Yarr.  tf  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  8.— B.  B.  ff  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  151.— Allen 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  50.— Nelson,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  357. 

Troglodytes  aedon  var.  parkmanni,  Coues,  BNW.  1874,  32.— Hensh,  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874, 
41,  57,  74,  101.—  Hensk.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  184. 

Troglodytes  aedon  oar.  parkmani,  Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  362.— Trippe  apud  Coues,  BNW. 
1874.  231.—  Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  155. 

Troglodytes  Sylfestris,  Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1846,  113. 

Troglodytesamerlcanus,  Gamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1847,  33.  —  Heerm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  ii. 
1853,  263.— Henry,Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,309;  xi.  1859,  107.—  Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  41. 

ParkmuiiV  or  Parkmann's  Wren,  Western  liouse  Wren,  Authors. 

HAB. — Of  the  typical  form,  Eastern  United  States  and  British  Provinces  ; 
west  to  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  &c.  Of  var.  parkmani,  United  States 
from  the  high  central  plains  to  the  Pacific. 

CH.  sr.  (b.  PARKMANI). —  $  2  Bnmneusy  uropygio  vix  discolore, 
notceOj  alls  eauddque  fuseo  transfaseiatis  ;  infra  brunneo-albidas, 
dbdomine  albicante,  hypochondriis  criss.oque  fasciatis.  Staturd 
T.  aedoniSj  sed  alis  eauddque  longioribus. 

$  9  :  Brown  above,  little  brighter  on  the  rump,  nearly  everywhere  waved 
with  dusky,  strongest  on  the  wings  and  tail,  but  usually  very  appreciable 
on  Ihe  whole  back  as  well.  Below  brownish-white,  becoming  nearly  pure 
white  on  the  belly,  obscurely  variegated  with  darker  markings,  which,  on 
the  flanks  and  crissum,  become  stronger  bars,  alternating  with  brown  and 
whitish  ones.  Bill  blackish  above,  pale  below  ;  feet  brown.  Length,  5 
inches  or  a  little  more;  extent,  6f ;  wing,  2  or  rather  more;  tail  almost  2. 

With  a  very  close  resemblance  to  typical  aedon,  this  form  ditfers  appreci- 
ably in  some  points  of  form  as  well  as  of  color.  The  wings  and  tail  are 
decidedly  longer,  and  this  elongation  of  the  wing  results  in  a  different 
relative  proportion  of  the  first  primary,  the  exposed  portion  of  which  in 
aedon  is  about  half  as  long  as  the  longest  primary,  while  the  same  in  park- 
mani is  only  about  half  as  long  as  the  second  primary.  The  Colorado  region 
furnishes  extreme  cases  of  this  difference,  as  it  also  does  of  the  paleness  of 
color  which  characterizes  the  western  style  of  House  Wren.  The  bird  has  a 
faded  appearance  in  comparison  with  typical  aedon,  and  the  brownish  of  the 
rump  is  little  different  from  that  of  the  back. 


CRITICAL    REMARKS    ABOUT    THE    HOUSE  WREN       173 

I  derive  my  name  of  the  typical  House  Wren,  T.  domeslicHS,  as  Wilson  did 
his  Sylvia  domestica,  from  the  Motacilla  domesticaof  Bartrani,  which  antedates 
Vieillot's  name  by  many  years.  The  current  orthography  of  the  latter 
(d'don}  is  clearly  wrong,  since  it  is  fro  arjduv  (th.  aeidu),  whence  properly 
action.  Nor  has  the  varietal  designation  of  the  Western  House  Wren  escaped 
maltreatment,  being  spelled  four  different  ways.  The  bird  having  been 
dedicated  to  Dr.  George  Parkman  (not  Parkmann)of  Boston,  its  name  should 
be  written  parkmani.  The  various  combinations  of  these  two  words  in  their 
several  shapes  result  in  a  curiously  involved  set  of  synonyms,  which  show 
that  the  care  to  be  expected  from  an  author  in  the  use  of  technical  terms  in 
science  is  not  always  exercised.  I  am  free  to  speak  in  the  matter,  having 
been  myself  quite  as  guilty  as  the  rest. 

Respecting  the  relationships  of  Audubon's  "  Wood  Wren  ",  T.  americanus, 
to  the  common  House  Wren,  there  seems  to  be  no  longer  a  doubt  that  the 
two  are  identical.  The  authors  of  the  "  History  of  North  American  Birds", 
while  agreeing  in  this  view,  differ  in  their  explanation  of  the  ascribed  char- 
acters of  the  "  Wood  Wren  ".  At  page  149  of  the  work  just  mentioned,  we 
read  : — "  There  can  scarcely  be  any  doubt  that  the  T.  americanus  of  Audubon 
is  nothing  more  than  this  species  [T.  aedon~\  in  dark,  accidentally  soiled 
plumage  (from  charcoal  of  burnt  trees,  etc.)."  At  pages  151  and  152  of  the  same 
work,  the  folio  wing  statement  occurs : — "  Under  the  name  of  Troglodytes  ameri- 
canus, or  Wood  Wren,  Mr.  Audubon  figured  and  described  as  a  distinct 
species  what  is  probably  only  a  somewhat  larger  and  darker  form  of  the 
present  species  [T.  aedon],  hardly  distinct  enough  to  be  treated  even  as  a 
race."  A  specimen  which  came  to  me  as  a  "  Wood  Wren",  under  color  of 
Audubon's  personal  identification,  and  which  I  retain  in  my  cabinet,  is  noth- 
ing but  a  House  Wren. 

Before  proceeding  to  speak  of  Turkman's  Wren,  I  wish  to  correct  an  im- 
portant error  into  which  Dr.  Brewer  has  fallen  respecting  the  distribution 
of  the  common  House  Wren,  which,  he  states  (op.  cit.  p.  150),  ''is  not  ob- 
served in  any  portion  of  the  United  States  after  the  first  of  November  ". 
But  Audubon  found  his  "  Wood  Wren  "  in  South  Carolina  in  winter;  the 
House  Wren  is  marked  "probably  resident"  in  my  List  of  the  Birds  of 
South  Carolina ;  and  Mr.  Allen  found  it  on.^  of  the  abundant  winter  birds  of 
Florida,  "  occurring  everywhere  ".  The  fact  is  that  the  South  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  States  are  exactly  the  winter  home  of  the  House  Wren;  there  may  be 
some  extralimital  records,  indeed,  but  I  am  afraid  to  quote  any  of  the  sup- 
posed references,  as  I  have  not  satisfied  myself  that  the  bird  ever  winters 
anywhere  but  in  the  region  where  Dr.  Brewer  states  it  is  never  seen  in 
winter.  The  same  writer  says  further : — "This  species  does  not  appear  to 
be  found  be.yond  the  southwestern  portion  of  Maine  and  the  southern  por- 
tions of  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont."  I  understand  that  confirmation  of 
its  alleged  extension  to  Nova  Scotia  would  be  desirablx*,  but  of  its  appearance 
in  Canada  there  is  no  reasonable  doubt.  In  the  interior,  it  also  extends  to 
the  British  Possessions.  I  have  myself  found  it  breeding  abundantly  on 
the  Red  River  of  the  North,  latitude  49°  N. 

IN  comparing  the  habits  of  Parkman's  Wren  with  those  of 
its  eastern  relative,  we  must  not  regard  the  matter  from  the 
standpoint  usually  assumed.     Being  familiar  with  the  .ways  of 


174  DISTRIBUTION   OF    PARKMAN'S    WREN 

the  serai-domesticated  House  Wren,  we  unconsciously  consider 
the  traits  it  has  acquired  in  populous  regions,  and  the  con- 
sequent modification  of  its  habits,  to  be  natural,  and  are  apt 
to  contrast  our  bird's  somewhat  artificial  mode  of  life  with  the 
primitive  manner  in  which  the  other  still  lives.  Making  due 
allowance  for  this,  we  find  that  the  alleged  discrepancies  be- 
tween the  two  birds  have  little  foundation  in  fact.  Nor  have 
circumstances  altered  the  case  to  the  extent  some  suppose ; 
for  the  behavior  of  these  Wrens  is  still  the  same  when  they  are 
placed  under  similar  conditions.  Parkman's  Wren  accepts  the 
situation  as  soon  as  it  is  brought  in  contact  with  civilization, 
as  readily  as  the  House  Wren  did  in  the  beginning;  while  the 
latter  remains  in  some  places  unaffected  by  the  settlement  of 
the  country.  Such  is  the  case  in  Florida,  for  instance,  where 
Mr.  J.  A.  Allen  studied  its  habits.  "  The  term  <  house  '  wren," 
he  remarks,  "usually  applied  to  this  bird,  is  decidedly  a  mis- 
nomer, since  it  frequents  the  fields,  the  thickets,  and  even  the 
forest,  as  much  as  the  vicinity  of  houses.  In  the  wilds  of 
Florida,  where  human  habitations  are  few,  there  is  nothing 
whatever  in  its  habits  to  suggest  this  name." 

The  Western  House  Wren  is  abundant  in  the  Colorado  Basin 
in  all  suitable  localities;  that  is,  in  wooded  and  shrubby  places. 
With  reference  to  the  region  at  large,  the  bird  is  resident,  being 
found  in  all  parts  at  one  season  or  another.  Yet  it  is  perfectly 
migratory.  At  Fort  VV hippie,  I  noticed  its  arrival  in  that 
elevated  locality,  from  its  winter  resorts  in  lower  portions  of 
Arizona,  about  the  20th  of  April;  and  it  remained  until  October. 
It  is  nearly  a  month  later  in  appearing  in  the  northerly  mount- 
ainous portions  of  the  watershed,  as  in  Colorado  Territory  for 
instance;  and  it  there  disappears  in  September.  Some  individ- 
uals continue  their  migration  till  they  reach  the  northern  bound- 
ary of  the  United  States.  Its  extension  in  the  other  direction 
is  less  definite,  and  may  perhaps  depend  upon  our  interpretation 
of  the  geographical  race  which  has  been  described  from  Mexico. 
As  in  the  case  of  the  typical  House  Wren,  I  do  not  venture  to 
take  into  consideration  any  of  the  extralimital  quotations 
which  may  or  may  not  actually  refer  to  our  species.  The 
probability  is,  that  true  park mani  does  not  extend  into  Mexico, 
except  perhaps  for  a  little  way,  and  only  in  winter;  the  corre- 
sponding resident  "  House"  Wren  of  that  country  being  what 
is  called  var.  aztecus. 

In  its  nidification,  Parkman's  Wren  agrees  so  closely  with 


THE  HOUSE  WREN'S  NOTION  OF  ARCHITECTURE    175 

its  eastern  congener  that  one  account  would  do  for  both.     We 
have  only  to  remember   that  it  does  not  yet  generally  avail 
itself  of  the  artificial  accommodations  that  its  relative  usually 
selects,  for  the  simple  reason  that  there  are  comparatively  few 
such  resorts  to  be  found  where  it  lives.     Nevertheless,  it  shows 
the  same  readiness  to  do  so  whenever  opportunity  offers,  and 
is  rapidly  growing  semi-domesticated  in  settled  parts  of  the 
West.    The  nests  of  both  birds  are  remarkable  for  the  endless 
variety  of  the  materials  of  which  they  are  composed,  the  dimen- 
sions which  they  sometimes  attain,  and  the  diversity  of  the 
sites  selected  for  them.     The  birds  seem  to  be  afflicted  with  an 
insanabile  construendl  cacoethes  (to  borrow  a  simile  from  Juvenal), 
which  impels  them  to  keep  on  building  after  they  have  built 
enough  for  any  practicable  purpose.    Their  notion  seems  to  be, 
that  whatever  place  they  select,  be  it  large  or  small,  must  be 
completely  filled  with  a  lot  of  rubbish  before  they  can  feel  com- 
fortable about  it.     When  they  nest  in  a  knot-hole,  or  any  cavity 
of  inconsiderable  dimensions,  the  structure  is  a  mass  of  sticks 
and  other  trash  of  reasonable  bulk  •  but  the  case  is  otherwise 
when    they  get  behind  a  loose  weather-board,  for  instance, 
where  there  is  room  enough  for  a  dozen  nests;  then  they  never 
know  wben  to  stop.     I  witnessed  a  curious  illustration  of  their 
"insane"  propensities   in    one  case  where  a  pair  found  their 
way  through  a  knot-hole  into  one  of  those  small  sheds  which 
stands  in  the  back-yard,  with  a  well-worn  path  leading  to  the 
house,  showing-  its  daily  use.     (It  should  be  premised  that  a 
wren  likes  to  get  into  its  retreat  through  the  smallest  possible 
orifice;  if  the  entrance  be  small  enough,  there  cannot  be  too 
much  room  inside;  and,  when  the  hole  is  unnecessarily  large, 
it  is  often  closed  up  to  the  right  size.)     Having  entered  through 
a  nice  little  hole,  into  a  dark  place,  the  birds  evidently  supposed 
it  was  all  right  inside,  and  began  to  build  in  a  corner  under 
the  roof,  where  the  joists  came  together.     Though  annoyed  by 
frequent  interruption,  the  indefatigable  little  creatures,  with 
almost  painful  diligence,  lugged  in  their  sticks  till  they  had 
made  a  pile  that  would  fill  a  bushel,  and  I  cannot  say  they 
would  not  have  filled  the  whole  shed  had  they  not  been  com- 
pelled to  desist;  for  they  were  voted  a  nuisance,  and  the  hole 
was  stopped  up.    The  size  of  the  sticks  they  carried  in  was 
enormous  in  comparison  with  their  own  stature  ;  it  seemed  as 
if  they  could  not  lift  them,  much  less  drag  the  crooked  pieces 
through  such  a  narrow  orifice.     These  coarse  materials,  it  will 


176        SYNONYMY  OF  THE  WINTER  WREN 

be  remembered,  are  only  the  foundation  of  a  nest,  as  it  were ; 
their  use  in  places  where  there  is  no  real  occasion  for  such  a 
mass  of  trash  is  evidently  the  remaining  trace  of  primitive 
habits.  Inside  this  pile  of  material,  there  is  a  compact  cup-like 
nest  proper,  of  various  fine  soft  vegetable  and  animal  sub- 
stances. The  birds  are  extremly  prolific,  ordinarily  laying  six 
or  eight  eggs;  and  they  will  continue  to  deposit  more  if  the 
nest  be  robbed — sometimes  to  the  number  of  three  or  four 
full  clutches.  The  eggs  themselves  are  too  well  known  to 
require  description.  As  to  the  sites  of  the  nest,  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  speak  in  specific  terms.  The  old  hat  Audubon 
drew  has  become  historic;  the  sleeve  or  pocket  of  a  coat  hung 
up  in  an  outhouse — a  box  in  a  chaise  from  which  the  birds 
were  often  ejected,  and  to  which  they  as  often  returned — boxes, 
jars,  or  gourds  set  up  for  Martins — skull  of  an  ox  or  horse — 
nest  of  another  bird — are  among  the  odd  places  the  birds 
have  been  known  to  fancy.  In  the  West,  favorite  locations 
for  Park  man's  Wren  are  a  rift  in  an  old  stump  or  log,  or  the 
crevice  between  a  stripof  partially  detached  bark  and  the  trunk 
of  a  tree — places  which  give  full  scope  for  its  inveterate  liking 
to  fill  up  a  cavity  to  an  unlimited  extent  and  then  barricade 
the  entrance. 


Winter  Wren 

Anortbnru  troglodytes  hycinalis 

Motacilla  troglodytes,  parity,  of  some  early  authors. 

Sylvia  troglodytes,  Wils.  AO.  i.  1808,  139,  pi.  8.  f.  6.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  187.— 
Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856,  288. 

A  north  lira  troglodytes,  Coues,  Key,  1872,  87,  f.  30. 

Troglodytes  hyemaliS,  Vieill.  "  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xxxiv.  18l9,  514";  "EM.  ii.  182:},  470".— S.  ff 
R.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  318.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  11.—  And.  OB.  iv.  1838,  430,  pi.  360;  Syn.  1839, 
76;  BA.  ii.  1841,  128,  pi.  llt\.—tfutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  481.— Glr.  BLI.  1844,  72  —Bp. 
CA.  i.  1850,  222.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  312.— Read,  ibid.  399.— Thomps.  Ver- 
mont, 1853,  84.— Kennic..  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  583.— Pratten,  ibid,  603.— Sr.l.  PZS. 
1856,  290  (El  Jacale,  Mexico).— Kneel  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  233.— Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  1858, 
109.—  Willis,  Smiths.  R«-p.  for  1858,  1859,  282  (Nova  Scotia).— Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi. 
1859,  191  (Fort  Tejon,  Cal.).— . Scl.  Cat.  AB.  I860,  23.—  C.  &f  S.  NHWT.  1860,  191.— 
Wheaton,  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  186  i,  365,  no.  122.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  437.— 
Bonrdn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  126.— Vtrr.  ibid.  138.—  Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862,  149.— 
Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  144.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  438.— Dress.  Ibis,  2d.  ser.  i. 
1865,  485  (San  Antonio,  Texan).— Later.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viit.  1866,  283.—  Mcllwr.  Pr. 
E«s.  lost.  v.  1886,  88.— Brown,  Ibis,  2d.  ser.  iv,  1868,  421  (Vancouver).— A  lien,  "Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  i.  1868,  494".— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  27;  Phila.  ed.  20.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii. 
1869,  74,  75.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  7:},  fig.—  Abbott,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  543,  515,—Trippe, 
Pr.  Ess.  lust.  vi.  1871,  115.— Mayn.  Pr.  Bo«t.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  360;  B.  Fla.  1873,  40.— 
Trippe,  Am.  Nat. vi.  1872,  47.— Snow,  B.Kans.t873,  6.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.Soc.xvii.  1875,  439. 

Troglodytes  IliemallS,  Peabody,  Rep.  Orn.  Mas*.  1839,  316. 


CHARACTERS    OF    THE    WINTER    WREN  177 

Troglodytes  (Anortliura)  hyemalis,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  369.— Allen,  Pr.  ESS.  inst.  iv.  1864,  68.— 

Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  78. 
Anorthura  hyemalis,  Coues  4-  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  410.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst. 

v.  1868,  278.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.   Soc.  xii.  1868,  108.— Mayn.  Nat.  Guide,  1870,  96.— Allen, 

Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  1871,  267.— Trippe,  Am.  Nat,  vii,  1873,  498. 
Troglodytes  enropivus,  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  188.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826, 

93,  440.—  Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  427. 

TrogloditCS  europjeiJS,  Ornith.   Comm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1837,  193  (Columbia  River). 
Anorthura  troglodytes  var.  hyemalis,  Coues,  Key,  1872, 351.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  33. 
Troglodytes  parvillUS  var.  hyemalis,  Ridgw.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873,  180  (Colorado).— B.  B. 

ff  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  155,  pi.  9.  figs.  9,  10. 

Troglodytes  hyemalis  var.  paciflcus,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  i.  1864,  145. 
Troglodyte  d'hiver,  LeM.  Ois.  Canad.  1861,  183. 
Winter  Wren,  Authors. 

HAB.— North  America  at  large,  and  portions  of  Mexico  (Cordova,  Sdater). 

CH.  SP. —  $  2  Brunneus,  postice  magis  rufescens,  obsolete  fusco- 
fasciata,  pogoniis  exterioribus  remigum  exteriorum  albido-fascia- 
tis;  infra  brunneo-albida,  postice  brunnescens,  ventre  imo,  Jiypo- 
chondriis  crissoque  fusco  et  albido  undulatis;  caudd  alls  breviore. 

$  9  •  Above  brown,  duller  before,  brighter  behind,  most  of  the  back, 
together  with  the  tail  and  inner  wing-quills,  banded  with  dusky,  the  mark- 
ings obsolete  on  the  back,  where  they  are  usually  accompanied  by  whitish 
specks,  strongest  on  the  wings  and  tail.  Outer  webs  of  several  of  the  pri- 
maries regularly  barred  with  brownish-white,  in  marked  contrast  with  the 
outer  bars  of  the  wings.  An  inconspicuous  whitish  superciliary  line.  Below 
brownish,  paler  or  whitish  anteriorly,  the  lower  belly,  flanks,  and  crissum 
heavily  waved  with  dusky  and  whitish  bars.  Bill  slender,  straight,  decid- 
edly shorter  than  the  head.  Tail  much  shorter  than  the  wings.  Length, 
about  4;  extent,  6-6$;  wing,  If;  tail,  \\  ;  bill,  f-j- ;  tarsus,  middle  toe,  and 
claw  together,  about  H. 


FIG.  24.— Winter  Wren. 

With  a  general  resemblance  to  the  House  Wren,  this  species  is  immedi- 
ately distinguished  by  the  very  short  tail,  beyond  which  the  outstretched 
feet  reach  considerably,  the  very  heavy  coloring  of  the  lower  hind  parts,  and 
other  characters. 

A  slight  variety,  pacificus,  in  which  the  general  colors  are  darker,  and  the 
obsolete  markings  of  the  back  almost  inappreciable,  and  unaccompanied  by 
12  B  0 


178        NOTE  ON  THE  HABITAT  OF  THE  WINTER  WREN 

whitish  dots,  has  been  described  from  the  Pacific  coast  region,  and  found  as 
far  east  as  Nevada. 

Anorthura  alascensis  is  more  decidedly  different,  in  the  larger  size,  and 
especially  the  great  size  and  peculiar  shape  of  the  bill.  It  is  very  intimately 
related  to  A.  ftimigatus  of  Japan,  and  appears  to  be  more  appreciably  different 
from  the  common  American  form  than  the  latter  is  from  the  European.  It 
has  been  thought  best  to  exclude  the  references  to  both  these  forms  from 
the  foregoing  synonymatic  list. 

WINTER  Wrens  hold  a  very  inconspicuous  place  among 
the  birds  of  the  Colorado  Basin,  probably  as  much  on 
account  of  their  actual  scarcity  as  of  their  shy  and  retiring- 
habits.  I  never  saw  them  in  Arizona,  and  have  at  hand  no 
references  to  attest  their  presence  fairly  within  the  Colorado 
watershed.  It  is  less  improper,  however,  to  bring  them  into 
the  present  connection  on  the  strength  of  their  known  general 
distribution  than  it  would  be  to  exclude  them  because  they 
have  not  yet  been  seen  in  this  particular  region ;  especially 
since  they  have  been  found  in  Colorado  Territory,  in  Nevada, 
in  California  to  Fort  Tejon,  and  in  portions  of  Mexico.  Of 
their  movements  within  the  present  area,  we  remain  igno- 
rant ;  that  the}T  occur  in  winter  there  is  no  doubt,  but  whether 
any  breed  in  the  higher  portions,  or  whether  all  retire  north- 
ward in  spring,  remains  to  be  seen.  The  former  supposition  is 
more  probable,  since  the  birds  have  been  found  breeding  in 
some  of  the  Middle  States,  the  Northern  States  and  north- 
ward, and  such  dispersion  in  summer  argues  in  the  case  of  any 
bird  that  extends  across  the  continent  a  summer  residence  in 
the  more  elevated  districts  of  the  Southwestern  Territories. 
For  a  general  account  of  the  distribution  and  habits  of  this 
species  I  must  refer  the  reader  to  the  "  History  of  North  Ameri- 
can Birds",  the  "  Birds  of  the  Northwest",  and  other  earlier 
treatises. 


Long-billed  JUarsh  Wren 

Telmatodytes  palnstris 

Motacilla  pulustris,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1st  Am.  ed.  1791,  291. 

Certhia  pulustr'.s.  Wils.  AO.  ii.  18U),  58,  pi.  12,  f.  4.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  30.— 

Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  400.—  Lord,  Pr.  Roy.  Arty.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  117. 
Troglodytes  palustris,   Bp.  Journ.  Phila    Acad.  iv.  1824,  30.— Bp.  Ann.   Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826, 

93.—- S.  ffR.  FBA.  ii.   1831,  319,  fig.  (lat.  55°).— Aud.   OB.  i.   1831,  500,  pi.  lOO.—Nutt. 

Man.  i.  1832,  439.— Brew.  Journ.   Boat.  Soc.  1837,  437.— Aud.  Syn.  1839,  77.— Peak  Rep. 

Orn.MasH.  1839,  316.— Nutt.  Man.  2d  ed.  i.  1840, 496.— Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841, 135,  pi.  123.— Gir. 

BLI.  1844,  76.— Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1346,  113  (California).— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 

vi.  1853,  532.— Read,  Pr.  Phila.   Acad.  vi.  1853,  399.  —  Gloger,  J.  f.  O.  1854,  377.— -Henry, 


SYNS.  AND  CHARS.  OF  TELMATODYTES  PALUSTRIS    179 

Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  309  (New  Mexico).— Kennic.  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  18">5,  583.— 
Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,  208.— Sd.  PZS.  1856,  290  (Cordova).— Newb  PRRR.  vi.  1857, 
SO.—Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  54.— Set.  Ibis,  i  1859,  8  (Guatemala).— Reinh.  Ibis,  iii.  1861,  5 
(Greenland).  —  Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871,  115. 

Thryothorus  palustris,  Pp.  CGL.  1838,  11.— Burnett,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  iv.  1851,  llf>.—  Turnb. 
B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  27  ;  Phila.  ed.  20. 

CiStOthOPIlS  (TelinatOdytes)  palU8tris,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  364.—  Cones  ffPrent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for 

1861,  1862,  410.— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  83. 

(istothortis  palustris.  Xantus,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  191.—  Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  1860, 
365.— C.  frS.  NHWT.  1860,  190.— Scl.  CAB.  1861,  <&.—Hayd.  Tr.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  xii. 

1862,  l&l.—Blakist.  Ibis,  1862,  5  (Saskatchewan)  ;  1863,  67.— Scl.  PZS.  1864,  172  (GMty  of 
Mexico).— Bd.  Rev.   1864,  147.— Coues,  Ibis,   1865,  164  (Arizona)  ;  1866,  265.— Coues,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  1866,  78  (Arizona).— Me Hw.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  87.—  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N. 
Y.  viii.  1866,  283.—  Allen,  Am.  Nat,  i.  1867,  161.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.v.  1868,  278.— Coop. 
B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  75,  fig.— Mayn.  Nat.  Guide,' 1870,  98.—  Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  1871,  267;  iii. 
1872,  175—  Allen,  Am.  Nat,  vi.  1872,  396.— Aiken,  Pr.  Boat.   Soc.  xv.  1872,  196.—  Mayn. 
B.  Fla.   1873,  42.— Merr.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,   1873,   673,  713.— B.  B.  fy  R. 
NAB.  5.  1874,  161,  figs.  pi.  9.  f.  6.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xviii.  1875,  439.— Hensh.  List   B. 
Ariz.  1875,  155. 

TellliatOdytes  palustris,  Henry,  Pr.  Phila.   Acad.  xi.   1859,  107  (New  Mexico).— Ooueg,  Pr, 

Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  108.—  Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxiii.  1871,  19.— Ooues,  Key,  1872,  87.— 

Ridff.  Am.  Nat.   vii.   1873,   200.— Ridg.  Bull.   Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873,  180  (Colorado).— Coues, 

BNW.  1874,  34. 
CiStOthoruS  palustris  var.  paludicola,  Bd.  RAB.    1864,   149  (Western  United  States).— B. 

B.  tfR.  NAB.  i.  1874,  161.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.W.  100  Merid.  1876,  185. 
Telmatodytes  palustris  var.  paludicola,  Yarr.  fy  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  9.— Hensh. 

ibid.  41,  74,  101. 
Thryothorus  arundineus,  Vitill.  "Nouv.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  xxxiv.  1819,  58"  (not  ofOAS.  ii. 

1807,  pi.  108). 
Troglodytes  aruildlnaceUS,   Gimb.  Journ.    Phila.    Ac^d.  i.    1817,   33   (California).— Reinh. 

"  Vidensk.  Meddel.  for  1853,  1854,  81  "  (Greenland).— Reinh.  J.  f.  O.  1854,  438  (the  same). 
Thryotorus  arundinaceus,  Bp.  OA.  i.  1850,  220. 
Telmatodytes  arundinaceus,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,  78  (type  of  genus). 
Marsh  Wren,  Long-billed  Marsh  Wren,  Salt-water  Marsh  Wren,  Vulg. 

HAB. — Temperate  North  America,  and  Mexico;  south  to  Guatemala; 
accidental  in  Greenland.  Breeds  throughout  its  North  American  range ; 
winters  on  the  southern  border  and  southward. 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Brunneus,  pileo  fuscescente;  interscapulio  nigro, 
albo-striato;  infra  ex  brunneo  albidus. 

$  9 :  Above  clear  brown,  unbarred,  the  middle  of  the  back  with  a  large 
black  patch  sharply  streaked  with  white.  Crown  of  head  usually  darker 
than  the  back,  often  quite  blackish.  A  dull  white  superciliary  line.  Wings 
fuscous,  the  inner  secondaries  blackish  on  the  outer  webs,  often  barred  or 
indented  with  light  brown.  Tail  evenly  barred  with  fuscous  and  the  color 
of  the  back.  Under  parts  white,  usually  quite  pure  on  the  belly  and  middle 
line  of  the  breast  and  throat,  but  much  shaded  with  brown  on  the  sides, 
flanks,  and  crissum.  Bill  blackish  above,  pale  below  ;  feet  brown.  Length, 
about  5  inches;  extent,  6^ ;  wing,  lf-2;  tail  about  the  same;  bill,  £  or  more; 
tarsus,  $— f . 

There  is  a  good  deal  of  difference  in  details  of  coloration  in  this  species, 
which  I  cannot,  however,  correlate  satisfactorily  with  any  special  sex,  age, 
or  season.  Sometimes  the  whole  crown  of  the  head  and  the  nape  are  quite 
blackish,  continuous  with  the  dorsal  patch.  This  is  especially  observed  in 


180  SYNONYMY    OF    CISTOTHORUS    STELLARIS 

young  birds,  in  which,  also,  the  white  stripes  on  the  back  may  be  altogether 
wanting.  Coloradan  specimens  in  general  show  a  tendency  to  shorter  bill 
and  rather  more  barred  tail  and  its  coverts,  constituting  var.  paludicola  of 
Baird,  but  the  difference  even  in  extreme  cases  is  very  slight.  A  specimen 
from  Provo,  Utah,  is  curiously  bleached,  the  upper  parts  being  pale  gray. 

OF-  the  common  Marsh  Wren  I  shall  have  but  a  word  to  say, 
respecting  its  presence  in  the  Colorado  Basin,  as  I  have 
already  given  an  extended  biographical  notice  in  the  "  Birds  of 
the  Northwest".  In  noting  its  general  distribution,  as  above 
given,  the  reader  will  of  course  supply  the  proviso  that  it 
occurs  only  in  suitable  places  throughout  this  range,  these 
being  marshy  or  swampy  tracts.  Now,  if  there  is  anything  the 
matter  with  most  of  the  Colorado  Basin — especially  with  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico — it  is  the  scarcity  of  water.  The  Marsh  Wren 
is  therefore  restricted  in  this  region,  as  elsewhere,  to  the  com- 
paratively few  spots  which  afford  the  requisite  conditions ;  but 
in  these  particular  tracts  it  is  as  abundant  as  I  have  seen  it 
anywhere. 


Short-billed  Marsh  Wren 

Cistothorus  stellaris 

Troglodytes  Stellaris,  "Licht."—Naum.  VD.  iii.  1823,  724  (Carolina).— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst. 

vi.  1671,  115  (Minnesota). 
CiStOthorilS  Stellaris,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,  77.— Bd.  BNA.  1858)  365.—  Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Rep. 

I860,.  365.-  Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.    for  1860,  1851,  436.— Sel.  CAB.    1861,   'ZZ.—Hayd.  Tr. 

Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862,  16,3  (Loup  Fork  of  Platte).— Ooues  ff  Prent.   Smiths.  Rep. 

for  1861,  1862,  410.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  146.—  Allen,  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  iv.  1864,  83.— Later. 

Ann.  Lye.  viii.  1866,  283.—  Allen,  Am.  Nat.  1867,  161— Coues,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  108.— 

Ooues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  279.—Sumich.  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869,  545  (Orizaba).— 

Mayn.  Nat.  Guide,  1870,  96.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.   1871,  20.—  Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  ii. 

1871,  167  (Florida  in  winter).— Parker,  Am.  Nat.  v.  1871, 168.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  88.— 

Ridg.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  200.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  £36  (Iowa).— May n.  B. 

Fla.  1873,  43.— Snow,  B  Kansas,  1873,  6.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  36.—  Bd.  Br.  $  Ry.  NAB.  i. 

1874,  159,  pi.  9,  f.  7.— Yarr.  fy  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  9,  41  (Provo,  Utah).— Brew. 

Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  185  (Utah). 
Thryothorus  Stellaris,  Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  27  ;  Phila.  ed.  20. 
Troglodytes  brevirostriS,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  436  (pagination  of  Mem.   Amer.  Acad.  quoted 

here);  Mem.  Amer.  Acad.  Sci.  new  series,   i.  "1833",  98,  fig.—  And.  OB.ii.  1834,427, 

pi.  175.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  11.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  315.— And.  Syn.  1839,  77.— Nutt. 

Man,  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  493,  fig.—  Aud  BA.  ii.  1841,  138,  pi.  124.— B^.CA.  i.  185J,  222.— Gerh. 

Naum.  iii.  1853,  37.— Hoy,  1'r.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  312.— Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  399.— 

Kennic.  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  583.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,  227. 
Short-billed  Marsh  Wren,  Fresh-water  Marsh  Wren,  Authors. 

The  synonymy  of  the  scarcely  different  &.  elegans  is:— 

Cistothorus  elegans,  S.  ffS.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  8  (Guatemala) ;  ii.  1860,  30  (Duenas).— Bd.  Rev.  AB. 
1864,  146.— PSalv.  PZS.  1870,  182  (Veragua).—  Bd.  Br.  ^  Ry.  NAB.  i.  1874,  159. 

Cistothorus  stellaris  b.  elegans,  Coues,  BNW.  1874,  36. 


CHARACTERS    OF    SHORT-BILLED    MARSH    WREN       181 

HAD.— Chiefly  eastern  province  of  the  United  States  ;  observed,  however, 
north  to  Massachusetts  and  Manitoba  (Cones),  and  west  to  Nebraska  (Hayderi) 
and  even  Utah  (Henshaiv).  Winters  in  the  Southern  States.  Var.  elegans 
from  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

CH.  SP. —  £  9  Brunneus,  pileo  dorsoque  albo  et  nigro  strialis, 
rostro  brevissimo. 

$  9  :  Upper  parts  brown,  the  crown  and  most  of  the  back  blackish,  streaked 
with  white.  Below  whitish,  shaded  with  clear  brown  across  the  breast  and 
along  the  sides,  and  especially  on  the  flanks  and  crissura,  the  latter  more  or 
less  indistinctly  barred  with  dusky  (often  inappreciable).  A  whitish  line 
over  the  eye.  Wings  and  tail  marked  as  in  the  last  species.  Upper  tail- 
coverts  decidedly  barred.  Bill  blackish  above,  whitish  below,  extremely 
small,  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  head  ;  feet  brown.  Length,  4£ ;  extent, 
6 ;  wing  and  tail  each  about  If  ;  bill,  £-f . 

The  streaking  of  the  head  and  that  of  the  back  are  usually  separated  by  a 
plain  nuchal  interval ;  but  these  areas  often  run  together,  the  whole  bird 
above  being  streaked  with  whitish  and  blackish  upon  a  brown  ground. 
The  wings,  tail,  and  entire  under  parts  are  much  like  those  of  C.  palustris, 
from  which  the  species  is  immediately  distinguished  by  the  markings  of 
the  upper  parts  and  extremely  short  bill,  which  is  less  than  half  an  inch  long. 

UNTIL  within  a  year  or  two,  the  Short-billed  Marsh  Wreii 
has  been  supposed  to  be  entirely  an  eastern  species,  the 
most  western  locality  quoted  being  Nebraska,  where  Dr.  Hay  den 
found  the  bird  many  years  ago.  One  result  of  Mr.  H.  W. 
Henshaw's  observations  in  the  West  has  been  to  ascertain  its 
occurrence  in  Utah.  "  While  at  Provo,  Utah,"  says  this  writer, 
"  we  received  undoubted  evidence  of  its  existence  in  the  marshes 
of  the  river,  where  it  lived  in  company  with  the  preceding 
[the  Long-billed]  species.  Although  no  individuals  were 
actually  captured,  nests  and  eggs  were  seen  which  had  been 
secured  in  this  locality/7  This  is  as  satisfactory  evidence  as 
if  the  bird  itself  had  been  secured,  for — as  should  be  mentioned 
even  in  the  most  cursory  notice  of  the  bird — the  eggs  differ 
from  those  of  all  its  congeners  in  being  pure  white,  without 
markings.  This  record  enables  me  to  bring  the  species  into 
the  present  connection,  as  one  of  the  rarities  of  the  Coloradan 
bird  faun  a. 

What  little  information  1  have  been  able  to  add  to  the  com- 
mon store  from  my  observations  will  be  found  in  my  other 
book  ;  it  relates  chiefly  to  the  abundance  of  the  bird  in  certain 
interior  regions,  in  comparison  with  its  apparent  rarity  along 
the  Atlantic  seaboard. 


CHAPTEE  X.— LAKKS 


FAM.  ALAUDID^E 

WITH  the  Larks  we  enter  upon  an  entirely  different  group 
of  birds,  having  no  special  affinities  with  any  of  the 
preceding  families.  They  are  strictly  terrestrial,  as  indicated 
by  the  structure  of  the  feet ;  they  nest  on  the  ground,  where 
they  spend  the  time  when  not  on  wing ;  are  usually  migratory, 
and  more  or  less  completely  gregarious  when  not  breeding. 
Theirs  is  a  mixed  diet  of  seeds,  insects,  &c.  The  Skylark  of 
Europe,  famous  for  its  song,  is  a  typical  member  of  this  group; 
and  others  are  highly  musical.  I  have  only  to  add  to  these 
slight  prcemonenda,  before  going  into  some  interesting  details, 
that  the  uu practiced  reader  must  be  careful  not  to  confound  the 
Larks  proper  with  certain  birds  loosely  called  "  larks";  thus 
theTitZarfcs,  or  Pipits,  though  sharing  the  lengthened,  straight- 
ened hind  claw  and  elongated  inner  wing-quills  of  Alaudidcv, 
belong  to  an  entirely  different  family,  the  Motacillidce;  while 
the  American  Field  Lark  is  one  of  the  Icteridce,  much  further 
removed. 

The  Alaudidce  are  remarkably  distinguished  from  other  oscine  Passeres 
by  the  anomalous  structure  of  the  tarsal  envelope.  The  tarsus  is  covered 
with  two  series  of  scutella,  one  lapping  around  in  front,  the  other  around 
behind,  the  two  meeting  along  a  groove  on  the  inner  face  of  the  tarsus  ;  the 
tarsus  is  consequently  blunt  behind  as  well  as  in  front.  There  is  a  simple 
suture  of  the  two  series  of  plates  on  the  outer  face  of  the  tarsus ;  the  in- 
dividual plates  of  each  series  alternate.  Now  in  all  this  there  is  seen  an 
approach  to — say  rather  but  little  departure  from — the  condition  of  the 
tarsus  afforded  by  the  clamatorial  or  non-oscine  Passeres,  in  which  the  rule 
is  that  the  tarsus  shows  a  single 'series  of  variously  or  irregularly  arranged 
plates  lapping  around  both  before  and  behind,  to  meet  like  a  scroll  along  a 
deep  suture  on  the  inner  face  of  the  bone.  Were  we  to  take  this  character 
alone  into  consideration  we  should  be  obliged  to  remove  the  Alaudidce  from 
the  Oscines,  or  at  any  rate  place  them  at  the  bottom  of  the  series,  next  to 
the  Clamatores;  yet,  as  we  have  seen,  the  vocal  power  of  the  birds  is  of  a 
very  high  order.  As  Dr.  Cabauis  remarked  (Mus.  Hem.  i.  121)  shortly  after 


NUMBER    OF    PRIMARIES    IN    OSCINE    BIRDS  183 

establishing  (Orn.  Notizeti,  ii.  327)  the  family  upon  these  tarsal  characters, 
its  position  is  "still  doubtful"  (nock  zweifelhaft).  In  G.  R.  Gray's  system, 
it  immediately  follows  his  Emberizidce  ;  and,  indeed,  some  of  the  Larks  bear 
no  slight  superficial  resemblance  to  some  of  the  Buntings.  But  in  the 
sequence  of  oscine  families  adopted  in  the  present  and  other  of  my  works 
(which  is  substantially  the  same  as  that  employed  by  the  best  late  authori- 
ties in  this  country),  I  find  no  more  fitting  place  for  the  family  than  where 
I  ventured  to  put  it  in  the  "Key" — next  to  the  Motacillidce,  and  between 
the  foregoing  set  of  10-primaried  families,  and  such  9-primaried  groups  as 
the  MotacillidciB,  Sylvicolidce,  and  Fringillidce,  which  are  to  follow.  These  con- 
siderations lead  up  to  another  remarkable  characteristic  of  the  Alaudidce  ; 
namely,  the  apparently  variable  number  of  the  primaries. 

The  number  of  primaries  among  oscine  birds,  whether  "  nine"  or  "ten", 
has  been  rightly  considered  an  important  item  in  classification,  ranking  in 
value  with  the  modifications  of  the  tarsal  envelope  just  discussed.  Oscine 
families,  and  even  groups  of  families,  are  conveniently  distinguished  by 
this  character,  and  as  naturally  as  by  the  "  booting",  or  scutellation,  of  the 
tarsus.  In  certain  families,  however,  the  distinction  fails  to  hold.  In  the 
Vireonidoe,  for  instance,  species  of  the  same  genus  have  indifferently  "nine" 
or  "  ten"  primaries.  Thus,  Vireo philadelphicus  and  V.  gilvus  are  two  species 
so  much  alike  that  presence  or  absence  of  a  spurious  "  first  "  primary  be- 
comes the  readiest  means  of  distinguishing  them.  Noting  this  remarkable 
circumstance  in  1885,  Professor  Biird  was  led  to  look  rn  >re  closely  into  the 
matter.  His  results  are  summed  on  page  325  of  the  "  Review  of  American 
Birds"  (see  also  p.  160) ;  from  which  it  appears  that  in  those  Vireos  which 
seem  to  have  only  nine  primaries,  two  little  feathers,  distinct  in  size,  shape, 
and  to  some  extent  in  position  from  the  general  series  of  primary  coverts, 
are  found  at  the  base  of  the  supposed  first  primary  ;  while  in  those  Vireos 
with  an  obvious  spurious  first  primary,  making  ten  in  all,  only  one  such 
feather  is  found.  "In  all  the  families  of  Passeres  where  the  existence 
of  nine  primaries  is  supposed  to  b3  characteristic,"  he  continues,  "  I  have 
invariably  found,  as  far  as  my  examinations  have  extended,  that  there  were 
two  of  the  small  feathers  referred  to,  while  in  those  of  ten  primaries  but 
one  could  be  detected."  He  does  not  specify  how  far  his  examinations 
extended. 

Believing  this  to  be  an  important  matter,  which  would  bear  further  investi- 
gation, I  have  been  led  to  look  into  the  question,  with  the  most  satisfactory 
results,  confirming  Professor  Baird's  observations  and  extending  them  to 
include  every  one  of  the  North  American  families  of  Oscines,  excepting,  per- 
haps, Laniidce  (in  Collurio)  and  Ampelidce  (in  Ampelis).  With  the  possible 
exception  of  the  two  genera  specified,  I  find,  on  examining  numerous  genera 
of  all  the  North  American  families,  that  those  ratedas  10-primaried  have 
but  one  of  these  little  feathers,  while  all  the  rest  have  two. 

In  clamatorial  Passeres,  perhaps  without  exception,  there  are  ten  fully 
developed  primaries,  the  first  of  which  may  equal  or  exceed  the  next  in 
length.  In  the  single  North  American  clamatorial  family  Tyrannidce,  I  find, 
as  before,  only  one  of  these  little  feathers.  In  a  Woodpecker,  remarkable 
among  picariau  birds  in  possessing  only  nine  fully  developed  primaries,  the 
first  being  short  or  spurious,  there  is  also  but  one. 

It  seems  to  be  conclusively  proven  that  among  the  supposed  9-primaried 


184  NUMBER    OF    PRIMARIES    IN    OSCINE    BIRDS 

birds,  the  additional  primary,  making  ten  in  all,  is  usually,  if  not  always, 
found  in  the  second  of  these  little  quills  which  overlie  the  first  fully  devel- 
oped primary ;  and  that  it  is  this  same  little  quill  which,  in  10-primaried 
Oscines,  in  Clamatores,  and  probably  in  other  birds,  comes  to  the  front  and 
constitutes  the  first  regular  primary— sometimes  remaining  very  short,  when 
it  is  the  so-called  "spurious"  quill,  in  other  cases  lengthening  by  imper- 
ceptible degrees,  until  it  may  become  the  longest  one  of  all.  The  true 
nature  of  the  other  one  of  these  two  little  feathers  becomes  an  interesting 
question :  Is  it  also  an  abortive  primary,  as  the  outer  certainly  is,  or  is  it  one 
of  a  series  of  coverts  f 

After  close  examination,  I  fail  to  detect  any  material  difference  in  the 
position  of  the  two ;  one  overlies  the  other,  indeed,  as  a  covert  should  a  pri- 
mary, but  then  the  two  are  inserted  side  by  side,  both  upon  the  upper  side 
of  the  sheath  of  the  first  fully  developed  quill.  In  size  and  shape,  the  two 
are  substantially  the  same;  both  being  rigid  and  acuminate,  more  like  re- 
miges  than  like  coverts,  and  both  being  abruptly  shorter  than  the  true  primary 
coverts.  So  far,  all  the  evidence  favors  an  hypothesis  that  botlr  are  rudi- 
mentary reniiges.  To  offset  this,  color  usually  points  the  other  way,  as  in 
the  original  case  of  Vireo  flavifrovs,  in  which  Professor  Baird  determined 
the  underlying  one  of  the  two  feathers  to  be  a  supposed  wanting  primary 
mainly  because  it  was  colored  like  the  other  primaries,  while  the  overlying 
one  agreed  with  the  coverts  in  this  respect.  But  it  will  be  obvious  that 
when,  as  is  ofteuest  the  case,  the  primaries  and  their  coverts  are  colored 
alike,  the  evidence  from  this  source  fails  altogether;  and  I  find  that  the  tes- 
timony from  coloration  is  sometimes  the  other  way.  In  Sitta  caroUnensia,  for 
example,  a  10-primaried  bird  with  spurious  first  primary,  the  single  remain- 
ing little  feather  is  white  at  base  across  both  webs,  like  the  primaries,  the 
true  primary  coverts  being  white  only  on  the  inner  web.  It  is  true  that  the 
overlying  one  of  these  little  feathers  sometimes  exactly  resembles  a  true  cov- 
ert;  but  so,  also,  does  the  other  one  in  some  cases.  In  morphological 
determinations,  position  and  relation  of  parts  are  all-important,  while  mere 
size,  shape,  and  especially  function,  go  for  very  little.  One  of  the  two  little 
feathers  of  9-primaried  birds,  as  we  have  seen,  certainly  corresponds  to  the 
spurious  or  fully  developed  first  primary  of  10-primaried;  why  may  not  the 
other  be  also  a  primary?  It  is  not  conclusive  argument  to  the  contrary  that 
the  feather  in  question  is  never  fully  developed;  nor  is  it  an  insuperable 
objection  that  the  function  of  the  feather  is  certainly  that  of  a  covert.  The 
strongest  argument  against  the  view  here  very  guardedly  discussed  is,  that 
if  the  feather  be  not  a  covert,  then  the  first  fully  developed  primary  has 
none,  while  the  rest  have  one  apiece.  While  I  am  far  from  committing  my- 
self to  the  implied  proposition  that  an  oscine  bird  possesses  eleven  primaries, 
I  think  it  proper  to  bring  the  case  forward  as  one  which  will  bear  looking 
into,  and  which  will  probably  remain  open  until  the  exact  relations  between 
a  remex  and  a  tectrix  are  ascertained.  Should  it  be  determined  that  an 
Oscine  may  show  traces  of  two  suppressed  primaries,  instead  of  only  the 
single  one  which  certainly  persists  in  10-primaried  birds,  the  fact  would 
tend  to  increase  the  value  already  justly  set  upon  number  of  reniiges  as  a 
taxonomic  factor.  It  is  generally  admitted,  and  it  seems  to  be  unquestiona- 
ble, that  here,  as  in  numberless  other  cases,  reduction  in  number  and  special- 
ization in  function  of  parts  indicates  a  higher  grade  of  organization ;  for 


CHARACTERS  OF  ALAUDUXE EREMOPHILA    185 

only  the  lower  birds  show  the  higher  aggregate  number  of  remiges,  and  in 
none  but  the  higher  are  the  developed  primaries  ever  reduced  to  nine.  A 
gradual  reduction  in  the  number  of  remiges  seems  to  be  directly  correlated 
with  that  progressive  consolidation  or  compaction  of  the  distal  osseous 
segments  of  the  fore  limb  which  reaches  its  climax  in  the  wing  of  the  most 
highly  organized  birds  of  the  present  epoch. 

Returning  to  the  special  subject  of  the  present  chapter  after  this  digres- 
sion, we  have  to  note  that  the  Alaudidce,  like  the  Vireonidce,  show  the  varia- 
bility of  the  primaries  already  mentioned.  In  our  genus  Eremophila,  in 
which  only  nine  primaries  are  developed,  there  are  two  of  the  small  feath- 
ers above  mentioned.  The  overlying  one  is  exactly  like  one  of  the  primary 
coverts  ;  the  other,  though  not  very  dissimilar-,  more  resembles  an  abortive 
primary.  In  Alauda  arvensis,  where  there  is  a  minute  but  obvious  spurious 
quill,  there  is  but  one  such  feather.  In  Galerita  cristata,  with  a  spurious 
quill  about  two-thirds  of  an  inch  long,  there  is  likewise  but  one.  Upon  the 
presence  or  apparent  absence  of  the  spurious  quill,  Dr.  Cabanis  was  led  to 
divide  his  Alaudidce  into  two  subfamilies;  but  as  the  case  appears,  the  char- 
acter is  scarcely  a  satisfactory  one.  He  felt  some  uncertainty  himself,  as  he 
says,  after  alluding  to  the  doubtful  position  of  the  family  in  the  system, — 
"  ebenso  die  EintheUung  in  Subfamilien  ".  I  shall  consequently  present  no  sub- 
division of  the  family,  which  may  be  briefly  characterized  as  follows  : — 

CHARS. — Structure  of  wing  and  tarsal  envelope  as  already 
fully  indicated.  Feet  stout ;  hind  claw  lengthened  and  nearly 
straight.  Inner  secondaries  (the  so-called  tertials)  elongated 
and  flowing  (as  in  Motacillidce).  Bill  of  variable  shape,  usually 
conoid  and  acute,  sometimes  more  elongated  and  thrush-like; 
nostrils  more  or  less  covered,  often  completely  concealed,  by 
tufts  of  autrorse  feathers.  No  obvious  rictal  vibrissse.  Head 
sometimes  crested  or  peculiarly  tufted. 

Eepresented  in  North  America  by  a  single  genus  and  species. 

Genus  EREMOPHILA  Boie 

CHARS.— Primaries  apparently  only  nine  (no  obvious  spuri- 
ous first  primary).  Point  of  the  wing  formed  by  the  first  three 
developed  primaries.  Inner  secondaries  elongated.  Tail  of 
medium  length,  nearly  even,  the  middle  pair  of  feathers  differ- 
ent in  shape  and  color  from  the  rest.  Bill  compressed-conoid, 
acute,  shorter  than  head.  Nostrils  completely  concealed  by 
dense  tufts  of  antrorse  feathers.  Head  not  crested,  but  a 
peculiar  tuft  of  feathers  over  each  ear,  somewhat  like  the  so- 
called  "  horns  "  of  some  Owls.  Feet  of  ordinary  alaudine  char- 
acters, as  already  given.  Coloration  peculiar  in  the  presence 
of  yellowish  tints  and  strong  black  bars  on  the  head  and  breast. 


186  SYNONYMY    OF    EREMOPH1LA    ALPESTRIS 

Horned  Lark 

Eremopliila  alpestris 

(General  references) 

Alauda  alpestris,  partly,  of  some  early  authors.— Yarr.  PZS.  1831,  35.—. Temm.  Man.  i.  1820, 
279;  iii.  1835,  201.—  Kaup,  Thierr.  ii.  pt.  i.  1836,  147.— Macg.  Man.  Br.  Orn.  i.  1840,  175.— 
Naum  Naum.  i.  1850,  4.—Kjdrb.  Naum.  i.  1850,  43.— Tobias,  Naum.  i.  1851,  C&.—LHj. 
Naum.  ii.  Heft  ii.  1852,  99.— Passler,  J.  f.  O.  i.  1853,  242,  254.— Radde,  J.  f.  O.  1854,  60.— 
Gdtke,  J.  f.  O.  1854,  70. -Homey.  J.  f.  O.  1854,  364.— Miiller,  J.  f.  O.T856,  217.— Orde,  Ibis, 
i.  1859,  469.— Glower,  J.  f.  O.  1860,  118  (distribution).— Rowley,  Ibis,  iv.  1862,  SS.-Stev. 
Ibis,  iv.  1862,  1*3.— Horny.  Zool.  Gart.  ix.  1868,  236  ;  J.  f.  O.  1869,  52.—Fritsch,  J.  f.  O. 

1871,  I9l.—Hartine,  Man.  Br.  B.  1872,  25. 
Eremophila  alpestris,  Bole,  Isis,  1828,  322. 

OtOCoriS  alpestris,  Bp.  "Fn.  Ital.  i.  Uccelli,  Introd.  (1832-1841)  ".-Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  246.— 
Altum,  J.  f.  O.  1863,  118.— Brandt,  Anim.  Vert.  Siberie,  <U.—Degl.-Ge,rbe,  OE.  i.  1867, 
346.— Hancock,  B.  North.  &  Durh.  1874,  58. 

OtOCOryx  alpestris,  Licht.  "  Nomencl.  1854,  38  ". 

OtOCOryS  alpestris,  Bp.  "  CR.  xxxviii.  1854,  W".—Hellm.  J.  f.  O.  1855,  18l.—Steo.  Ibis,  iv. 
1862,  303.—Swinh.  PZS.  1863,  272  (China).—  Oollett,  J.  f.  O.  1869,  393  —E.  ff  B.  Ibis,  2d 
ser.  vi.  1870,  l95.—Sicinh.  PZS.  1871,  390.— Heugl.  Ibis,  1872,  61  (Nova  Zembla)  ;  J.  f.  O. 

1872,  \\Q-Alst.  &f  Br.  Ibis,  3d  ser.  iii.  1873,  62.— Dresser,  BE.  pt,  xxxiii.  1874. 
Alauda  (Phileremos)  alpestris,  Radde,  Reise,  1863,  152,  pi.  3,  f.  2. 

Phileremos  alpestris,  Brehm,  VD.  1831,  313.—  Brehm,   Hdbh.Stub.  Hausvog.   1832,295.—^. 

CGL.  1838,  31.—Hartl  Syst.  Verz.  1844,  80.— Zander,  Arch.  Meckleab.  xv.  1861,  91. 
Philermes  alpestris,  Brehm,  Hdbh.  Stub.  Hausvog.  1832,  p.  xvii. 
Phileremus  alpestris,  Gobel,  J.  f.  O.  1870,  187. 

Alauda  flava,  Qm.  SN.  i.  1788,  800,  no.  32  (Siberia).     (Based  on  PE.  650,  f.  2). 
Aluuda  llivalis,  Pallas,  Zoog.  R.  A.  i.  "  1811"  (1831),  519. 

Phileremos  rufescens,  P.  striatus,  C.  L.  Brehm,  "  Vogeif.  1855, 122  ". 

Ceinture  de  Pretre  ou  Alouette  de  Siberie,  Month.  "Hist.  Nat.  des  Ois.  v.  1778, 61  (Siberia)". 

Alouette  de  Siberie,  Buff.  PE.  650,  f.  2. 

Schneelerche,  Frisch,  "pi.  16". 

Alouette  a  hausse-COl  OOir,  Temm.  \.  c.—Less.  Man.  1828,  310. 
(American  references) 

Alauda  alpestris,  L.  SN.  i.  ed.  10,  1758,  166,  no.  8  (from  Cateaby,  i.  32) ;  12th  ed.  i.  1766,  289, 
no.  10.— Forst.  Phil.  Tr.  Ixii.  1772,  398,  no.  20.— Qm.  SN.  i.  1788,  800.— Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790, 
498,  no.  21.— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  486.—  Wils.  AO.  i.  1808,  85,  pi.  5,  f.  4.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila. 
Acad.  iv.  1824,  181.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  102.— Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1-31,  425.— Nutt. 
Man.  i.  1832,  455.— And.  OB.  ii.  1834,  570,  pi.  200.— And.  Syn.  1839,  96.— And.  BA.  iii. 
1841,  44,  pi.  151.— Giraud,  BLI.  1844,  95.— Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  399.— Reinh. 
J.f.  O.  1854,  440  (Greenland).—  Puln.'Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,  209.—  Martens,  J.  f.  O.  1859, 
214  (Bermudas).— Bland,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  5W7  (Bermudas)  —Willis,  ibid.  282 
(Nova  Scotia).— Gieb.  Vog.  1860,  130.—  Weiz,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  x.  1866,  267  (Labrador). — 
Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  28  ;  Phila.  ed.  21.—?  Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871,  115. 

Eremophila  alpestris,  ?  Allen,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1868,  496.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  581.— 
Mayn.  Guide,  1871,  112,  (Massachusetts,  in  July).— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  v.  1871,  6—Goues, 
Key,  1872,  89,  f.  32.— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  374.— (Tones,  BNVV.  1874,  37.— 
?Nelson,  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  339,  345,353  (Nevada  and  Utah).— Brew.  Pr.  Boat. 
Soc.  xvii.  1875,  442. 

OtOCOriS  alpestris,  McCall,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1851,  218  (Texas).—  Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1851, 
382.—  Woodh.  Rep.  Zufii  R.  1853,  88.—  Kenn.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  584. 

OtOCOryS  alpestris,  Reinh.  Ibis,  Hi.  1861,  8  (Greenland). 

Alauda  Virginiana,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  1760,  367,  no.  12  (from  Gatesby,  etc). 

Alauda  COrnuta,  Wils.  AO.  i.  1808,  87  (in  text).—  S.  6fR.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  245,  f.  246.— Towns. 
Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  154.— Maxim.  Reise,  i.  1839,  367. 

Eremophila  COrnuta,  Boie,  Isis,  1828,  322.— Ed.  BNA.  1858,  403.— ?Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
xi.  1859,  107  (New  Mexico).— ?Xant.  Pr.  Vhila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  191  (California).— O.  tf  S. 
NHWT.  1860,  195.—  Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  437.—  Wheat.  Ohio.  Agr.  Rep. 


SYNONYMY  OF  E.  ALPESTRIS  AND  VARS.     187 

for  1860,  365.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1861,  221.— Cones  Sf  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for 
1861,  1862,  411.— Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  126.— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  last.  iii.  1862,  149.— 
?Blak.  Ibis,  iv.  1862,  5;  v.  1863,  68— Allen,  Pr.  Essex  last.  iv.  1864,  69.— Dress.  Ibis,  2d 
ser.  1865,  486  (Texas).—  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  2H9.— Mcllwr.  Proc.  Ess.  Inst. 
v.  1866,  88.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868.  280.— Brown,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  1868,  421  (Van- 
couver).—Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  113.— ?Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,75,295,297; 
1874,  n.—?Aiken,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  2Q2.—?Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  236. 

Pliileremos  cornutus,  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  37. 

Otocoris  cornuta,  Rp.  CA,  i.  1850,  246. 

OtOCOrjX  COrDUta,  Licht.  "  Nomeucl.  1854,  239". 

OtOCOrys  COrnUta,  Bp.  "CR.  xxxviii.  1854,  64". 

Alauda  rufa,  ?Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  vi.  1858,  349  (Missouri). 

Otocoris  rufa,  Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  i853,  382  (Wisconsin). 

Lark,  Catesby,  Nat.  Hist,  Carolina,  i.  1731,  32,  pi.  32. 

Shore  Lark,  Forst.  1.  c.—Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  392.  no.  278.— Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  385,  no.  19. 

Hausse-col  noir  ou  Alouette  de  Virginia,  Buf.  "  Hist.  Nat.  Ois.  v.  55  ". 

Alouette  de  Virgiuie,  Ortolan,  LeM.  Ois.  Canad.  ]86i,  225. 

Horned  Lark,  Shore  Lark,  Authors. 

b.  leucolama 
?  OtOCOris  occidental!*,  McCall,  Pr.   Phila.   Acad.   v.  1851,  218   (Santa  F6,   N.  Mex.).— #d. 

Stansbury's  Rep.  GSL.  1852,  318/331. 
Otocorys  aipestris,  Ntwb.  PRRR.  vi.  1857,  88. 
Eremophila  aipestris,  Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  176. 
Eremophila  cornuta,  Ed.  PRRR.  x.    1859,   Beckwith's  Route..  Birds,   13,  pi.  3*2.—Hayd.  Tr. 

Amer.    Philos.   Soc.  xii.   1872,  174.— Stev.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1870,  1871,  464.— 

Merr.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.*err.  for  1872,  1873,  685.— Hold.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  202. 
Ereinophila  aipestris  b.  leucohema,  Cones,  BNW.  1874,  38.— Ooues,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874, 

602.— Allen,  Pi-.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  50. 

c.  chrysolcema 

Alauda  COrnuta.  Sw.  Philos.  Mag.  i.  1827,  434  (Mexico). 
Phileremos  cornutus,  Bp.  PZS.  1837,  Hi.  (Mexico). 
Eremophila  COrnuta,   Coues,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,   164  (Arizona).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 

xviii.  1866,  79  (the  same). 

Alauda  glacialiS,  Licht.  "  Preis-Verz.  Hex.  Vog.  1830,  2" ;  J.  f.  O.  1863,  56  (Mexico). 
Alauda  chrysolaema,  Wagl.  Isis,  1831,  350  (Mexico). 
OtocoriR  chrysolaema,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 246. 
Otocorys  chrysolaema,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1851,  122. 
Alauda  chrysolaema,  Scl.  PZS.  1855,  66. 
OtOCOrys  ChrysolfCma,  Bp.  "  CR.  xxxviii.  1854,  65  ".— Scl.  PZS.  1856,306  (Mexico)  ;  1859,  372 

(Oaxaca). 

Eremophila  cbrysolsema,  Scl.  PZS.  1864,  174  (City  of  Mexico). 
Eremopbila  cornuta  var.  chrysolaema,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  403. 
Eremophila  aipestris  c.  chrj  sohema,  Coues,  BNW.  1874,  38,  231. 
Alauda  minor,  Giraud,  1C  Sp.  Tex.  B.  1841. 
Eremophila  minor,  Scl.  Cat.  AB.  1862,  126. 

Alauda  rufa,  And.  B.  Amer.  vii.  1843,  353,  pi.  497.— Bd.  Stansb.  Rep.  GSL.  1852,  331. 
OtOCOris  rufa,  Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  Williamson's  Route,  Birds,  45. 

HAB.— The  typical  form  inhabits  the  greater  part  of  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere (Europe  and  Asia  as  well  as  most  of  North  America).  Var.  leucolcema 
breeds  on  the  plains  of  the  United  States,  north  of  about  40°.  Var.  chrysolcema 
breeds  in  the  Western  United  States,  south  of  about  40°,  and  southward 
through  Mexico. 

CH.  SP. — a.  ALPESTRIS.— Notceo  griseo  plus  minusve  rufescenti- 
vinaceo  tincto.  michd  tectricibusque  alarum  et  caudce  vegetioribus, 
dorso  sordidiore,  strigis  fuscis  notato;  gastrceo  albido,  lateribus 
dorso  subsimilibus,  peltd  magnd  pectorali  nigra;  strigd  malari  et 


188  CHARACTERS    OF    EREMOPHILA    ALPESTRIS 

infraoculari  nigrd;  strigd  postfrontali  per  lateribus  pilei  ductd 
nigrd;  reliquis  partibus  laterum  capitis,  strigd  frontali  et  super- 
ciliary necnon  guld  totd,  albis  vel  flavis;  rectricibus  mediis  duabus 
remigibusgue  intimis  dorso  subsimilibm ;  rectricibus  lateralibus 
omnibus  nigris,  extimis  albido  marginatis  ;  remigibus  fuscis, 
pogonio  exterior  eprimarii  extimi  albido;  rostro  plumbeo-nigricante, 
ad  basin  mandibulw  pallidiore;  pedibus  nigris. 

b.  LEUCOL^EMA. — Persimilis,  sed  coloribus  dilutioribus;  capite 
vix  flavicante;  plagis  nigris  minoribus. 

c.  CHRYSOL^MA. — Minor,  coloribus  vegetioribus  ;   notceo  fere 
cinnamomino,  capite  flavissimo;  plagis  nigris  extensis. 

The  typical  form. —  $  £,  adult,  in  breeding  plumage:  Upper  parts  in  gen- 
eral pinkish-brown,  this  pinkish  or  viuaceous  or  lilaceous  tint  brightest  on  the 
nape,  lesser  wing-coverts,  and  tail-coverts,  the  rest  of  the  upper  parts  being 
duller  and  more  grayish-brown,  boldly  variegated  with  dark-brown  streaks  ; 
the  middle  pair  of  tail-feathers  and  several  of  the  inner  secondaries  rufous- 
brown,  with  darker  centers.  Under  parts,  from  the  breast  backward, 
white — the  sides,  however",  strongly  washed  with  the  color  of  the  upper  parts, 
and  some  mottling  with  the  same  usually  extendin^across  the  lower  part  of 
the  breast.  A  large,  distinct,  shield-shaped,  black  area  on  the  breast.  Tail- 
feathers,  except  the  middle  pair,  black,  the  outermost  edged  with  whitish. 
Wing-quills,  except  the  innermost,  plain  fuscous,  the  outer  web  of  the  first 
primary  whitish.  Lesser  wing-coverts  usually  tipped  with  grayish-white. 
Peculiar  head-markings  as  follows : — Top  of  head  like  nape  ;  bar  across  front 
of  vertex,  thence  extended  along  sides  of  crown,  and  produced  into  a  tuft 
or  "  horn",  black ;  front  and  line  over  eye,  also  somewhat  produced  to  form 
part  of  the  tuft,  white  or  yellowish  ;  a  broad  bar,  from  the  nostrils  along  the 
lores,  thence  curving  below  the  eye  and  widening  as  it  descends  in  front  of 
the  auriculars,  black ;  rest  of  the  sides  of  the  head  and  whole  throat  white 
or  sulphury-yellow.  Bill  plumbeous-blackish,  bluish-pluvnbeous  at  base 
below  (sometimes  there  yellowish) ;  feet  and  claws  black ;  iris  brown. 
Length  of  <?,7-7-J;  extent,  13-14;  wing  probably  always  over  4— 4£-4£ ; 
tail,  2f-3;  bill,  from  extreme  base  of  culmen,  f-£;  tarsus,  -J-&;  middle  toe 
and  claw  rather  less  ;  hind  claw  about  \ — usually  longer  than  its  digit, '-but 
very  variable.  $  commonly  smaller  than  the  male.  Length,  6f-7£  ;  extent, 
12f-13i ;  wing  about  4,  &c. 

Aside  from  the  varietal  conditions,  to  be  presently  noticed,  the  precise 
shade  of  typical  alpestris  varies  greatly,  especially  of  those  parts  which  are 
tinged  to  greater  or  less  degree  with  the  peculiar  "  pinkish-brown,"  lilaceous 
or  cinnamon,  and  with  the  sulphury-yellow  about  the  head. 

$  $  ,  adult,  in  winter  :  As  usually  seen  in  most  of  the  United  States  in 
the  fall,  winter,  and  early  spring,  the  birds  differ  from  the  above  in  a  general 
more  sordid  coloration  of  the  upper  parts,  which  may  be  simply  grayish- 
brown,  heavily  streaked  with  dusky,  even  on  the  crown,  with  little  or  none 
of  the  "pinkish"  tints  just  mentioned  ;  and  in  the  lack  or  restriction  of  the 
black  markings  of  the  head  and  breast,  or  their  being  veiled  with  whitish 
tips  of  the  individual  feathers;  nevertheless,  the  sulphury  tinge  of  the  white 
parts  about  the  head  is  usually  very  conspicuous. 


HORNED    LARK    AND    ITS    VARIETIES  189 

Fledglings,  just  from  the  nest,  are  altogether  different  from  the  adults. 
They  have  the  upper  parts  dusky,  mixed  with  some  yellowish-brown,  and 
sprinkled  all  over  with  whitish  or  light  tawny  dots,  each  feather  having  a 
terminal  speck.  Most  of  the  wing-  and  tail-feathers  have  rusty,  tawny,  or 
whitish  edging  and  tipping.  The  under  parts  are  white,  mottled  with  the 
colors  of  the  upper  parts  along  the  sides  and  across  the  back.  There  are  no 
traces  of  definite  black  markings  about  the  head  and  breast,  nor  is  there  any 
yellow  tinge.  Bill  and  feet  pale  or  yellowish.  This  peculiar  speckled  stage 
is  of  brief  duration  ;  with  an  early  autumnal  change,  a  dress,  little  if  at  all 
different  from  that  of  the  adults  in  winter,  is  acquired. 


FIG.  "25.—  Horned  Lark. 

Var.  leucolcema. — Size  of  the  foregoing.  General  coloration  extremely 
pale — brownish-gray,  the  peculiar  pinkish  tint  of  certain  parts  sharing  the 
general  pallor.  Black  markings  on  head  and  breast  much  restricted  in 
extent,  and  white  surroundings  correspondingly  increased — thus,  the  black 
postfrontal  bar  is  scarcely  or  not  broader  than  the  white  of  the  forehead. 
No  yellow  about  the  head,  excepting  usually  a  slight  tinge  on  the  chin. 
The  changes  of  plumage  are  parallel  with  those  already  given ;  even  the 
nestlings  show  the  same  decided  pallor. 

Var.  chrysolcema.— Smaller  than  either  of  the  foregoing  :  $  with  the  wing 
scarcely  or  not  4,  and  other  dimensions  to  correspond ;  a  very  small  speci- 
men before  me,  probably  $  ,  has  the  wing  only  3£  ;  in  another,  marked  <£ , 
it  is  3f.  The  "pinkish"  tinge  intensified  into  cinnamon-brown,  and  pervad- 
ing nearly  all  the  upper  parts.  Yellow  of  the  head  intensified,  and  the 
black  markings  very  heavy — the  black  on  the  crown  often  or  usually  widens 
to  occupy  more  than  half  of  the  cap,  reducing  the  white  frontlet  to  a  mere 
trace. 

As  I  remarked  in  the  "  Birds  of  the  Northwest ",  the  question  of  the  rela- 
tionships of  our  Larks  is  rather  intricate,  though  we  probably  have  an 
approximately  correct  solution  of  the  difficulty.  Probably  no  authors  of 
repute  now  undertake  to  maintain  any  of  the  supposed  or  alleged  differences 
between  the  ordinary  North  American  bird  and  that  of  Europe  and  Asia. 
(It  may  here  be  remarked  parenthetically  that  in  any  event  our  bird  is 
to  bear  the  name  alpestris,  that  having  been  based  by  Linnaeus  upon  the 
"Lark"  of  Catesby — a  new  name,  if  any,  being  required  for  the  European 
bird.)  This  form  is  dispersed,  at  one  or  another  season,  over  most  of  North 
America,  breeding  far  north  (I  have  specimens  from  the  Arctic  coast)  and 


190    HORNED  LARKS  OF  THE  COLORADO  BASIN 

generally  throughout  British  America,  and  migrating  into  the  United  States 
in  the  fall,  to  leave  again  in  the  spring.  Those  birds  which  breed  in  the  United 
States,  in  the  open  country  between  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota  and 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  north  of  about  40°,  and  are  resident  to  some  degree 
on  those  plains,  have  acquired  certain  recognizable  peculiarities  which  stamp 
them  as  a  geographical  race.  This  form  has  been  occasionally  mentioned  by 
late  writers  under  the  name  of  "occidentalis  ",  which  I  observe  is  retained 
in  the  "History  of  North  American  Birds  "  (ii.  p.  140).  But  Colonel  McCall's 
description  was  based  upon  a  bird  from  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  and  is  there- 
fore most  probably  applicable  to  chrysolcema,  where  also  belong  the  other  spe- 
cific names  which  have  been  imposed  upon  our  Western  Larks.  A  new  name 
being  apparently  required,  I  called  this  var.  leucolcvma  in  the  work  above 
mentioned.  Var.  chrysolcema  is  more  decidedly  different  in  the  points  already 
given.  Some  of  the  specimens  before  me,  labeled  "  California  ",  but  probably 
either  from  Lower  California  or  Mexico,  are  so  strongly  marked  that,  in  the 
absence  of  connecting  links,  I  should  give  it  specific  rank.  Many  inter- 
mediate examples  are,  however,  forthcoming. 

Specimens  from  the  northerly  portions  of  the  Pacific  coast  regions  are  said 
to  be  nearer  typical  alpestris,  but  even  darker  than  that  form,  and  thus  still 
further  removed  from  either  leucolcema  or  chrysolcema. 

Lacking  opportunity  at  present  of  reviewing  the  case  of  E.  pcregrina  of 
New  Granada  (Scl.  PZS.  1855,  160,  pi.  102,  Bogota),  which  is  held  to  be  speci- 
fically distinct  by  several  high  authorities,  I  have  omitted  the  references  to 
it,  though  in  the  "  Birds  of  the  Northwest"  I  added  them  to  those  of  chryso- 
lcema, judging  it  to  be  only  the  extreme  of  differentiation  which  the  latter 
has  sustained. 

The  preparation  of  exact  synonymy  in  the  present  case  has  proved  a  mat- 
ter of  some  difficulty,  especially  since  the  case  has  been  complicated  by  the 
introduction  of  var.  leucolcema.  When  other  clue  was  wanting,  I  have  col- 
lated the  quotations  mainly  upon  geographical  considerations,  not  always, 
however,  satisfactory.  For  many  of  the  references  are  actually  more  com- 
prehensive than  my  collation  would  imply,  since  they  include  the  varieties, 
especially  var.  leucolcema  ;  in  other  cases,  geographically  restricted,  it  is  still 
uncertain  which  variety  a  writer  had  in  view,  since  both  may  be  found  asso- 
ciated at  some  seasons.  I  have  been  obliged  to  query  some  references,  and 
take  others  "  upon  their  face",  according  to  the  name  used. 

RESPECTING  more  particularly  the  Larks  of  the  Colorado 
Basin,  it  should  be  observed  that  the  birds  which  breed 
within  this  area  are,  probably  without  exception,  referable  to 
the  var.  chrysolcema^  even  though  the  peculiarities  in  ay  not  always 
be  as  strongly  expressed  as  they  are  in  those  which  breed  fur- 
ther south.  This  form  is  abundantly  distributed  in  suitable 
localities,  and  resident.  With  the  fall  migration,  however, 
northern-bred  birds  of  the  other  variety  (leucolcema}  enter  this 
region,  and  the  two  may  be  found  associated.  No  difference 
in  habits  has  been  observed. 


CHAPTER  XI. —WAGTAILS 


FAM.  MOTACILLTD^E 

CHARS. — Primaries  only  nine  (the  short  or  spurious  first 
primary  found  in  all  the  birds  of  foregoing  families  excepting 
Eremopliila  remaining  undeveloped),  the  first  nearly  or  about 
as  long  as  the  next,  and  the  point  of  the  wing  formed  by  the 
first  three,  four,  or  five  quills,  which  are  abruptly  longer  than 
the  succeeding  ones;  iuner  secondaries  enlarged,  lengthened, 
and  flowing,  the  longest  one  usually  about  equaling  the  first 
primary  when  the  wing  is  closed.  (This  construction  of  the 
wing  is  a  prime  characteristic  of  the  family.)  Tail  of  variable, 
but  always  conspicuous,  length,  o'f  different  shapes  in  the  sev- 
eral genera,  but  usually  double-rounded,  i.  e.,  central  and 
external  pairs  of  feathers  both  shorter  than  intermediate  ones ; 
in  life  held  tilted  up,  or  vibrated  up  and  down  with  a  peculiar 
see-saw  motion  (a  characteristic  habit  of  birds  of  this  family, 
whence  comes  the  name  Wagtail — Mota  cilia — Seur-oupa).  Feet 
large,  in  adaptation  to  terrestrial  habits;  progression  ainbula- 
torial,  not  sal  tutorial ;  tarsus  slender,  lengthened,  equaling  or 
exceeding  the  middle  toe  in  length,  of  ordinary  oscine  charac- 
ters as  to  scutellation ;  inner  toe  cleft  to  the  very  base,  outer 
adherent  to  middle  by  its  basal  joint  only.  Hind  claw  length- 
ened and  straightened  in  most  of  the  genera  (not  in  Motacilla 
itself).  Bill  shorter  than  the  head,  very  slender,  straight, 
acute,  usually  notched  near  the  tip,  not  furnished  with 
obvious  rictal  vibrissa3,  though  feathers  about  its  base  are 
bristle-tipped.  Nostrils  patent,  in  slight  fossae. 

This  is  a  pretty  well  marked  family,  easily  distinguished 
from  any  of  the  foregoing  by  the  development  of  only  nine 
primaries,  and  from  the  following  9-primaried  Oscines  by  the 
particular  shape  of  the  wing,  in  connection  with  ambulatorial 
feet  and  slender,  strictly  "insectivorous"  or  "  dentirostral'7 
bill.  The  birds  may  be  considered  Sylvians  modified  for  terres- 
trial habits.  The  family  is  characteristic  of  the  Old  World, 
being  poorly  represented  in  the  New,  where  only  some  eight  or 
ten  of  the  about  one  hundred  accredited  species  occur.  There 


192  MOTACILLID^E ANTHINJ3 ANTHUS 

are  two  groups  in  the  family,  commonly  admitted  as  sub- 
families. In  one  of  these,  the  Motacillince^  or  typical  Wagtails, 
the  tail  is  lengthened  to  equal  or  exceed  the  wing,  and  formed 
of  narrow  feathers  gradually  tapering  to  their  rounded  ends ; 
only  three  primaries  usually  enter  into  the  point  of  the  wing; 

the  tarsi  are  longer  and  slenderer; 
the  lateral  toes  are  shorter;  and  the 
system  of  coloration  for  the  most 
part  has  what  a  painter  would  call 
"breadth",  the  colors  being  massed 
in  large  areas.  The  hind  claw  in 
Motadlla  is  of  ordinary  characters  ; 

FIG.   26.— Head    and  foot  of  Yellow 

wagtail.  but  in  Budytes,  the  next  most  prom- 

inent genus,  it  is  lengthened  and  straightened.  The  Mota- 
cillince  are  only  represented  in  the  western  hemisphere  by  the 
Motadlla  alba,  or  common  White  Wagtail  of  Europe,  which 
has  occasionally  been  found  in  Greenland,  and  by  the  Yellow 
Wagtail,  Budytes  flava,  an  ubiquitous  species  of  the  Old  World 
lately  ascertained  to  occur  abundantly  in  Alaska.  The  cut  of 
this  species  (fig.  26)  will  illustrate  some  motacilline  features. 
The  other  group  is  the 


SUBFAMILY  ANTHIN2E :  PIPITS,  OR  TITLARKS 

In  these,  the  tail  is  shorter  than  the  wings,  and  composed  of 
broader  feathers  retaining  their  width  to  near  the  end ;  four  or 
five  primaries  usually  form  the  point  of  the  wing ;  the  tarsi  are 
relatively  shorter,  usually  about  equal  to  the  middle  toe ;  the 
lateral  toes  are  longer,  the  points  of  their  claws  reaching 
beyond  the  base  of  the  middle  claw ;  the  hind  claw  is  always 
lengthened  and  straightened  (as  in  the  figure  beyond  given 
under  head  of  Anthus  ludovidanus) ;  and  the  coloration  is  "  nig- 
gled", that  is  to  say,  broken  up  in  streaks  and  spots.  The 
species  of  Anthince  make  up  nearly  or  about  half  the  family ; 
they  are  chiefly  referable  to  the 

Genus  ANTHUS  Bechstein 

« 

This  has  been  split  by  modern  systematists  into  a  good  many 
genera,  which,  however,  are  scarcely  worth  retaining  except 
as  sections.  Neocorys,  Pediocorys,  and  Notiocorys  are  the  Ameri- 
can subdivisions,  the  last  two  belonging  to  South  America,  the 


SYNONYMY   OF   ANTHUS   LUDOVICIANUS  193 

first  one  to  our  country.  Neocorys  spraguii*  should  be  found 
in  the  Colorado  Basin,  but  has  not  been,  so  far  as  I  know.  A 
careful  description  and  a  full  account  of  the  habits  of  this  inter- 
esting bird  is  given  in  the  "  Birds  of  the  Northwest",  to  which 
the  reader  is  referred.  A  typical  Anthus,  A.  pratensis,  is  occa- 
sionally found  in  Greenland  (Reinh.  J.  f.  O.  1854,  439;  Ibis, 
1861,  6)  and  Alaska  5  another,  A.  cervinus,  is  said  to  occur  in 
the  Aleutian  Islands  (Zander,  J.  f.  O.  i.  1853,  Extrah.  1854,  64). 
With  these  exceptions,  the  following  is  the  only  known  North 
American  species  of  Anthus  :  — 


American  Pipit,  or  Titlark 

Anthus  ludovicianns 

Alauda  ludoviciana,  Gm.  SN.  i.  pt.  ii.  1788,  793,  no.  14  (from  Buff.  &  Lath.).—  Lath.  10.  ii. 
1790,  494,  no.  9. 

AntllUS  1  lido Vicianus,  Licht.  "Verz.  1823,  37".— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  18.—  Aud.  Syn.  1839,  94.— 
Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  517.— Aud.  BA.  iii.  1841,  40,  pi.  150.— Gir.  BLI.  1844,  94.-Gam&. 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1846,  114.— Gamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1847,  37.— Bp.  CA.  J.  1850, 
249.— McOall,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  v.  1851,  215  (Texas).— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853, 
310.— Eead,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  399.- Reinh.  J.  f.  0. 1854,  439  (Greenland).— Henry, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  310  (New  Mexico).— Kenn.  Tr.  111.  Agr.  Soc.  i.  1855,  583.— 
Pratten,  Tr.  111.  Agr.  Soc.  i.  1855,  601.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,  209.— Scl.  PZS. 
1856,  293  (Mexico).— Scl.  PZS.  1857  136  (California).— Kneel.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857, 
234.—  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  232.—  Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  281  (Nova  Scotia).— 
Bland,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  287  (Bermuda).—  Martens,  J.  f.  O.  1859,  214  (Ber- 
muda).— Jones,  Nat.  in  Bermuda,  1859,  29.— S.  ff  S.  Ibis,  1859,  9  (Guatemala).—  Henry, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859,  106.— Xantus,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859,  m.-Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859, 
45.— C.  fyS.  NHWT.  1860,  176.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1861,  220  (Labrador ;  eggs).— 
Barn.  Smithson.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  435.— Reinh.  Ibis,  1861,  6  (Greenland).— Coues  if 
Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  4Q5.—Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862,  159.— 
Blasius,  Ibis,  1862,  71  (Heligoland,  Europe).— Blak.  Ibis,  1862,  4  (Saskatchewan). -Verr. 
Pr.  Ef-s.  Inst.  iii.  1862,  156.— Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  124.— Blak.  Ibis,  1863,  60.— 
Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  153.— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  58.—  Dress.  Ibis,  1865,  476.— 
Coues,  Ibis,  1866,  64  (Colorado  Desert).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  67  (Arizona).— 
Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  283.—  Weiz,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  1866,  267  (Labrador).— 
Mcllw.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  85.— Allen,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1868,  494.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  xii.  1868,  108.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst,  v.  1868,  268.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1868, 
82.-Butch.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1868,  149.— Brown,  Ibis,  1868,  420  (Vancouver).-  Turnb.  B. 
E.  Pa.  1869,  23;  Phila.  ed.  16.— Dall  <V  Bann.  Tr.  Chic.  Acad.  i.  1869,  277  (Alaska).— 

*Aiitlius  (Neocorys)  spragnii.— Missouri  Pipit. 

Alauda  spragucil,  Aud.  BA.  vii.  1844,  334,  pi.  486  (Dakota). 

Oloooris  sprangeri,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  246. 

Agrodoma  spraguei,  Bd.  Stansbury's  Rep.  1852,329. 

Neocorys  spraguii,  Scl.  PZS.  1857,  5,—Blakist.  Ibis,  1862,  4  (Saskatchewan).— Blakist.  Ibis, 

1863,  61  (Minnesota  to  Saskatchewan). 
Neocorys  spraguei,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  234.—  Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  745.— B.  B.  ffR.  NAB.  i. 

1874,  175,  figs.  pi.  10,  f.  5.— Allen,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  50  (habits)  —Coues,  BNW. 

1874,  42  (full  description  and  account  of  habits). 
AnthUS  Spraguei,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  155.— Coues,  Am.  Nat.  rii.  1873,  697. 

Sprague's  Missouri  Lark,  Missouri  Skylark,  Sprague's  Pipit,  Authors. 
13  B  C 


194    SYNS.  AND  CHARS.  OF  ANTHUS  LUDOVICIANUS 

Stee.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1870,  1871.  463.— Coop.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1870,  75.—  Coop. 
B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  78.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1871,  19.— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871, 
115.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  1871,  267.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  Hi.  1872,  161,  175  (Colorado, 
breeding).— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  396,—Hartinff,  Man.  Brit.  B.  1872,  109  (Great 
Britain  l).—Aiken,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  1872,  196  (Colorado,  breeding).— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
xv.  1872,  234.— Maya.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  360.— Ooues,  Key,  1872,  90,  f.  34.— Mayn. 
B.  Fla.  1873,  U.—Ridgw.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873,  180.—  Merr.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr, 
for  1872,  1873,  713.— Snow,  B.  Kans.  1873,  4.— Trippe,  Pr.Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  234.— Allen, 
Pr.Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  50.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  40.—  Yarr.  ff  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs. 
1874,  10.— Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  41.— B.  B.  $  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  171,  fig.  pi.  10,  f. 
3.— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  156.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  187. 

Alauda  ludovicana,  Turt.  SN.  i.  isoe,  482. 

Anthus  ludoviceanus,  Bd.  Ives's  Rep.  pt.  v.  1861,  5. 

AnthUS  ludovicrnus,  Merriam,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  674. 

AnthUS  ludOVicanuS,  Trippe,  Coues's  BNW.  1874,  231. 

Aiauda  rubra,  Gm.  SN.  i.  pt.  ii.  1788,  794,  no.  15  (from  Briss.,  Buff,  Edw.,  etc.).—  Lath.  IO. 
ii.  1790,  494,  no.  10.— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  482. 

Motacilla  hudsonica,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  503,  no.  6  (no  references  ;  orig.  descr.  well  suiting  pres- 
ent species).— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  616.— F.  OAS.  ii,  1807,  47.— F.  Ency.  M€th.  ii.  1823,  409. 

Alauda  migratoria,  Bartram,  Trav.  Fla.  1st  Am.  ed.  1791,  p.  290  bis  (see  Coues,  Proc.  Phila. 
Acad.  1875,  346). 

AnthUS  rubens,  Merrem,  "  Ersch  Grub.  Encycl." 

Alauda  rufa,  Wils.  AO.  v.  1812,  89,  pi.  42,  f.  4.—Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  181. 

AnthUS  spinoletta,  Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  90.—Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  450.— Ornith.  Comm. 
Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1837,  193  (Columbia  River).  — Town*.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii. 
1839,  154.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  317.— Thomps.  NH.  VernWt,  1853,  86. 

AnthUS  aquatiCUS,  5.  ff  R.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  231,  pi.  44,— And.  OB.  i.  183JTname  on  pi.  10. 

AnthUS  piplens.  And.  OB.  i.  1832,  408;  v.  1839,  449,  pi.  80.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  18. 

AnthUS  reinhardtii,  Holbull,  "Fn.  Gronl.  ed.  Paulsen,  1846,  25". 

Alauda  pensilvanica,  Briss.  Orn.  1760,  App.  94,  no.  13. 

AnthUS  pensylvanicus,  Thienem-tnn,  Rhea,  ii.  1849,  171  (monographic).— Zander,  J.  f.  O.  i. 
1853,  Extrah.  1854,  63  (monographic).— Zander,  Naumannia,  iv.  1854, 13  (monographic). 

AnthUS  pennsylvanlCUS,  Gaetke,  J.  f.  0. 1856,  71  (Heligoland). 

Farlouzanne,  Buff. "  Hist.  Nat.  des  Ois.  v.  38". 

LouiSiane  Lark,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  376,  no.  7  (based  on  Buff.  v.  38). 

HudSOnian  Wagtail,  Lath.  Syn.  Suppl.  ii.  1801,231,  no.  3. 

Alouette  aux  joues  brunes  de  Pensilvanie,  Buff.  "Hist.  Nat. des  Ois.  v. 58 ". 

Hochequeue  de  la  bale  d 'Hudson,  r.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 409. 

Lark  from  Pensylvania,  Edw.  "  Glean,  pt.  ii.  185,  pi.  297  ". 

Bed  Lark,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  393,  no.  279  (Pennsylvania).—  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  376,  no.  8. 

Polarpleper,  Thienemann,  1.  c. 

Alouette  pipe,  Le  Maine,  Oip.  Canad.  1861,  185. 

American  Pipit  or  Titlark,  Prairie  Titlark,  Reddish-brown  Titlark,  Brown  Lark, 

Authors. 

HAB.— The  whole  of  North  America.  South  to 
Guatemala  and  perhaps  further.  Greenland.  Ber- 
mudas. Casual  in  Europe  (Heligoland,  Gatke ;  and 
see  especially  Harting,  I.  c.  swprd).  No  West  Indian 
quotations. 

CH.  SP. —  3  2  Olivaceo-brunneuSj  fusco- 
notatus;  alia  fuscis,  brunneo-limbatis ;  caudd 
fused,  rectricibus  lateralibus  1-3  ex  parte 
albis ;  orbitis,  superciliis,  partibusque  infe- 
rioribus  ex  toto  brunneo-albidis,  pectore  lateri- 

FIG.  27.— Bill    and    foot    of  7 

American  pipit;  nat.  size,  busque  olivaceo-bruuneo  stnatis. 
$  9 :  Above,  olive-brown,  most  of  the  feathers  with  dusky  centres,  giving 
a  streaked  or  nebulated  appearance.    Wings  blackish-brown,  the  quills  and 


NOTE    ON   THE    TITLARK  195 

their  coverts  edged  with  dull  pale  brown  ;  tail  blackish,  the  central  feathers 
like  the  back,  one  to  three  of  the  lateral  feathers,  partly  at  least,  white,  the 
outer  often  wholly  white.  Line  over  the  eye,  eyelids,  and  entire  under  parts 
brownish-white,  or  pale  ochrey-  or  buffy-brown  (very  variable  in  shade), 
the  aides  of  the  throat  and  body  and  the  breast  spotted  or  screaked  with 
the  color  of  the  back.  Bill  blackish,  pale  at  base  below;  feet  brown. 
Length,  6J-7  ;  extent,  10J-11 ;  wing,  3±-3* ;  tail,  2f-3 ;  bill  about  1| ;  tarsus,  f . 
I  have  not  examined  uewly-fledged  birds,  which  may  be  more  streaky  than 
as  above  described.  Well-feathered  birds  of  both  sexes,  at  all  seasons,  are 
not  distinguishable.  The  shade  of  the  under  parts  is  extremely  uncertain , 
varying  from  brownish-white  to  rich  buffy-brown,  and  the  amount  of  white 
on  the  tail  is  equally  variable. 

ME.  J.  A.  ALLEN'S  discovery  of  the  breeding  of  this 
species  on  the  highest  peaks  of  the  mountains  in  Colo- 
rado is  the  most  interesting  of  the  recent  contributions  to  its 
history,  and  enables  us  to  speak  of  the  Titlark  as  a  resident 
bird  of  the  region  now  under  consideration.  However,  in 
neary  all  of  the  Colorado  water-shed  the  bird  is  only  a  winter 
visitant  5  it  is  common  and  generally  distributed  in  suitable 
places.  Its  habits  are  too  well  known  to  require  any  extended 
notice  in  the  present  connection  j  I  have  already  given  the 
results  of  my  own  observations  in  Labrador  and  other  portions 
of  North  America  in  some  of  my  publications  cited  above, 
notablv  the  "  Birds  of  the  Northwest". 


FIG.  28.— Head  and  foot  of  Budytes 
flava,  a  typical  Motacilline. 


CHAPTER  XII.— AMERICAN  WARBLERS 


EAM.  SYLVICOLID^] 

~|)RIMAR1ES  nine;  rectrices  twelve;  scutellation  of  tarsi, 
JL  disposition  of  wing-coverts,  and  structure  of  lower  larynx 
strictly  Oscine  in  character.  It  is  simply  impossible  to  define 
the  Sylvicolidce,  because  it  is  an  artificial  group,  corresponding 
with  no  natural  division  of  birds,  and  consequently  having  no 
natural  boundaries.  As  customarily  limited,  this  family — its 
North  American  representatives  at  any  rate — may  be  distin- 
guished from  other  nine-primaried  Oscines,  excepting  Ccerebidce, 
by  the  following  negations : — Inner  secondaries  not  enlarged, 
nor  hind  toe  lengthened  and  straightened,  as  occurs  in  Motadl- 
lidce.  Bill  not  " fissirostral ",  as  in  Hirundinidce;  nor  strongly 
"  den tirostral",T— that  is,  hooked  and  toothed  at  end, — as  in  Lan- 
iidceaud.  Vireonidce;  nor  yet  typically  uconirostral",  as  in  Frin- 
gillidce;  and  without  the  tooth  or  lobe  near  the  middle  of  the 
commissure  which  exists  in  the  genus  Pyranga  of  Tanagridce. 
From  the  Ccerebidce,*  or  Honey-creepers  of  the  warmer  parts  of 

*In  B.  B.  &  R.  Hist.  N.  A.  B.,  i.  p.  177,  we  read : — "  In  fact, we  are  of  the  opin- 
ion that  no  violence  would  be  done  by  adopting  this  view  [the  propriety  of 
uniting  Taitagridce,  Sylvlcolidce,  and  Ccerebidce'},  and  would  even  include  with 
the  above-mentioned  families  the  Fringillidce  also.  The  order  of  their  rela- 
tion to  one  another  would  be  thus  :  Fringillidce,  Tanagridce,  Sylvicolidce,  Ccere- 
Udce;  there  being  scarcely  any  break  in  the  transition  between  the  two  ex- 
tremes, unless  there  are  many  genera  referred  to  the  wrong  family,  as  seems 
very  likely  to  be  the  case  with  many  included  in  the  Tanagridce.  The/rin- 
gilline  forms  of  the  latter  family  are  such  genera  as  Buarremon  and  Arremon, 
they  being  so  closely  related  to  some  fringilline  genera  by  so  many  features — 
as  rounded  concave  wing,  lax  plumage,  and  spizine  coloration — as  to  be 
scarcely  separable.  Either  these  two  families  are  connected  so  perfectly  by 
intermediate  forms  as  to  be  inseparable,  or  the  term  Tanagridce  covers  too 
great  a  diversity  of  forms.  With  the  eame  regularity  that  we  proceed  from 
the  Fringillidce  to  the  typical  forms  of  the  Tanagridce  (Pyranga,  Tanagra, 
Calliste,  etc.),  we  pass  down  the  scale  from  these  to  the  Sylvicolidce ;  while 
between  many  genera  of  the  latter  family,  and  others  referred  to  the  Ccere- 
lidce,  no  difference  in  external  anatomy  can  be  discovered,  much  less  ex- 
pressed in  a  description." 
196 


RELATIONSHIPS    OF   SYLVICOLID^  197 

America,  the  Sylmcolidce  are  not  distinguished  by  any  known 
character ;  and  the  same  is  the  case  in  the  relations  both  with 
the  Fringillidce  and  the  Tanagridce.  For,  though  extreme  forms 
of  Sylvicolidce,  Tanagridce,  and  Fringillidce  are  sufficiently 

In  his  previous  critical  studies  of  this  group,  Prof.  Baird  had  been  as 
much  perplexed.  I  quote  some  passages  from  Rev.  A.  B.,  pp.  160, 161 : — "  The 
SylvicolidcB  are  essentially  characterized  among  the  Oscines  with  nine  pri- 
maries, by  their  small  size,  the  usually  slender  and  conical  insectivorous  bill, 
shorter  than  the  head,  without  angle  in  the  gape  near  the  base ;  the  toes 
deeply  cleft  so  as  to  leave  the  inner  one  free  almost  to  its  very  base  (except 
in  Mniotiltece),  etc.  The  shallow  notch  at  the  end  of  the  tongue,  instead  of 
a  deeply  fissured  tip,  distinguishes  the  family  from  the  Ccerebidce,  to  some  of 
which  there  is  otherwise  so  great  a  resemblance.  The  absence  of  abrupt 
hook  and  notch  in  both  mandibles  separates  it  from  such  of  the  Vireonidce 
as  have  nine  primaries.  To  the  Tanagridce,  through  the  slender-billed  forms, 
as  Chlorospingus,  Nemosia,  Chlorochrysa,  etc.,  the  relationship  is  very  close ; 
so  much  so  that,  by  many,  both  families  are  included  in  one.  .  .  . 

"There  is,  perhaps,  no  family  to  which  the  relationship  is  closer  than  to  the 
Ccerebidce.  Of  equally  small  size,  and,  to  some  extent,  of  a  somewhat  simi- 
lar style  of  coloration,  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  many  species  in  each 
family  have  been  indifferently  assigned  to  either.  The  genus  Helmintho- 
phaga,  for  instance,  can  scarcely  be  so  defined  as  to  distinguish  it  from  Coni- 
rostrnm,  excepting  by  the  characters  of  the  tongue,  so  rarely  preserved  in  a 
skin,  ...  I  am  by  no  means  sure  that  some  of  the  species  even  now  re- 
tained among  the  SylvicolidcB  would  not  be  more  appropriately  placed  in 
Ccerebidce,  as  HelmintUopJiaga  bachmani,  Parula  gutturalis,  etc.  ...  To  the 
general  character  of  the  tongue  in  the  Sylvicolidce,  however,  that  of  '  Den- 
droica  tigrina'  forms  a  striking  exception  in  its  approximation  to  the  Caere- 
bine  character,  especially  that  of  Certhiola."  And  it  remains  to  be  seen 
whether  various  other  reputed  Sylvicolines  do  not  show  similar  structure  of 
the  tongue,  as  comparatively  few  of  the  species  have  been  examined  with 
reference  to  this  point. 

One  species  of  the  Ccerebidce  is  found  in  the  United  States,  and  has  been 
attributed,  but  erroneously,  to  the  Colorado  Valley :  it  is  the  following : — 

Certbiola  bahamensis.— Bahaman  Honey-creeper. 

Certbia  flaveola,  /?,  L.  SN.  i.  1766,  187,  n.  18  ft  (from  Gates.  Car.  pi.  59,  and  Briss.  Orn.  iii. 

620,  pL  34,  f.  5— this  fig.  however,  is  of  the  Martinique  bird). 
Certhia  flaveola,  y,  6m.  SN.  i.  1788,  479,  n.  18  y  (Catex.  1.  c.  and  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  285,  n.  175).- 

Lath.  IO.  i.  1790,  297,  n.  53. 
Certbiola  flaveola,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  402  (partly).— Baird,  UNA.  1858,  924;  atlas  to  ed.  of 

1860,  pi.  83,  f.  3  (Florida).— Bry.  Pr.  Boat  Soc.  vii.  1859, 117  (Bahamas).— Albr.  J.  f.  O. 

1361, 54  (the  same).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  67  ("Arizona"— a  blunder).— 

Coues,  Key,  1872, 110  (Indian  Key,  Fla.). 
Certbiola  bahamensis,  Reich.  "Handb.  i.  1853,  253"  (from  Catesby).— Comn,  Pr.  Phila. 

Acad.  1864,  271— Baird,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  612  (critical).— J?.  B.  &  B.  NAB.  i.  1874, 

428,  pi.  19,  f.  5  (Florida).— Hensh.  List.  B.  Ariz.  1875,  157  (error). 
Certbiola  bairdi,  Cab.  J.  f.  0. 1865,  412  (=  O.  flaveola  of  Baird,  1858). 
Grimpereau  de  Bahama,  Certhia  bahamensis,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  17CO,  620. 
Parus  bahamiensis,  Bahama  Titmouse,  Catet.  Car.  i.  1771,  59,  pi.  59  (descr.  orig.). 
Bahama  Creeper,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  285,  n.  175. 
Honey  Creeper,  Coues,  1.  c.  (1872). 
HAB.— Bahama  Islands  and  coast  of  Florida. 


198         CHARACTERISTICS  OF  WARBLERS 

diverse,  other  forms  are  observed  to  melt  insensibly  into  each 
other ;  so  that,  taken  altogether,  the  supposed  families  are  in- 
separable. This  state  of  the  case  is  admitted  by  the  best 
authorities,  who  nevertheless  continue  to  follow  usage,  as  I  do 
in  the  present  instance,  partly  for  the  sake  of  convenience, 
partly  because  it  is  not  yet  clear  what  else  to  do.  As  I  re- 
marked some  years  ago,  "  it  is  probable  that  final  critical  study 
will  result  in  a  remapping  of  the  whole  group  n  of  these  allied 
nine-primaried  American  Oscines;  and  I  might  have  added, 
that  such  course  is  urgently  demanded. 

Nevertheless,  it  is  practically  an  easy  matter  to  recognize 
any  North  American  example  of  this  arbitrary  group — the  dif- 
ficulty is  with  its  limitation,  not  within  its  ascribed  boundaries. 
All  the  "  Sylvicolines"  are  small  birds;  excepting  the  species  of 
Icteria,  and  perhaps  of  Siurus,  none  are  over  six  inches  long, 
and  the  mean  length  is  even  less  than  this.  The  usual  or  nor- 
mal shape  of  the  bill  is  that  of  an  elongate  compressed  conoid, 
but  its  variations  in  details  of  configuration  are  great;  in  Icteria 
it  is  very  stout  and  high,  and  in  Setophaga  broad  and  flat,  like  a 
Flycatcher's.  The  bill  is  usually  nicked  near  the  end,  sometimes 
not ;  sometimes  strongly  notched  and  hooked,  though  not  also 
toothed  as  in  Vireonidce — more  as  in  Tyrannidce.  The  rictus 
is  usually  bristled ;  sometimes  not ;  sometimes  the  bristles  are 
very  highly  developed,  much  as  in  Tyrannidce.  The  wings  are 
longer  than  the  tail,  and  more  or  less  pointed,  excepting  in 
Oeothlypis  and  Icteria.  The  feet  show  some  minor,  though  very 
evident,  modifications,  in  adaptation  to  the  scansorial  habits  of 
some  genera,  and  the  terrestrial  habits  of  others. 

This  is  the  second  largest  family  of  North  American  birds, 
the  Fringillidce  alone  surpassing  it  in  number  of  species.  If 
not  exactly  "  representative  ",  in  a  technical  sense,  of  the  Old 
World  Sylviidce,  it  may  be  considered  to  replace  that  family  in 
America,  having  much  the  same  role  in  bird-economy:  both 
families  abound  in  species  and  individuals;  they  are  small, 
migratory,  insectivorous,  and  everywhere  take  prominent  part 
in  the  make-up  of  the  bird-fauna.  There  are  upward  of  a  hun- 
dred species  of  Sylvicolidce,  distributed  over  the  whole  of  North 
and  Middle  America,  and  much  of  South  America.  The  centre 
of  abundance  of  the  Setophagince,  or  Flycatching  Warblers,  is 
in  the  warmer  parts  of  America;  comparatively  few  species 
reach  the  United  States,  and  only  two  or  three  are  extensively 
dispersed  in  this  country.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Sylvicolince 
are  more  particularly  birds  of  North  America;  very  few  of 


CHARACTERISTICS    OF    WARBLERS  199 

the  species  are  confined  to  Middle  or  South  America ;  and 
Dendrceca,  the  leading  type  of  this  group,  is  the  largest,  most 
beautiful,  and  most  attractive  genus  of  North  American  birds, 
preeminently  characteristic  of  this  country. 

I  shall  be  more  particular  in  speaking  of  the  several  sub- 
divisions of  the  family ;  but  I  wish  to  bring  into  this  sketch  of 
the  Warblers  at  large  some  touches  to  show  their  family  traits. 
I  said  that  Dendrceca  was  a  "beautiful"  genus  ;  and  I  am  sure 
that  the  Warblers,  taken  altogether,  are  the  most  attractive  of 
our  birds  to  every  lover  of  birds  for  their  own  sakes — to  every 
one  who  delights  in  those  aesthetic  emotions  which  the  inter- 
pretation of  bird-life  never  fails  to  excite.  We  have  just  seen 
what  a  problem  they  offer  to  the  strict  scientist ;  the  most  de- 
termined utilitarian  will  find  them  not  beneath  his  notice,  for 
their  good  services  in  the  interests  of  agriculture  are  immeas- 
urable ;  the  naturalist  derives  from  them  never-failing  gratifi- 
cation of  his  sense  of  the  beautiful,  whether  he  regards  their 
forms,  their  colors,  or  their  habits.  They  are  prominent  among 
the  birds  that  awaken  and  stimulate  the  enthusiasm  of  the 
young  ornithologist,  nor  do  they  cease  to  feed  the  ardor  of 
maturer  years;  they  challenge  interest  perpetually,  and  en- 
gage attention  in  their  endlessly  varied  aspects.  They  are  the 
universal  favorites  of  the  amateur ;  every  collector  is  keen  on 
the  scent  of  the  "rare  Warbler";  emulation  quickens  the  quest 
of  its  nest  and  eggs;  the  rivalry  is  to  discover  some  unrecorded 
trait,  some  unrecognized  plumage,  some  note  unheard  before; 
and  the  specimen  itself  is  among  the  treasures  of  every  cabi- 
net. Has  any  one  stopped  to  think  what  our  ornithology  would 
be  with  this  life  of  the  woodland  left  out  ? 

With  few  exceptions,  the  Sylvicolidce  are  clad  in  variegated 
colors — always  pretty  and  tasteful,  often  brilliant  and  strikingly 
effective ;  even  when  the  tints  are  subdued,  as  in  the  oliva- 
ceous species,  there  is  a  pleasurable  harmony  of  color,  in  keep- 
ing with  shy  and  modest  demeanor ;  while  some  of  the  War- 
blers may  boast  of  the  most  exquisite  and  delicate  of  hues, 
next  after  those  that  glitter  in  the  sheen  of  iridescence.  Most 
Warblers,  moreover,  have  several  suits  of  color ;  the  sexes  are 
seldom  alike,  the  young  are  different  again,  and  so  many  are 
the  changes,  that  here  is  a  study  by  itself,  to  recognize  the  same 
bird  under  its  color-variations.  The  plumage  of  the  Warblers 
may  be  used  to  illustrate  a  very  broad  and  important  truth  that 
bears  upon  the  question  of  species  itself.  Those  familiar  with 
the  subject  will  recall  the  fact  that  very  few  of  our  Warblers 


200        CHARACTERISTICS  OF  WARBLERS 

offer  any  difficulty  in  the  way  of  discrimination  of  species, 
when  in  perfect  plumage ;  that  is  to  say,  their  »'  specific  char- 
acters "  are  well  marked.  They  are  also  well  aware,  that  none  of 
our  birds  are  more  strictly  and  completely  migratory  than 
these ;  probably  none  of  our  species  reside  permanently  in  any 
one  locality.  Putting  this  and  that  together,  it  is  easy  to  infer, 
as  I  think  we  may  with  entire  accuracy,  that  the  integrity  of 
the  species  depends  upon  their  migrations,  for  they  are  never 
continuously  subjected  to  modifying  local  influences.  Migration 
holds  species  true;  localization  lets  them  slip.  That  the  inherent 
susceptibility  to  variation  is  not  less  in  this  family  than  else- 
where, is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  few  localized  forms  respond 
as  usual  to  modifying  influences.  Take  the  exotic  races  of 
Qeothlypis  trichas  or  Dendrceca petechia  in  instance.  The  Vireos, 
noted  for  the  constancy  of  their  slight  though  obvious  specific 
characters,  offer  a  parallel  case.  For  the  converse,  the  student 
may  be  reminded  of  the  cases  of  such  sedentary  birds  as  species 
of  Picus  and  various  Fringillidce,  which  "run  into  each  other" 
from  one  faunal  area  to  another. 

Musical  proficiency  might  be  reasonably  presupposed  in  a 
group  of  birds  known  by  the  delightfully  suggestive  name  of 
"  warblers  ".  It  is  quite  our  own  fault,  however,  that  they  are 
misnamed;  we  have  simply  perpetuated  an  early  blunder  in 
classification,  by  which  these  birds  were  referred  to  the  Old 
World  genus  Sylvia.  We  have  corrected  the  technical  mis- 
nomer of  "Sylvia",  but  have  been  less  precise  in  our  vernacu- 
lar. Nothing  less  like  warbling  than  the  songs  of  our  "war- 
blers" can  well  be  imagined.  Bluebirds  and  Wrens  warble  or 
trill  their  lays ;  Warblers,  as  a  rule,  do  not.  There  are  few 
great  singers  among  them  all.  Their  voice  usually  is  thin,  sharp, 
"unsympathetic";  the  pitch  is  too  high;  the  notes  are  abrupt 
and  jerky  ;  movement  is  uneven  and  never  long-sustained.  The 
song  indeed  has  musical  quality,  and  may  affect  us  rather  pleas- 
antly ;  but  our  attention  is  more  likely  to  be  arrested  by  its 
oddity  than  attracted  by  its  melody.  I  cannot  but  criticise 
here ;  yet  I  am  ready  to  bear  witness  to  the  endless  variety  of 
the  songs  of  the  Warblers, — probably  every  species  has  its  own, 
distinctly  recognizable  by  the  practised  ear ;  and  much  of  the 
pleasurable  excitement  which  the  study  of  these  birds  affords, 
comes  from  the  effort  of  discriminating  between  their  wonder- 
fully varied  performances.  Probably  no  single  ornithologist 
has  learned  them  all — even  all  those  to  be  heard  in  his  own 


CHARACTERISTICS    OF    WARBLERS  201 

vicinity ;  so  subtile,  so  fugitive,  so  incomprehensible  are  these 
quaint  snatches  of  song,  which  arouse  attention  only  to  disap- 
point expectation,  and  make  us  feel  that  we  can  never  interpret 
the  language  in  which  these  sylvan  sprites  tell  the  story  of  their 
lives.  But  the  Warblers  are  such  a  multitude,  so  composite, 
that  no  indiscriminate  comment,  however  guarded,  can  fail  to 
do  injustice.  There  are  singers  among  them.  The  voice  of  the 
Summer  Yellowbird  is  sweetly  modulated.  The  species  of  the 
genus  Siurus  are  splendid  performers :  the  Golden-crown  is  a 
musician  of  extraordinary  yet  long-unsuspected  ability,  so  sed- 
ulously does  he  hide  his  real  accomplishments — one  who  con- 
tinually obtrudes  upon  us  his  loud  shrill  chant,  in  accelerated 
monotone,  as  if  this  were  all  that  lay  in  his  power ;  yet  in  rare 
moments  of  triumph  delighting  to  transport  us  with  the  ex- 
quisite vocalization  which  his  nuptial  ecstasies  inspire. 

More  anon  of  the  general  habits  of  the  Warblers,  when  I 
come  to  speak  of  the  genera  and  species  individually ;  here  I 
can  do  little  more  than  witness  the  "  various  language  n  which 
they  speak  uto  him  who  in  the  love  of  Nature  holds  communion 
with  her  visible  forms".  The  Warblers  have  we  always  with  us, 
all  in  their  own  good  time;  they  come  out  of  the  South,  pass  on, 
return,  and  are  away  again,  their  appearance  and  withdrawal 
scarcely  less  than  a  mystery;  many  stay  with  us  all  summer 
long,  and  some  brave  the  winters  in  our  midst.  Some  of  these 
slight  creatures,  guided  by  unerring  instinct,  travel  true  to  the 
meridian  in  the  hours  of  darkness,  slipping  past  "  like  a  thief 
in  the  night",  stooping  at  day-break  from  their  lofty  flights 
to  rest  and  recruit  for  the  next  stage  of  the  journey.  Others 
pass  more  leisurely  from  tree  to  tree,  in  a  ceaseless  tide  of 
migration,  gleaning  as  they  go ;  the  hardier  males,  in  full  song 
and  plumage,  lead  the  way  for  the  weaker  females  and  the 
yearlings.  With  tireless  industry  do  the  Warblers  befriend 
the  human  race;  their  unconscious  zeal  plays  due  part  in  the 
nice  adjustment  of  Nature's  forces,  helping  to  bring  about  the 
balance  of  vegetable  and  insect  life,  without  which  agriculture 
would  be  in  vain.  They  visit  the  orchard  when  the  apple  and 
pear,  the  peach,  plum,  and  cherry,  are  in  bloom,  seeming  to 
revel  carelessly  amid  the  sweet-scented  and  delicately -tin  ted 
blossoms,  but  never  faltering  in  their  good  work.  They  peer 
into  the  crevices  of  the  bark,  scrutinize  each  leaf,  and  explore 
the  very  heart  of  the  buds,  to  detect,  drag  forth,  and  destroy 
those  tiny  creatures,  singly  insignificant,  collectively  a  scourge, 


202  ANALYSIS    OF    SYLVICOLID^E 

which  prey  upou  the  hopes  of  the  fruit-grower,  and  which, 
if  undisturbed,  would  bring  his  care  to  nought.  Some  War- 
blers flit  incessantly  in  the  terminal  foliage  of  the  tallest  trees ; 
others  hug  close  to  the  scored  trunks  and  gnarled  boughs  of 
the  forest  kings ;  some  peep  from  the  thicket,  the  coppice,  the 
impenetrable  mantle  of  shrubbery  that  decks  tiny  water- 
courses, playing  at  hide-and-seek  with  all  comers ;  others  more 
humble  still  descend  to  the  ground,  where  they  glide  with  pretty 
mincing  steps  and  affected  turning  of  the  head  this  way  and 
that,  their  delicate  flesh- tinted  feet  just  stirring  the  layer  of 
withered  leaves  with  which  a  past  season  carpeted  the  ground. 
We  may  seek  Warblers  everywhere  in  their  season ;  we  shall 
find  them  a  continual  surprise ;  all  mood  and  circumstance  is 
theirs. 

Naturalists  have  sought  to  divide  the  varied  forms  of  the 
Warblers  into  groups  $  an  attempt  attended  with  no  little  diffi- 
culty, so  varied  are  the  phases  of  bird-life  here  exhibited. 
Even  the  earliest  writers,  whose  genera  were  usually  more 
comprehensive  than  our  modern  families  are,  dissociated  these 
birds  in  three  or  more  different  genera,  Motacilla,  Sylvia,  Mus- 
cicapa,  and  some  others,  vaguely  perceiving  how  varied  these 
birds  are  in  form  and  habits.  Later  systematists  have  multi- 
plied genera,  as  the  fashion  of  minute  subdivision  dictated, 
though  some  of  the  newest  genera,  like  Dendrceea,  Helmintho- 
phaga,  and  Setophaga,  were  still  allowed  to  contain  numerous 
species.  Professor  Baird's  critical  studies  of  this  group  gave 
u.s  four  subfamilies,  according  to  the  schedule*  which  I  subjoin 
» 

*Bill  conical,  its  bristles  very  short,  or  wanting. 

SYLVICOLIN^E.  Bill  conical,  or  about  as  high  as  wide,  or  even  higher, 
•opposite  the  nostrils.  Gape  with  short  bristles,  not  reaching  btyond  the 
nostrils,  or  none.  Tip  of  bill  not  hooked ;  with  or  without  a  faint  notch  ; 
commissure  nearly  straight.  Wings  long  and  pointed  ;  considerably  longer 
than  the  narrow,  nearly  even  tail.  Legs  short  and  weak  :  tar&i  not  as  long 
as  i  he  head  (except  in  Mniotiltece). 

[Sections  Mniotiltece,  or  Creeping  Warblers  (genera  Mniotilta  and  Parula) ; 
Vermivoreos,  or  Swamp  Warblers  (genera  Protonotaria,  Helminthophaga,  and 
Helmintherus) ;  and  Sylvicohce,  or  Wood  Warblers  (genera  Perissoglossa  and 
Dendrosca).~\ 

GEOTHLYPINJE.  Bill  much  as  in  Sylvicolince,  with  distinct  notch ;  slender, 
or  stout,  the  culmen  gently  curved  ;  the  commissure  nearly  straight.  Legs 
much  developed :  tarsi  longer  than  the  skull.  Bristles  of  rictus  short  but 
appreciable.  Ground  Warblers. 

[Sections  Seiurece  (genera  Seiurus  and  Oporornis')  and  G-eothlypece  (genus 
Geothlypis).'] 


ANALYSIS    OP   SYLVICOLID^  203 

for  the  reader's  convenience.  Waiving  the  question  of  absolute 
rank  in  the  scale  of  classification,  we  find  among  our  North 
American  Warblers  at  least  three  strongly  marked  groups,  into 
which  I  divided  our  Warblers  in  the  "Key";  and  I  shall  ad- 
here for  the  present  to  these  divisions,  which  seem  as  natural 
as  they  are  convenient.  They  only  differ  from  those  proposed 
by  Baird  in  the  union  of  his  GeotTilypinm  with  Sylvicolince.  One 
of  these  groups,  Icteriince,  is  so  peculiar  that  it  has  often  been 
altogether  removed  from  the  family.  Another  includes  the 
well-marked  u  Fly-catching  WTarblers";  the  other  covers  the  bal- 
ance of  the  family.  These  groups,  conventionally  rated  as  sub- 
families, may  be  thus  distinguished : — 

Analysis  of  subfamilies. 

Sylvicolince. — Wings  longer  than  tail  (except  in  Geothlypis);  bill  conical, 
slender;  commissure  slightly  curved,  with  short  bristles  or  none.  Size 
moderate. 

Icteriince. — Wings  shorter  than  tail;  bill  compressed,  high,  very  stout; 
commissure  much  curved,  without  any  bristles ;  size  very  large. 

Setophagince.— Wings  longer  than  tail;  bill  broad,  flattened ;  commissure 
slightly  curved,  with  bristles  reaching  far  beyond  the  nostrils. 

SUBFAMILY  S YLVICOLIN JE :    TRUE  WARBLERS 

CHARS. — Bill  conoid-elongate,  shorter  than  head,  about  as 
high  as,  or  rather  higher  than,  wide  opposite  the  nostrils,  not 
hooked,  and  with  but  a  slight  notch,  if  any,  at  tip :  commissure 
straight  or  slightly  curved ;  a  few  rictal  bristles,  reaching  little, 
if  any,  beyond  the  nostrils,  or  none.  Wings  pointed,  longer 
than  the  narrow,  nearly  even  tail. 

This  beautiful  group,  which  comprehends  the  great  majority 
of  the  Warblers,  is  specially  characteristic  of  North  America,  and 
reaches  its  highest  development  in  the  eastern  portions  of  the 
continent,  mainly  through  the  preponderance  of  species  of  the 

ICTERIANJE.    Bill  without  notch,  or  rictal  bristles.    Culnien  and  commis- 
sure much  curved     Wings  much  rounded,  shorter  than  the  tail. 
[Sections  Icteriece  (genus  Icteria)  and  the  exotic  Teretristece."] 

Bill  depressed  ;  rictus  with  long  bristles. 

Setophagince.  Bill  much  depressed,  considerably  broader  than  high  ;  the 
tip  more  or  less  hooked,  with  distinct  notch.  Bristles  lengthened,  reaching 
half  way  or  more  from  the  nostrils  to  tip  of  bill.  Flycatching  Warblers. 

[Genera  Myiodioctes,  Cardellina,  and  Setophaga,  with  their  respective 
subdivisions.] 


204  SYLVICOLIN^E MNIOTILTA   VARIA 

largest  genus,  Dendrceca.  All  the  genera  and  most  of  the  spe- 
cies of  Sylvicolince  are  found  in  this  country,  mainly  as  migrants, 
which  appear  in  the  spring,  pass  the  summer,  and  retire  for  the 
winter  to  Mexico,  the  West  Indies,  and  Central  or  even  South 
America ;  though  some  pass  the  inclement  season  within  our 
limits,  and  one  at  least  is  found  in  winter  in  Korthern  States. 

The  Sylvicolince  are  not  very  well  represented  in  the  Colorado 
Basin,  where  various  genera  are  wanting,  arid  the  Dendrcecce 
are  comparatively  few;  the  Helminthophagce,  however,  are  pro- 
portionally numerous. 

We  may  rapidly  note  some  of  the  characteristics  according  to 
which  the  genera  may  be  thrown  into  recognizable  groups.  The 
genus  Geothtypis,  in  the  first  place,  stands  quite  alone  in  the  rel- 
ative length  of  the  wings  and  tail,  the  former  being  shorter  than 
the  latter:  it  is  one  of  the  u Ground  Warblers'7.  Intimately 
related  is  the  genus  Oporornis — so  intimately,  that  species  of  the 
two  are  sometimes  confounded.  These  genera,  Tith  Siurus,  are 
somewhat  terrestrial  and  aquatic ;  they  have  lengthened,  pale- 
colored  legs,  and  some  of  the  species  step  very  prettily  over  the 
ground,  instead  of  hopping,  or  advancing  both  feet  together, 
like  most  Passeres.  There  is  another  group,  known  as  "  Swamp 
Warblers"  or  "  Worm-eating  Warblers",  consisting  of  the  gen- 
era Helmintherus,  Helminthophaga^  and  Protonotaria :  in  these, 
the  bill  is  extremely  acute,  and  usually  unnotched,  and  has  no 
rictal  bristles.  Two  genera,  Nniotilta*  and  Parula,  the  first  of 

*9fniotilta  v  aria.— Black-and-white  Warbler. 

Motacilla  varia,  L.  SN.  i.  1766,  333,  n.  23  (Briss.  iii.  529,  pi.  27,  f.  5 ;  Sloane,  ii,  309,  pi.  265,  f. 
1).— Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  979,  n.  23.— Turt,  SN.  i.  1806,  603. 

Sylvia  varia,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  539,  n.  116.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ii.  1826,  81.— Nutt.  Man.  i. 
1832,  384.— Thompn.  Vermont,  1853,  83. 

Certhia  varia,  V.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  69.— And.  OB.  i.  1832,  452,  pi.  90.— Peak.  Eep.  Orn.  Mass. 
1839,  340.— Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856,  2?8.—  Willis,  Smiths.  Eep.  for  1858, 1859, 
282  (Nova  Scotia). 

Mniotilta  varia,  V.  "Anal.  1816,  45".— Bp.  PZS.  1837, 118  (Guatemala).— Bp.  List,  1838, 11.— 
And.  Syn.  1839,  71.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  702.— And.  B  A.  ii.  1841,  105,  pi.  114.— 
(?ira«d,BLI.  1844, 70.— Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847, 134.— Bp.  C A.  i.  1850,  311.  -Lembeye,  Av. 
Cuba,  1850, 68,  pL  10,  f.  1.— Burnett,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  iv.  1851, 116.— Bead,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
vi.  1853,  401.— Hoy,  ibid.  312.— TFbod/u  Sitgr.  Rep.  Znni  K.  1853,  69.— Scl  PZS.  1855,143 
(Bogota).— Qundl.  J.  f.  0.  1855,  475  (Cuba).— Pratten,  Tr.  111.  Agr.  Soc.  i.  1855,  603.— 
Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  i.  1856,  '-08.— Brew.  Pr.  Bosk  Soc.  vi.  1856,  6.— Scl.  PZS.  1856,  140 
(Chiriqui) ;  291  (Mexico).— Bry.  Pr.  Bosk  Soc.  vi.  1857.  116  (Nova  Scotia).— Maxim.  J.  f. 
O.  vi.  1858,  108.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  235.— A.  &  E.  Newt.  Ibis,  i.  1859, 143  (Sk  Croix).— Scl. 
PZS.  1859,  363  (Xal*pa);  373  (Oaxaca).— Martens,  J.  f.  O.  1859,  213  ( Bermudas). —Bland, 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  287  (Bermudas).— Bry.  Pr.  Bosk  Soc.  vii.  1859, 110  (Baha- 
mas).— Cab.  J.  f.  0. 1860,  328  (Costa  Rica).— Brew.  Pr.  Bosk  Soc.  vii.  1860, 30fi  (Cuba).— 
Barn.  Smiths.  Eep.  for  1860,  1861,  435.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vii.  1861, 322  (New  Gre- 
nada).-ScZ.  PZS.  1861,  70  (Jamaica).— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1861,  326  (Cuba).— Albrecht,  J.  f. 
0. 1861,  52  (Bahamas).— Albr.  J.  f.  0. 1862, 193  (Jamaica).— Boardm.  Pr.  Bosk  Soc.  ix. 
1862, 124.— Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862, 159  (Dakota).— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  lust.  KL 


SYNONYMY   OP   MNIOTILTA   VARIA  205 

which  is  not  known  to  occur  in  the  Colorado  Basin,  are  "  Creeping 
Warblers",  showing  certain  slight  peculiarities  of  the  feet  which 
adapt  them  (at  least  one  of  them)  to  a  mode  of  life  quite  like 

1862, 146.— March,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  xv.  1863,  293  (Jamaica).—  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864, 167.— 
Scl.  PZS.  1864, 172  (City  of  Mexico);  349  (Panama).—  Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864, 59.- 
Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1865, 174  (Chiriqui).— Dresi.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  47G  (Texas, 
breeding).— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  85.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.viii.  1866,  233.— 
Salv.  PZS.  1867, 135  (Veragua).— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  171.— Law.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. 
ix.  1868,  93  (Costa  Rica).— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  269.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii. 
1868, 108.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  509.— Raymond,  GeoL  Surv.  Indiana,  1869,  216.— 
Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 23 ;  Phila.  ed.  16.— v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  0. 1869, 292  (Costa Rica). —S.  dk  S. 
PZS.  1870,  780  (Merida).— Cope,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  395,  396, 399.— Parker,  Am.  Nat.  v. 
1871,  168.— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871,  114.— Wyatt,  Ibis,  3d  ser.  i.  1871,  322  (Her- 
radura).— Allen,  Am.  Nat  vi.  1872,  265.—  Mayn.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  361.— Scott,  Pr. 
Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,221  (West  Virginia,  breeding).— Oundl  J.  f.  0. 1872,  411  (Cuba).— 
Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872, 175.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  92,  f.  35.— Snow,  B.  Kans.  1873,  4.— 
Ridg.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873, 607.—  Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soe.  xv.  1873, 234.— Herrick,  Bull.  Ess. 
Inst.  v.  1873,  —(New  Brunswick). — CtottesBNW.  1874,  45.— Merr.  Am.  Nat  viii.  1874, 
7,  86.— Packard,  ibid.  271.— Allen.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  52  (Dakota).— B.  B.  <£  R. 
NAB.  i.  1874, 180,  pi.  10,  f.  6.— Ames,  Bull.  Minnesota  Acad.  1874,  55.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost 
Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439.-£awr.  Bull.  TT.  S.  Nat  Mus.  1876, 15  (Tehuantepec).— Gentry,  Life- 
Hist  i.  1876,  91.— Hinot,  B.  N.  Eng.  1877,  97. 

Mniotilla  varia,  V.  "  EM.  1823,  —  ".— Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831, 318.— F.  Gal.  Ois.  i.  1834, 276,  pi. 
169.— Scl.  PZS.  1858,  298  (Parada).— Brewster,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  xi.  1875,  134. 

Minotilta  varia,  S.  <&  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859, 10  (Guatemala). 

Miniotilta  vara,  Gregg,  Proc.  Elmira  Acad.  1870. 

Sylvicola  varia,  Rich.  "  List,  1837  ".—Bry.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xL  1867,  91  (St.  Domingo). 

Nectarinia  varia,  Hahn,  "  Ausland.  V6g.  .  .  .  ". 

Certhia  picta,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1st  ed.  1791,  289  bis  (see  Coues,  Pr,  Phila.  Aead.  1875, 347). 

Certhia  maculata,  Wile.  AO.  iii.  1811,  22,  pi.  19,  f.  3.-Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  27.— 
Denny,  PZS.  1847,  39. 

Oxyglossus  maculatns,  Sw.  Zool.  Journ.  iii.  1827, 357  (type  of  the  genus). 

Mniotilta  borealis,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840, 705.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  312. 

Mniotilta  varia  vdr.  longirostris,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  p.  xxxi,  n.  167. 

Ficedula  dominicensis  varia,  Figuier  varie  de  S.  Domingue,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  1760, 529,  n. 

69,  pi.  27,  f.  5. 

Figuier  varie  de  St.  Domingue,  Buff.  "Hist.  Nat  Ois.  v.  305". 
Black  and  White  Creeper,  Edw.  "Glean.pl.  300". 
White-poll  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  n.  402,  293.— 

Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783,  488,  n.  114. 
Small  Black  and  White  Bird,  Sloane,  "Jam.  ii.  309,  pi. 

265,  f.  1 ". 

Mniotille  varitf,  V.  L  c. 

Orimpereau  varie,  V.  "Ois.  Dor.  ii.  — ,  111,  pi.  74 ". 

Creeping  Warbler,   Northern    Creeping    Warbler, 

Nuttall,  11.  cc. 
Black-and-white  Warbler,  Black-and-white  creep-  ^M^x 

ing    Warbler,    Black-and-white    Creeper, 

Authors. 

FIG.  29.— Black-and-white  Creeper. 

HAB.— Eastern  North  America.  West  to  Dakota  (Hayden,  Allen),  but  not, 
as  far  as  known,  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  any  portion  of  the  United  States. 
North  to  the  Fur  Countries.  South  through  Mexico,  various  West  India 
Islands,  and  Central  America,  to  New  Grenada  at  least.  Not  observed  on  the 
Pacific  side  north  of  Mazatlan.  Breeds  throughout  its  North  American  range. 
Winters  from  the  southern  border  of  the  United  States  to  the  limit  of  its 
distribution. 


206  THE   GENUS   PARULA 

that  of  the  true  Creepers.  The  remaining  genera  are  "  Wood 
Warblers",  chiefly  represented  by  Dendrceca,  from  which  Perisso- 
glossa  and  Peucedramus  have  been  successively  detached,  on  the 
ground  of  certain  peculiarities  of  the  tongue  and  bill,  and  some 
other  features.  In  their  special  habits,  song,  food,  and  mode 
of  nesting,  the  Sylvicolince  differ  among  themselves  to  such  a 
degree  that  it  is  scarcely  possible  here  to  go  into  further  details. 
I  must  refer  to  the  several  histories  of  the  species,  upon  which 
we  are  now  prepared  to  enter.  The  descriptions  and  biographies 
will  be  confined  to  the  species  inhabiting  the  Colorado  Basin ; 
but  I  shall  take  note  of  all  the  Korth  American  species,  giving 
synonymy  and  habitat. 

Genus  PAEULA  Bonaparte 

Chloris,  So'e,  Isis,  1826,  927.  (Not  of  Mohr.  Gen.  Av.  1752,  51.  Type  Parus  americanus  L.) 
SylviC4)la,  Sw.  Zoo}.  Journ.  iii.  1827, 169.  (Not  of  Humph.  Mas.  Galon.  1797,  CO.  Type  Sylvia 

pusUla  Wils.) 

Parula,  Bp.  C.  &  G.  L.  1838, 20.    (Type  Parus  americanws  L.) 
Compsothlypis,  Cab.  Mas.  Hein.  i.  1850, 20  (same  type). 
Ficedula,  Des  Murs,  "  — ,  1853,  —  "  (fide  Gray ;  nee  anct). 

This  generic  name,  based  upon  Parus  americanus  of  Linna3us, 
and  latterly  restricted  to  include  only  species  having  the  same 
pattern  of  coloration  as  the  bird  just  named,  is  now  employed  to 
designate  a  group  of  Warblers  considered  by  Baird  to  be  most 
nearly  related  to  Mniotilta,  all  of  which  have  the  upper  parts 
bluish,  with  a  yellowish  patch  on  the  back,  and  the  under  parts 
more  or  less  yellow.  The  tail-feathers  have  white  spots,  as  in 
Dendrceca.  The  bill  is  very  short,  quite  stout,  acutely  conical, 
and  notched  near  the  tip.  The  rictus  is  evidently  furnished 
with  bristles,  though  these  are  few  and  short.  The  hind  toe  is 
decidedly  longer  than  its  claw,  and  the  anterior  toes  are  rather 
more  than  usually  connate  at  the  base.  The  tarsus  is  longer 
than  the  middle  toe  and  claw.  The  lateral  claws  are  of  un- 
equal lengths.  But  the  structural  peculiarities  are  very  slight, 
and  the  species  are  easiest  recognized  by  the  pattern  of  colora- 
tion and  the  very  small  size — five  inches  in  length,  or  less. 

If  the  group  is  considered  worth  retaining,  its  proper  name 
is  uncertain.  Chloris  was  used  by  Mohring  in  1752  for  a  dif- 
ferent group  5  but  if  his  genera  are  to  be  rejected  as  pre-Linna3an, 
the  employ  of  Chloris  by  Boie  in  1826  may  require  to  be  endorsed. 
Sylvicola  of  Swainsou,  1827,  whether  applying  exclusively  here 
or  not,  is  clearly  antedated  in  zoology  by  Sylvicola  of  Humph- 
reys, 1797.  Parula  of  Bonaparte,  1838,  if  acceptable  without 
diagnosis,  is  antedated  by  Parulus  of  Spix,  "  Av.  Bras.  i.  1824, 


PARULA    NIGRILORA  207 

85".  Cabanis,  in  proposing  Compsothlypis  in  1850,  defends  it 
on  the  ground  that  ,,diefriiheren  Namen  dieser  Gruppe  sind 
bereits  auderweitig  vergeben" — that  all  the  earlier  names  are 
preoccupied.  Baird  does  not  see  why  Chloris  is  not  tenable. 

To  the  species  long  known  as  the  only  one  of  the  United 
States,  I  recently  had  the  pleasure  of  adding  another,  discov- 
ered in  Texas,  ahd  then  new  to  science.* 

*  Parula  n igr flora.— Sen nett's  Warbler. 

$  Stibccerulea,  dorso  medio  vircnti-flavo,  ali»  albo-Hfasciatis,  palpebria  nigris 
immaculatis,  loris  Unedquefrontalinigerrimis;  %ubtu8flava,juguloaurantiaco,ab- 
domine  infimo,  hypochondriis  crissoque  albis. 

$  adult :  Upper  parts  of  the  same  ashy-blue  color  as  in  P.  americana,  with 
a  dorsal  patch  of  greenish-yellow  exactly  as  in  that  species.  Wings  also  ai 
in  americana,  dusky,  with  grayish-blue  outer,  and  whitish  inner,  edgings, 
and  crossed  by  two  conspicuous  white  bars,  across  tips  of  greater  and  middle 
coverts.  Tail  as  in  americana,  but  the  white  spots  smaller  and  almost  re- 
stricted to  two  outer  feathers  on  each  side.  Eyelids  black  without  white 
marks.  Lores  broadly  and  intensely  black,  this  color  extending  as  a  narrow 
frontal  line  to  meet  its  fellow  across  base  of  culmen,  and  also  reaching  back 
to  invade  the  auriculars,  on  which  it  shades  through  dusky  to  the  general 
bluish.  Under  parts  yellow  as  far  as  the  middle  of  the  belly,  and  a  little 
farther  on  the  flanks,  and  also  spreading  up  the  sides  of  the  jaw  to  involve 
part  of  the  mandibular  and  malar  region ;  on  the  fore  breast  deepening  into 
rich  orange,  but  showing  nothing  of  the  orange-chestnut  and  blackish  of 
P.  americana.  Lower  belly,  flanks  and  crissum,  white.  Bill  black  above, 
yellow  below.  Legs  undeflnable  light  horn  color.  Length  (of  skins,  about) 
4.50;  wing  2.00-2.20;  tail  1.80-1.90;  bill  from  nostril  0.38-0.40;  tarsus  0.62- 
0.65;  middle  toe  alone  0.40.  (Extremes  of  three  adult  males.) 

Habitat :— Texas,  and  doubtless  Mexico  (Hidalgo,  Texas),  G.  B.  Sennett, 
Apr.-May,  1877,  Nos.  248  (type),  343,  396. 

This  bird  is  entirely  distinct  from  P.  americana,  and  belongs  to  the  pitia- 
yumi  type.  From  americana  it  is  distinguished  by  the  extension  of  the  yellow- 
to  the  middle  belly  and  flanks,  absence  of  the  decided  blackish  collar,  lack 
of  white  on  eyelids,  and  broadly  black  lores  involving  auriculars  and  frontal 
stripe.  The  upper  parts,- wings,  and  tail  are  substantially  as  in  americana, 
the  tint  of  the  upper  parts,  shape  and  color  of  the  dorsal  patch,  and  the  white 
wing-bars  being  the  same  in  both.  From  P.  inornata  Baird  it  differs  in  the 
presence  of  the  wing-bands  and  color  of  the  upper  parts,  inornata  being  a 
deep  blue  species  with  plain  wings.  From  pitiayumi  it  differs  in  the  much 
lighter  colored  upper  parts,  and  less  of  the  yellow  below,  pitiayumi  having 
a  deep  plumbeous- blue  back  and  the  yellow  extending  to  the  crissum.  The 
relationships  are  closest  to  P.  insularis,  agreeing  in  having  the  lower  abdo- 
men and  flanks  white,  like  the  criesum,  instead  of  yellow  like  the  breast, 
as  is  the  case  both  with  inornata  and  pitiayumi.  The  differences  from  inw- 
laris,  however,  are  readily  expressed ;  the  lores  being  decidedly  black,  and 
broadly  contrasting  with  the  bluish-gray,  as  in  pitiayumi  and  inornata,  and 
the  wing-bands  being  as  broad  and  distinct  as  they  are  in  americana,  instead 
of  narrow  as  in  insularis,  and  the  yellow  of  the  throat  extending  on  the  malar 
region,  while  in  insularis  the  yellow  is  strictly  confined  between  the  sides 
of  the  jaw. 


208        SYNONYMY  OF  PARULA  AMERICANA 


Blue  Yellow-backed  Warbler 

I'arnla  aiiiericaiin 

Parus  americanus,  L.  SN.  i.  10th  ed.  1758,  190,  n.  3  (Gates,  i.  64) ;  i2th  ed.  1766,  341, 
n.  4.— Gm.  SX.  i.  1788,  1007,  n.  4  (Briss.  hi.  522;  Buff.  v.  301;  PE.  7:51,  i.  I).— Turf. 
SN.  i.  1806,  622.— Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  571,  n.  28. 

Motacilla  americana,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788, 960,  n.  73  (Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  440,  n.  3t>).— J^r;. 
SN.  i.  1806,  590. 

Sylvia  americana,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  520,  n.  40.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  83.— And. 
OB.  i.  1832,  78,  pi.  15.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  11.— D'Orb.  Ois.  Cuba,  1839,  G7.— 
Thomps.  Verm.  1853,  app.  24. 

Sylvicola  americana,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836,  1837,  — .— Aud.  Syn. 
1839,  59.— Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841,  57,  pi.  91.— Denny,  PZS.  1847,  38.—  Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep. 
Znni,  1853,  71.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  311  —  Read,  ibid.  399—  Pratten,  Tr.  Illi- 
nois Agr.  Soc.  1855, 602.  -Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856, 207.— Sci.  PZS.  1857, 202  (Tlacotai- 
pam,  VeraCraz).— Max.  J.  f.  O.  vi.  1858, 116.— Martens,  J.  f.  0. 1859,  213  (Bermudas).— 
WiUis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  185»,  1859,  282  (Nova  Scotia).— Bland,  ibid.  287  (Bermudas).— 
Brew.  Pr.  Boat  Soc.  vii.  1860,  307  (Cuba).— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  438  (Mis- 
souri).— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soo.  x.  1856,  251  (Porto  Rico).— Bry.  J.  f.  0.  1866,  184  (the 
same).— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871,  114  (Minnesota). 

Purala  americana,  Bp.  CGL.  1838, 20.— Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847, 154.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  310.-^rf. 
BNA.  1838,  238.— S.  dk  A  Ibis,  i.  1859,  10  (Guatemala).— A.  &  E.  Newt.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  143 
(St.  Croix).— Cats.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xii.  1860,  376  (St.  Thomas  Island).— Scl.  PZS. 
1861,  70  (Jamaica).— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1961,  326  (Cuba).— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  I860, 
1861,  435.— Coues  <£  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  405.— Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos. 
sJoc.  xii.  186-2,  159.— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862,  192.— Albrecht,  J.  f.  O.  1862,  19-J 
v  Jamaica).— March,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xv.  1863,  293  (Jamaica).—  Verr.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix. 
1863,  233  (Maine).— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  59.—  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  169.— 
Dress.  Ihis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  476  (San  Antonio,  Tex.).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii. 
1866,  263.— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  85.— Brew.  Am.  Nut.  i.  1867,  117.— 
Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  177.— Coues,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868, 161.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
xii.  1868,  108.— Cones,  Pr.  Ess.  Inat.  v.  1868,269.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ix.  1869, 
200  (Yucatan).— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  23  ;  Phila.  ed.  16— Oope,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  395, 
396,  397.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxiii.  1871,  20.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  1871,  267 
(Florida,  wintering).—  Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  124,  175  (Kansas,  .fee.).— Allen,  Am. 
Nat.  vi.  1872,  265.— Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  221  (West  Virginia,  in  summer).— 
Aiken,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  196  (Colorado).— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  361.— 
Qundl.  J.  f.  0. 1872,  411  (Cuba).— Gouts,  Key.  1872,  92.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xv.  1873, 
234.— Herrick,  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873,  —  (New  Brunswick).— Bidg.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v. 
1873,  180  (Colorado).—  Merr.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  86.— Packard,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874, 
271.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  46.— Ames,  Bull.  Minnesota  Acad.  1874,  55.— B.  B.  &  B.  NAB. 
i.  1874,  208,  figs.  pi.  10,  f.  l.—Brewster,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  1875,  134  (Virginia,  probably 
breeding).— Atoe ton,  Birds  of  Greenland,  1875?,  98  (one  specimen  from  the  Southern 
Inspectorate  in  1857).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439.— Gentry,  Life-Hut.  1876, 
94.— Lawr.  Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  no.  4,  1876,  15  (Tehuantepec).— Deane,  Bull.  Nuttall  Club, 
i.  187fi,  21  (albinotic).— Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877,  99. 

Agreeably  to  the  latest  fashion,  the  bird  will  probably  stand  as  pitiayumi 
var.  nigrilora;  but  its  probable  gradation  into  pitiayumi  through  Mexican  and 
Central  American  specimens  remains  to  be  shown.  It  is  thoroughly  distinct 
from  P.  americana. 

This  welcome  and  unexpected  addition  to  our  fauna  was  made  by  my 
esteemed  correspondent,  Mr.  George  B.  Sennett,  during  his  collecting  tour  in 
Texas  in  the  spring  of  1877,  when  other  novelties  and  many  interesting 
points  were  brought  to  light  through  his  diligent  and  successful  enterprise. 
Mr.  Sennett  secured  three  adult  males  at  Hidalgo,  Texas,  some  seventy  miles 
from  Fort  Brown,  during  the  months  of  April  and  May. 


CHARACTERS    OF   PARULA   AMERICANA  209 

Compsothlypis  Americana,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,  20.-  Gundl.J.  f.  O.  1855,  476  (Cuba). 
Mniotilta  americana,  Gray,  G.of  B.i.  1848, 196.— Reinh.  Ibis,  iii.  1861,  6  (Greenland). 
Motacilla  cques,  Bodd.  Tabl.  PE.  1783,  46  (PE.  731,  f.  1). 

Motacilla  ludoviciana,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  983,  n.  148  (Briss.  iii.  500,  n.  55,  pi.  26,  f.  4  ;  Buff. 
"  v.  288" ;  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  407,  n.  303).— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  605.— Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1631,  418. 
Sylvia  ludoviciana.  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  535,  n.  105.-Steph.  Shaw's  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  713. 
Sylvia  torquata,  V.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  38,  pi.  99.— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  438,  n.  67. 
Thriotli ur us  torquatus,  Steph.  Shaw's  Gen.  Zool.  xiv.  1826,  194. 
Sylvia  pusllla,  Wils.  AO.  iv.  1811,  17,  pi.  23,  f.  3.— Gosge,  Alabama,  1859,  295. 
Sylvicola  pusilla,  &w.  Zool.  Journ.  iii.  1827, 169  (typo  of  the  genus) ;  Cl.  B.  ii.  1837,  245. 
Ficcdula  ludoviciana,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  1760,  500,  n.  55.  pi.  26,  f.  4. 

Louisiana  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 480,  n.  101.— Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  407,  n.  303. 
Parus  fringillaris,  Finch-Creeper,  Gates.  Car.  i.  1771, 64,  pi.  64. 
Parus  varius,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1791,  292. 

Creeping  Titmouse,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  423,  n.  326.—  Lath,  Syn.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783,  558,  n.  27. 
Yellow-backed  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783,  440,  n.  36. 
Ficedula  carolinensis  cinerea,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  1760, 522,  n.  66. 
Figuier  cendr6  a  collier,  Buff.  "  Hist.  Nat.  Ois.  v.  301 "  (PE.  731,  f.  1). 
Figuier  cendre,  de  la  Caroline,  Buff.  PE.  731,  f.  i. 

Fauvette  a  collier,  V.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 438.— Le  M.  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 201. 
Particolored  Warbler,  Blue  Yellow-backed  Warbler,  Authors. 

HAB. — Eastern  North  America.  West  to  Nebraska  (Hayden),  and  even  to 
the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado  (Aiken);  hence 
probably  to  be  hereafter  detected  in  the  Colorado  Basin.  North  regularly  to 
British  America  (New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  &c.) ;  casually  to  Greenland 
(auct.  Rcinhardt,  Newton).  South  through  various  West  India  Islands  and 
Mexico  to  Guatemala  at  least.  Breeds  chiefly  in  the  northerly  portion  of 
its  range,  but  perhaps  in  the  greater  part  of  the  United  States  (Illinois,  Vir- 
ginia, New  Jersey,  &c.).  Winters  from  Florida  southward. 

CH.  SP. —  $  Subccerulea,  dorso  medio  mrenti-flavo,  palpebris 
albo  maculatis,  alls  albo  bifasciatis,  caudd  albo  maculatd,  lor  is 
nigricantibus ;  subtus  alba,  jugulo  et  pectore  flavis,  spatio  pec- 
torali  obscuriore  ;  maxilla  nigrd,  mandibuld  subflavd  aut  albidd. 
Long.  tot.  4£-4j  ;  alee  2Jj  caudce  lj.  9  coloribus  minus  vegetis ; 
juv.  dorso  toto  virescente,  etc. 

$ ,  in  spring :  Upper  parts  clear  ashy-blue,  the  middle  of  the  back  with  a 
triangular  patch  of  greenish-yellow  or  brownish-golden.  Lores  dusky.  A 
white  spot  on  each  eyelid.  Wings  blackish,  crossed  on  the  ends  of  the 
greater  and  middle  coverts  with  two  broad  white  bars;  the  primaries  nar- 
rowly, the  secondaries  more  broadly,  edged  externally  with  the  color  of  the 
back,  and  internally  with  white.  Tail  like  the  wings,  with  much  edging 
of  the  outer  webs  like  the  back,  the  middle  feathers  being  mostly  bluish ; 
at  least  two  outer  feathers  on  each  side  with  large,  white,  squarish  patches 
on  the  inner  web  near  the  end,  usually  the  third  feather  blotched  with 
white,  and  a  white  touch  on  the  fourth  and  even  the  fifth  feather.  Chin 
and  throat  yellow,  rather  narrowly  confined,  this  yellow  spreading  over  the 
whole  breast,  but  much  of  the  breast  spotted  or  tinged  with  orange-brown, 
and  the  jugulum  showing  even  a  decided  blackish  collar.  The  coloration  of 
this  part  is  very  variable  ;  sometimes,  in  addition  to  the  colors  mentioned, 
reddish-brown  markings  occur  in  the  white  along  the  sides,  much  as  in  the 
Chestnut-sided  Warbler.  Rest  of  under  parts  white.  Bill  above  black; 
14  B  C 


210  SYNONYMY    OF    PROTONOTARIA    CITREA 

below  whitish  or  flesh-colored,  drying  yellowish.  Length,  4£-4£;  extent 
about  7f  ;  wing,  2fc;  tail,  If. 

$ ,  in  spring,  like  the  male,  the  upper  parts  less  brightly  bluish,  some- 
times with  a  slight  greenish  gloss,  the  back-patch  not  so  well  defined ;  less 
white  on  the  tail,  the  white  wing-bands  narrower,  and  the  dark  or  reddish 
tinting  of  the  fore  breast  less  decided  or  scarcely  indicated,  the  yellow  itself 
being  more  restricted. 

Young  of  either  sex  in  the  fall  have  the  bluish  of  the  upper  parts  glossed 
over  with  greenish,  sometimes  to  such  extent  as  to  obscure  the  dorsal  patch, 
which  is  then  not  very  different  from  the  rest  of  the  upper  parts.  White  tail- 
spots  smaller,  generally  confined  to  two  outer  feathers  on  each  side.  White 
wing-bands  narrower.  Edging  of  tail  and  wings  tinged  with  greenish,  like 
the  back.  Eyelids  not  spotted  -with  white.  Yellow  of  fore  under  parts 
pale,  with  little  or  no  indication  of  the  dusky  across  the  jugulum.  White 
of  the  under  parts  tinged  with  yellowish  posteriorly,  and  frequently  show- 
ing brownish  touches  along  the  sides.  From  the  latter  fact  I  am  disposed 
to  think  that  the  highest  spring  plumage  of  the  males  is  not  that  with  the 
most  golden-brown  in  the  yellow  of  the  breast  and  with  the  reddish  along 
the  sides,  but  that  in  which  the  heavier  coloration  is  condensed  into  the 
blackish  jugular  collar,  leaving  the  rest  of  the  yellow  intact. 

Genns  HELMINTHOPHAGA  Cabanis 

The  birds  of  this  genus  are  distinguished  among  the  War- 
blers for  the  acuteness  and  attenuation  of  the  bill,  together 
with  the  straightness  of  its  several  outlines,  tha  entire  absence 
of  notch  near  the  tip,  and  lack  of  bristles  at  base.  The  wings  are 
long  and  pointed,  in  one  species  nearly  half  as  long  again  as 
the  tail,  which  is  even  or  slightly  einarginate,  narrow,  and 
rather  short.  The  tarsi  are  longer  than  the  middle  toe.  The 
genus  comprehends  the  "Worm-eating"  or  " Swamp"  War- 
blers, and  is  very  closely  related  to  both  Protonotaria  and  Hel- 
mintherus  :  species  of  all  three  were  formerly  included  in  the 
genus  Vermivora  or  Hclinaia  of  authors.  Protonotaria*  is 

"Protonotaria  citrea.— Prothonotary  Warbler. 

MotacHla  Citrea,  Bodd.  Tabl.  PE.  1783,  44  (PE.  704,  f.  2). 

Mniotllta  citrea,  Gray,  G.of  B.  i.  1848, 196  (after  Boddaert). 

Protonotaria  Citrea,  Bd.  BETA.  1858,  239.— Wheat,  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for  I860,  1861,  363.— 
Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1861, 324  (Cuba).— Ooues  &  Prent.  Smiths.  Pvep.  for  1861, 1862,  406  (Wash- 
ington, D.  C.).— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  435  (Pennsylvania).— Gundl. 
J.  f.  O.  1862,  178  (Cuba).— Verr.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1863,  233  (Maiue).— Bd.  Rev.  AB. 
1864, 173.— Ooues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  108  (South  Carolina).— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  lust, 
v.  1868,  269  ("New  England",  Verr.).— Laurr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ix.  1868,  94  (Costa 
Rica) ;  ibid.  1869,  200  (Yucatan).— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  53 ;  Ph'la.  ed.  42.— v.  Frantz. 
J.  f.  0.  1869,  292  (Costa  Rica).— S.  &  S.  PZS.  1870,  780  (Merida).— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1872, 
411  (Cuba).— Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1674,  199.— Eidgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  1874,  367 
(Illinois,  abundant).— Snow,  B.  Kane.  1873, 4  (Neosho  Falls,  Kans.).— B.  B.  &  E.  NAB. 
i.  1874,  184,  figs.,  pi.  10,  f.  8.— Brew.  Pr.Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439  (New  England). 

Protonotaria  citrtea,  Coues,  Key,  1872,  93,  f.36.— Cowes.BNW.  1874,  47.— Merr.  Am.  Nat. 
viii.  1874,  87.— Nelson,  Ball.  Nutt,  Orn.  Club,  i.  1876,  42  (Illinois).— Minot,  B.  N.  Engl. 

Helminthophaga  citrea,  Cab.  J.  f.  0. 1861, 85  (Costa  Rica).  [1877, 90. 


SYNONYMY  OF  HELMINTHERUS  VERMIVORUS    211 

characterized  by  its  much  larger,  less  acute  bill,  which  nearly 
equals  the  head  in  length,  is  slightly  notched  at  the  tip,  and 
has  a  few  rictal  bristles ;  the  tarsi  are  about  equal  to  the  middle 
toe  and  claw  5  the  very  long,  pointed  wings  exceed  the  tail  by 
an  inch,  and  the  tail  is  slightly 
graduated.  The  system  of  col- 
oration is  peculiar,  resulting  in 
one  of  the  handsomest  of  the 
Warblers,  the  whole  head  and 
under  parts  being  intense  gold- 
en-yellow, shading  on  the  back 

through  Olive  to  bluish-ash .    There  ElG-  SO.-Worm-eating  Warbler. 

is  but  one  species,  inhabiting  the  Eastern  United  States,  and, 
unlike  the  Helminthophagce,  nesting  in  holes.  The  genus  Helmin- 
therm*  is  even  nearer  Helminthophaga,  having  an  entirely 

Motacilla  protonotarius,  Gm,  SN.  i.  1788, 972,  n.  111.—  Turt.  SN.  i.  1806, 598.— Less.  Tr.  Orn. 

1831,  418. 
Sylvia  protonotarius,  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790, 542,  n.  128.— V.  OAS.  ii.  1807, 27,  pi.  83.— Fib.  AO.  iii. 

1811, 72,  pi.  24,  f.  3.—Bp.  Jouru.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  195.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ii.  1826, 

86.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  410.— And.  OB.  i.  1832,  22 ;  v.  1839,  460,  pi.  3  (Dacnis  on  pi.). 
Sylvicola  protonotaria,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836, 1837, 171. 
Vermivora  protonotarius,  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  21.— Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  Zufii,  1853,  72.— Hoy, 

Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864, 1865,  438  (Missouri). 
Helinaia  protonotarius,  And.  Syn.  1839,  67.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  89,  pi.  106.— Pratten,  Tr. 

Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  602. 
Helm  Micros  protonotarius,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 314. 
Helminthophaga  protonotarius,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 20. 
Motacilla  auriCOlliS,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788, 984,  n.  150  (Briss.  iii.  508,  n.  59,  pi.  26,  f.  1 ;  Buff.  v.  290 ; 

Penn.  ii.  408).— Turt.  SX.  i.  180G,  606. 
Sylvia  auriCOlliS,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  536,  n.  107  (Buff.  v.  290).— F.  Ency.Me"th.  ii.  1823,447, 

n.99.—  .ZVtttt.  Man.  i.  1832, 380.— Peab.Hep.Orn.  Mass.  1839,  309.— LinsL  Am.  Joura.  Sci. 

xliv.  1843, 257  (see  Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 147). 
Sylvicola auricollis,  Nutt.  "Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  431". 
Mniotilta  auricollis,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 
Orange-throat  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  408,  n.  304. 
Orange-throated  Warbler ,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  481,  n.  103  ("  Canada"). 
Grand  Figuier  de  Canada,  Ficedula  canadensis  major,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  1760,  508,  n.  59, 
Figuier  Protonotaire,  Buff.  "  ix.  465  ",  or  "  v.  316  ",  or  "  vi  191 ".  [pi.  26,  f.  1. 

Fauvette  protonotaire,  Sylvia  protonotaria,  F.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817,  211,  pi.  D  22,  f.  2. 
Figuier  a  gorge  orangee,  Buff.  "  v.  290". 

Figuier  a  ventre  et  tete  Jaunes  de  la  Louisiane,  Buff.  PE.  704,  f.  2. 
Fauvette  a  gorge  orangee,  V.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823,  447. 

Prothonotary  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  410,  n.  310.— Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783,  494,  n.  123. 
Prothonotary  Warbler,  Prothonotary  Swamp  Warbler,  Golden  Swamp  Warbler,  Authors. 

HAB. — Eastern  United  States,  rather  southerly.  North  casually  to  Maine 
and  New  Brunswick.  West  to  Missouri,  Kansas,  Indian  Territory,  and  Texas. 
Cuba  (the  only  West  Indian  record).  Apparently  not  noted  in  Mexico.  South 
to  Panama.  Has  been  found  breeding  abundantly  in  Illinois  and  Kansas. 
Rare  or  casual  in  all  Eastern  and  Middle  States.  Not  known  to  winter  in 
the  United  States* 

*  Helmintherus  vermivorns.— Wo r in-eating  Warbler. 
Motacilla  vermivora,  6m.  SN.  i.  1788,  951,  n.  55  (Edw.  pi.  305,  &c.).— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806, 585. 
Sylvia  vermivora,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  544,  n.138.— Wils.  AO.  iii.  1811,  74,  pi.  24,  f.  4 — v 


212          SYNONYMY   OF   HELMINTHERUS    SWAINSONI 

unnotehed   bill;  it  differs  chiefly  in  the  less  acuteness  and 
greater  robustness  of  the  bill,  which  in  one  species  mounts  high 

N.  D.  d'H.  N.  2cled.  xi.  1817,278.— V.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  480,  n.  105.— Bp.  Jotirn. 
Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 196.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826, 86.  -Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 409.— 
Aud.  OB.  i.  1832,  177 ;  v.  1839,  4GO,  pi.  34.—Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  3l2.—Linsley, 
"  Am.  Joura.  Sci.  xliv.  1843,  — "  (Conn.).— Thomps.  NH.  Vermont,  1853,  83. 

Dacnis  vermivora,  Aud.  "  name  on  pi.  34  ". 

Sj  Ivicola  vermivora,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836, 1837, 171. 

Helinaia  vermiVOPa,  Aud.  Syn.  1839,  66.— Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841,  86,  pi.  105.— Lembeye,  Av. 
Cuba,  1850,  35,  pi.  6,  f.  4.—Pratten,  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  for  1854,  1855,  60:2.—  Putn. 
Pr.  Ess.  Inst  i.  1856, 227.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860,  307  (Cuba). 

Mniotilta  vermivora,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 

Hylopbilus  vermivora,  Temm.  "  Tabl.  Meth.  36"  (quoted  from  Giebel). 

Helm  micros  vermivora,  Bp.  C  A.  i.  1850, 314. 

Helmitheros  vermivorus,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 20.— Gundl.  J.  f.  0.  1855,  476  (Cuba).— Sci.  PZS. 
1859, 363  (Xalapa).-(7a&.  JfO.  1860,  328  (Costa Rica). -Gundl.  JfO.  1861, 326,  409  (Cuba). 

Telmitherus  vermivorus,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  252.— S.  <£  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  11  (Guatemala).— 
Wheat.  Ohio  Agr.  Rep.  for  1860, 1861, 363.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860, 1861, 435.— Coues 
&  Trent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  406  (Washington,  summer).— Terr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii. 
1862, 156.-Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  *2.-Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 179.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye. 
viii.  1866,  284.— Salv.  PZS.  1867,  135  (Veragna).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.Y.  is.  1863,94 
(Costa  Rica).— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  270.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868, 109. 
Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  178.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  516,-Jackson,  Am.  Nat.  iii. 
1869,  556.— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 23  ;  Phila.  ed.  16.—  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1869, 
200  (Yucatan).— Sumich.  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.i.  1869,  546  (Orizaba).— Gregg,  Pr.  Elmira 
Acad.  1870  (Ohemung  Co.,  N.  Y.).— Abbott,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  543.— Gunctl.  J.  f.  0. 1872, 
412  (Cuba).— Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  231  (West  Va.,  breeding).— Coues,  Key, 
1872,  93,  f.  37.— Purdie,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  692.— Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1873,  45  (wintering).  — 
Jtidgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  1874, 368  (Illinois).— Snow,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  757.— Coues, 
BNW.  1874,  48.— B.  B.  &  B.  NAB.  i.  1874,  187,  figs.  pi.  10,  f.  10.— Brewster,  Ann.  Lye. 
N.Y.  xi.  1875,  134  (Virginia;  habits).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439.— Gentry, 
Life-Hist.  1876, 97.— Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877,  89.—  Purdie,  Bull.  Nutt.  Club,  ii  1877, 21 
(Connecticut).— Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 12  (Connecticut). 

Helmintberus  vermivorus,  v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  0. 1869, 293  (Costa  Rica). 

Helmitherus  migratorius,  Raf.  "  Jrn.  de  Phys.  Ixviii,  1819, 417  ".—Hartl.  "  RZ.  1845,  342  ". 

Vermivora  pennsylvanica,  "Sw."— Bp.  List,  1838,  20.-Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847,  150.— Hoy, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  212.—  Albrecht,  J.  f.  O.  1862,  194,  201  (Jamaica).— March,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  1863,  393  (Jamaica).— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864, 1865, 438  (Missouri). 

Vermivora  fulvicapilla,  Sw.  Class.  Birds,  ii.  1837, 245,  f.  213  g. 

Worm-eater  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 406,  n.  300. 

Figuier  de  Pens  51  van  ie,  Ficedula  pens  11  van  ica,  Briss.  Orn.  vi.  1760,  App.  102,  n.  76. 

Worm-eater,  Edw.  Glean,  pt.  ii.  200,  pi.  305.— Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  499,  n.  133. 

Demi-fin  Mangeur  de  vers,  Buff.  "v.  325". 

Pitpit  vermivore,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817,  278.— V.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 480. 

Worm-eating  Warbler,  Worm-eating  Swamp  Warbler,  Authors. 

HAB.— Eastern  United  States.  West  to  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Indian  Ter- 
ritory. North  regularly  to  the  Middle  States,  frequently  to  New  England  in 
the  Connecticut  Valley,  casually  to  Maine.  In  winter,  Florida,  Cuba,  Ja- 
maica, Eastern  Mexico,  and  Central  America.  Known  to  breed  in  most  of 
its  United  States  range,  and  probably  does  so  throughout. 

Helmintherus  swainsoni.— Swainson's  Warbler. 

Sylvia  SWainsonii,  Aud.  OB.  ii.  1834, 563,  pi.  198.—  Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  313  (wrong). 
Sylvicola  swainsonii,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Aasoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836, 1837, 171. 
Helinaia  swainsonii,  Aud.  Syn.  1839, 66  (type  of  genus.    South  Carolina  to  Massachusetts- 
wrong).—  Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841,  83,  pi.  104.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  lost.  i.  1856,  227  (wrong). 
Helmitherus  swainsonii,  Bd.  BNA.  1858, 252.— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864, 82  (wrong).- 

Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 576  (corrects  the  error).— Coues,  Key,  1872,  93. 
Helmintbophaga  swainsonii,  Allen,  Am.  Nat,  iii.  i860, 513. 
Vermivora  swainsoni,  Bp.  CGL.  1838, 21. 


HELMINTHOPHAGA  LEUCOBRONCHIALIS  213 

on  the  forehead,  and  in  the  other  is  provided  with  slight  rictal 
bristles,  and  in  the  relative  length  of  the  tarsi  and  toes.  The  two 
species  commonly  referred  to  Helmintherus  are  confined  to  the 
Eastern  United  States;  they  are  among  the  most  simply- 
colored  of  the  Warblers,  being  plain  olivaceous,  with  more  or 
less  characteristic  stripes  on  the  head. 

The  genus  Helmlntliopliaga,  established  by  Dr.  Cabanis  in 
1850,  is  peculiarly  North  American,  all  the  known  species  being 
found  in  this  country,  and  some  of  them  not  yet  ascertained  to 
occur  elsewhere.  It  is  the  second  largest  genus  of  the  subfamily 
Sylvicolince.  To  the  six  species  known  to  the  earlier  writers, 
two  more  were  added  a  few  years  ago,  and  two  others  have 
been  just  now  described.  It  is  a  notable  circumstance  that 
these  birds  scarcely  occur  iu  the  West  Indies,  except  in  Cuba. 
The  two  species  last  described,  H.  leucobronchialis*  and  H. 

Mniotilta  swainsoni,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848,.  196. 

Helmltheros  swainsoni,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,  W.-Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 314. 

Helniitherus  swainsoni,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  180.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  270 
(wrong).—  Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  109  (South  Carolina).— Oundl.  J.  f.  0. 1872, 412 
(Cuba).— Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1873,  47.— B.B.  16  B.  NAB.i.  1874,  190,  pi.  10.  f.9;  iii.  1874, 
504  (Florida).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  451  (corrects  the  long-standing  error). 

Swainson's  Swamp  Warbler,  Swainson's  Warbler,  Authors. 
HAB.— Only  known  to  occur  in  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  and 

Cuba ;  distribution  thus  like  that  of  H.  lachmani.    Has  been  repeatedly  but 

erroneously  attributed  to  New  England,  on  the  authority  of  Dr.  Brewer. 
*  Helminthophaga    lencobronchialis.  —  White-throated    Warbler. 

Helminthophaga  leucobronchialis,  Brewster,  Araer.  Sportsman,  v.  Oct.  17,  1874,  p.  33 
(orig.  descr.,  spec,  unique,  Newtonvillo,  Mass.,  May  18,  1870).— Coues,  BNW.  1874, 
760.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii,  1875,  439  (note  on  same  specimen).— Brewster,  Bull. 
Nutt.  Club,  i.  1876, 1,  pi.  1  (redescr.  and  fig.).— Minot,  B.  N.  EngL  167T,  92  (copy  of  the 
last).— Trotter,  Bull  Nutt.  Club,  ii.  1877,  79  (2d  spec.,  from  Clifton,  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.). 

(NOTE. — Of  this  supposed  good  species,  no  specimen  is  known  to  be  now  in 
existence.  The  unique  type  was  accidentally  destroyed  shortly  after  publi- 
cation of  the  original  description,  but  fortunately  not  before  Mr.  Ridgway 
had  made  the  drawing  which  illustrates  Mr.  Brewster's  second  notice.  At 
the  time  that  the  specimen  was  kindly  sent  by  the  owner  to  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  for  examination  by  Mr.  Ridgway,  there  was  living  at  large  in  the 
•'  South  Tower"  an  Owl  of  the  genus  Speotyto,  species  doubtful,  which  had 
been  captured  at  sea,  somewhere  near  the  West  Indies,  and  was  destined  to 
make  history  in  an  undesirable  manner.  This  reckless  bird  of  prey,  in  one 
of  his  nocturnal  explorations,  discovered  the  pretty  Warbler,  and  proceeded 
to  investigate  the  new  species  anatomically.  He  survived  the  dose  of  raw 
cotton  and  arsenic,  but  was  condemned  to  death  by  unanimous  verdict 
of  the  exasperated  ornithologists  who  haunted  the  locality.  His  heart  was 
cut  out  with  mock  ceremony,  bottled  and  sealed,  and  sent  to  Mr.  Brewster  as 
a  peace-offering ;  and  a  serio-comic  narrative  of  the  whole  transaction  shortly 
afterward" appeared  in  one  of  the  papers  by  a  "strictly  anonymous'''  author.) 

(NOTE  (2).— Since  the  foregoing  was  penned,  Mr.  Spencer  Trotter  has  re- 
corded a  second  specimen,  as  above  cited.) 


214      HELMINTHOPHAGA   LAWRENCII H.    BACHMANI 

lawrencii,*  are  at  present  known  only  from  isolated  localities, 
and  nothing  can  be  predicated  respecting  their  actual  distribu- 
tion, if,  indeed,  they  be  really  good  species.  Another,  R. 
lachmani^is  extremely  rare,  being  only  known  from  South 
Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Cuba.  Two,  H.  Virginia  and  H.  lucice, 
are  characteristic  of  the  Southern  Kocky  Mountain  region 
and  Valley  of  the  Colorado.  Two  are  of  rather  general 
distribution  in  North  America,  H.  celata  being  chiefly  West- 
ern, but  also  of  irregular  occurrence  in  the  East,  while  H. 
ruficapilla  is  chiefly  Eastern,  but  is  known  to  reach  the  Kocky 
Mountains.  H.  peregrina  is  much  like  ruficapilla,  but  more 
decidedly  Eastern,  only  known  to  casually  reach  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  The  remaining  two,  H.  pinm\  and  H.  clirysop- 

*  Helminthopbaga  lawrencii.— Lawrence's  Warbler. 
Helminthophaga  lawrencii,  Herrick,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat  Sci.  Phila.  1874,  220,  pi.  15  (descr. 

orig.    New  Jersey). 
Helminthophaga  lawrencei,  Herrick,  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  ii.  1877, 19  (second  specimen, 

from  Hoboken,  N.  J.). 

(NOTE. — Closely  related  to  H.  pinus,  from  which  it  differs  chiefly  in  having 
the  chin,  throat,  and  fore  breast  black.  It  is  curious  to  observe  that  the  fore- 
going species  differs  from  its  nearest  ally,  H.  chrysoptera,  in  not  having  these 
parts  black.  The  discovery  of  the  second  specimen  of  lawrencii  tends,  of 
course,  to  confirm  the  validity  of  the  species ;  bufc  further  information 
respecting  both  of  these  novelties  is  desirable.) 

f  Helminthophaga  badnnani.— Bachman's  Warbler. 
Sylvia  bachmani,  And.  OB.  ii.  1834, 483,  pi.  183  (Charleston,  S.  C.). 
Sylvicola  bachmani,  Rich.  Sixth  Ann.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836, 1837, 172. 
Vermivora  bachmani,  Bp.  C.  &G.  L.  1838, 21. 
Helinala  bacbmanl,  And.  Syn.  1839, 68.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  93,  pi.  108.— Lemb.  Av.  Cuba, 

1850, 36,  pi.  6,  f.  1.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860, 307  (Cuba). 
Mniotilta  bachmani,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 
Helmitheros  bachmani,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 315. 
Helminthophaga  bachmani,  Cab.—Gundl  J.  f.  O.  iii.  1855,  475  (Cuba).— Gundl.  J.  f.  O. 

1861,  326,  409;  1874,  411  (Cuba).— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  255.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  175.— 

Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  109  (South  Carolina).— Coues,  Key,  1872,  94.— JJ.  B.  <&  Ii. 

NAB.  1. 1874, 194,  pi.  11,  f.  3. 

Mniotilta  bachmanni,  Giebel,  Nomencl.  Av.  ii.  1875, 600. 
Bachman's  Warbler,  Bachman's  Swamp-Warbler,  Authors. 
[NOTE.— In  the  foregoing,  "  bachmani  "  and  "  bachmanii"  are  not  distinguished.] 

HAB.— Only  known  to  occur  iii  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Cuba — .he 
latter  in  winter  only. 

J  Helminthophaga  pinns,— Blue-winged  Yellow  Warbler. 

Certhia  pinus,  Linn.  SN.  i.  1766,  187,  n.  16  (diagnosis  exclusively  pertinent ;  cites  Edwards 
primarily ;  wrongly  includes  Catesby  and  Brisson  in  the  synonymy).— Gm.  SN.  i. 
1788,  470,  n.  16  (same  as  the  Liunaean  species  ;  Buffon  and  Latham  also  cited). 

Sylvia  pinus,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790, 537,  n.  11 1.— Vieill  OAS.  ii.  1807,  44.     (Not  of  Wilson.) 

Motacilla  pinus,  Turt.  SN.  i.  1806, 606. 

Yermivora  pinus,  Sw.  Class.  B.  ii.  1837,  245,  f.  213,  h,  i. 

Helminthophaga  pinus,  Bd.  BNA.  1858, 254.— 8.  &  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859, 11  (Guatemala).— £cZ.  Cat. 
1861,28.—  Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  363.— Barnard,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860, 
1861, 435.— Coues  &  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  406.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864, 174.— 
Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  iv.  1864,  82  (Massachusetts).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.viii,  1866. 


SYNONYMY    OF   HELMINTHOPHAGA   PINftS  215 

tera,  are  exclusively  Eastern,  as  far  as  we  now  know.    The 
genus,  as  a  whole,  is  rather  southerly,  belonging  to  the  United 

284.— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.il.  1868, 174.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868, 109.— ffaj/m.Geol. 
Surv.  Indiana,  1869, 210.—  Mayn.  Guide,  1870,  100  (Massachusetts).— Abbott,  Am.  Nat. 
iv.  1870,  543.— Allen,  Am.  Nat  vi.  1872, 265.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  94.—  Allen,  Bull.  MCZ. 
iii.  1872,124,  175  (Kansas)  .—Snow,  B.  Kans.  1873,  4.— Eidgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873, 199.— 
Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  234  (Iowa).— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  49.— Ridgw.  Aim.  Lye. 
N.  Y.x,  1874,  368  (Illinois,  breeding).— Ames,  Bull.  Minn.  Acad.  i.  1874,  56  (Minne- 
sota).— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  195,  pi.  11,  f.  1.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,439 
(Conn.).— Minot,  B.  New  Engl.  1877,  91.— Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 14  (Conn.). 
Helmintbopaga  pinus,  Gregg,  Pr.  Elmnvi  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1870,  — . 
Helniinthopbaga  pina,  Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,271  (S.  New  England).— Purdie,  Am. 

Nat.  vii.  1873, 692  (Connecticut,  breeding  regularly). 

Parus  aureus  alls  ccruleis,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1791, 292  (cf.  Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1875, 352). 
Sylvia  solitaria,  Wils.  AO.  ii.  1810, 109,  pi.  15,  f.  4.—V.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  18-23,450.— Bp.  Journ. 
Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,189.—  Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  87.— Nutt  Man.  i.  1832,  410.— 
Aud.  OB.  i.  1832, 102,  pi.  20.— Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856, 290  (Indiana). 
V (Tinhorn  solitaria,  Jard.  "ed.Wils.  1832".— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  21.— Denny,  PZS.  1847, 38.— 
Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  Expl.  Col.  R.  1853,  72  (Indian  Terr.,  common,  breeding).— Head, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853, 399  (Ohio).— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  18C4, 1865,  438  (Missouri). 
Sylvicola  solitaria,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836, 1837, 171. 
Helinaia  solitaria,  Aud.  Syn.  1839,  69.— Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841, 98,  pi.  1 11.— Praften.Tr.  Illinois 

Agric.  Soc.  1855,  602.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  i.  1856,  227  (Massachusetts). 
Mniotilta  solitaria,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 
Helmitheros  solitaria,  Bp.  C  A.  i.  1850, 315. 
Helmitheros  solitariu's,  Sci  PZS.  1856, 291  (Cordova). 

Helmintbopbaga  solitaria,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 20.— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  23;  Phila.  ed.  16. 
Pine  Creeper,  Edw.  Glean,  pt.  ii.  139,  pi.  277,  f.  2.    (Not  of  Catesby.) 

Figuier  de  la  Louisiane,  Briss.  Orn.  vi.  1760,  App.59  (based  on  Edwards's  Pine  Creeper; 
not  the  bird  described  in  the  body  of  his  work,  iii.  576,  which  is  Catesby 's  Pine 
Creeper,  iior  the  bird  of  same  name  in  p.  500,  which  is  Parula  americana). 
Pine  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii,  1785,  412,  n.  318.— Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  483,  n.  107.    (Descrip- 
tion mostly  pertinent,  but  synonymy  confused  with  that  of  Dendrceca pinus). 
Figuier  des  Sapins,  Buff.  "  v.  276  "  [?]. 

Fauvette  des  Sapins,  Sylvia  pinus,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  2d  ed.  xi.  1817,  218  (description). 
Fauvette  jaune  aux  ailes  bleues,  V.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 450. 
Blue-winged  Yellow  Warbler  (or  Swamp-Warbler),  Authors. 

[NOTE.— The  synonymy  of  the  Blue- winged  Yellow  Warbler,  Helminthophaga  pinus,  is 
curiously  involved  with  that  of  the  Pine-creeping  Warbler,  Dendroeca  pinus,  but  may 
readily  be  disentangled.  Wilson,  in  fact,  understood  the  case,  and  showed  that  the  confu-' 
sion  arose  from  the  fact  that  the  "Pine  Creeper"  of  Edwards  and  the  "Pine-Creeper  "  of 
Catesby  are  two  different  birds,  wrongly  supposed  by  Linnaeus  and  Gmelin,  as  well  as 
by  Brisson,  Latham,  and  Pennant,  to  be  the  same  species.  Edwards,  it  seems,  received 
the  Helminthophaga,  from  Bartram,  and  described  and  figured  it  (pi.  277)  under  the  style 
of  the  "  Pine  Creeper  ".  Edwards's  bird  became  the  Certhia  pinus  of  Linnaeus,  whose  diag- 
nosis ("C.  flava,  supra  olivacea,  alia  cseruleis  fasciis  dnabus  albis  .  .  .  lora  nigra  ")  is 
exclusively  pertinent.  Meanwhile,  Catesby  described  and  figured  the  Dendroeca  under  iho 
same  style  of  "Pine-Creeper",  Parus  americanus  lutescens  (folio  and  pi.  61) ;  his  account  is 
poor  and  his  figure  bad,  and  they  were  mistaken  to  indicate  the  same  bird  that  Edwards 
treated  of.  So  it  fell  out  that  the  Certhia  pinus  of  Linnaeus  and  Gmelin,  the  Sylvia  pinus 
of  Latham,  and  the  Pine  Warbler  of  Latham  and  Pennant  include  both  birds,  as  far  as 
synonymy  is  concerned,  though  their  descriptions  all  indicate  the  Helminthophaga.  Bris- 
sou's  "Mesange  d'Amerique,  Parus  americanus"  is  based  solely  on  Catesby,  and  is  the 
Dendroeca;  but,  after  thus  handling  the  species  in  the  body  of  his  work  (iii.  576),  he  gives 
in  the  appendix  (vi.  59)  a  certain  "  Figuier  de  la  Louisiane  ",  based  solely  on  Edwards'a 
Pine  Creeper  (pi.  277),  remarking  the  black  loral  stripe,  as  given  by  Edwards,  and  thus 
unmistakably  indicating  the  Helminthophaga.  But  Brisson's  "  Figuier  de  la  Louisiane", 
of  the  body  of  his  work,  iii.  500,  is  Parula  americana.  I  have  not  been  able  to  consult 
Buffon  ("v.  276"),  and  am  consequently  unable  to  say  which  of  the  two  birds  his 


216     SYNONYMY   OF   HELMINTHOPHAGA   CHRYSOPTERA 

States  more  than  to  British  America,  and  being  well  represented 
in  winter  in  Central  America;  though  at  least  three  of  the 
species,  peregrina,  celata,  and  ruficapilla,  pass  well  beyond  the 
United  States  in  the  spring,  and  one  of  them  has  even  occurred 
in  Greenland.  The  synonymy  of  H.  chrysoptera*  is  subjoined. 

"Figuier  des  Sapins"  may  be;  the  quotation  is  currently  assigned  to  the  Helmintho- 
pnaga.  By  Linnaeus,  Gmelin,  and  others,  Catesby  is  quoted  "  i.  4G  "  ;  but  on  examining 
the  Edwards  English-French  e<i.  of  1771,  I  find  that  Catesby's  46th  folio  and  plate  are 
devoted  to  Ampelis  cedrorum,  his  61st  folio  and  plate  being  the  one  in  question,  as  correctly 
cited  by  Brisson.] 

HAB.— Eastern  United  States.  North  to  Massachusetts  (see  Cabot,  Pr. 
Bost.  Soc.  vi.  386,  and  many  authors  above  quoted,  but  presence  in  New 
England  denied  by  Dr.  Brewer  until  1875)  and  Minnesota  (Ames}.  West 
to  Iowa,  Kansas,  Indian  Territory,  and  Texas.  South  through  Eastern  Mex- 
ico to  Guatemala  (Salvin).  Not  recorded  from  any  of  the  West  Indies. 

*  Helminthopbaga  chrysoptera.— Klne  Goldeu-winged  Warbler. 
Motacilla  chrysoptera,  Linn.  SN.  i.  1766,  333,  u.  20  (based  on  Ed w.  pL  299).— Bodd.  Tabl. 

PE.  1783,  44  (PE.  70'J,  f.  2).— Gm.  SN.  i  1783, 971,  u.  ZO.—Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  597. 
Sylvia  chrysoptera,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  541,  n.  123.—  V.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  37,  pi.  97.— Wils. 

AO.  ii.  1810, 113,  pi.  15,  f.  5.— F.Eucy.  Merh.  ii.  1823,  438,  u.  60.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad. 

iv.  1824, WU.-Bp.  AO.  i.  1825, 12,  pi.  1,  f.  Z.-Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  87.— Nutt.  Man. 

i.  1832,  411.— And.  OB.  v.  1839, 154,  pi.  4U.-Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839, 312. 
Sylvicola  chrysoptera,  Rich.  Hep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836, 1837, 171. 
Vermivora  chrysoptera,  "  Sw."—Bp.  CGL.  1838, 2l.—Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853, 312.— 

Read,  ibid.  399.— Kenn.  Tr.  HI  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  583. 
dellnaia  Chrysoptera,  And.  Syn.  1839,  67.—  Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841,  91,  pi.  107.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila. 

Acad.  vii.  1855,  'm.—Pratten,  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  1855,  602.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst,  i. 

1856, 227.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860, 307  (Cuba). 

Mniotilta  chrysoptera,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196.— Gieb.  Nomonc.  Av.  ii.  1875, 601. 
Helmitheros  chrysoptera,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 315. 
Helmitheros  chrysopterus,  Scl.  PZS.  1855, 143  (Bogota). 
Helminthophaga  chrysoptera,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 20.— Bd.  BNA.  1858, 255.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila. 

Acad.  xi.  1859,  106.— £  &  S.  Ibis,  ii.  I860,  397  (Choctum,  Guatemala).—  Wheat.  Ohio 

Agric.  Rep.  for  1810,  1861,  363.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  vii.  1861, 293  (N.  Granada).— 

Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1661,  435.— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1861, 326  (Cuba).— Gundl.  J.  f.  O. 

1862, 177  (Cuba).— Coues  <&Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  406.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864, 

175.— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  82.-S.<&S.  PZS.  1864,  347  (Panama).— Dress.  Ibis,  i. 

2d  ser.  1865,  477  (San  Antonio,  Tex.).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 284.— Mcllwr. 

Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.i866,  85  (Canada  West).— Salv.  PZS.  1867, 135  (Veragua).— Trippe,  Am. 

Nat.  ii.  1&63, 181.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lyc.N.Y.ix.  1868,  94  (Costa  Rica).-  Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst. 

v.  1868,  271.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868, 109.— Allen,  Am.  Nat  iii.  1869,  575.— Turnb. 

B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 23;  Phila.  ed.  16.— u.  Frantz.  J.  f.  0. 1869, 293.—  Mayn.  Guide,  1870, 100.— 

Salv.  PZS.  1870, 182  (Veragna).— Abbott,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  543.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  94,  f. 

3.— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1872,  411  (Cuba).— Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  222.— Trippa,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 

xv.  1873, 234.— Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873, 199.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  49.— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB. 

i.  1874,  192,  fig.  pi.  11,  f.  2.— Ridgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  1874, 36d  (Illinois).— Brew.  Pr. 

Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439.— Warren,  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  i.  1876,  6  (full  account  of 

nest  and  eggs)  .—Gentry,  Life-Hist.  1876,  98.— Minvt,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877,  91.— Merr. 

Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 14  (Connecticut). 

Helminthopaga  chrysoptera,  Cab.  J.  f.  O.  I860, 328  (CostaRica).— Gregg,  Pr.  EL  Ac.  1870,  — . 
Motacilla  flavf frons,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  976,  n.  126  (based  on  the  Yellow-fronted  Warbler  of 

Penn.  and  Lath.).— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  601. 
Sylvia  flavifrons,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790, 527,  n.  69. 

Parus  aliS  aureiS,  Bartr.  Trav.  FU.  1791, 292  (cf.  Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1875,  352). 
Golden-winged  Flycatcher,  Edw.  Glean,  pt.  ii.  189,  pi.  299  (basis  of  M.  chrysoptera  L.). 


CHARACTERS    OF    IJELMINTHOPHAG.E  217 

There  is  a  great  similarity  in  the  habits  of  the  Helminthophagw, 
as  might  be  expected  from  their  close  resemblance  to  each 
other  in  structure.  They  are  indefatigable  insect-hunters,  peer- 
ing into  the  crevices  of  bark  and  the  interstices  of  leaves  and 
blossoms  for  the  minute  bugs  upon  which  they  prey,  catching 
them  adroitly  with  their  acute  and  attenuate  bill ;  but  they  do 
not  appear  to  pursue  flying  insects  so  persistently  as  many 
other  Sylvicolines  are  known  to  do.  Their  notes  are  few,  odd, 
and  not  very  musical,  pitched  in  a  high  key,  and  delivered  in 
a  slender,  wiry  tone. 

They  are,  without  exception,  migratory ;  perhaps  they  are  not 
more  delicate  than  other  Warblers,  but  the  special  nature  of 
their  food  compels  them  to  leave  scenes  which  some  other 
species  withstand  without  inconvenience.  Their  mode  of  nest- 
ing is  nearly  uniform  j  all  the  species,  as  far  as  certainly  known, 
build  on  the  ground  or  scarcely  above  it,  making  rather  coarse 
and  bulky  nests,  for  such  elegant  little  owners,  out  of  grasses, 
weeds,  mosses,  withered  leaves,  bark-strips,  and  the  like.  The 
eggs  of  all  are  alike  white,  speckled  with  various  reddish 
shades. 

The  ten  species  may  be  thrown  into  two  groups,  according  to 
color — groups  \vhich  correspond  in  a  general  way  with  geo- 
graphical distribution,  and  exactly  divide  the  genus  in  halves. 
In  one  set  of  five  species,  namely,  pinus,  lawrencii,  clirysoptera^ 
leucobronchialis,  and  bachmani,  the  colors  are  highly  variegated, 
and  the  tail-feathers  are  largely  blotched  with  white.  These 
are  all  exclusively  Eastern.  In  the  other  five,  ruficapilla,  vir- 
ginice,  celata,  peregrina,  and  lucice,  the  coloration  is  simpler ;  the 

Gold-winged  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 492,  n.  118. 

Gold-wing  Warbler,  Perm.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 403,  n.  295. 

Figuier  aux  ailes  dories,  Buff.  "v.  311". 

Figuier  cendre  a  gorge  noir  de  Pensllvanie,  Ficcdula  pensilvanica  cinerea  gutture 
nigro,  Briss.  Orn.  vi.  1760,  109. 

Yellow-fronted  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 461,  n.  67.— Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 404,  n.  296. 
(Basis  of  MotaciUa  flamfrons  Gm.) 

Fauvette  chrysoptere,  V.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823, 438. 

Fauvetee  chrysoptere,  Le  Maine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861,  200. 

Golden-winged  Warbler,  Golden-winged  Swamp  War- 
bler, Blue  Golden-winged  Warbler,  Authors. 

HAS.— Eastern  United  States  and  Canada  (Mcll- 
wraith).  "Nova  Scotia "  (Audubon).  Rarer  in  the 
Northern  States.  South  (not  in  Mexico,  for  all 
that  is  known)  to  New  Granada.  Many  Central 
American  quotations.  Cuba  only  of  the  West  In- 
dies. Breeds  at  large  in  the  United  States ;  win-  FlG  3it_Biue  Golden-winged 
ters  beyond  our  limits.  Warbler. 


218  ANALYSIS   OF   HELMINTHOPHAG^ 

tail-feathers  are  not,  or  not  conspicuously,  blotched  with  white  ; 
and  a  mark  of  all  but  one  of  them  is  a  crown-patch  of  color 
different  from  surrounding  parts.  One  of  these  is  Eastern,  two 
are  Western,  and  two  are  of  general  dispersion.  The  males  may 
be  recognized,  when  in  perfect  plumage,  by  the  following 

Analysis  of  species 

I.  Tail-feathers  conspicuously  white-blotched.    Wings  with  white  or  yellow 
on  coverts.   Head  or  breast  with  black.    (All  exclusively  Eastern.) 

1.  Bluish-ash,  below  white ;   crown  and  wing-bars  yellow ;   throat 

and  stripe  on  side  of  head  black clirysoptera. 

2.  Like  the  last;  "  no  black  on  throat" "  leucolronchialis" . 

3.  Olive-green ;  wings  and  tail  bluish-ash,  former  with  white  or  yel- 

low bars ;  crown  and  under  parts  yellow ;  lores  black pinus. 

4.  Like  the  last;  "chin,  throat,  and  breast  black" "lawrentii". 

5.  Olive-green,  below  yellow ;  throat,  breast,  and  crown-patch  black ; 

forehead  yellow bachmani. 

II.  Tail-feathers  inconspicuously  or  not  blotched  with  white.    No  decided 
wing-markings.    No  black  anywhere. 

a.  Crown  without  colored  patch.     Wings  about  half  as  long  again  as  tail. 

6.  Tail  with  obscure  whitish  spot  on  outer  feather;   under  parts 

white  or  whitish ;  upper  parts  olive-green,  brighter  behind,  quite 
ashy  in  front.    Chiefly  Eastern peregrina. 

b.  Crown  with  colored  patch.    Wings  shorter. 

7.  Crown-patch  orange-brown ;  tail  unmarked ;  upper  parts  olive- 

green  ;  under  parts  greenish-yellow,  both  nearly  uniform.    West- 
ern and  incompletely  Eastern celata. 

8.  Crown-patch  chestnut ;  tail  unmarked ;  upper  parts  olive-green, 

growing  ashy  on  head ;  under  parts  uniformly  yellow.    Eastern 
and  incompletely  Western ruficapilla. 

9.  Crown-patch  chestnut ;  tail  unmarked ;  above  olivaceous-ash,  be- 

low whitish ;  rump  and  under  tail-coverts  bright  yellow ;  breast 

yellowish.    Western virginue. 

10.  Crown-patch  aud  upper  tail-coverts  chestnut;  outer  tail-feather 
with  dull  white  patch ;  above  pale  cinereous,  below  white. 
Western lucia. 

The  females  and  young  of  Sect.  II,  at  least,  require  more  detailed  descrip- 
tions for  their  determination  in  some  cases,  especially  Nos.  7,  8,  and  9,  which 
resemble  each  other  quite  closely,  even  when  in  full  plumage.  All  of  them 
are  described  in  detail  in  the  following  pages,  with  special  reference  to  the 
characters  that  distinguish  them  from  each  other ;  and  it  is  believed  that 
there  will  be  no  difficulty  experienced  in  discriminating  between  them,  if  the 
diagnostic  points  which  are  given  are  sufficiently  considered. 


CHARACTERS  OF  HELMINTHOPHAGA  LUCLE    219 

Lucy's   Warbler 

Helminthophaga    Incise 

Helminthophaga  lucise,  Coop.  Pr.  Cala.  Acad.  July,  1862,  120  (Fort  Mojave,  Ariz.).—  Bd. 
Rev.*AB.  1865, 118.—0oues,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  ii.  1866,  260  (Fort  Whlpple,  Ariz.).— Couts,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  1866,70  (Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.).— Elliot,  BNA.  pL  5.— Coop.  Am.  Nat,  iii. 
1869,  476,  479.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  84.— Coues,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1672,  493  (supposed  nest 
and  eggs).— Coues,  Key,  1872,  94.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1873,  107  (supposed  nest 
and  eggs).— B.B.&  R.  NAB. i.  1874,200,  pi.  11,  f.  9;  App.  iii.  1875,  504.— Henth.  List 
B.  Ariz.  1875, 156.—  Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876, 190  (Arizona). 

Mniotilta  luciae,  Gieb.  Nomencl.  Av.  ii.  1875, 603. 

Lucy's  Warbler,  Authors. 

HAS. — Valley  of  the  Colorado  (not  yet  found  outside  of  Arizona). 

CH.  SP. —  3  9  Cinerea,  infra  alba;  vertice  tectricibusque  cau- 
dalibus  superioribus  castaneis. 

$  9 :  Clear  ashy-gray.  Beneath  white,  with  a  faint  tinge  of  buff  on  the 
breast.  A  rich  chestnut  patch  on  the  crown,  and  upper  tail-coverts  of  the 
same  color.  A  white  eye-ring.  Quills  and  tail-feathers  edged  with  the  color 
of  the  back  or  whitish.  Lateral  tail-feather  with  an  obscure  whitish  patch. 
Lining  of  wing  white.  Feet  dull  leaden-olive.  Iris  dark  brown  or  black. 
Length,  4^-4$-;  extent,  7-7£ ;  wing,  2£-2|;  tail,  lf-2;  tarsus,  £;  bill,  £-£. 

Young :  Newly  fledged  birds  lack  the  chestnut  of  the  crown,  though  that 
of  the  rump  is  present.  The  throat  and  breast  are  milk-white,  without  the 
ochrey  tinge  of  the  adults ;  the  wing-coverts  are  edged  with  pale  rufous. 

The  chestnut  upper  tail-coverts,  and  absence  of  any  trace  of  olivaceous  or 
yellowish  coloration,  distinguish  this  interesting  species,  the  general  super- 
ficial aspect  of  which  is  quite  like  that  of  a  Polioptila. 

LUCY'S  Warbler  is  one  of  the  later  additions  to  this  genus, 
the  known  species  of  which  have  still  more  recently  been 
increased  in  number  by  the  discovery  of  H.  virginice  in  the 
West,  and  of  H.  leucobronchialis  and  R.  lawremii  in  the  East- 
ern States.  It  illustrates  the  extreme  of  the  gradation  in  color 
which  the  olivaceous  Helminthophagce  present,  from  such  green- 
ish species  as  the  Nashville  and  the  Orange-crowned,  through 
the  partly  cinereous  Virginia's  and  Tennessee  Warblers,  to  the 
entirely  ashy  and  white  H.  lucice,  in  which  the  upper  tail-coverts 
as  well  as  the  crown  are,  moreover,  differently  colored  from  the 
rest  of  the  body. 

The  interesting  bird  is  one  of  Dr.  Cooper's  discoveries,  having 
been  first  observed  by  this  gentleman  at  Fort  Mojave,  Arizona, 
where  it  arrived  one  year  during  the  latter  part  of  March,  the 
first  specimen  having  been  secured  on  the  25th  of  that  month. 
The  males  appeared  to  have  preceded  the  females,  as  no  indi- 
viduals of  the  latter  sex  were  noted  until  about  ten  days  after- 
ward. The  birds  soon  became  quite  numerous  in  the  rnezquite 


220  HABITS    OF    LUCY'S    WARBLER 

thickets,  where  they  were  observed  to  frequent  the  tops  of  the 
trees,  uttering  their  curious  notes  during  their  incessant  pur- 
suit of  insects.  In  the  course  of  the  two  months  during  which 
they  continued  under  Dr.  Cooper's  observations,  six  specimens 
were  secured,  but  their  mode  of  nest-building  was  not  ascer- 
tained. 

Two  years  subsequently,  in  March,  18G3,  Mr.  Holden  secured 
additional  specimens  near  the  34th  parallel  ;  and,  in  the  spring 
of  1865,  Lucy's  Warbler  fell  to  my  own  lot.  Whilst  rambling 
one  pleasant  April  morning  along  the  little  stream  that  flows 
past  Fort  Whipple,  I  heard  a  curious  note,  which  reminded  me 
of  that  of  a  Gnatcatcher  (Polioptila),  and  was  not  long  on  the 
alert  before  I  saw  one  of  the  modest  vocalists,  betrayed  no  less 
by  the  restlessness  with  which  the  bird  skipped  about  in  the 
budding  foliage  than  by  the  singularity  of  its  voice.  Not  recog- 
nizing the  species,  I  made  the  usual  sacrifice  without  delay, 
and  was  overjoyed  to  find,  as  I  turned  the  dainty  bird  over  and 
over  in  my  hand,  removing  every  trace  of  blood  and  smoothing 
every  ruffled  feather,  that  I  had  taken  a  species  new  to  me ;  for 
I  had  not  then  learned  of  Dr.  Cooper's  prize,  and  moments  of 
discovery  are  always  moments  of  pardonable  enthusiasm.  In 
the  course  of  the  spring,  I  took  a  few  more  specimens,  among 
them  the  first  ones,  I  think,  of  the  young,  which  differ  in  some 
particulars  from  the  adults.  These  Warblers,  however,  did 
not  appear  to  be  very  common  in  the  field  of  my  observations; 
they  are  rather  timid  and  retiring  birds,  likely  to  be  long  over- 
looked in  the  thickets  and  copses  to  which  they  seem  so  much 
attached.  They  reach  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Whipple,  which  is 
pretty  high  among  the  mountains,  about  the  middle  of  April, 
thus  much  later  than  the  time  of  their  appearance  in  lower 
portions  of  the  Territory,  and  remain  until  the  latter  part  of 
September,  if  not  longer.  They  certainly  breed  there ;  for  I 
found  a  newly  fledged  brood  of  young,  just  about  to  disperse, 
early  in  May.  This  family  was  reared  in  a  little  clump  of  wil- 
low bushes  along  the  stream,  and  seemed  so  feeble  on  wing  that 
I  attempted  to  catch  one  of  them  alive ;  but  the  little  thing  was 
too  quick  for  me,  and  I  shot  it  after  giving  up  the  chase. 
The  nest  was,  of  course,  somewhere  near  at  hand,  but  I  failed 
to  find  it. 

When  penning  some  notes  on  this  species,  which  were  pub- 
lished in  1866,  I  ventured  to  surmise  that  the  nest  would  be 
found  not  on  the  ground,  but  in  the  crotch  of  a  bush.  ''Should 


HABITS    OF    LUCY'S   WARBLER  221 

it  prove  so,"  Dr.  Brewer  recently  replied,  "it  would  in  this 
respect  differ  from  all  the  other  members  of  this  well-marked 
group";  nevertheless,  on  the  fifth  page  following,  in  the  same 
work,  Dr.  Brewer  describes  a  nest  of  H elminthophaga  percgrina, 
which,  he  says,  "was  built  in  a  low  clump  of  bushes".  Some 
uncertainty  in  the  case  continues,  I  regret  to  say,  though  ac- 
counts of  a  nest  and  eggs,  fully  believed  to  be  those  of  Lucy's 
Warbler,  and  confirming  my  surmise  of  its  non-terrestrial  nidi- 
fication,  have  been  published  both  by  Dr.  Brewer  and  myself. 
Writing  from  Tucson,  Arizona,  under  date  of  May  19,  1872, 
Lieut,  (now  Captain)  Charles  Bendire  informed  me  by  letter 
that  he  had  that  day  found  a  nest  "  of  a  very  small  warbler, 
four  inches  long,  which  has  a  bright  chestnut  spot  on  the  crown, 
and  the  tail  coverts  of  the  same  color,  the  other  upper  parts 
cinereous,  the  lower  parts  dull  white".  I  shortly  afterward 
published  the  account  in  the  American  Naturalist,  and  another 
notice,  based  on  the  same  data,  was  next  year  put  on  record 
by  Dr.  Brewer,  as  above  cited.  The  eggs  were  described  as 
four  in  number,  nearly  globular  in  shape,  scarcely  larger  than 
a  Hummingbird's,  white,  with  fine  red  spots  at  the  larger  end: 
they  contained  large  embryos.  They  were  placed  between  the 
bark  and  main  wood  of  a  dead  mezquite  tree,  about  four  feet 
from  the  ground.  The  bird  described  was  surely  no  other  than 
Lucy's  Warbler:  the  only  question  is,  whether  the  nest  and 
eggs  belonged  to  it.  The  ostensible  evidence,  however,  is  with- 
out flaw,  and  may  be  accepted  until  rebutted,  though  it  is  against 
the  analogy  of  uidification  in  this  genus  upon  which  Dr.  Brewer 
has  properly  dwelt. 

Lucy's  Warbler  is  thus  far  only  known  from  the  Territory  of 
Arizona,  and  its  abode  in  winter,  which  we  may  presume  to  be 
in  Mexico,  remains  to  be  ascertained,  as  does  also  probably 
its  limit  of  distribution  in  other  directions.  It  was  first  fig- 
ured by  Mr.  D.  G.  Elliot  on  plate  V  of  his  splendid  work, 
and  subsequently  by  the  authors  of  the  "History  of  North 
American  Birds",  from  a  drawing  of  the  head  made  by  Mr. 
Eidgway.  The  citations  at  the  head  of  this  article  indicate 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  literature  the  little  bird  has  occasioned 
up  to  the  date  of  present  writing,  and  include  only  one  syno- 
nym, namely,  that  resulting  from  the  reference  of  the  species 
to  the  genus  Mniotilta  by  Professor  Giebel,  who,  in  1875,  threw 
nearly  all  the  Sylvicolince  together  under  this  head,  as  Mr.  George 
Robert  Gray  had  likewise  done  before  him. 


222      CHARACTERS   OF   HELMINTHOPHAGA   VIRGINIA 

Virginia's  Warbler 

Helminthophaga   virgJnise 

Helminthophaga  Virginia:,  Bd.  BNA.  ed.  of  1860  (not  of  1858),  Atlas,  p.  xi,  footnote,  pi.  79, 
f.  1  (Cantonment  Burgwyn,  N.  Mex.).— Bd.  Kev.  AB.  1865,  177.— Cones,  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  xviii.  1866, 70  (Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.).— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  85.—  Coues,  Key,  1872, 
94.— Aiken,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  196  (Colorado  ;  nest  and  eggs).— Eidgw.  Ball.  Ess. 
Inst.  v.  1873,  180.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  51.— B.B.&  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  199,  pi.  11,  f.  12  ; 
App.  iii.  504.— Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1S74,  41.— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  156.— 
Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876, 189. 

Mnlotllta  virginiae,  Gieb.  Nomencl.  Av.  ii.  1875, 608. 

Virginia's  Warbler,  Rocky  Mountain  Warbler,  Authors. 

HAJB. — Southern  portion  of  the  Middle  Province  of  the  United  States,  or 
Southern  Rocky  Mountain  region  at  large.  North  to  Nevada,  Utah,  and 
Colorado  at  least,  where  it  breeds.  Found  (migratory  ?)  in  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona.  Winter  resorts  unknown  (probably  in  Mexico). 

CH.  SP. —  3  plumbea,  infra  sordid^  alba;  tertricibus  caudcc  su- 
perioribus  et  inferioribus,  necnon  macula  pectorali,  flavis  ;  vertice 
castaneo.  9  sat  similis,  partibus  flavis  obscurioribus,  pileo  cas- 
taneo  restricto. 

$ ,  in  summer :  Ashy-plumbeous,  alike  on  the  back,  and  top  and  sides  of 
head.  Below  dull  whitish,  the  sides  shaded  with  ashy.  Lining  and  edge  of 
wings  white.  Upper  and  under  tail-coverts,  and  isolated  spot  on  the  breast, 
yellow,  in  strong  contrast  with  all  surroundings.  A  white  ring  round  eye. 
Wings  and  tail  without  yellowish  edgings.  Crown  with  a  chestnut  patch, 
as  iu  H.  ruficapilla.  Length,  4| ;  extent,  7£ ;  wing,  2£-2i  ;  tail.  2J. 

9 ,  in  summer :  Quite  like  the  male,  the  yellow  duller  and  slightly  tinged 
with  greenish  ;  that  of  the  breast,  and  the  chestnut  of  the  crown,  more  re- 
stricted than  in  the  $ . 

Autumnal  specimens  resemble  the  $  most  nearly ;  but  in  both  sexes  the 
plumbeous  of  the  upper  parts  has  a  slight  olive  shade,  and  in  birds  of  the 
year  the  crown-patch  may  be  wanting. 

When  this  species  was  first  described,  from  defective  material,  the  isolated 
yellow  spot  on  the  breast,  so  different  from  anything  observed  elsewhere  in 
the  genus,  suggested  the  possibility  that  better  plumaged  specimens  might 
be  extensively  yellow  underneath,  and  thus  like  H.  ruficapilla.  But  many 
specimens  since  taken,  in  high  spring  plumage,  intensify  the  original  char- 
acters given  of  the  species,  and  separate  it  still  more  widely  from  H. 
ruficapilla.  The  whole  upper  parts  are  about  of  the  shade  of  the  head  of 
ruficapilla,  and,  even  when  most  glossed  with  olive,  are  still  strongly  con- 
trasted with  the  yellow  upper  tail-coverts.  The  under  parts  are  as  white  as 
in  adult  peregrina,  with  the  yellow  spot  on  the  breast,  and  yellow  under  tail- 
coverts,  both  in  strong  contrast.  The  chestnut  crown  and  white  eye-ring 
are  much  as  in  ruficapilla. 

"TTIRGIXIA'S  Warbler  was  discovered  at  Cantonment  Burg- 

V      wyn,  in  New  Mexico,  by  Dr.  W.  W.  Anderson,  and  first 

described,  in  1860,  by  Professor  Baird,  who  dedicated  it  to  the 

wife  of  the  discoverer.   The  type-specimen  remained  unique 


HABITS  OF  VIRGINIA'S  WARBLER  223 

until  1864,  when  the  present  writer  took  a  second  example  at  Fort 
Whipple,  on  the  15th  of  August;  this  was  a  young  bird,  very 
likely  bred  in  the  vicinity.  Shortly  afterward,  in  1869,  Mr.  Ridg- 
way  ascertained  that  the  bird  was  abundant  in  the  East  Huin- 
boldt  and  Wahsatch  Mountains,  where  it  was  breeding  in  thick- 
ets of  scrub-oak.  He  found  a  nest  containing  four  eggs,  on  the 
9th  of  August,  on  the  side  of  a  ravine ;  it  was  sunken  in  the 
ground  among  the  withered  leaves,  so  that  its  brim  was  flush 
with  the  surface,  and  measured  3J  inches  in  diameter  by  2 
inches  in  depth.  The  material  consisted  of  loosely  interwoven 
strips  of  the  inner  bark  of  the  "mountain  mahogany ",  mixed 
with  grasses,  mosses  and  slender  rootlets,  and  lined  with  the 
far  of  some  small  quadruped.  According  to  Dr.  Brewer's 
measurements,  the  eggs  were  0.64  long  by  0.47  broad;  the 
ground-color,  when  fresh,  was  rosy  white,  and  this  was  "pro- 
fusely spotted  with  numerous  small  blotches  and  dots  of  pur- 
plish-brown and  lilac,  forming  a  crown  around  the  larger  end". 
Mr.  0.  B.  Aiken  shortly  afterward  extended  the  known  range 
of  the  species  to  include  the  eastern  foot-hills  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  Colorado,  where  it  breeds.  This  excellent  ob- 
server found  it  in  various  parts  of  the  State,  but  especially 
along  the  eastern  base  of  the  mountains,  where,  in  its  favor- 
ite haunts,  it  sometimes  outnumbers  all  the  other  Warblers  put 
together.  It  is  a  shy  and  timid  species,  generally  darting,  with 
its  sharp  note  of  alarm,  into  its  place  of  concealment  when  ap- 
proached. In  summer,  it  frequents  the  scrub  of  the  hillsides, 
at  any  elevation  up  to  about  7,500  feet,  but  during  the  migra- 
tions it  is  found  indifferently  in  the  pine  forests  and  among  the 
cottonwoods  and  willows  along  the  streams.  "The  male  is 
very  musical  during  the  nesting  season  ",  says  Mr.  Aiken,  "  utter- 
ing his  sweet  ditty  continually  as  he  skips  through  the  bushes 
in  search  of  his  morning  repast ;  or  having  satisfied  his  appe- 
tite, he  mounts  to  the  top  of  some  tree  in  the  neighborhood  of 
his  nest,  and  repeats  at  regular  intervals  a  song  of  remarkable 
fullness  for  a  bird  of  such  minute  proportions.  .  .  .  No  bird 
with  which  I  am  acquainted  conceals  its  nest  more  effectually 
than  this  warbler.  This  is  placed  at  the  base  of  a  tussock  of 
grass  among  the  oak  bushes,  being  sunk  in  a  hollow  scratched 
in  the  earth,  so  that  the  rim  of  the  nest  is  on  a  level  with  the 
surface.  The  overhanging  grass  of  the  tussock  hides  all  so 
completely  that  the  nest  is  only  to  be  discovered  by  the  most 
careful  and  persistent  search.  About  the  first  of  June,  five 
white  eggs,  delicately  speckled  with  reddish  brown,  are  laid." 


224      SYNONYMY    OF    HELMINTHOPHAGA    RUFICAPILLA 

Nashville   Warbler 

rnficapilla 


Sylvia  ruflcapilla,  Wils.  AO.  iii.  1811,  120,  pL  27,  f.  3.—  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 
197.—  Aud.  OB.  i.  1832,  450,  pi.  89. 

Mniotilta  ruflcapllla,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848,  196. 

Helmintbophaga  ruflcapilla,  Ud.BNA.  1858,  256.—  ScZ.  PZS.  1858,298  (Parada).—  Sd.  PZS. 
185?,  373  (Oaxaca).—  Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  191  (California).—  Wheat.  Ohio 
Agric.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  363.—  Sd.  Cat.  AB.  1861,  29.—  Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860, 

1861,  435.—  Coues  <&Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  406.—  Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix. 

1862,  125  (Maine,  rare).—  Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862,  146  (Maine,  rare).—  Blak.  Ibis,  v. 
1363,  62  (Great  Slave  Lake)  —  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  175.—  Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  59 
(Massachusetts,  breeding).—  Dress.  Ibis,  1865,  477  (San  Antonio,  Tex.).—  Mcllwr.  Pr. 
Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  85  (Canada  West).—  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1H66,  284.—  Trippe, 
Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  177.—  Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  270.—  Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii. 
1868,  109  (South  Carolina).—  Turrib.  B.  E.  Pa,  1869,  24;  Phila.  ed.  17.—  Sumich.  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869,  546  (Orizaba).—  Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  82.—  Mayn.  Guide,  1870,  99.— 
Gregg,  Pr.  Elmira  Acad.  1870,  p.  —.—Parker,  Am.  Nat.  v.  1871,  168.—  Allen,  Bull.  MCZ. 
iii.  1872,  175  (Kansas  ;  Utah).—  Coues,  Key,  1872,  94.—  Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872, 
362.—  Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1873,  63.—  Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  234.—  Eidgw.  Bull.  Ess. 
Inst.  v.  1873  (Colorado  ;  Utah  ;  Nevada)  —Merr.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873, 
713.—  Packard,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  271.—  Ames,  Bull.  Minn.  Acad.  1874,  56  (Minne- 
sota).— Coues,  BN  W.  1874,  50.—  B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  196,  fig.  p.  191,  pi.  11,  f.  7,  8.— 
Eidgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  x.  1874,  368.—  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  41.—  Henah.  List 
B.  Ariz.  1875,  156.—  Brewst.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  xi.  1875,  135  (Virginia).—  Newton,  Birds 
Greenland,  p.  99  (Godtbaab,  1835,  Fiskenaes,  Aug.  31,  1840).—  Nels.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.xvii. 
1875,  357  (California).—  Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439.—  Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W. 
100  Merid.  1876,  188.-iawr.  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  n.  4,  1876,  15  (Tehuantepec).— 
Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877,  94.—  Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877,  14. 

Helminthophaga  ruflcapilla,  vars.  ruflcapilla,    ocularis,    gutturalis,   Eidgw.  apud 

B.  B.  &  E.  NAB.  i.  1874,  191. 
Sylvia  rubricapilla,  Wils.  AO.  vi.  1812,  15  (Index).—  Bp.  Jonrn.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  197.— 

Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  87.—  Nutt  Man.  i.  1832,  412.—  Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839, 

313.—  Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  81. 

Sylvicola  (Vermivora)  rubricapilla,  8.  &  E.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  220,  pi.  42,  up.  fig. 
Sylvicola  rubricapilla,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit  Aesoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836,  1837,  171.—  Willis, 

Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  282. 
Vermivora  rubricapilla,  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  21.—  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  W.—Hcy,  Pr.  Phila. 

Acad.  vi.  1853,  312.—  Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  399.—  Reinh.  "  Vid.  Meddel.  for  1853, 

1854,  82"  (Greenland).—  Reinh.  J.  f.  O.  1854,  439  (same).—  Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric. 

Soc.  i.  1855,  583.—  Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  1856,  4  (nest  and  eggs). 
Helinaia  rubricapilla,  Aud.  Syn.  1839,  IQ.-Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841,  103,  pi.  113.—  Giraud,  BLI. 

1844,69.—  Pratten,Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  G02.-P«fn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,  208. 
Helmitheros  rubricapilla,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  315. 
Helmitheros  rubricapillus,  Sd.  PZS.  1856,  291  (Cordova). 
Helminthophaga  rubricapilla,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,20—  Scl.  PZS.  1859,363  (XalapaJ.-AHen, 

Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  265. 

Mniotilta  rubricapilla,  Reinh.  Ibis,  iii.  1861,  6  (Greenland). 
Sylvia  leucogastra,  Steph.  "  Shaw's  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  622  ". 
Sylvia  nashvillei,  Vieill.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  451,  n.  Ill  (based  on  Wilson). 
Sylvia  mexicana,  '•Holboll"    [Where?] 
Fauvette  nashville,  V.  1.  c. 
Nashville  Warbler,  Nashville  Swamp  Warbler,  Nashville  Vermivora,  Nashville  Worm- 

eater,  Authors. 

HAB.—  Temperate  North  America,  but  especially  the  Eastern  Province. 
North  casually  to  Greenland  (two  instances,  J.  Reinhardt,  A.  Newton).  West 
occasionally  to  Utah  (Ogden,  J.  A.  Allen),  Nevada  (Humboldt  Mountains, 


CHARACTERS    OF    HELMINTHOPHAGA    RUFICAPILLA  225 

R.  Ridgway),  and  California  (Lake  Tahoe,  F.  Gruber;  Fort  Tejon,  J.  Xantus) ; 
"  Columbia  River"  (auct.  Audubon)  ;  not  yet  detected  in  intervening  ground. 
Mexico  (numerous  quotations).  Not  in  West  Indies  or  Central  America? 
Breeds  from  Massachusetts  (and  probably  much  farther  south  in  the  Alleghany 
Mountains)  northward. 

OH.  SP. —  3  flavido-oliraceci)  uropygio  magis  flamcante,  capHe 
cinereo,  pileo  castaneo  plus  minusve  cclato;  infra  ex  toto  flava. 
9  sat  similis,  obscurior,  capite  aliquantulum  olivascente. 

<J,  in  summer:  Upper  parts  olive-green  or  yellowish-olive,  clearer  and 
brighter  on  the  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts.  Top  and  sides  of  the  head  and 
neck  ashy,  with  a  more  or  less  veiled  chestnut  patch  on  the  crown,  and  a 
white  ring  round  the  eye.  No  superciliary  stripe.  Lores  pale.  Wings  and 
tail  fuscous,  edged  with  the  color  of  the  back.  Entire  under  parts  yellow, 
including  under  wing-coverts  and  edge  of  the  wing,  the  sides  somewhat 
shaded  with  olive.  Length,  4£-4f ;  extent,  7$ ;  wing,  2f-2} ;  tail,  lf-2. 

9  ,  in  summer:  Similar  to  the  male.  Head  less  purely  ashy.  Crown-patch 
smaller  and  more  hidden,  if  not  wanting.  Yellow  of  under  parts  paler, 
whitening  on  the  belly. 

Autumnal  specimens,  of  both  sexes,  though  quite  as  yellow  below  as  in 
summer,  have  the  ash  of  the  head  glossed  over  with  olivaceous,  and  in  birds 
of  the  year  the  crown-patch  may  be  entirely  wanting. 

This  species  is  distinguished  from  any  other  by  the  rich  clear  yellow  of  the 
under  parts  at  all  seasons.  In  H.  celata,  which  is  next  most  yellow  below, 
the  color  has  a  greenish  cast;  the  head  is  little,  if  any,  different  from  the 
rest  of  the  upper  parts,  and  the  crown-patch  is  orange-brown. 

LONG  supposed  to  be  a  bird  of  the  Eastern  Province,  the 
Nashville  Warbler  has  gradually  come  to  be  known  from 
nearly  all  portions  of  North  America,  and  the  extensive  distri- 
bution I  here  attribute  to  the  species  is  fully  attested.  Wilson 
described  it,  probably  for  the  first  time,  from  the  vicinity  of 
the  city  whose  name  it  has  since  borne,  and  it  was  a  rarity  to 
the  early  school ;  Audubon  speaks  of  a  few  specimens  of  his 
from  Kentucky  and  Louisiana  ;  Richardson  records  it  from  the 
Fur  Countries;  and  Swainson  figures  a  specimen  from  Cumber- 
land House.  Nuttall  speaks  of  it  as  a  Southern  bird,  and  sub- 
sequently as  occurring  in  Labrador.  Its  occurrence  in  Green- 
land in  two  instances,  in  1835  and  1840,  is  attested  by  Reinhardt 
and  A.  Newton.  In  1858,  Baird  gave  its  general  distribution 
as  u  Eastern  North  America  to  the  Missouri".  Audubon  had 
long  before  ascribed  it  to  the  Columbia  River;  and  though 
such  ascription  may  not  have  been  confirmed  by  later  ob- 
servation, it  is  probably  correct.  At  any  rate,  we  have  now 
many  Western  records.  Xantus  got  the  bird  at  Fort  Tejon  in 
California,  and  Gruber  soon  found  it  at  Lake  Tahoe;  Allen 
15  B  c 


226     SYNONYMY  OF  HELMINTHOPHAGA  CELATA 

observed  it  in  Utah,  considering  it  quite  common  about  Ogden; 
Ridgway  noticed  it  in  Nevada  5  and  Henshaw  has  latterly 
recorded  a  number  of  specimens  from  Arizona,  in  which  Terri- 
tory he  states  that  it  probably  occurs  only  as  a  migrant,  and 
that  he  found  it  common  in  August  and  September  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  Camp  Orittenden.  I  have  collated  numerous  Mexican 
records,  presented  in  the  foregoing  synonymy,  but  have  found 
no  evidence  that  the  bird  is  known  at  all  either  from  Central 
America  or  the  West  Indies. 

In  the  greater  part  of  the  United  States,  it  has  the  reputation 
of  a  migratory  bird ;  but  I  suspect  that  it  will  finally  be  ascer- 
tained to  breed  much  farther  south  than  it  is  now  known  to  do, 
particularly  in  the  higher  mountains  of  the  West,  both  along 
the  Rocky  Chain  and  in  the  Sierras  of  California ;  for  various 
birds,  like  the  Kinglets  and  Titlarks,  nestle  there  in  latitudes 
to  which  they  are  strangers  during  the  breeding  season  in  the 
East.  Most  of  our  accounts  of  its  nidification  corne  from  the 
ornithologists  of  New  England,  and  especially  of  Massachu- 
setts, where  the  study  of  our  birds  has  long  been  pursued  with 
unusual  ardor  and  commensurate  success.  North  of  this  lati- 
tude, the  Nashville  Warbler  will  probably  be  found  as  a  summer 
resident  wherever  found  at  all.  Several  excellent  accounts  of 
its  habits  and  satisfactory  descriptions  of  its  nest  and  eggs 
having  already  appeared,  I  shall  not  pursue  the  subject,  the 
purpose  of  this  article  being  rather  to  signalize  the  occurrence 
of  the  bird  in  the  region  now  under  consideration,  and  indicate 
its  wide  dispersion  in  North  America  and  Mexico,  than  to  pre- 
sent its  history  in  full. 

Orange-crowned   Warbler 

llelmiiitho;>haga   celata 

a.  celata 
Sylvia  celata,  Say,  Long's  Exped.  K  Mts.  i.  1823,  169—  Bp.  AO.  i.  1825,  45,  pi.  5,  f.  2.— Bp. 

Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  88.—Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  4i3.— And.  OB.  ii.  1834,  449,  pi.  178.— 

Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839, 153.— Peob.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839, 313. 
SylviCOla  celata,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836,  1837,  m.—Finsch,  Abh.  Nat. 

iii.  1872,36  (Alaska). 
Vermivora  celata,  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  2l.—Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  473.— Gamb.  Pr.  Phila. 

Acad.  iii.  1846, 155.-  Gamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1847,  H.—Hoy,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  vi. 

1853, 312. 
Helinaia  celata,  Aud.  Syn.  1839,69.-A«d  BA.  ii.  184J,  100,  pi.  112.— JTecrm.  Jouru.  Phila. 

Acad.  ii.  1853, 263.— Pratten,  Tr  111.  Agric.  Sop.  i.  1855,  602. 
Mniotllta  celflta,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196.— Gieb.  Xomenc.  Av.  ii.  1875,  601. 
HclmUheros  celata,  Bp.  Syn.  CA.  i.  1650, 315. 
Helmitheros  celatus,  Scl.  PZS.  1857,212  (Orizaba). 


CHARACTERS    OF    HELMINTHOPHAGA    CELATA         227 

Helminthopbaga  celata,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  257.-ScZ.  PZS.  1858,  £98  (Parada).— Scl  PZS.  1859, 
235  (Vancouver);  373  (Oaxaca).— Xant  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  191  (California).— 
Bd.  U.  S.  Mex.  B.  Surv.  pt.  ii.  1859,  Birds,  10.— Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  40.— Coop.  &  Suckl. 
NHWT.  I860, 178.-.Bd.  Ives's  Colo.  Rep.  pt.  v.  1861,  5.—Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc. 
xii.  1862, 160.— Scl  PZS.  1862, 19  (Parada).— Blak.  Ibis,  iv.  1862,  4  (Saskatchewan).— 
Blak.  Ibis,  v.  1863,  QZ.—Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1864,  176.— Lord,  Pr.  Roy.  Arty.  Inat.  iv.  1864, 
115.— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  iv.  1864,  60  (Massachusetts).— Dress.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  477 
(Texas).— Coues,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  ii.  1866,  262  (Port  Yuma).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  xviii. 
1866, 70  (Fort  Whipple).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  viii.  1866, 284.— Coues,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc. 
xiL  1868,  108  (South  Carolina)  .—Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  lust  v.  1868,  271.— Triple,  Am.  Nat. 
ii.  1868,  181.— Brown,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  iv.  1868,420  (Vancouver).— Butch.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
xx.  1868, 149  (Texas).— Coop.  Am.  Nat  iii.  1869,  476.— Turrib.  B.  E.  Pa,  1869,  53  ;  Phila. 
ed.  42.— Datt  <&  Bann.  Tr.  Chic.  Acad.  i.  1869, 278.— Coop.  Pr.  Cal.  Acad.  1871,  Ib.—Coop. 
B.Cal.  i.  1870,  83,  fig.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  1871,  268  (Florida)  -All.  Bull.  MCZ.  iii. 
1872,  175  (Utah  and  Kansas).— Stev.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1870,  1871,  463.— Coues, 
Kev,  1872, 95.— Aiken,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  96.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872, 265,  396.— 
Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  606.— Ridgw.  Bull.  Ess.  lust.  v.  1873,  180  (Colorado).— 
Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1873,  61.— Trippe,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  234.— Merr.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 
Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  713.— Herrick,  Bull.  Ess.  Inst,  v.  1873,  p.  —  (£rand  Menan).— 
Snow,  B.  Kans.  1873,  4.— Ridgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  1874,  368.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii. 
1874, 16.— Coues,  BJSTW.  1871,52.— Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  41,  57,  74, 102.- Awe*, 
Bull.  Minn.  Acad.  1874, 56.— Brew.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439  (Massachusetts).— 
Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  156.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  191.— Fox, 
"  Forest  and  Stream,  vi.  354  "  (New  Hampahire).— Brtwster,  Bull.  Nutt  Club,  i.  1876, 
94  (Mssachusetts,  for  the  third  time).— Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877,  95.-Purdie,  Bull.  Nutt. 
Club,  ii.  1877, 21  (Rhode  Island,  in  December).—  Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 15 
(Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island). 

Helminthophaga  celata  var.  celata,  B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 202,  pi.  11,  f.  5, 6. 

Helmintbophaga  celata  var.  obscura,  Ridgio.apud  B.  B.  d-R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 192. 

Orange-colored  Warbler,  Peabody,  1.  c. 

Orange-crowned  Warbler,  Orange-crowned  Swamp  Warbler,  Orange-crowned  Vermi- 
vora,  Authors. 

b.  lutescens 
Helminthophaga  celata  var.  lutescens,  Ridgw.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  1872,  457.— Ridgw.  Am. 

Nat.  vii.  1873,  606.— B.  B.  <&  JR.  NAB.  i.  1874, 204,  pi.  11,  f.  4. 
Helminthophaga  celata  b.  lutescens,  Coues,  BNW.  1874, 52. 
Pacific  Orange-crowned  Warbler,  B.  B.  £  R.  1.  c. 

HAS. — North  America  at  large,  but  especially  the  Western  and  Middle 
Provinces ;  rare  or  occasional  in  the  Eastern  Province.  North  regularly  to 
high  latitudes  in  British  America  and  Alaska.  South  into  Mexico,  but  not 
recognized  as  West  Indian  or  Central  American.  Winters  from  the  south- 
ern borders  of  the  United  States  southward.  Var.  lutescens  along  the  Pacific 
coast,  from  the  Yukon  River  to  Cape  Saint  Lucas. 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Olivacea,  uropygiomagisflamcante;  infrcisordide 
flavo-albida  ;  vertice  aurantiaco. 

$  9 ,  in  summer :  Upper  parts  olive,  duller  and  washed  with  grayish  to- 
ward and  on  the  head,  brighter  and  more  yellowish  on  the  rump  and  upper 
tail-coverts.  Beneath  greenish-white,  palest  on  the  belly  and  throat,  more 
olive-shaded  on  the  sides ;  the  color  not  pure,  but  rather  streaky,  and  having 
in  places  a  grayish  cast.  Wings  and  tail  edged  with  the  color  of  the  back ; 
lining  of  the  wings  like  the  belly,  and  inner  edges  of  tail-feathers  whitish. 
Orbital  ring  and  lores  yellowish.  An  orange-brown  patch  on  the  crown, 
partially  concealed,  smaller  and  more  hidden  in  the  9  than  in  the  £ .  Size 
of  ruficapilla 


228       HABITS    OF    THE    ORANGE-CROWNED    WARBLER 

The  sexes  of  this  species  scarcely  differ,  and  young  or  autumnal  birds 
are  very  similar  to  the  adults,  except  the  frequent  or  usual  absence  of  the 
orange-brown  crown-spot  in  birds  of  the  year.  The  species  is  well  distin- 
guished from  all  its  allies  by  the  color  of  the  crown-patch,  as  well  as  by  the 
general  oliveneps  and  yellowness  of  coloration,  no  part  of  the  bird  being 
pure  ashy  or  white. 

The  foregoing  description  is  applicable  more  particularly  to  typical  celata, 
from  which  the  Pacific-coast  form  differs  decidedly,  as  pointed  out  by  Mr. 
Ridgway,  being  much  more  richly  colored.  It  may  be  described  simply  as 
olive-green  above,  and  greenish-yellow,  shaded  with  olive,  on  the  sides  below, 
without  any  of  the  qualifying  terms  required  for  precision  in  the  case  of 
typical  celata.  This  form,  lutescens,  occurs  in  parts  of  the  Colorado  region 
during  the  migrations,  when  it  is  associated  with  true  celata,  but  is  stated  to 
breed  only  farther  north  and  more  coastwise. 

AS  remarked  by  Dr.  Brewer,  the  geographical  distribution 
of  H.  celata  is  involved  in  some  obscurity,  probably  owing 
to  its  irregularity  of  migration.  The  bird  was  unknown  to 
Wilson,  but  described  soon  after  his  time  by  Mr.  Say,  whose 
zoological  commentary  has  rendered  u  Long's  Expedition"  mem- 
orable to  ornithologists.  After  a  few  years,  Nuttall  spoke  of  it 
as  not  uncommon  in  the  orange-groves  of  West  Florida ;  he  may 
or  may  not  have  had  some  other  species  in  view,  but  we  find 
Allen  recording  celata  among  the  winter  birds  of  Florida,  as 
well  as  attesting  its  occurrence  in  Massachusetts.  Thus  it  ap- 
pears that  Audubon's  notice  of  its  movements  is  probably  well 
founded,  and  that  it  was  not  sufficiently  considered,  when,  in 
1858,  Baird  assigned  a  range  only  from  the  Mississippi  River  to 
the  Pacific.  The  gist  of  the  matter  would  appear  to  be  that 
we  have  here  a  bird  of  very  general  dispersion  in  North  Amer- 
ica, evenly  and  regularly  distributed  in  large  numbers  over 
more  than  the  western  half  of  the  continent,  but  of  rare  and 
perhaps  fitful  occurrence  in  the  Atlantic  States.  The  extra- 
limital  records,  without  exception  so  far  as  I  know,  are  Mexican. 
The  habitat  of  the  species  is  thus  brought  into  close  correspond- 
ence with  that  of  H.  ruficapilla,  though  the  areas  of  greatest 
abundance  of  the  two  species  are  upon  opposite  sides  of  the 
continent. 

I  have  myself  only  observed  the  Orange-crowned  Warbler 
in  the  West,  where  it  is  a  common  bird,  at  least  during  the 
migrations.  It  is  known  to  winter  along  our  southwestern 
border,  as  it  also  does  in  Florida.  Its  breeding-range  appears 
to  be  nearly  coextensive  with  the  whole  area  of  its  distribution 
in  the  West,  where  the  mountain  chains  afford  the  elevation 
that  answers  to  increase  of  latitude  as  far  as  the  nidification 


HABITS    OF    THE    ORANGE-CROWNED    WARBLER      229 

of  birds  is  concerned.  We  may  consider,  therefore,  that  this 
pretty  bird,  whose  very  name  is  suggestive  of  the  topic  now 
under  discussion,  is  virtually  a  summer  resident  as  well  as  a 
migrant  in  all  the  mountainous  Territories  of  the  West,  nesting 
at  certain  elevations  that  aflbrd  conditions  corresponding  to 
those  that  it  finds  down  to  sea-level  in  the  boreal  regions  to 
which  some  individuals  press  on  in  the  alluring  spring-time.  It 
has  been  traced  to  the  Yukon  Eiver,  along  which  mighty  water- 
course the  lamented  Kennicott  found  its  nests,  which  were 
placed  on  the  ground,  generally  in  clumps  of  low  bushes.  The 
same  naturalist  observed  its  nesting  about  Great  Slave  Lake 
in  June,  and  both  Dr.  Brewer  and  myself  have  drawn  up  our 
descriptions  of  the  structure  and  its  contained  eggs  from  the 
material  thus  furnished.  The  former  notes  certain  variations 
in  architecture  according  to  locality,  nests  which  he  examined 
from  more  arctic  regions  being  smaller  and  more  compact,  as 
well  as  more  homogeneous  in  the  materials  used,  which  were 
chiefly  stems  of  small  plants  and  the  finer  grasses.  As  usual 
in  the  case  of  ground-building  birds,  the  nests  of  the  Orange- 
crown  seem  large  for  the  size  of  the  bird ;  they  may  be  built 
of  fibrous  bark  strips  outside,  and  fine  grasses  or  mosses  within, 
with  or  without  other  lining,  such  as  the  fur  of  animals.  The 
eggs,  which  have  been  found  to  be  four,  five,  or  six  in  number, 
measure  about  O.G7  in  length  by  0.50  in  greatest  diameter  j  the 
color  of  the  shell  is  white,  dotted  all  over — sometimes  pro- 
fusely, sometimes  sparsely — with  light  reddish-brown,  the  mark- 
ing being  either  evenly  distributed  over  the  surface,  or,  as  is 
oftener  the  case,  more  numerous  about  the  larger  than  toward 
the  other  end. 

Within  the  limits  of  the  Colorado  Basin,  which  is  so  highly 
diversified  in  its  surface  features  and  climatic  conditions,  the 
Orange-crowned  Warbler  has  the  mixed  character  of  both  a 
resident  and. a  migratory  species.  In  the  spring,  it  ascends  the 
mountains  to  seek  a  congenial  nesting  place,  even  at  a  height 
of  11,000  feet;  it  retreats  in  the  fall  from  these  elevated  regions, 
and  becomes  more  generally  dispersed.  You  will  find  it  during 
the  migrations  especially  in  the  shrubbery  along  water-courses, 
where  you  may  recognize  it  by  its  apparently  uniform  yellow- 
ishuess,  its  sprightly,  restless  movements,  its  frequent  aerial 
forays  after  passing  insects,  and  the  sharp,  wiry  "tsip",  the 
incessant  repetition  of  which  expresses  the  vivacity  of  its 


230        SYNONYMY    OF    HELMINTHOPHAGA   PEREGRINA 

nature.  Its  nuptial  song  I  have  never  heard,  for  I  have  never 
found  the  bird  weariug  the  orange-blossom s$  those  who  have 
been  more  fortunate  say  that  the  stave  consists  of  a  few  sweet 
trills,  varied  according  to  the  spirit  of  the  songster,  but  always 
ending  abruptly  with  a  rising  inflection. 

Tennessee   Warbler 

Hclminthophaga   peregrina 

Sylvia  peregrina,  Wils.  AO.  iii.  181 1,83,  pi.  25,  f.  2.— Bp.  Journ.Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 196.— 
Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  87,  439.— Nutt,  Man.  i.  1832,  412.—  And.  OB.  ii.  1834,  307, 
pi.  154. 

Sylvicola  (Vermivora)  peregrina,  8.  &  R.  FBA.  ii.  1831, 221,  pi.  42. 

Syl vicola  peregrins,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836, 1837, 171. 

Veniiirora  peregrina,  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  2l.—Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  od.  1840, 469.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  vi.  1853, 312  (Wisconsin).— Bead,  ibid.  399  (Ohio).— Kennie.  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i. 
1855. 583.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864, 1865,  438  (Missouri). 

Helinaia  peregrina,  And.  Syn.  1839,  68.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  96,  pi.  110.— Pratten,  Tr.  111. 
Agric.  Soc.  1855,  602.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860, 307  (Cuba). 

Mniotilta  peregrina,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196.— Cabot,  Nuum.  Jahrg.  ii.  Heft  iii.  1852, 66. 

Hclmitheros  peregrina,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1-50, 315. 

Helminthophaga  peregrina,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 20.— Bd.  BNA.  1858, 258.— Set  PZS.  1859,  373 
(Oaxaca).— S.  &  S.  Ibis,  ii.  1860, 31  (Coban,  V.  P.).— Cab.  J.  f.  0. 1861,  85  (Costa  Rica).— 
Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1861,  326  (Cuba).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vii.  1861,  322  (Panama).— 
Bam.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  435.— Gundl.  3.  f.  0. 1862, 177  (Cuba).— Blak.  Ibis,  iv. 
1 862,  4  (Saskatchewan).  —Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862,  156.— Blak.  Ibis,  v.  1863,62.— 
Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  61.— S.  &  S.  PZS.  1864,  347  (Panama)  —Lawr.  Ann.  Lye. 
N.  Y.  viii.  1865,  174  (Chiriqui)  —  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  178.— Salv.  PZS.  1867,  135  (Ve- 
ragua).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 284  (New  York) ;  ix.  1868, 94  (Costa  Rica).— 
Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  In-t.  v.  1863, 270.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost,  SL>C.  xii.  1868, 109.— Trippe,  Am.  Nat 
ii.  1868,  18l.-Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,575.— Turnb.  B.E.  Pa.  1869,24  ;  Phila.  ed.  17  — 
v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  O.  1869,  293  (Costa  Rica).— Salv.  PZS.  1870,  182  (Veragua).— S.  &  S. 
PZS.  1870,  836  (Honduras).— Mayn.  Guide,  1870,  100.— Wyatt,  Ibis,  3d  ser.  i.  1371,  322 
(Herradura).— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  362.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  95.— Gundl. 
J.  f.  O.  1872,  412  (Cuba).— Herrick,  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873  (Grand  Menan).— Ridgw. 
Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873,  180  (Colorado).— Snow,  B.  Kans.  1873,  5.— Coues,  BNW.  1874, 
53.— Ridgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  1874,  368  (Illinois).— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 205,  pi.  11, 
f.  10, 11.— Brew.  Pr.  Bcwt.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439.— Lawr.  Bull.  Nat,  Mus.  n.  4, 1876, 15  (Te- 
huantepec).— Minot,  B.  N.  Eugl.  1877, 96. 

Helminthopaga  peregrina,  Gregg,  Pr.  Elmira  Acad.  1870,  — . 

Sylvia  tenenssaei,  V.  EM.ii.  1823,452,  n.114. 

Sylvicola  missuriensis,  Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  vL  1853, 117. 

Fauvette  du  tenenssle,  V.  1.  c. 

Tennessee  Swamp  Warbler,  Tennessee  Warbler,  Tennessee  Vermivora,  Authors. 

HAB. — Chiefly  Eastern  North  America.  West  to  the  Upper  Missouri  (J.  G. 
Bell,  auct.  Audubon)  and  Colorado  (El  Paso  County,  C.  E.  Aiken,  auct.  Rldg- 
ivay).  Cuba.  Mexico.  South  to  Colombia.  Breeds  iu  the  northern  tier  of 
States,  and  northward  to  high  latitudes. 

CH.  SP. —  $  ,  adultus,  mipt.  temp.,  supra  flavo-olivacea  postice 
vegetior,  untied  cinerea;  subtus  ex  tuto  albida  ;  veriive  innotata; 
caudd  brevissimd,  vix  Mpollicari;  alis  longissimis.  $  et  juv. 


CHARACTERS  OF  HELMINTHOPHAGA  PEREGRINA  231 

vegetiores,  supra  flavo-olivascentes,  subtus  virenti-albidce.    Long. 
tot.  4J-4f  ,  alec  2J,  caudce  1J-2. 


$,  adult:  Upper  parts  yellowish-olive,  brightest  posteriorly  ;  on  the  fore 
parts  aud  head  changing  to  pure  ash,  without  any  greenish  tint  whatever. 
No  crown-patch  of  any  different  color.  Lores,  eye-ring,  or  frequently  a  decided 
superciliary  stripe,  whitish.  Entire  under  parts  dull  white,  scarcely  or  not 
tinged  with  yellowish.  Wings  and  tail  dusky,  strongly  edged  with  the  color 
of  the  back,  the  outer  tail-feathers  frequently  with  an  obscure  whitish  spot. 
Bill  and  feet  dark.  Length,  4£-4f  ;  wing  about  2f  ,  long  and  pointed,  the 
first  quill  as  long  as  the  next,  and  little  difference  between  the  first  three  or 
four  quills.  Tail  extremely  short,  only  two  inches  or  leas;  such  comparative 
lengths  of  wing  and  tail  probably  always  serving  to  identify  the  species. 

$  ,  adult  :  Quite  like  the  male,  but  the  ashy  of  the  head  less  pure  and  clear, 
aud  the  whole  under  parts  more  or  less  tinged  with  greenish-yellow. 

Young  :  Entire  upper  parts  strongly  and  uniformly  yellowish-olive,  like 
the  back  of  the  adult  male,  or  even  greener,  this  color  also  tinging  the  eye- 
ring  aud  superciliary  stripe.  Whole  under  parts  like  those  of  the  adult 
female,  or  even  more  decidedly  greenish-yellow,  leaving  only  the  belly  and 
criasuui  whitish.  In  such  case,  the  species  more  closely  resembles  some 
others  than  the  adults  do  ;  but  the  short  tail,  long  wings,  and  absence  of 
crown-patch,  are  distinctive. 

THE  Tennessee  Warbler  is  scarcely  entitled  to  a  place  here. 
Yet  its  westward  dispersion  is  wider  than  is  generally 
known  or  supposed,  and  there  is  no  question  that  it  reaches  the 
Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado.  There  is  an  old  record  of  the 
finding  of  the  bird  on  the  Upper  Missouri  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Bell, 
the  famous  taxidermist  of  New  York,  who  accompanied  Audu- 
bon  up  the  river;  and  the  Prinz  Maximilian  von  Neu  Wied 
described  it  from  the  same  region  under  the  name  of  "  Sylvicola 
missuriensis".  I  have  myself  only  found  it  along  the  eastern 
border  of  Dakota,  where,  however,  it  is  extremely  abundant 
during  the  migration,  which  is  concluded  in  that  latitude  during 
the  fore  part  of  June.  It  is  one  of  the  numerous  Eastern  birds 
first  discovered  in  Colorado  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Aiken,  who  took  it  in 
El  Paso  County  of  that  State,  along  with  such  decidedly  East- 
ern species  as  Wilson's  Bluebird,  the  Blue  Yellow-backed 
Warbler,  the  Indigo-bird,  Baltimore  Oriole,  Carolina  Wood- 
pecker, and  the  Dusky  Duck  (Anas  obscura).  No  one  else  ap- 
pears to  have  met  with  it  so  far  west,  nor  has  it  yet  been  found 
fairly  within  the  watershed  of  the  Colorado.  I  consider  it  one 
of  the  less  abundant  Warblers  of  the  Atlantic  States  ;  it  is  cer- 
tainly much  more  numerous  in  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi,  its 
main  belt  of  migration  both  in  spring  and  fall.  It  is  one  of  the 
three  Helminthopliagce  which  proceed  far  beyond  the  United 


232  THE    GENUS   PEUCEDRAMUS 

States  to  breed,  though  it  occasionally  nests  in  the  Northern 
States.  In  the  opposite  direction,  it  extends  in  winter  to  South 
America.  For  an  account  of  its  habits,  I  must  refer  to  other 
treatises,  though  I  may  add  that  nothing  1  have  read  upon 
the  subject  indicates  that  the  bird  differs  in  any  notable  respect 
from  others  of  the  same  genus. 

Genus  PEUCEDRAMUS  Coues 

Peucedramus,  Ooues  apud  Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  "  1875"  (=  1876),  202.    (Type 
Sylvia  olivacea  Giraud.) 

CHARS. — General  aspect  of  Dendrceca.  Tongue  much  as  in 
that  genus,  but  larger,  with  revolute  edges,  cleft  tip,  and  lacin- 
iate  for  some  distance  from  the  end.  Wings  elongated,  half  as 
long  again  as  the  tail  (in  Dendrceca  but  little  longer  than  the 
tail),  reaching,  when  folded,  nearly  to  the  end  of  the  tail.  Tail 
emarginate.  Tarsus  no  longer  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw. 
Hallux  little  if  any  longer  than  its  claw.  Bill  little  shorter 
than  tarsus  (averaging  little  over  half  the  tarsus  in  Dendrceca), 
attenuate,  notably  depressed,  yet  very  little  widened  at  base. 
Culmen  rather  concave  than  convex  in  most  of  its  length,  the 
under  outline  almost  perfectly  straight  from  extreme  base  to 
tip.  Nasal  fossa3  very,  large,  with  a  highly  developed  nasal 
scale.  Kictal  vibrissa3  few  and  short.  Plumage  without  streaks. 

The  form  of  the  bill  is  peculiar,  lacking  entirely  the  Parine 
aspect  of  that  of  Dendrceca;  it  somewhat  resembles  that  of 
Siurus.  The  relationships  of  P.  olivaceus  appear  to  be  with  the 
Jamaican  Sylvicola  eoa  of  Gosse.  Certain  Certhia-like  peculiari- 
ties of  habits  have  been  noted  by  Mr.  Henshaw.  Professor 
Baird  long  ago  called  attention  to  the  characters  of  this  form 
in  the  following  terms : — "The  bill  in  this  species  is  quite  pecu- 
liarly slender  and  depressed,  and  the  culmen  is  straighter  than 
in  any  other  Dendroica.  The  nostrils,  too,  are  much  more  linear, 
and  the  wings  unusually  long.  In  these  respects,  as  well  as  in 
pattern  of  coloration,  it  forms  a  very  strongly  marked  section 
among  the  Dendroicas,  even  if  not  entitled  to  consideration  as 
a  separate  genus."  The  ostensible  date  of  the  establishment 
of  the  genus  is  1875,  but  the  actual  issue  of  the  work  in  which 
it  was  characterized  was  delayed  until  the  latter  part  of  1876 ; 
the  first  appearance  of  the  name  (without  characterization)  was 
in  1875  in  Mr.  Henshaw's  other  publication  below  cited.  The 
genus,  as  far  as  known,  embraces  a  single  species. 


CHARACTERS    OF    PEUCEDRAMUS    OLIVACEUS        233 

The  Olive  Warbler 

Peucedramus  olivaceus 

Sylvia  olivacea,  Gir.  Sixt.  Sp.  Tex.  B.  1841, 29,  pi.  7,  f.2.— Scl.  PZS.  1855,  60  (commentary). 

Sylvicola  Olivacea,  Bd.  Stansb.  Rep.  GSL.  1852,  328.— Oass.  III.  1855, 283,  pi.  48. 

Rhimamphus  olivaceus,  ScL  P23. 1856, 291  (Mexico). 

Dendroica  olivacea,  Bd.  BXA.  1858, 305.— Scl  PZS.  18C8, 295  (Cordova) ;  298  (Oaxaca)  —  Bd. 
Rev.  AB.  1863, 205.— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  258,  pi.  14,  f.  4.—Hensh.  Amer.  Sportsman, 
v.  Feb.  20, 1875,  328  (first  actual  introduction  to  TJ.  S.  fauna). 

Dendro3ca  olivacea,  Scl.  PZS.  1859, 363  (Xalapa).— Scl  Cat.  AB.  1861, 31.— Salv.  Ibis,  2d  ser. 
ii.  1866, 191  (Guatemala).— Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,  610.— Ooues,  Key, 
1872, 99. 

Mniotilta  Olivacea,  Gray,  Handlist,  i.  1869,  240,  n.  3479.— Gieb.  Nomencl.  Av.  1875,  604. 

Peucedramus  olivaceus,  Coues  apudHensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  "1875"  (=  1876), 
202  (type  of  genns). 

Peucedramus  olivacea,  Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875, 156  (Arizona). 

Sylvia  (ivniata,  Dubus,  "  Bull.  Acad.  Brux.  xiv.  1847, 104  "  ;  Revue  Zoologique,  1848, 245. 

Mniotilta  ta-niata,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 

Sylvicola  taeniata,  Sp.  CA.  i.  1850, 309. 

Olive  Warbler,  Olive-backed  Warbler,  Olive-headed  Warbler,  Orange-breasted  War- 
bler, Authors. 

HAB. — Mexico.  North  to  " Texas "  (Giraud)  and  Arizona  (Henshaw).  South 
to  Guatemala. 

OH.  SP. —  6*  Capite  et  collo  aurantio-brunneis,  fascia  lata  nigrd 
per  latera  capitis  ductd ;  alis  albo  bifasciatis,  speculo  albo  ad  ba- 
seos  primariorum. 

$  :  Upper  parts  ashy,  more  or  less  olivaceous,  changing  to  greenish  on 
the  nape.  Head  and  neck  all  around  orange-brown  or  intense  saffron-yellow, 
with  a  broad  black  bar  on  the  side  of  the  head  through  the  eyes.  Wings 
blackish,  the  inner  webs  of  all  the  quills  edged  with  white,  the  outer  webs 
of  most  of  the  primaries  with  whitish,  and  the  outer  webs  of  the  secondaries 
with  greenish ;  most  of  the  primaries  also  marked  with  white  on  the  outer 
webs  at  base,  forming  a  conspicuous  spot  (only  seen  elsewhere  in  D.  ccerules- 
cens,  which  is  altogether  different  in  other  characters).  Tail  like  the  wings, 
with  greenish  edging  of  most  of  the  feathers,  the  two  outer  ones  on  each 
side  mostly  or  wholly  white.  Belly  and  sides  whitish,  tinged  with  olive  or 
brownish.  Length,  about  4f  ;  wing,  3.00 ;  tail,  2£-2£ ;  bill,  ^ ;  tarsus,  f . 

The  female  is  described  as  having  the  saffron  color  much  clearer  yellowish, 
and  shaded  with  olive-green  on  the  crown ;  the  black  bar  replaced  by  whit- 
ish, excepting  a  dusky  patch  on  the  auriculars.  The  very  young  bird  does 
not  appear  to  be  known. 

THE  present  is  one  of  the  " sixteen  species77  described  and 
figured  as  new  in  1841  by  J.  P.  Giraud,  and  by  him  attrib- 
uted to  Texas.  Doubt  has  been  often  expressed  with  reference 
to  the  ascribed  habitat  of  these  birds,  the  presumption  being 
that  some,  if  not  all,  of  them  actually  came  from  contiguous 
Mexican  territory.  But  it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  their 
describees  declaration  of  their  origin  was  unwavering  to  the 
last,  and  that  his  statement  is  gradually  being  borne  out  by  the 
rediscovery  of  his  species  within  our  limits;  while  the  Texan 


234  HABITS   OF   THE    OLIVE   WARBLER 

side  of  the  Valley  of  the  Lower  Eio  Grande  has  afforded  vari- 
ous species,*  the  existence  of  which  in  this  region  long  remained 
unsuspected.  Mr.  Cassin  redescribed  and  figured  the  species 
in  1855,  since  which  time  it  has  been  generally  enumerated 
among  the  birds  of  the  United  States  5  but,  so  far  as  I  am 
aware,  the  first  unequivocal  testimony  of  its  presence  over  our 
border  has  only  been  very  recently  afforded,  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Hen- 
shaw,  who  took  specimens  in  Arizona,  and  gave  us  our  first 
information  of  the  habits  of  the  bird.  The  distribution  of  the 
species  had  meanwhile  been  traced  southward  through  Mexico 
to  Guatemala.  The  Baron  Dubus,  an  ornithologist  of  Belgium, 
had  examined  a  specimen  from  some  portion  of  Mexico,  and  in 
1847  had  described  it  as  a  new  species  under  the  name  of  Syl- 
via tceniata.  Baird  had  noted  the  bird  from  Popocatepetl  and 
the  alpine  region  of  Orizaba,  whence  specimens  reached  the 
Smithsonian  through  Prof.  F.  E.  Sumichrast,  the  well-known 
collector  j  while  Sclater  and  Salvin  had  left  records  of  the  occur- 
rence of  the  species  in  Cordova,  Oaxaca,  Xalapa,  and  Vera  Paz. 
Mr.  Henshaw?s  narrative  of  his  experiences  with  the  bird  is  as 
follows : — "  During  a  three  days'  visit  to  Mount  Graham,  Au- 
gust 1  to  4,  the  species  was  not  detected ;  .  .  .  .  Returning 
here  September  19,  many  of  the  species  found  in  August  in 
abundance  had  migrated  south,  and  were  either  entirely  want- 
ing or  represented  by  individuals  from  farther  north,  while  the 
woods,  the  silence  of  which  was  often  unbroken  for  long  inter- 
vals by  the  note  of  a  single  bird,  would  now  and  then,  as  if  by 
magic,  be  filled  with  hundreds  of  feathered  migrants,  who  in 
noisy  companies  were  proceeding  on  their  way  south.  The  day 
after  establishing  our  camp  here,  Mr.  Eutter,  of  the  party, 
brought  in  a  fine  specimen  of  this  warbler,  which  he  stated  he 
had  shot  from  among  a  flock  of  Audubon's  Warblers  and  Snow- 

*  Dr.  James  C.  Merrill,  Assistant  Surgeon  United  States  Army,  lately  found 
at  Fort  Brown,  Texas,  the  following  interesting  species,  all,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  Grebe,  new  to  the  fauna  of  the  United  States: — Molothru*  ceneus, 
Nyctidromus  albicollis,  Pyrrhophcena  riefferi,  Amazilia  cerviniventris,  Parr  a 
gymnostoma,  and  Podiceps  dominicus.  (See  Ball.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  i.  n.  4, 
Nov.  1876,  p.  88,  and  ii.  n.  1,  Jan.  1877,  p.  26.)  That  the  ornithological  re- 
sources of  our  southern  border  are  not  yet  exhausted  may  also  bo  inferred 
from  the  fact  that  Mr.  Henshaw  alone  added  about  a  dozen  species  to  the 
fauna  of  Arizona.  Still  later,  Mr.  George  B.  Sennett  collected  a  Pigeon 
(Leptoptila  albifrom)  new  to  our  fauna,  near  Fort  Brown,  Texas,  as  recorded 
by  me,  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  ii.  n.  3,  for  July,  1877,  p.  82 ;  besides  the  new 
Parula  described  on  a  preceding  page,  aud  a  variety  of  Myiarchus  not  before 
recognized  as  au  inhabitant  of  the  United  States. 


THE    GENUS   DENDRCECA  235 

birds,  which  he  had  started  from  the  ground  while  walking  in 
the  pine  woods.  With  the  rest,  it  had  apparently  been  feeding 
upon  the  ground,  and  had  flown  up  to  a  low  branch  of  a  pine, 
where  it  sat  and  began  to  give  forth  a  very  beautiful  song, 
which  he  described  as  consisting  of  detached,  melodious,  whist- 
ling notes.  During  the  next  few  days,  I  confined  my  collecting- 
trips  to  the  spruce  woods,  and  though  I  watched  eagerly  for 
this  to  me  strange  warbler,  I  did  not  see  it  until  the  last  day  of 
my  stay  in  the  locality,  when  I  heard  a  few  strange  Vireo-like 
notes  coming  from  some  thick  pines,  and,  hurrying  to  the  spot, 
soon  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  one  of  these  warblers  on 
the  low  limbs  of  a  huge  pine,  where  it  was  moving  quickly  over 
the  large  branches,  its  manner  and  whole  appearance  remind- 
ing me  instantly  of  the  Pine  Creeper  (Dendroica  pinus).  A  few 
moments  later,  a  second  specimen  was  shot  from  the  top  of  a 
tall  pine,  where  it  was  actively  creeping  about.  As  all  the 
warblers  present  here  at  this  time  were  migrants,  we  may  rea- 
sonably infer  that,  with  the  others,  this  species  was  en  route 
from  some  locality  to  the  north,  and  perhaps  it  may  be  found  to 
be  a  rare  inhabitant  of  the  high  pine  region  throughout  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico." 

Genus  DENDRCECA  Gray 

Motacilla  and  Sylvia,  in  part,  of  early  authors. 

Sylvicola  of  Swainson,  in  part,  and  of  many  authors.— Gray,  List  of  G.  of  B.  2d  ed.  1841,  32. 

Not  of  Humphreys. 
Dendroica,  Gray,  List  of  G.  of  B.  1841,  App.  sep.  titled  and  paged,  1842, 8  (type  Jfotociito 

coronata  L.).— Bd.  NAB.  1858, 263. 

Dcndroeca,  "  Agassiz".— Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vetensk.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869, 605  (monographic). 
Dendraca,  Elliot,  Introd.  to  Illust.  BNA.  18—,  — . 
Rimamphus,  Rafinesque,  "Am.  Monthly  Mag.  iv.  1818,  39  ;  Journ.  de  Phys.  Ixxxviii,  1819, 

417".    (Type  R.  citrinus,  supposed  to  be  D.  cestiva.    Name  not  available.) 
Rbimamphus,  Haril.  Revue  Zoologique,  1845, 342. 
Rhimanphus,  Gray,  "  1848  ".— Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  i.  1850, 19. 

CHARS.— Bill  variable  in  shape,  usually  conico-atteuuate,  more 
or  less  depressed  at  base,  compressed  from  the  middle;  notched 
near  the  tip,  not  showing  the  extreme  acuteness  of  that  of  Hel- 
mintherus,  Helminthophaga,  and  Protonotaria.  Eictus  with  ob- 
vious bristles,  which  are  not  evident  in  the  true  "worm-eating" 
Warblers.  Tarsus  longer  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw  (it  is 
shorter,  or  not  longer,  in  Mniotllta).  Hind  toe  little  if  any 
longer  than  its  claw  (decidedly  longer  in  Mniotilta  and  Parula). 
Wings  much  longer  than  tail,  pointed,  1st  and  2d  primaries 
longest.  Tail  moderate,  with  rather  broad  feathers,  nearly  even, 
but  varying  to  slightly  rounded,  or  with  slight  central  emargi- 
nation.  Pattern  of  coloration  indeterminate.  Tail  always  with 
white  blotches  (except  in  cestiva  and  its  immediate  allies,  where 


236  THE    GENUS    DENDRCECA 

the  inner  webs  are  yellow),  never  plain  olivaceous.  Crown  never 
with  lateral  black  stripes,  nor  under  parts  uniformly  streaked 
with  blackish  on  a  pale  ground,  nor  back  with  a  yellow  patch,  nor 
whole  head  yellow.  Length  usually  5  or  6  inches ;  rarely  under 
and  perhaps  never  over  these  dimensions.  Nest  in  trees  or 
bushes,  with  rare  exceptions.  Eggs  white,  spotted. 

It  is  not  easy  to  frame  a  definition  of  this  genus  covering  all 
its  modifications,  yet  introducing  no  term  inapplicable  to  any 
species ;  but  the  foregoing  expressions  considered  collectively, 
however  arbitrary  or  trivial  some  of  them  may  seem  to  be, 
may  serve  to  distinguish  any  Dendrceca  from  its  allies  of  other 
genera  5  and,  if  so,  the  diagnosis  is  exclusively  pertinent  to 
group  as  conventionally  accepted.  The  coloration  of  these 
birds,  though  indeterminate  in  most  respects,  is  nevertheless 
a  good  clue  to  the  genus ;  for  the  tail  of  every  Dendrceca  is 
blotched  with  white,  excepting  D.  cestiva  and  its  allies,  in 
which  it  is  bright  yellow  on  the  inner  webs;  and  though  sev- 
eral of  the  Worm-eating  Warblers  have  white-blotched  tails, 
these  birds  are  easily  distinguished  by  the  acute,  un notched, 
and  scarcely  or  not  bristled  bill ;  while  the  Creeping  Warblers, 
Mniotilta  and  Parula,  with  white-spotted  tail-feathers,  have 
differently  proportioned  feet.  No  Dendrceca  shows  the  special 
color-pattern  which  Mniotilta,  Parula,  Protonotaria,  Siurus, 
Oporornis,  and  Oeothlypis  respectively  exhibit;  nor  does  any 
one  of  them  present  such  a  development  of  the  rictal  bristles 
as  that  seen  in  the  group  of  Fly-catching  Warblers,  where, 
moreover,  the  bill  is  usually  wider  and  more  depressed  at  the 
base  than  it  is  in  Dendrceca. 

The  names  this  genus  has  borne  have  been  frequently 
changed.  The  earlier-described  species  were  usually  called 
Motacilla  or  Sylvia,  the  ineligibility  of  which  names  is  too  obvi- 
ous to  require  comment.  Next  Sylvicola  came  into  vogue;  but 
this,  as  instituted  by  Swainson,  belongs  more  particularly  to 
the  group  afterward  called  Parula,  and,  in  any  event,  is  untena- 
ble, being  long  antedated  by  Sylvicola  in  conchology.  The 
family  name  Sylvicolidce,  however,  is  still  generally  derived  from 
this  source,  though  Gray  calls  the  family  Mniotiltidce,  after 
Vieillotfs  genus  Mniotilla  or  Mniotilta,  and  Cooper  has  lately 
named  it  Dendrcecidce.  Gray,  in  1842,  proposed  the  term  Den- 
droica,  Baird's  adoption  of  which  fixed  it  so  firmly  in  our  no- 
menclature, that  a  generation  of  American  ornithologists  have 
grown  up  who  probably  never  think  of  using  any  other  term. 
As  far  as  I  can  see  into  the  devices  of  nomenclature,  it  should 


D.  MONTANA HELMINTHOPHAGA  (?)  CARBONATA  237 

be  retained  in  its  emended  form  Dendrceca;  the  word  being  from 
the  Greek  dsvdpov,  a  tree,  and  some  one  of  the  many  words  that 
group  about  okew,  I  inhabit,  and  okoc,  a  house — signifying  a 
tree-tenant,  or  one  who  is  at  home  in  the  trees,  as  all  our  Wood- 
warblers  are,  excepting  perhaps  D.  palmar um. 

For,  as  Baird  showed  in  1858,  the  only  choice  is  between 
Dendrceca,  and  Rimamphus  of  Eafinesque,  which  latter,  in  the 
forms  of  Rhimamphus  or  Rhimanplius,  has  been  used  by  Hart- 
laub  and  Cabanis.  Kafinesque's  description  of  the  type  of  his 
genus,  R.  citrinus,  from  the  Ohio,  has  been  supposed  to  indicate 
the  Summer  Warbler,  D.  cestiva,  and  he  doubtless  had  that 
species  in  the  distorted  perspective  of  his  mental  vision ;  but 
the  description  of  his  "  Citron  Open-bill",  as  he  called  it,  is  that 
of  an  imaginary  if  not  altogether  impossible  bird,  so  faulty  as 
to  render  the  name  unavailable  for  the  purposes  of  science. 

Dendrceca  is  the  largest  North  American  genus  of  birds,  con- 
taining some  thirty-five  reputed  species,  nearly  thirty  of  which 
are  doubtless  valid.  No  fewer  than  twenty-five  of  these  have 
latterly  been  ascribed  to  North  America ;  but  two  of  them, 
"montana"*  and  "  carbonata  ",t  are  not  now  substantiated  by 

*  Dendrceca  moiitaim.— Blue  Mountain  Warbler. 

Sylvia  montana,  Wils.  AO.  v.  1812,  113,  pL  44,  f.  2  (Blue  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania).— 
Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 73G  (after  Wilson).— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  451,  n.  110  (from 
Wilson).— Bp.  Journ.Phila.Acad.  iv.  1824,  199.— 1  f  Aud.  OB.  v.  1839,  294,  pi.  434,  f.  3 
.  ("  California"). 

Sylvicola  montana,  Jard.  "ed.  Wils.  1832,  —  ".— f  1  Aud.  Syn.  1839,  62.—  Nutt,  Man.  i.2d 
ed.  1840,  442.—?  1  Aud.  BA.  ii.  18-.1,  69,  pi.  98.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 308. 

Mniotilta  montana,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196.— Giebel,  Nomenc.  Av.  ii.  1875, 604. 

Dendroica  montana,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  278  (after  Wilson).— Bd.  Eev.  AB.  1865, 190  (after 
Wilson).— B.  B.  <£  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 271  (after  Wilson). 

Dcndroeca  montana,  Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Yet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869, 613. 

Sylvia  tigrina,  ?  Vieill.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  34,  pi.  94  (see  under  tigrina  beyond,  p.  245).— Bp. 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  82  (after  Wilson).— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 393  (after  Wilson). 

Sylvicola  tigrina,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836, 1837, 171  (ref.  to  Wilson).— Bp. 
CGL.  1838,  23. 

Fauvette  des  Montagnes  Blenes,  F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 451. 

Blue  Mountain  Warbler  of  Wilson,  Nuttall,  and  Baird ;  whether  of  Audubon? 

HAD. — "  Blue  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania." 

tHelminthophaga  (?)  carbonata.— Carbonated  Warbler. 
Sylvia  carbonata,  Aud.  OB. i.  1831,  308,  pi.  M.-Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 405. 
Sylvicola  carbonata,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836,  1837, 172. 
Hellnaia  carbouata,  Aud.  Syu.  1839,  68.— Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841, 95,  pi.  10:>. 
Vermivora  carbonata,  Bp.  CGL.  1838, 21. 
Helmitheros  carbonata,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 315. 

Hniotilta  carbonata,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196.— Giebel,  Nomenc.  Av.  ii.  1875,  600. 
Dendroica  carbonata,  Bd.  BNA.  1858, 287.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 207. 
Dendroeca  carbonata,  Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vetensk.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,  618. 
Perissoglossa  carbonata,  B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 214. 
Carbonated  Swamp  Warbler,  Aud.  1.  c. 
Dusky  Warbler,  Nutt.  \.  c. 

HAB.—"  Kentucky." 


238         GENERAL  TRAITS  OF  WARBLERS 

known  specimens,  and  "carbonata",  moreover,  may  belong  to 
another  genus;  while  one,  olivacea,  only  lately  ascertained  to 
occur  within  our  borders,  has  been  made  the  type  of  a  separate 
genus.  This  leaves  twenty-two  valid  United  States  species,  as 
given  in  my  "Key"  in  1872,  there  having  been  no  additions 
since  that  date  to  the  genus  Dendroeca  itself,  though  several 
other  Warblers  have  in  the  mean  time  been  discovered  and  de- 
scribed. Dendroeca  tigrina,  made  by  Baird  the  type  of  a  distinct 
genus  Perissoglossa  in  1865, 1  still  retain  in  this  genus,  pending 
the  question  whether  other  Warblers  may  not  share  its  sup- 
posed peculiarities.  The  principal  extralimital  species  of  the 
genus  are  the  Cuban  D.  pityopliila,  the  Jamaican  I),  pharetra, 
the  Porto  Eican  D.  adelaidce,  and  the  several  species  or  races 
related  to  D.  cestiva. 

The  beauty  and  variety  of  the  genus  are  displayed  to  best 
advantage  in  the  woodland  of  the  Eastern  United  States,  where 
the  numerous  species  are  conspicuous  ornaments  of  the  forest 
scene.  In  most  portions  of  the  United  States,  the  Wood- 
warblers  are  migratory  birds,  coming  with  great  regularity  in 
the  spring,  each  in  its  own  time,  abounding  for  a  season,  and 
then  passing  on  to  reappear  in  even  greater  profusion  during 
the  autumn.  It  is  scarcely  possible,  however,  to  speak  of  them 
collectively  in  other  than  very  general  terms,  such  is  the  differ- 
ence they  present  not  only  in  their  movements,  but  4n  the  minor 
details  of  their  habits  and  traits  of  character.  To  the  regular 
periodicity  of  their  movements  may  be  ascribed  in  some  mea- 
sure the  constancy  of  their  specific  characters,  since  none  of 
them  are  long  subjected  to  the  modifying  influences  of  particu- 
lar localities.  Some  species,  like  dominica,  are  quite  southerly 
in  their  distribution ;  a  few,  like  discolor  and  pinus,  breed  south- 
erly as  well  as  farther  north,  and  are  as  well  known  at  large 
during  the  breeding  season  as  at  any  other  time.  Most  of  them, 
however,  push  the  spring  migration  to  higher  latitudes,  scarcely 
resting  content  south  of  the  latitude  of  Massachusetts,  unless 
it  be  that  they  are  satisfied  to  nestle  upon  the  higher  eleva- 
tions of  the  Alleghanies.  Few  remain  with  us  during  the 
winter,  and  these  only  linger  along  our  southern  border;  but 
the  hardy  and  resolute  Yellow-rumps  are  an  exception  to  this 
statement,  as  they  abound  over  at  least  the  southern  half  of 
the  United  States  throughout  the  most  inclement  seasons.  The 
rest  find  more  congenial  winter  homes  beyond  our  border;  some 
in  the  West  Indies,  others  again  in  Mexico,  and  yet  others  in 


GENERAL  TRAITS  OF  WARBLERS        239 

Central  and  even  South  America.  Some  of  the  Warblers  that 
push  farthest  north  in  spring  are  also  those  that  penetrate  farth- 
est into  South  America,  it  being  not  at  all  a  question  of  balan- 
cing a  far-north  spring  migration  with  a  less  extended  return 
movement  in  the  fall.  The  passage  of  the  Warblers  keeps  the 
collectors  busy,  and  thousands,  doubtless,  of  these  delicate  and 
attractive  birds  meet  their  fate  each  year  in  this  way.  The 
great  variability  in  color,  according  to  age,  sex,  or  season,  which 
nearly  all  the  species  display,  no  less  than  their  real  beauty, 
encourages  the  acquisition  of  large  suites  of  specimens,  and 
stimulates  the  collector  to  rival  his  fellows  in  the  possession  of 
the  most  highly  plumaged  spring  males,  or  in  the  discovery  of 
some  of  those  indifferently  feathered  females  and  young  which 
sometimes  puzzle  the  most  expert  ornithologists ;  and  almost 
every  local  collection  may  boast  its  Warbler  prize.  In  the 
breeding  season,  especially  in  New  England  and  other  northerly 
portions  of  the  United  States,  the  riper  and  more  thoughtful 
naturalist,  less  avaricious  of  mere  possession,  finds  ample  scope 
for  the  exercise  of  his  craft  in  his  leisurely  studies  of  the 
habits  of  Warblers  and  his  diligent  search  for  their  nests.  Nor 
was  it  long  since  that  the  nest  and  eggs  of  many  of  the  com- 
monest species  were  rarities  or  even  novelties,  so  slowly  did  we 
acquire  our  knowledge  of  this  kind;  and  even  now  so  much 
remains  to  be  ascertained,  that  the  field  may  be  considered  open 
to  the  diligence  and  ability  of  whoso  may  will  to  enter  it. 

Only  a  single  species  of  Dendrceca — the  familiar  and  ubiqui- 
tous Summer  Warbler — ranges  regularly  across  the  continent, 
though  each  side  occasionally  receives  a  straggler  from  the 
other,  like  D.  coronata  and  D.  townsendi.  The  abundance  of 
the  genus  in  the  East  contrasts  sharply  with  its  poverty  in  the 
West.  Audubon's  Warbler  is  the  most  numerously  and  widely 
diffused  species,  corresponding  to  the  Yellow-rump  of  the  East. 
D.  nigrescens,  which  may  perhaps  be  considered  to  represent 
D.  ccerulescens,  is  another  common  species.  The  Eastern  D.  virens 
is  the  type  and  only  representative  of  a  little  subgroup,  which, 
in  the  West,  furnishes  no  fewer  than  three  species;  though  chry- 
soparia  can  hardly  be  called  Western,  as  it  only  reaches  Texas, 
D.  occidentalis  and  D.  townsendi  being  the  representatives  of 
the  virens  group  in  other  parts  of  the  West.  Finally,  the  East- 
ern D.  dominica  is  replaced  in  the  Southwest  by  the  lately  dis- 
covered Grace's  Warbler. 

In  drawing  comparisons  between  the  Eastern  and  Western 


240 


DENDEOECA   VIRENS 


representation  of  Dendrceca,  however,  we  should  not  forget  that 
several  Eastern  species,  properly  speaking,  are  not  so  exclu- 
sively restricted  as  has  long  been  supposed.  The  recent  thor- 
ough ransacking  of  the  mountains  of  Colorado,  by  several 
well-trained  ornithologists,  has  shown  that  various  species 
reach  across  the  Plains  to  the  Kocky  Mountains,  and  even  pen- 
etrate their  fastnesses — not  as  mere  stragglers,  but  as  regular 
migrants.  Such  species  are  D.  striata,  D.  ccerulea,  D.  blacJc- 
burnice,  and  D.  maculosa,  which  I  shall  consequently  include  in 
the  main  text  of  the  present  work,  as  reaching  the  confines  of 
the  Colorado  watershed. 


FIG.  32.— Black-throated  Green  "Warbler,  natural  size. 

The  North  American  species  of  Dendrceca  which  are  not 
known  to  come  within  such  limit  are  the  following: — 

Dendroeca  virens.— Black-throated  Green  Warbler. 

Motacilla  Virens,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788, 985,  n.  1541  (Edw.  pi.  300,  etc.).-Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  607. 

Sylvia  Virens,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  537,  n.  112.— TteiH.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  33,  pi.  92.—  Wils.  AO.  ii.  1810, 
127,  pi.  17,  f.  3.— V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817,  ITQ.—Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  740.— V. 
Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  440,  n.  73— Bp.  Journ.  Phila,  Acad.  iv.  1824, 192.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye. 
N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  80.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  376,  ftg.-Licht.  "Preis-Verz.  Mex.  Vog.  1830,  2 " ; 
J.  f.  O.  1863,  57.— And.  OB.  iv.  1838,  70,  pi.  399.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  308.— 
Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  Zl.—Gatke,  "Naum.  1858,  423  "  (Heligoland,  Europe). 

SylviCOla  Vircns,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836,  1837, 172.—^.  CGL.  1838,  22.— 
Aud.  Syn.  1839,  55.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841.42,  pi.  84.— Gir.  BLT.  1844, 57.— J3p.  CA.  i.  1850, 
307.—  Woodh.  Rep.  Zufii  R.  1853,  70  (Texas  and  Indian  Terr.).—  Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
vi.  1853,  3iO.--.Kead,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  398.— Reinh.  "  Vid.  Med.  for  1853, 1854,  72, 
81  ".—Reinh.  J.  f.  O.  1854,  426  (Greenland).— Jennie.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 
583.— Smo.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  1856,  6.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  In st.  i.  1856,  Ml.— Pry.  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  vi.  1857,  116  (Nova  Scotia).— Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  282  (Nova 
Scotia).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860,  307  (Cuba).— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864, 1865, 
438.— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871, 114. 


D.    CHRYSOPARIA D.    CCERULESCENS  241 

Hniotfita  virens,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196.— Cabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heft  iii.  1852,  65.— Kneel.  Pr. 
Boat.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  234.— Reinh.  Ibis,  iii.  1861, 5  (Greenland). 

Khimanplius  virens,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 19. 

Rhinianiphus  virens,  GundL  J.  f.  0. 1855, 474  (Cuba).— Scl.  PZS.  1856,  291  (Mexico). 

Dendroica  virens,  Bd.  B.  N.  A.  1858,  267.— Scl.  PZS.  1858,  295  (Cordova).— Scl.  PZS.  1859, 
373  (Oaxaca).— S.  A  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859, 11  (Guatemala).— Qundl.  J.  f.  0. 1861,  326  (Cuba).— 
Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  436.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  vii.  1861,  293  (New 
Granada).— Coues  &  Front.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  407.—  Boardm. Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
ix.  1862,  125.— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  iii.  1862,  146.— AUen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inat.  iv.  1864,  61.— 
id.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  182.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  284.— Triple,  A  in.  Nat  ii. 
1868,  H3.-Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  24;  Phila.  ed.  17.— Haym.  Cox's  Surv.  Indiana,  1869, 
217.— Sumich.  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869,  546  (VeraCrnz).— v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  0.  1869,  293 
(Costa  Rica).— GundL  J.  f.  O.  1872,  413  (Cuba).— B.B.  <£  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 261,  pi.  12,  f. 
4.—Brewst.  Ann.  Lye.  N.'  Y.  xi.  1875,  135.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439. 

Dendroeca  virens,  Scl.  P7S.  1859,  363  (Xalapa).— 8.  <&  S.  PZS.  1864,  347  (Panama).— Scl. 
Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  89  (critical).— Dress,  ibid.  477  (San  Antonio).—  Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess. 
Inst  v.  1886,  85.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1868, 94  (Costa  Rica).— Coues,  Pr.  Bost  Soc. 
xii.  1868,  110.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  272.— AUen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  509.— Sund. 
Oefv.  K.  Vet- Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,  611.— Salv.  PZS.  1870,  182  (Voragna).— Cope,  Am. 
Nat.  iv.  1870,395,  396,  399.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  97,  f.  39.— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xiv.  1872, 
363.— Trippe,  Am.  Nat  vi.  1872,  47,  48.— Herrick,  Bull  Ess.  Inst  v.  1873,  — .  -Trippe, 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873, 234.— Ooues,  BNW.  1874,  54.— Lawr.  Bull  Nat  Mus.  n.  4, 1876, 
15  (Tehuantepec).— Gentry,  Life- Hist  1876,  102.—  Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877, 117.— Merr. 
Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877,  15. 

Dendrceca ? ,  S.  <&  S.  Ibis,  ii.  1860, 273  =  wmw  $ . 

Black-throated  Green  Flycatcher,  Edw.  Gl.  ii.  190,  pi.  300. 

Figuier  a  gorge  noir  de  Pensilvanie,  Ficedula  pensilvanica  gutture  nigro,  Briss. 
On.  vi.  1760,  App.  104,  n.  77. 

Figuier  a  cravatte  noir,  Buff.  "v.  298". 

Green  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 404,  n.  297.— Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783, 484,  n.  108. 

Parus  viridis  gutture  nigro,  Bart  Trav.  Fla.  1791, 292. 

Fauvette  a  cravate  noire,  V.  EM.  ii.  1823, 440.— Le  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 196. 

Black-throated  Green  Warbler,  Authors. 

HAB. — Eastern  Province  of  the  United  States  and  temperate  British  Amer- 
ica. West  only  to  the  edge  of  the  Plains  (Missouri,  Kansas,  Indian  Territory, 
and  Texas).  North  casually  to  Greenland.  South  to  Panama.  Migratory 
only  in  most  parts  of  the  United  States.  Breeds  from  the  higher  portions 
of  the  Middle  States,  and  from  New  England,  northward.  "Winters  in  Mexico, 
Central  America,  and  also  in  Cuba  (alone  of  the  West  Indies).  Accidental 
in  Europe  (Heligoland,  Gatke,  as  above  cited). 

]>endr<eca  chrysoparia.— Golden-checked  Warbler. 

Dendrreca  chrysoparia,  S.  &  8.  PZS.  I860, 298  (Guatemala;  not  of  PZS.  1862,  19)'.— 8.  AS: 

Ibis,  ii.  I860, 273  (Vera  Paz,  Guatemala).— Scl.  Ibis,  i.  2d  ser.  1865,  89  (critical).— Dress, 

Ibis,  1865, 477  (Medina  River,  Texas). 
Dcndroica  chrysopareia,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  i.  1865, 183, 267.— B.  B.  &  R.  N.  A.  B.  i.  1874, 260,  pi. 

12,  f.  6. 
Dendrceca  chrysopareia,  Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet. -Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,  610.— Coop.  B.  CaL  i. 

1870, 193,  tig.— Coues,  Key,  1872, 98. 
Mniotilta  chrysopareia,  Gray,  H.-L.  i.  1869,  241,  n.  3494.— Gieb.  Nomenc.  Av.  ii.  1875, 601. 

HAB.— Texas  to  Guatemala. 

Dendroeca  ccerulescens.— Black- throated  Bine  Warbler. 

Uotacilla  canadensis,  L.  SN.  L  1766,  336,  n.  42  (from  Briss.  iii.  527,  pi.  27,  f.  6,  and  Edw.  v. 
pi.  252,  f.  1 — Not  the  bird  of  same  name  on  p.  334,  which  is  D.  coronata)  .—Bodd. 
Tabl.  PE.  1783,  43  (PE.  685,  f.  2).— Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  991.  n.  42  (same  bases,  with  addi- 
tion  of  Blick-throated  Warbler  of  Penn.  and  Lath.).— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  611. 
10  B  C 


242  DENDR(ECA    CCERULESCENS 

Sylvia  canadensis, Lath.  10.  ii.  1790,  539,  n.  in.— Wils.  AO.  ii.  1810,  115,  pi.  15,t.7.-BP. 

Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  191.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  84.— Nutt.  Man.  L  1832. 

3S8.— And.  OB.  ii.  1834,  309,  pis.  148,  155.— Peab.  Rep.  On.  Mass.  1839,  311.— Thomps. 

Vermont,  1853,  83. 

Phj llopnouste  canadensis,  Boie,  Isis,  1828, 321. 
Sylvicola  canadensis,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit,  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836, 1837, 172.— Bp.  CGL.  1838, 

23.— And.  Syn.  1839,  61.— Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841,  63,  pi.  95.— Gir.  BLI.  1844,  56.— Gosse,  B. 

Jam.  1847, 160.— Denny,  PZS.  1847,38.—  Bp.  C  A.  i.  1850,  308.—  Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  Zuni 

and  Colo.  R.  1853,  11.— Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acid.  vi.  1853,  399.— Hoy,  ibid.  311.— Henry, 

Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  309.— Kenn.  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  583.  —Pratten,  ibid. 

602.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.i.  1856,  207 .— SaUe,  PZS.  1857,  231  (San  Domingo).— Willis, 

Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,282  (Nova  Scotia).— Bry.   Pr.   Bosk  Soc.   vii.  1859,  110 

(Bahamas).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860,  307  (Cuba).— Albrecht,  J.  f.  O.  1861,  53 

(Bahamas).— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864, 1865,  438.— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xi.  1867,  91 

(San  Domingo).— Triple,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871,  114. 

Mniotllta  canadensis,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196.— Kneel.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  vi.  1857, 234. 
Rhimamphus  canadensis,  Gundl.  J.f.  O.  1855,  473  (Cuba).— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1861,408  (Cuba). 
Dendrolca  canadensis,  £d.  BNA.  1858,  271.— Hcnry,Pr. Phila.  Acad. xi.  1859, 106.— Gundl. 

J.  f.  O.  1861,  326  (Cuba).— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  436.— Cones  &  Prent. 

Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,407.— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862,  146.— Boardm.  Pr.  Bost. 

Soc.  ix.  1862, 125.— March,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xv.  1863,  293.—  Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst,  iv.  1864, 

62.— Laurr.  Anr.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 284.— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  172. 
Dendrteca  canadensis,  Sd.  PZS.  1861, 70  (Jamaica).— Albrecht,  J.  f.  0. 1862, 193  (Jamaica).— 

Dress.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  478  (Texas).— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  85.— Trippe,  Am. 

Nat.  vi.  1872,  47.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873, 235. 
Motacilla  rn>rulescens,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  960,  n.  74  (Buff.  v.  164 ;  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  440, 

n.  35).— Turt  SN.  i.  1806,  590.— Less.  Tr.  Orn.  i.  1831,  419. 
Sylvia  caerulescens,  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  651.— F.  Ency.  Metb.  ii.  1823,  432,  n.  44.— 

D'Orb.  Ois.  Cuba,  1839,  63,  pi.  9,  f.  1, 2  (Cuba). 
Dendroica  crcrulescens,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  186  —Gundl.  3.  f.  O.  1872,  413  (Cuba).— B.  B. 

&  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 254,  pi.  12,  f.  10, 11.—  Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439. 
Dendneca  Cftrulescens,  Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Yet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,610.— Cows,  Key,  1872, 

99.— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  363.— Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1873,  54.— Merr.  Am.  Nat.  viii. 

1874,  87.— Gentry,  Life-Hist.  1876, 105.— Jones,  Bull.  Nntt.  Club,  i.  1876, 11  (breeding).— 

Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877, 115.— Merr.  Tr.  Conn.  Aced.  iv.  1877, 15.    ~ 
Sylvia  Cffirulescens,  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790,  520,  11.  39.— F.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  25,  pi.  80.— F.  N.  D. 

d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 168. 
Dendrceca  coerulescens,  Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  no.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  v.  1868, 

272.— Cope,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870, 395, 399.— Coues,  BNW.  1874, 55. 
Dendroica  coerulescens,  Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 24 ;  Phila.  ed.  17. 
Mniotilta  coerulescens,  Gieb.  Nomenc.  Av.  ii.  1875, 602. 
Sylvia  pusilla,  Wilts.  AO.  v.  1812,  100,  pi.  43,  f.  4  ( 9 .    Not  of  same  work,  iv.  1811, 17,  pi.  28, 

f.  3,  which  is  Parula  americana).—Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 197. 
Sylvicola  pusilla,  Denny,  PZS.  1847, 38. 

Sylvia  leucoptera,  Wils.  "  Index,  and  2d  ed.  (Hall's  ed.)  ii.390"  (?  renamed). 
Sylvia  palustris,  Steph.  Shaw's  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 722  ( $  renamed). 
Sylvia  macropos,  Vieill.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 451,  n.  112  ( ?  renamed) . 
Mniotilta  macropus,  Gray,  G.  of.  B.  i.  1848, 196. 
Sylvia  sphagnosa,  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  199  (?  renamed).— Bp.  Ann.  Lye. 

N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  85.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 406.— Aud  OB.  ii.  1834, 279. 

Vireo  sphagnosa,  "Jardine  ".    (See  Brewer's  12rno.  ed.  of  Wilson,  Boston,  1840,  393.) 
Sylvicola  pannosa,  Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847, 162  ( $ ).— Gosse,  HI.  B.  Jam.  1849,  pi.  37. 
Mniotilta  pannosa,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 
Dendrceca  pannosa,  Scl.  PZS.  1861, 71.— Albrecht,  J.  f.  0. 1862, 193. 
Blue  Flycatcher,  Edw.  Gl.  pi.  252,  f.  1  (=  M.  canadensis  Linn.  p.  336). 
Petit  Figuier  cendre*  de  Canada,  Ficedula  canadensis  cinerea  minor,  Briss.  Orn.  iii. 

1760, 527,  pi.  27,  f.  6  (=  M.  canadensis  L.  p.  336). 
Figuier  cendre  du  Canada,  Bu/.  PE.  685,  f.  2. 

Figuier  bleu,  Buff.  "  v.  304  ",  or  "  ix.  446  "  (PE.  685,  f.  2)  (=  M.  canademis  Linn.  p.  336). 
Fauvette  bleuatre  de  8.  Domingue,  Buff.  "Hist. Nat.  Ois.  v.  164  "  (=  M.  ccerulescens  Gm.) 


DENDRCECA   CASTANEA  243 

Blue-grey  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783,  440,  n.  35  (—  M.  ccerulescens  Gm.). 

Black-throatcd  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  1783, 487,  n.  113.— Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 399,  n.  285. 

Fauvette  bleuatre,  V.  1.  c.  1817. 

Fativette  dcs  pins  mardcageux,  V.  EM.  ii.  1823, 451  ($). 

Bec-fln  bleuatre,  D'Orb.  1.  o. 

Olive  Warbler,  Gosse,  1.  o.  ( 9 ). 

Black-throatcd  Blue  Warbler,  Canadian  Warbler,  Pine-swamp  Warbler,  Authors. 

NOTE. — Though  so  extensive,  the  synonymy  of  this  species  is  perfectly  plain.  Therfl 
were  two  early  sources  of  names,  both  referring  to  the  Black-throated  Blue  cf.  One  ol 
these  was  Edwards's  "  Blue  Flycatcher",  which  became  M.  canaden&is  L.,  auct. ;  the  other 
was  BufFou's  "Fauvette  bJenatre  de  St.  Domingue",  which  made  If.  ccerulescens  Gm.,  auct. 
It  is  required  to  adopt  the  latter  and  later  name,  because  there  is  another,  prior,  M.  cana- 
d&nsis  L.  =  coronata.  The  very  differently-colored  olivaceous  ?  did  not  appear  till 
"Wilson,  who  called  it,  S.  pvsttla,  a  name  he  had,  however,  already  given  to  the  Parula. 
Perceiving  this  double  employ,  several  authors  hastened  to  propose  names;  whence  leucop- 
tera  of  Wilson's  "Index",  palustris  Steph.,  macropos  V.,  and  sphagnosa  Bp. — all  mere 
renames ;  Gosse,  however,  discovered  and  named  the  ?  pannosa  independently. 

HAB. — Eastern  Province  of  North  America,  including  most  of  British 
America ;  ita  United  States  range  closely  coincident  with  that  of  D.  virens. 
(Accredited  to  the  Upper  Missouri  by  Audubon.)  Breeds  from  New  England, 
and  doubtless  from  higher  portions  of  the  Middle  States,  northward.  Mi- 
gratory in  most  of  the  United  States.  Winters  in  Southern  Florida  (Mayn- 
ard),  and  in  various  of  the  West  India  Islands  (Bahamas,  Cuba,  Jamaica, 
and  San  Domingo);  no  M exican  nor  Central  American  record,  the  winter 
range  being  thus  very  different  from  that  of  D.  virena. 

Deudreeca  castanea.— Bay-breasted  Warbler. 

Sylvia  castanea,  Wils.  AO.  ii.  1810,  97,  pi.  14,  f.  4.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  714.— V.  Ency. 

M6th.  ii.  1823, 452,  n.  113.— Pp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 189.—  Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T. 

ii.  1826,  80.— KTutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 382.— And.  OB.  i.  1832, 358,  pi.  69.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass. 

1839, 309. 
SylTlcola  castanea,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836,  1837,  172— Bp.  CGL.  1838, 

22.-Aud.  Syn.  1839,  53.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  34,  pi.  80.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1830, 306.— Hoy,  Pr. 

Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853, 311.— Rend,  ibid.  398.— Pratten,  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,601.— 

Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856, 207.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Eep.  for  1864, 1865,  438  (Missouri). 
Mniotilta  castanea,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 
Khimanpbus  castancus,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 19. 
Dendrolca  castanea,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  276.— S.  <£  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859, 11  (Guatemala).— Octss.  Pr. 

Phila,  Acad.  xii.  I860,  193  (Isthmus  of  Darien).— Bam.  Smitha.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861, 

436.— Coues  &  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861, 1862,  4(fl.-Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862, 

125.— Terr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862, 147.— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  62.— Bd.  Rev. 

AB.  1865,  189.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  viii.  1866, 284.— IVippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868, 173, 

IW.-Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 25  ;  Phila.  ed.  18.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xv.  1872, 192.— B.  B. 

&  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 251,  pi.  13,  f.  4,  5.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439. 
DendroBca  castanea,  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  vii.  1861, 322  (New  Granada).— S.  (68.  PZS.1864,  347 

f  Panama). —Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst,  v.  1866,  86.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  272.— 

Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  110.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  578.— Sund.  Oefv.  K. 

Vet-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,  614.— Mayn.  Guide,  1870,103.— Wyatt,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1871, 

322  (Naranjo).— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.   1872,  361.— Brew.  Ibis,  3d  per.  ii.   1872, 

334  (migrations).— Coues,  Key,  1872,  10l.-Oo«e*,BNW.  1874,  61.— Gentry,  Life-Hist. 

i.  1876, 117.— Later.  Bull.  Nat  Mus.  n.  4,  1876,  15  (Tehuan tepee). —Minot,  B.  N.Engl. 

1877, 108.— Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 16. 
Sylvia  autumnal  is,  Wils.  AO.  iii.  1811,  65,  pi.  23,  f.  3.- Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 632.- F. 

Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  448,  n.  102.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 195.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye. 

N.  Y.  ii.  182G,  84.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  390.— And.  OB.  i.  1832,  449,  pL  88.— Peab.  Rep. 

Orn.  Mass.  1839, 310  —Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  v.  1852,  223. 


244  DENDRCECA    PENNSYLVANICA 

Fauvette  a  poitrine  rougeatre,  F.EM.  ii.  1823,452. 
Fauvcttc  d'automne,  V.  Eucy.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 448. 
Fauvette  a  gorge  bale,  Le  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 205. 
Bay-breasted  Warbler,  Autumnal  Warbler,  Authors. 

HAB.— Closely  correspondent  to  that  of  D.  striata,  Lut  less  extensive. 
Eastern  Province  of  North  America ;  north  to  Hudson's  Bay  (not  Alaska  nor 
Greenland) ;  west  only  to  the  edge  of  the  Plains.  Migratory  only  in  nearly 
all  of  the  United  States.  Breeds  from  Northern  New  England  northward. 
Winters  in  Central  and  northernmost  South  America  (no  other  extralimital 
record). 

Dendroeca  pennsylvanica.— Chestnut-sided  Warbler. 

Hotacilla  pensylvanica,  L.  SN.  i.  1766,  333,  n.  19  (Edw.pl.  301).— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,596. 

Sylvia  pensylvanica,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  540,  n.  120. 

Dendroica  pensylvanlca,  Parker,  Am.  Nat.  v.  1871, 
168.— Packard,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  271.— Stark, 
Am.  Nat.  viii,  1874,  756  (breeding  in  West  Vir- 
ginia). 

DendnBca  pensylvanlca,  Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,199. 

Motacllla  pensilvanica,  6m.  SN.  i.  1788,  971,  n.  19. 

Sylvia  peansylvanica,  Wils.  AO.  ii.  1810,  99,  pi.  14,  f. 
5.—Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  189. 

Mniotilta  pennsylvanica,  Gray,  G.of  B.  i.1848, 196.— 
Cabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heft  iii.  1852,  66  (Lake  Supe- 
rior). FIG.  33.— Chestnut-sided  "Warbler. 

Dendroica  pennsylvanica,  £d.  BNA.  1858,  279.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860, 1861,  436.— 
Coues  &  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861, 1862,  408.— Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soo.  ix.  1862,125.— 
Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862, 147.— Rayd.  Rep.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862,  161 
( Platte  River).— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.iv.  1864, 63.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 191.— Lawr.  Ann. 
Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 284.— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  173.— v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  O.  1869.  293 
(Costa  Rica).— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 25 ;  Phila.  od.  18.—  B.  B.  £  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 245,  pi. 
13,  f.  7,  8.— Brew.  Pr.  Boat  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439. 

Dendroeca  pennsylvanica,  &  <&  S.  Ibis,  ii,  I860, 273 (Cobaii).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vii.  1861, 
322  (New  Granada).— S.  t&  S.  PZS.  1864,  347  (Panama).— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  v. 
1866,  86.— Salv.  PZS.  1867,  136  (Veragua).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1868,  94  (Costa 
Rica).— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  110.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868, 273.— Lawr. 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1869, 200  (Yucatan).— Salv.  PZS.  1870, 182  (Veragua).— S.  &  S.  PZS. 
1870, 836  (Honduras).— Goues,  Key,  1872, 101,  f.  43.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872, 2€5.— Allen, 
Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872  (Kansas).— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  366  —Trippe,  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  xv.  1873, 235.— Coues,  BN  W.  1874, 62  —  Gentry,  Lifo-Hist.  i.  1876, 120.—  Minot,  B.  N. 
Engl.  1877, 106.—  Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 17. 

Sylvicola  pennsylvanica,  Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871, 114  (Minnesota). 

Motacilla  iCterocepbala,  L.  SN.  i.  1766,  334,  n.  25  (Briss.  iii.  517).— Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  980,  n. 
25— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  603. 

Sylvia  icterocephala,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  538,  n.  113.— V.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  31,  pi.  90.—  F.  N.  D. 
d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 223.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 622.— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 441,  n.  80.— 
.Bp.Ann.Lyc.N.Y.ii.  1826, 80.— Aud.  OB.  i.  1832,  306,  pi.  59.-  Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 380.- 
Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  309.— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  82. 

SylviCOla  icterocephala,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1836,  1837,  172.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  22.- 
Aud.  Syn.1839,  54.— Aud.'BA.  ii.  1841,  35,  pi.  81.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  308.— Hoy,  Pr.  Pbila. 
Acad.  vi.  1853,  30.— Read,  ibid.  398.— Kcnnic.  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  583.— Pratten, 
ibid.  602.— Putn.  Pr.  Ees.  Inst.  i.  1856,  207.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1856,  6.—  Bry. 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857, 116 (Nova  Scotia).— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1859, 110  (Bahamas).— 
Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 1859, 282  (Nova  Scotia).— Albrecht,  J.  f.  0. 1861, 153  (Baha- 
mas).—Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1SG4, 1865,  438  (Missouri). 
Dendroeca  icterocephala,  Sel.  PZS.  1859, 363  (Xalapa).-Cafc.  J.  f.  0. 1860, 328  (Costa  Rica).— 

Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869, 612.— Cope,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870, 395, 396. 
Dendroica  icterocephala,  Scl.  PZS.  1869, 374  (Oaxaca). 


DENDRCECA    TIGRINA  245 

Mniotilta  icterocephala,  Gieb.  Nomonc.  Av.  ii.  1875, 603. 

Red-throated  Flycatcher,  Edtc.  Gl.  ii.  193,  pi.  301  (=  M.  pensylvanica  L.;. 

Red-throated  Warbler,  Lath,  S.yn.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783, 490,  n.  116  (after  Edwards, 

Figuier  a  poltrine  rouge,  Bvff.  "v.  303". 

Figuier  a  tes'e  jaunc  de  Canada,  Ficedula  canadensis  icterocephalos,  Briss  Orn.  iii. 

1760,  517,  n.  64,  pi.  27,  f.  2  (descr.  orig.  =  M.  icterocephala  L.). 
Figuier  a  tete  Jaune  de  Canada,  Buff.  "  v.  299". 
Figuier  »  teste  jaune  de  1'cnsil  v.-inir.  Ficedula  pensilvanica  icterocephalos,  Briss. 

Orn.  vi.  1760,  App.  105  (after  Edwards). 

Quebec  Warbler,  Pcnn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 408,  n.  305.— Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  484,  n.  109. 
Tellow-crowned  Warbler,  Stcph.  1.  c.  nee  auct. 

Fauvette  a  tete  jaune,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 223.— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 441. 
FauTette  aux  c6tes  chataines,  Le  Maine,  Oie.  Canad.  1861, 206. 
Chestnut-sided  Warbler,  Authors. 

NOTE.— There  are  two  independent  oarly  sources  of  names  here.  One  is  the  Edwards's 
"  Red-throated  Flycatcher  ",  pi.  301,  which  became  M.  pensylvanica  L.,  auct.  The  other  is 
Brissou's  "Figuier  a  teete  jaune  de  Canada",  which  became  M.  icterocephala  L.,  auct. 
Note  that  the  bird  may  have  received  the  epithet  "  Bloody-sided  "  from  some  ;  but  that, 
nevertheless,  the  "Bloody-sided  "Warbler"  of  Latham  and  Pennant  is  quite  another  bird, 
to  wit,  Sylvia  ruficnpilla  Lath.  1790,  a  West  Indian  variety  of  D.petechia  of  the  D.  ceativa 
group;  and  that  it  is  the' "Quebec  Warbler"  of  Pennant  and  Latham  that  =  ictero- 
cephala L. 

HAB. — Eastern  Province,  United  States  and  Canada.  West  only  to  the  edge 
of  the  Plains,  and  scarcely  north  of  the  United  States.  Breeds  abundantly 
in  New  England,  and  doubtless  also  in  the  Middle  States.  Winters  entirely 
extralimital.  South  in  portions  of  Mexico  (Xalapa,  Oaxaca,  Sclater,  though 
it  is  stated  in  Hist.  NAB.  i.  245,  that  it  is  not  recorded  from  Mexico); 
Honduras,  Costa  Rica,  and  Guatemala  to  Panama,  and  probably  farther. 
Bahamas  alone  of  the  West  Indies. 

Demlroeca  tigrina.— Cape  May  Warbler. 

Motacilla  tigrlna,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  985,  n.  153  (Edw.  pi.  257,  &c.) .-?  Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,606. 
Sylvia  tigrina,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  537,  n.  110.— V.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  34,  pi.  94  (Baird  makes 

ihis  =  montana  Wils. ;  but  V.  quotes  himself  as  =  tigrina  Gm.).— F.  N.  D.  d'H.  N. 

xi.  1817,  WB.—Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  738.— F.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823,  4-28,  n.  30  (quotes 

Edw.,  Buff.,  and  Briss.,  and  his  own  OAS.  ii.  34,  pi.  94). 
Mniotilta  tigrina,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 
SylviCOla  tigrina,  Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Sec.  xi.  1867, 91  (San  Domingo). 
Dendroica  tigrina,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  286.— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1861,326  (Cuba).— Barn.  Smiths. 

Rep.  for  1860, 1861, 436.— Coues  dk  Preid.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861, 1862,  408.— Boardm.  Pr. 

Bost  Soc.  ix.  1862,  125  —  Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  iii.  1862,  157.— March,  Pr.  Phila.Acad. 

xv.  1863,  293  (Jamaica).— Alien,  Pr.  Es  .  lest.  iv.  1864, 63.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. 

viii.  1866, 284.— Trippe,  Am.  Nat  ii.  1868, 175.— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 25 ;  Phila.  od.  18.— 

Orton,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1871,  714. 
Demlrceea  tigrina,  Set.  PZS.  1861,  71  (Jamaica).— Albrecht,  J.  f.  0.  1862.  193  (Jamaica).— 

Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1666,  86  (Canada  West).— Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet-Akad.  Forh. 

iii.  1869,  616.— Coucn,  Key,  1872, 102  —Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1873,  55.— Gentry,  Lifo-Hist.  i. 

1876, 127.— Mcrr.  Tr.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 17. 
PeriSSOglOSSa  tigrina,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  186c,  181.— Cbwes.Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868, 274.— Ooucs, 

Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xii.  1868, 109.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  578.— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv. 

1872,  368.— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1872,  412  (Cuba).--B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  212,  pi.  12,  f.  1, 2.— 

Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439.—  Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877,  102. 
Sylvia  maritima,  Wils.  AO.  vi.  1812,  99,  pi.  54,  f.3  (cf).— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,739.— 

JSp.Jonrn.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  200.-.Bp.  AO.  i.  1825,  32,  pL  3,  f.  3.-Bp.  Ann.  Lye. 

N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  79.— Aud.  OB.  v.  1839,  156,  pi.  414.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,371.— D'Or&.Ois. 

Cuba,  1839, 70,  pi.  10. 


246  DENDROECA    DISCOLOR 

SylvlCOla  marltima,  Jard.  "  ed.  Wils.  183-2  ".— Bp.  CGL.  1838, 22.- And.  Syn.  1839,  56.—Nutt. 

Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  424.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  44,  pi.  85.— Bp.  G A.  i.  1850,  307.— Hoy,  Pr. 

Phila.Acad.  vi.  1853,  311  (Wisconsin).— -Read,  ibid.  398.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856, 

207.— Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,282  (Nova  Scotia).—  Bry.  Pr.  Best.  Soc.  vii. 

1859,  110  (Bahamas).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860, 307  (Cuba).— Albrecht,  J.  f.  0. 1861, 

53  (Bahamas). 

Certhiola  maritima,  Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847, 87.— Gosse,  111.  B.  Jain.  1849,  pi.  17. 
Mniotilta  maritima,  Gray,  G.of  B.  i.  1848,196.— Cabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heftiii.  1852,  66  (Lake 

Superior). 

Rhinmmphiis  maritimus,  Gundl  J.  f.  0. 1855, 474  (Cuba,).- Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1861,  409  (Cuba). 
Dendroeca  maritima,  A.  &  E.  Newt.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  144  (St.  Croix). 
Spotted  Yellow  Flycatcher,  Edw.  Gl.  101,  pi.  257. 
Spotted  Yellow  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 482,  n.  106. 
Spotted  Warbler,  Perm.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  407,  n.  302. 
Figuier  brim  de  Canada,  Ficedula  canadensis  fusca,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  1760,  515,  n.  63,  pi. 

27,  f.  4  (after  Edwards,  pi.  257). 

Figuier  tuoht-tc  de  jaune,  Buff.  "  Hist.  Nat.  Ois.  v.  293  ". 
Fauvette  tigree,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 228.— V.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 428. 
Bee-fin  a  joues  rousses,  I)' Orb.  1.  c. 
Spotted  Creeper,  Gosse,  1.  c. 

Fauvette  du  Cape  May,  Le  Maine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861,  208. 
Cape  May  Warbler,  Cape  May  Wood  Warbler,  Authors. 

NOTE. — All  the  synonymy  flows  in  one  stream  from  Edw.  pi.  257,  nntil  it  receives  the 
tributary  maritima  "Wils.— V.  OAS.  pi.  94,  has  been  referred  to  "montana  "Wils.",  but 
wrongly,  I  think,  though  at  least  one  author,  Nuttall,  1832,  called  the  "Blue  Mountain 
Warbler  "  "  S.  tigrina  Lath."  Note  that  Latham's  var.  A.  of  his  "  Spotted  Yellow  War- 
bler "  is  altogether  another  bird,  namely,  Siurus  ncevius,  q.  v. 

HAB. — Eastern  Province,  United  States  and  temperate  British  America. 
North  to  Hudson's  Bay  and  Lake  Winipeg.  Only  known  west  to  the  Missis- 
sippi. A  rather  rare  migrant  in  most  of  the  United  States,  breeding  from 
Northern  New  England  northward.  Winters  in  various  West  India  Islands. 
Resident  in  Jamaica.  No  Mexican  nor  Central  American  record. 

Dendroeca  discolor.— Prairie  Warbler. 

Sylvia  discolor,  V.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  37,  pi.  98.— F.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817,  181.— Steph.  Gen. 
Zool.  x.  1817. 716.— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  445,  n.  92.-£p.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ii.  1826, 
82.— Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  418.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  "294"  (i.  e.  394).—  And.  OB.  i.  1831, 
76,  pi.  14.—  Brew.  Journ.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1837,  436  (Massachusetts). -Peal).  Rep.  Crn. 
Mass.  1839, 311. 

Sylvicola  discolor,  Jard.  "ed.Wils.  1832 ".— Rich.  Rep.  Brit,  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836, 
1837,  172.—  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  23.—  Aud.  Syn.  1839,  62.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  68,  pi.  97.— 
Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847,  159.— .Bp.  CA.i.  1850,  308.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  311 
(Wisconsin).— Read,  ibid.  399.— Pratten,  Tr.Ill.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  602.— Brew.  Pr. 
Boat.  Soc.  1856,6  (Massachusetts).— Pwfn.Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,  207.— Bland,  Smiths. 
Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  287  (Bermuda).— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1859,  110  (Bahamas).— 
Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860,  307  (Cuba).— Albrecht,  J.  f.  O.  1861,  53  (Bahamas).— 
Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  x.  1866,  251  (Porto Rico).— Bry.J.f.  0. 1866, 184  (the  same).— Bry. 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xi.  1867, 91  (San  Domingo). 

Mniotilta  discolor,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 

Bhimamphus  discolor,  Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1855, 474  (Cuba). 

Dendroica  discolor,  .Bd.  BNA.  1858,  290.— Gundl.  J.f.  0.1861, 326  (Cuba).— Barn.  Smiths. 
Rep.  for  I860,  1861,  436.— Coues  &  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  408.— March,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  xv.  1863,  293  (Jamaica).— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  64  (Massachu- 
setts).—Bd,  Rev.  AB.  1865,  213.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 284.— Trippe,  Am. 
Nat.  ii.  1868,  178.— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869.  25  ;  Phila.  od.  18.— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1872,  416 
(Cuba).— Packard,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  271.— B.  B.  &  E.  NAB.  i.  1874, 276,  pi.  14,  f.  9.— 
Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440. 


DENDRGECA   DOMINICA  247 

Dendrceca  discolor,  A.  <6  E.  Newt  Ibis,  i.  1859,  144  (St  Croix).— Scl  PZS.  1861,  71 
(Jamaica).— Albrecht,J.f.  0.1862,194  (Jamaica).— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1808,  274.— 
Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  110  (South  Carolina).— Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet-Akad. 
Fiirh.  iii.  1869,  615.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  507,  518.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  1871, 268 
(Florida,  resident). -Coues,  Key,  1872, 103.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872, 125  (Kansas).— 
May)',.  B.  Fla.  1873,  58.— Merr.  Am.  Nat  viii.  1874,  81.— Coues,  BN  W.  1874,  63.— Gentry, 
Life-Hist.  i.  1876,  m.-Bailey,  Bull.  Nutt  Club,  L  1876,25. -Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877, 
105.— M err.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  1877,  17. 

Sylvia  minuta,  WUs.  AO.  iiL  1811,  87,  pL  25,  14.— Bp.  Ann.!Lyc.N.  Y.  ii.  1826, 86.— <?o**e, 
Alabama,  1859, 295. 

Phyllopneuste  minuta,  Boie,  Tsis,  1828,  3-21. 

Sylvlcola  minuta,  Denny,  PZS.  1847, 38. 

Fauvette  discolor,  V.  1.  c.  1817. 

Particoloured  Warbler,  Steph.  1.  c. 

Fauvette  discolore,  V.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 445. 

Red-backed  Warbler,  (fosse,  B.  Jam.  1847, 159. 

Prairie  Warbler,  Authors. 

HAD.— Eastern  United  States.  North  to  Southern  New  England  ;  west  to 
Kansas.  Breeds  throughout  its  United  States  range.  Winters  in  Florida, 
and  more  nuineronsly  in  most  of  the  West  India  Islands.  No  extralimital 
continental  record. 

Dendroeca  dominica.— Yellow-Throated  Warbler. 

a.  dominica 
Motacllla  dominica,  Linn.  SN.  i.  1766, 334,  n.  26  (Brisa.  iii.  520,  n.  65,  pi.  27,  f.  3  ;  Sloane, 

Jam.  ii.  310)  (Jamaica  and  San  Domingo).— Qm.  SN.  i.  1788,  980,  n.26.— Turt.  SN.  i. 

1806,  603. 
Sylvia  dominica,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790, 538,  n.  114.— F.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 223  (made  a  var.  of 

maculosa).— Steph.  Gen.  ZooL  x.  1817,  612. 

MniOtilta  dominica,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 197.— Gieb.  Nomcnc.  Av.  ii.  1875,  602. 
Dendroica  dominica,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  209  (Colima,  &c.).—Sumich.  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i. 

1869, 547  (Orizaba).— Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873, 606.— GttndL  J.  f.  0. 1872,  415  (Cuba).— 

B.  B.  &  B.  NAB.  i.  1874, 240,  pi.  14,  f.  6. 
Dendroica  dominica  var.  dominica,  Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  607.— .B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i. 

1874,  241,  pi.  14,  f.  6. 
Dendrteca  dominica,  Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  v.  1868,  270  (questions  its  occurrence  in  New 

England ;  refers  to  Liwley,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  xliv.  1843,  258). — Coues,  Pr.  Bost  Son. 

xii.  1868, 109  (Soutb  Carolina).— Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869, 611.— Lawr. 

Ann.  Lyc.N.  Y.  ix.  1869,  200  (Yucatan).— A  lien,  Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  1871, 268  (Florida,  in 

winter).— Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  222  (West  Virginia) .—Coues,  Key,  1872,  103.— 

Coues,  Am.  Nat. vii.  1873,  421.— Allen,  Am.  Nat  vii.  1873,  363.— Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1873,  60.— 

Coues,  BNW.  1874,  66,  233,-Jferriam,  Am.  Nat  viiL  1874,  7,  8.— Brewst.  Bull.  Nutt. 

Club,  ii.  1877,  102  (best  biography).— MeCauley,  BulL  TL  S.  GeoL  Surv.  iii.  1877,  661 

(Texas).— Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877,  17  (Connecticut,  several  instances).— 

Brewst.  Bull.  Nutt  Club,  iiL  1878,  43. 

Motacilla  supcrciliosa,  Bodd.  Tabl.  PE.  1783,  43  (pi.  686,  f.  l). 
Mniotilta  supcrciliosa,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 
Dendroica  SUperclliOSa,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  289.—  Wheaton,  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861, 

374  (Ohio,  quite  common).— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1861,  326  (Cuba).— Coues  APrent.  Smiths. 

Rep.  for  1861,  1862, 408  (Washington,  casual.)— March,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xv.  1863, 293 

(Jamaica). — Haym.  Cox's  Surv.   Indiana,  18G9,  217  (Indiana,  common). — Set.   PZS. 

1869,  374  (Oaxaca).— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa,  1869,  53;  Phila.  cd.  42.— Snow,  B.Kaus.  1673,5. 
Dendrceca  SUperclliOSa,  Scl.  PZS.  1859, 363  (Xalapa).— Scl.  PZS.  1862,  368  (Mexico).— S.  &  S. 

Ibis,  ii,  1860, 274  (Duenas)  —Dress.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  478  (San  Antonio,  Tex.). 
Motacilla  pensilis,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  960,  n.  76  (from  Buffon  and  Latham).— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806, 

590.— Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  418. 

Matacilla  pensilis,  Leant,  "  Voyage,  ii.  1810.— Knox,  Hist.  Ace.  St  Thomas,  1852,  p.  — ". 
Sylvia  pensillS,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  520,  n.  41.— F.OAS.ii.  1807,  11,  pi.  72.— V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N. 

xi.  1817, 177.— Steph.  Gen.  ZooL  x.  1817,  629.— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  42T,  n.  26.— Pp. 

Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ii.  1826,79.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  374.— Aud.  OB.  i.  1831,  434,  pi.  85.— 

D'Orb.  Ois.  Cuba,  1839,  65.— Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856, 200  (Indiana). 


248  DENDRCECA    DOMINICA 

Sylvlrola  penslli8,^c7i.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.for  1836, 1837, 172.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  W.—Aud.  Syu. 

1839,  33.— And.  B.  Am.  ii.  1841, 32,  pi.  79.— Oosse,  B.  Jam.  1847, 156.— Denny,  PZS.  1847, 

38.— Gosse,  111.  B.  Jam.  1849,  pi.  32.— Bp.CA..  i.  1£50,  307.—  Lawr.  Anu.  Lye.  N.Y.  vi. 

1853,  8  (Long  Island).— Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853, 398  (Ohio) .— Salle,  PZS.  1857, 231 

(San Domingo).—  Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860, 307  (Cuba).— Albrccht,  J.  f.  O.  1862,  201 

(Jamaica).— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xi.  1867,91  (San  Domingo). 
Rhimanphus  pensills,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 19. 
Rhimampbus  pensills,  Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1855,  474  (Cuba).— Sd.  PZS.  185G,  291  (Mexico).- 

Oundl.  J.  f.  0. 1861,  408  (Cuba). 

SylviCOla  pen  sill  is,  Pratten,  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  601. 
Dendroica  pcnsilis,  Scl.  PZS.  1858, 295  (Cordova). 
Motacilla  flavicollis,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  959,  n.  71  (from  Catesby,  Brisson,  &c.).— Turt.  SN.  i. 

1806,589. 
Sylvia  flavicollis,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  518,  n.  35.— F.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  45.— Wils.  AO.  ii.  1810,64, 

pi.  12,  f.  6.— V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N".  xi.  1817,  19l.-Steph.  Gen.  "ZooL  x.  1817,  679.— F.  Eccy. 

Meth.  ii.  1823,  453,  n.  118.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 188. 
Sylvicola  flavicollis,  Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853, 310  (Wisconsin). 
Figuier  cendre  de  S.  Domingue,  Ficedula  dominicensis  cinerea,  Bnss.  Orn.  iii.  nco, 

520,  ii.  65,  pL  27,  f.  3  (basis  of  If.  dominica  L.). 
Cou-jaune,  Buff.   "Hist.  Nat.  Ois.  v.  165";  PE.  686,  f.  1  (basis  of  M. supcrcilicsa  Bodd. 

and  of  M.pensilis  Gm.). 
Melange  grise  de  la  Caroline,  Parus  carolinensis  griseus,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  nco,  563,  n. 

10  U  basis  of  M.  flavicollis  Gm.). 
Yellow-throated  Creeper,  Parus  americanus  gutture  luteo,  Gates.  Car.  i.  i77i,62,pl.  62 

(a  basis  of  M .  flavicollis  Gm.). 

Yellow-throat  Warbler,  Perm.  A.  Z.  ii.  1785, 400,  n.  286. 
Yellow-throated  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 437,  n.  31. 
Mlsange  grise  a  gorge  jaune,  Buff.  "  v.  454". 
Pensile  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783,  441,  n.  37  (=  Cou-jaune,  Buff.  v.  165;  PE.  686,  f. 

1.    A  basis  of  M.peruilis  Gm.). 
Parus  griccus  gutture  luteo,  Bartr.  Trav.  1791,292. 
Jamaica  Warbler  and  St.  Domingo  Warbler,  Turton,  11.  cc. 
Jamaica  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 485,  n.  110. 
Fauvette  grise  a  cou  janne,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 191. 
Fauvelte  a  cou  jaune,  F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 427. 

Fauvette  grise  a  gorge  jaune,  F.  OAS.  ii.  1807, 45.— F.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823, 453. 
Bcc-fln  a  gorge  jaune,  D'Orb.  1.  c. 
Yellow -throated   Warbler,  Yellow-throated  Gray  Warbler,  Yellow-throated  Woo3- 

warbler,  Authors. 

b.  albilora 

Dendroica  dominica  var.  albilora,  Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873, 606  —  B.  B.  <£  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 
241,  pi.  14,  f.  7. 

NOTE.— There  are  three  sources  of  the  four  old  names  of  this  species.  The  first  binomial, 
M.  dominica  L.,  is  i-om  Brisson's  "  Figuier  cendr6  de  S.  Domingue'r,  after  Sloane.  The 
second,  M.  superciliosa  B^.dd.,  and  the  third,  M.pensilis  Gm.,  are  both  from  the  "  Cou-jaune" 
of  Buffon,  PE.  686.  f.  1— the  "Pensile  Warbler  "  of  Latham.  The  fourth,  M.  flxvicollis  GUI., 
is  Catesby's  "  Yellow-throated  Creeper  ". 

We  have  no  recognized  late  names  for  the  bird,  excepting  albilora  of  Ridgway,  which 
may  stand  as  a  geographical  race.  Probably  tho  record  of  the  bird  from  the  Mississippi 
Valley  all  belongs  to  albilora ;  but  it  is  not  easy  to  discriminate.  Texas  specimens  I  have 
lately  examined  have  the  superciliary  stripe  entirely  white,  and  such  seems  to  be  tho 
character  of  the  birds  from  the  western  portions  of  the  range  of  the  species. 

HAB. — Eastern  United  States,  rather  southerly.  North  regularly  to  Ohio, 
Illinois,  Indiana,  being  common  in  the  Ohio  Valley  (  Whcaton  et  al.y,  rarely 
east  of  the  Alleghanies,  even  in  corresponding  latitudes.  Washington,  D.  C., 
rare  (Coues  4-  Prentiss)',  West  Virginia  (W.  D.  Scott);  Pennsylvania  (Tarn- 
bull);  New  Jersey  (Auduboii) ;  New  York  (DcKay).  Connecticut  (c/.  Cones, 


DENDROECA   KIRTLANDI — D.   PALMARUM  249 

Pr.  Essex  Inst.  v.  270;  Coues,  BNW.  66;  and  especially  Merriam,  Tr.  Conn. 
Acad.  iv.  17).  West  to  Kansas  (Snoiv)  and  Texas  (McCauley.)  Breeds  in  its 
United  States  range  at  large.  Winters  in  Florida,  Mexico  (Xalapa,  Cordova, 
Colima),  Central  America,  Guatemala,  Yucatan,  and  various  West  India 
Islands  (Cuba,  San  Domingo,  Jamaica,  where  probably  resident).  Replaced 
in  Porto  Rico  by  D.  adelaidce,  and  in  the  Southern  Middle  Province  of  the 
United  States  by  D.  gracice. 

It  should  be  added,  that  Mr.  R-dgway  restricts  ttie  range  of  true  dominica 
to  the  Atlantic  States  as  far  north  as  Washington  in  summer,  and  in  winter 
to  Cuba,  San  Domingo,  and  Jamaica,  assigning  to  his  var.  albilora  the  follow- 
ing habitat : — "  In  bummer,  the  Mississippi  region  of  the  United  States,  north 
to  Lake  Erie ;  common  in  South  Illinois.  In  winter,  and  possibly  all  the 
year,  in  Mexico,  south  to  Guatemala,  Yucatan  on  the  Atlantic,  and  Colima 
on  the  Pacific  side." 

Dendrceca  kirtlandi.— K Ireland's  Warbler. 

Sylvicola  kirtlandii,  Bd.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  v.  1852, 216,  pL  6  (Cleveland,  Ohio,  May,  1851,  J. 

P.  Kirtland).— Zuchold,  J.  f.  O.  1854;  355  (copies  descr.).— Caw.  III.  i.  l«r>5  278,  pi.  47 

(from  the  original). 
Dendroica  kirtlandii,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  286.— Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Kep.  for  1860,  1861,  374 

(ref.  to  the  orig.  spec,  and  to  another  from  same  locality,  and  to  a  possible  third 

from  Racine,  Wis.).—  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  206  (notices  a  second  specimen  from  sea 

near  Bahamas,  in  Coll.   S.   Cabot,  and   report  of  third  and  fourth  specimens  in 

"  Ohio  Farmer"  for  June  9,  I860). 
Dendrffica  kirtlandi,  Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.- At  ad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,  017.— Lanydon,  Cat.  B. 

Cincinnati,  1877,  6. 

Dendroeca  kirtlandii,  Coues,  Key,  1872, 104. 
Dendroica  kirtlandi,  B.  B.  <&  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 272.  pi.  14,  f.  5. 
Mniotilta  kirtlandi,  Gieb.  Nomenc.  Av.  ii.  1875, 603. 
Kirtland's  Warbler,  Authors. 

HAB. — Of  the  known  specimens,  four  in  number,  three  were  taken  in  Ohio 
and  one  at  sea  between  the  Bahamas  and  Cuba.  Supposed  to  have  been  seen 
in  Wisconsin  (Racine,  Hoy). 

Dendrreca  palmarum.— Yellow  Red-poll  Warbler. 

a.  palmarum 

Blotacilla  palmarum,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  951,  n.  53  (San  Domingo;  based  on  the  Bimbele  ou 
fausxe  Linotte,  Buff.  v.  330,  and  Palm  Warbler  of  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  498,  u.  131).—  LMS. 
Tr.  Orn.  1831, 418. 

Sylvia  palmarum,  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790,  544,  n.  136.— F.  OAS.  ii  1807, 21,  pi.  73.— F.N.  D.  d'H.  N. 
xi.  1817,  168.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  607.-T.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823,  431,  n.  42  — Bp. 
AO.  ii.— ,— , pi.  10,  f.  2.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  v.  1825,  29  (Florida).— Bp.  Ann. 
Lye.  K  T.  ii.  1826,  78.— D'Orb.  Ois.  Cuba,  1839,  61,  pi.  8. 

Sylvicola  palmarum,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit,  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836, 1837,  172  (=  Bp.  AO.  pi. 
10,  f.  2).— Salle,  PZS.  1857, 231  (San  Domingo).— Bry.  Pr.  Boat  Soc.  vii.  1859,  110  (Baha- 
mas).—Albrecht,  J.  f.  O.  1861,  53  (Bahamas).— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  XL  1867,  91 (San 
Domingo). 

Mniotilta  palmarum,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196  (=  Gm.,  and  Bp.  AO.  pi.  10,  f.  2). 

Dendroica  palmarum,  Bd.  BN A.  1858, 288.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860, 1861, 4  JG.— Gundl. 
J.  f.  0. 1861, 326  (Cuba).— Coues  <6  Prent,  Smiths.  Rep. for  1861, 1862,  408.— Boardm.  Pr. 
Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  125.— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  lust.  iii.  1862,  147.— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864, 
63.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 207.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 284,-IVip^,  Am.  Nat.  ii. 
1868, 171.— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa,  1869,  £5;  Phila.  ed.  18.— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1872,  415  (Cuba).— 
B.  B.  (&  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 273,  pL  14,  f.  8.—- Brew.  Pr.  Bast  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440. 


250  DENDRGECA    PALMARUM 

Dendroeca  palmarum,  Scl  PZS.  1861,  71  (Jamaica).— Albrecht,  J.f.0. 1862, 193  (Jamaica). 

Blak.  lois,  v.  1863,  n.—McIlwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866, 86.-  Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868, 

109  (South  Carolina,  in  winter).— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  274.— Sund.  Oefv.  K. 

Yet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,  616.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.Acad.  xxiii.  1871,  21.— Coues,Key, 

1872,  104.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  1871,  208  (Florida,  wintering).— Mayn.  Guide,  1870, 

104.— Mayn.   Pr.  Bost.  Soc.   xiv.  187-2,  368.— Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1873,  52.— Coues,  BNW. 

1874, 67.— Gentry,  Life-Hist.  i.  1876, 132.— Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877, 122.—  Merr.  Tr.  Conn. 

Acad.  iv.  1877,  18. 
Sylvia  petechia,  Wils.  AO.  vi.  1812,  19,  pi.  28,  f.  4.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 198.— 

Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826, 83.—Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 364.— And.  OB.  ii.  1834, 259, 360,  pis. 

163,  164.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  307.— McCulloch,  Journ.  Bost.  Soc.  iv.  1844,  406 

(habits ;  makes  it  a  Seiurus).— Thomps.  NH.  Vermont,  1853,  80. 
SylviCOla  petechia,  S.  <£  E.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  215,  pi.  41.— Aud.  Syn.  1839,  58.— Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841, 

55,pl.90.— #<»/,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  310.—  Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,207.— Willis, 

Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  282.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  437  (Missouri).— 

Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871,  114. 
Phyllopneuste  petechia,  Boie,  Isis,  1828,  321. 
Mniolilta  peteciiia,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196  (=  Wils.  pi.  28,  f.  4). 
Sylvicola  petechea,  Pratten,  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  602. 

Sylvicola  ruttcapilla,  Bp.  CGL.  1838, 22.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 307.    (Not  Mot.  ruficapilla  Gm.) 
RMmamphus  ruflcapillus,  Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1855, 473  (Cuba) ;  1861, 408  (same). 
Bimhele  ou  Fausse  Linote,  Buff,  "v.330". 

Palm  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  498,  n.  133  (cites  Bimbele  of  Buffon). 
Fauvette  bimbele,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 168.— F.  EM.  ii.  18^3, 421. 
Bee-fin  bimble,  D  'Orb.  1.  c. 

Fauvette  a  tele  rouge,  Le  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 195. 
Yellow  lied -poll  Warbler  (not  of  Edw.),  Palm  Warbler,  Authors. 

b.  hypochrysea 
Dendrteca  palmarum  hypochrysea,  Ridgw.  Bull.  Nutt.  Club,  i.  1876, 84. 

NOTE  (1).— The  "  Yellow  Red-poll"  of  Edwards,  pi.  256,  f.  2,  basis  of  M.  petechia  L.,  and 
wrongly  ascribed  to  Pennsylvania  by  the  early  authors,  is  the  "West  Indian  conspecies  of 
D.  cestiva,  as  any  one  may  be  satisfied  by  a  glanco  at  the  figure.  Being  ascribed  to  Penn- 
sylvania, it  was  not  unnaturally  mistaken  for  the  present  species  by  some  who  never  saw 
Edwards's  plate,  and  never  read  Brisson's  elaborate  description  ;  for  the  terms  of  the  Lin- 
mean  diagnosis  make  it  equally  applicable  to  the  present  species.  Wilson  transferred  the 
name  petechia,  with  Edwards's  English  name,  to  this  species,  and  many  have  followed  him, 
the  "Yellow  Red-poll"  of  late  and  current  vernacular  being  thus  applied  to  thu  present 
species. — The  first  tenable  name  ispalmarum  Gm.,  based  on  the  Bimbele  of  Buffon,  which 
became  the  "Palm  Warbler"  of  Latham.— Bonaparte  called  the  bird  ruficapilla  in  1838 
and  1850;  but  the  original  ruficapilla  Gm.,  Lath.,  after  Ficedula  martinicana  Brissou,  was 
another  West  Indian  cestiva-likQ  bird,  which  Latham  and  Pennant  called  the  Bloody- 
sided  Warbler.— My  index-slips  include  many  West  Indian  citations  of  "petechia",  but  I 
am  afraid  to  use  them,  as  I  cannot  tell  now  whether  they  refer  to  true  petechia  or  to  pal- 
marum, which  latter  occurs  in  the  West  Indies. 

NOTE  (2).— A  recent  paper  by  Mr.  Ridgway,  "  On  Geographical  Variation  in  Dendroeca 
palmarum  ",  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Club,  i.  1876,  pp.  81-87,  separates  the  species  iato  two  subspecies, 
D.  palmarum  subs,  palmarum  and  D.  palmarum  subs,  hypochrysea.  The  range  of  the 
former  is  given  as  follows : — "Mississippi  Valley  during  the  migrations  ;  breeding  in  the 
interior  of  British  America,  wintering  in  the  Gulf  States,  from  Texas  to  Western  and 
Southern  Florida,  and  West  Indies  (Cuba,  Jamaica,  Santo  Domingo,  and  Bahamas).  Cas- 
ual in  certain  Atlantic  States  (but  not  in  New  England  ?)."  The  new  variety  is  assigned 
as  follows :— "  Atlantic  States,  from  East  Florida  (in  winter)  to  Nova  Scotia.  Breeding  in 
Maine  and  northward  aud  wintering  in  the  South  Atlantic  States ;  apparently  not  found 
at  all  in  the  West  Indies,  nor  in  Southern  and  Western  Florida!  "  It  being  scarcely  or 
not  practicable  to  rearrange  the  synonymy  of  the  species  in  conformity  with  the  subspo- 
cific  distinction  here  drawn,  I  have  left  all  the  prior  names  and  references  under  tho 
original,  and  have  formed  no  opinion  respecting  the  merits  of  the  case  as  presented  by 
Mr.  Ridgway. 

HAB. — Eastern  Province  of  the  United  States  and  temperate  British  Amer- 
ica. West  only  to  the  Lower  Missouri  and  Texas.  North  to  Labrador,  Hud- 


DENDRCECA   PINUS  251 

son's  Bay,  Forts  Simpson  and  Resolution,  &c.,  breeding  only  beyond  the 
United  States,  as  far  as  known,  excepting  Maine.  Migrates  early  in  the 
spring  and  late  in  the  fall,  being  observed  in  New  England  at  both  seasons 
with  the  snow,  April  and  November,  and  winters  abundantly  in  the  South- 
ern States,  from  the  Carolinas  to  Texas,  as  well  as  in  various  West  India 
Islands,  as  Bahamas,  Cuba,  Jamaica,  and  San  Domingo.  No  extralimital 
continental  records. 

Dendroeca  pimis.— Pine-creeping  Warbler. 

Sylvia  pinus,  Wils.  AO.  iii.  1811,  25,  pi.  19,  f.  4  (refers  to  Catesby.  Not  of  any  earlier 
writer,  which  =  Helminthophaya  pinus).— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  737  (in  part. 
Synonymy  mixed  with  that  of  Helminthophaga  pinus  and  Parula  americana!) — V. 
Ency.  Metb.  ii.  18-23,  464,  n.  163  (cites  Wilson).— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 
194.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1«26,  W.—Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  387.— Aud.  OB.  ii.  1834, 
232,  pi.  111.— Pert.  Rep.  Oru.  Mas-».  1839,  310.— Thomps.  N.  H.  Vermont,  1853,  82. 

Thriothurus?  pinus,  Steph.  Shaw's  Gen.  Zool.  xiv.  Ia26, 194  (in  part). 

Sylvicola  pinus,  Jard.  "od.  Wils.  1832  ".— Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1836,  1837, 172.— Bp. 
CGL.  1838, 22.—  Aud.  Syn.  1839,  54.— Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841,  37,  pi.  82.—  Woodh.  Sitgr.  Expl. 
Colo.  R.  1853,  70  (Texas).— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  311  (Wisconsin).— Jennie. 
Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  1855,  583  (niinois).— Pratten,  ibid.  602  —  Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856, 
207 — Jones,  "  Nat.  in  Bermuda,  1859,  59"  (Bermuda).— Martens,  J.  f.  O.  1859,  312  (the 
same).— Bland,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1&59,  287  (the  same).— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  lust  vi. 
1871,114  (Minnesota?). 

Mniotilta  pinus,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196  (not  of  Qieb.  Nomenc.  Av.  ii.  1875,  605). 

Rhimamphus  pinus,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 311. 

Dendroica  pinus,  Bd,  BXA.  1858,  277  (not  of  Couet,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1861,  220  ("Labra- 
dor "),  =;  D.  8triata).—Goue8  t£  Prent.  Rep.  Smiths.  Inst.  for  1861, 1862, 407  (Washing- 
ton, D.  C. ;  breeding,  not  wintering) .—.Barnard,  Rep.  Smirks.  lust,  for  1860,  1861, 
436.— Terr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862, 156  (Maine).— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1964,  62.— Bd. 
Rev.  AB.  1865, 190.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  284. -.Bryan*  li  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
1867,  67  (Veragua)  ".— Trippe,  Am.  Nat  ii.  1868,  170.— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1»69,23 ;  Phila. 
ed.  18. — Gregg,  Pr.  Elmira  Acad.  1870,  p.  — .— Bidgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  1874,  368 
(Illinois).— B.B.<£  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  268,  pi.  13,  f.  6.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  1875,440.— 
Brewst.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  xi.  1875, 136  (Virginia,  breeding). 

Dendroeca  pinus,  Mcllwr.  Pr.  Esa.  Inst  v.  1806, 86  (Canada  West).— Ooues,  Pr.  Bost  Soo. 
xiL  1868,  109  (South  Carolina  resident).— Cope,  Am.  Nat  iv.  1870,  396.— Allen,  Bull. 
MCZ.  ii.  1871,  268  (Florida,  resident).— Coues,  Key,  1872, 104.— Scott,  Pr.Bost.  Soc.xv. 
1872,  222.— Mayn.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  366  (Maiiie  and  New  Hampshire).— Merr. 
Am.  Nat  viii.  1874,  7,  8,  87.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  69.— Gentry,  Life-Hist  1876,  135.— 
Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877, 120.— Merr.  Tr.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 18. 

Dendroeca  pina,  Ooues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  v.  1868, 272.— Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1873,  48. 

Sylvia  vigorsii,  Aud.  OB.  i.  1832, 153,  pi.  30. 

Vfreo  vigorsii,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 318. 

Pine-Creeper,  Parus  americanus  lutesccns,  Gates.  Car.  i.  1771,  61,  pi.  61  (not  the  Pine 
Creeper  of  Edwards). 

Me'sange  d'Amerique,  Parus  americanus,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  1760, 576,  n.  15  (cites  Catesby). 

Fauvette  des  Sapins,  V.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 464. 

Pauvette  des  Pins,  Le  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 192. 

Vigor's  Vireo,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Pine-creeping  Warbler  of  Authors. 

HAB. — Eastern  Province,  United  States,  Canada,  and  New  Brunswick,  but 
uot  known  to  reach  Labrador,  as  wrongly  recorded  by  me  in  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
1861,  220.  (•'  North  to  Massachusetts",  B.  B.  $  B.  Hist.  NAB.  i.  268 ;  but  "  to 
New  Brunswick",  lid.  ibid.  270.)  West  only  to  the  Lower  Missouri  and 
Kansas,  &c.,  thus  strictly  confined  to  the  Eastern  Province,  like  palmar um 
and  some  others.  Breeds  throughout  its  United  States  range,  and  winters 
in  the  Southern  States,  having  no  extralimital  record  whatever,  excepting 
Bermudas  (Jones)  and  Bahamas  (Bryant). 


252  SYNONYMY   OF   DENDRCECA   JEST1VA 

Summer  Yellowbird 

Dendroeca  scstiva 

Moiacilla  canadcnsls,  Bodd.  Tabl.  P.  E.  1783,  4  (PE.  58,  f.  2).  (=M.  cestiva  Gm.  Not  M. 
candensis  Linn.  sp.  27,  nor  sp.  42  ;  nor  M.  canadensis  Bodd.  p.  24.) 

Motacilla  JCStiva,  Gm.SN.i.  1788, 996,  n.  169.— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  615.— Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  418. 

Sylvia  «RStiVft,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  551,  n.  157.— F.  OAS.  i'.  1807,  35,  pi.  95.— F.  X.  D.  U'H.  N. 
xi.  1817,  225.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,750.— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  429,  n.  34.-JSp. 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  83.— Fox,  Newc.  Mas.  1827, 161.— And.  OB.  i.  1831, 476,  pi.  95.— 
Nult.  Man.  i.  1832,  370,  fig.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  307.— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853, 
gl,  fig.—ZTaj/m.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856,  290. 

SylviCOla  ICStiva,  S.  <&  R.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  2\\.—Bp.  CGL.  1838,  23.— And.  Syn.  1839,  58  — 
Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  od.  1840,417,  fig—  And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  50,  pi.  88.— Gir.  BLI.  1844,  58  — 
Burnett,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  iv.  1851,  116.— Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  Zuui,  1853,  70—  Hoy,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  310.— Read,  ibid.  398. -Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  30'J.— 
Eennic.  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  1.  1855,  583.— Pratten,  ibid.  602.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst. 
i.  1856,  207.— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  116.— Maxim.  J.  f.  0.  vi.  1858,  114.—  Willis, 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  282.— ?  Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1800,  307  (Cuba).— Hoy, 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  438. - Finsch,  PZS.  1870,  564  (Trinidad).— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess. 
Tnst.  vi.  1871,  114. 

Mniotilta  sestiva,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196.— Cabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heft  iii.  1852,  66.— Kneel. 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  234. 

Rhiraanphiis  sestivus,  Cab.  ME.  i.  1850, 19. 

Rhimamphus  aestivus,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850.  311.-?  Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1855,  472  (Cuba).-ScZ.  PZS. 
1855, 1 13  (Bogota).— Scl.  PZS.  1856, 141  (Chiriqui).— Scl.  PZS.  1857, 202  (Xalapa).— ?  Cab. 
J.  f.  0.  1860,  326  (Cnba). 

Dendroica  estiva,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  282.— Bd.  U.  S.  Mex.  B.  Snrv.  ii.  pt.  ii.  Birds,  10.— 
Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  40.  -Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  106.— Xant.  ibid.  191.— 
Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1859,  21  (nests).— S.  <6  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  11  (Guatemala).— C.  <t  S. 
NHWT.  1860,  181.— Cans.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xii.  I860,  191,  192  (Isthmus  of  Dar  en).— 
Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  I860, 1861. 436.— Cows  &  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep. for  1361, 1862,  408.— 
Blak.  Ibis,  iv.  1862,  4.— Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862, 125.— Verr.  ibid.  137.— Ferr. 
Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862,  147.— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  lust.  iv.  1864,  63.— Baird,  Rev.  AB.  1865, 
195.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1865, 174  (Chiriqui) ;  179  (Nicaragua)  —Lawr.  Ann. 
Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  284.— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868, I12.-Butch.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xx. 
1868,  149.— Coop.  Ann.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  296  —  Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,25  ;  Phila.  od.  18.— 
v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  0. 1869,  293  (CostaRica).— Doll  dk  Ba.nn.  Tr.  Chicago  Acad.  i.  1869,  — .— 
Dall,  Ann.  Nat.iv.  1870, 600.— Stev.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sarv.  Terr,  for  1870, 1871,  463.— Holden, 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  197.— Ridg.  Ball.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873,  180.— Merr.  U.  S  Geol. 
Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  675,  705,  713.— Packard,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  271.— B  B  <&R. 
NAB.  i.  1874,  222,  pi.  14,  f.  1.— Yarr.  &  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  10.— Yarr.  ibid. 
34.— Hensh.  ibid.  41,  58,  74,  102.— Henah.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875, 156.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
xvii.  1875,  439.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  192. 

Dendroeca  sestiva,  Scl.  PZS.  1859,  363  (Xalapa).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vii.  1861,  322  (New 
fcrranada).— Blak.  Ibip,  v.  1863,  63.— Scl  PZS.  1864,  172.— S.  <6  S.  PZS.  1864,  347 
(Panama).— Taylor,  ibid.  vi.  1864,  81  (Trinidad).— Coues,  Ibis,  i.  2d  ser.  1865,  159.— 
Dress,  ibid.  478.— Couen,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  18C6,  69.—  Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v. 
1866,  86.— Salv.  PZS.  1867,  136  (Veragua).— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  109.—  Cotte*, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1868,  83.— Brown,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  iv.  1868,  420  (Vancouver).— Coues,  Pr. 
Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  273.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1868,  94  (Costa  Rica).— Lawr.  Ann. 
Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1869,  200  (Yucatan).— S.  d  S.  PZS.  1869,  251  (Venezuela).— Sund.  Oefv. 
K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,  606.— S.  <&  S.  PZS.  1870,  836  (Honduras).— Salv.  PZS.  1870, 
183  (Veragua).— Wyatt,  Ibis,  3d  *er.  i.  1871,  322  (Ocaua).— Coues,  Key,  1872,  97.— 
Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  265,  345,  396.—  Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soo.  xiv.  1872,  360.— Scott, 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  KHZ.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soo.  xv.  1873,  235.— Allen,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
xvii.  1874,  52.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  54,  232.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874, 16.— Nelxon,  Pr. 
Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  339,  346,  357.— Gentry,  Life-Hist.  1876,  99.— Jftnot,  B.  N.  Engl. 
1877,  103.—  Merr.  Tr.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 15. 


SYNONYMY    OF   DENDRCECA   .ESTIVA  253 

Sylvia  CDStiva,  Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  1.13. 

Figuier  tachete,  Buff.  "  Hist.  Nat.  Ois.  v.  235''  (a  basis  of  M:  cestiva  Grn.).    (Adult.) 
Figuier  de  Canada,  Buff.  PE.  58,  f.  a  (same  as  Figuier  tachete  of  Buff.).    (Adult.) 
Flcedula  canndcnsis,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  17CO,  492,  n.  51,  pi,  26,  f.  3  (first  basis  of  M.  cestiva  Gm.). 
Sylvia  carolincnsis,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  551,  n.  138  (based  oa  PE.  58,  f.  l).—8teph.  Gen.  Zool. 

x.  1817,  752. 

Motacilla  carcllncnsis,  Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  615  (same  as  Latham's  bird). 
Mnlotilta  carollnensis,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 
Figuier  de  la  Caroline,  Buff.  PE.  58,  f.  1  (basis  of  8.  carolinensis  Lath.). 
Figuier  de  la  Caroline,  Ficedula  carolinensis,  Briss.  iii.  1760,  486,  n.  48  (Carolina; 

quotes  Gates.  63;  but  also  gives  West  Indian  localities). 
Olive  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  409,  n.  307  (based  011  PE.  58,  f.  l).—Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x. 

1817,  752. 
TellOW-poll  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  402,  n.  292.— Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783,  515,  n.  148 

(based  on  PE.  58,  figs.  1  and  2). 

Yellow  Titmouse,  Parus  carolinensis  luteus,  Gates.  Car.  Li77i,63,pl.G3. 
Parus  luteus,  JSartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1st  Am.  ed.  1791,  292. 
Sylvia  flava,  VieiU.  OAS.  ii.  1807, 31,  pi.  89. -F.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  2d  od.  xi.  1817, 195.— V.  Ency. 

M6th.  ii.  18A  455,  n.  125.— Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  418  (=F.  OAS.  pi.  89). 
Sylvia  citrinella,  Wils.  AO.  ii.  1810,  111,  pi.  15,  f.  5.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 

190.—  Wagl.  Isis,  1831,  529.— BruJdn,  Zool.  Gart.  1871,  18. 
Motacilla  rublginosa,  Pall.  Zoog.  R.-A.  i.  1811  (1831),  496  (Kodiak) 
KhimamphUK  citrinus,  "f  Raf.  Joarn.  de  Phys.  Ixxxviii.  1819, 417  ". 
Sylvia  children!!,  And.  OB.  i.  1831, 180,  pi.  35. 
Sylvia  children!,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 370. 

Sylvicola  children!!,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  ScL  for  1836, 1837, 172. 
Sylvia  rathbonia,  And.  OB.  i.  1831, 333,  pi.  65. 
Sylvicola  rathboni.i,  Rich.  Rep.  1837,  172.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  23.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  od.  1840, 

447. 

Sylvicola  rathbonii,  And.  Syn.  1839, 58.-4«d.  BA.  ii.  1841, 53,  pi.  89. 
Mnlotilta  rathbonla,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  1. 1848, 196. 
Rhimamphus  rathbonla,  Bp.  C  A.  i.  1850, 311. 

Rhimamphus  chryseolus,  Bp.  "Bull.  Soc.  Linn.  Caen.  ii.  1831, 32  (Cayenne)  ". 
Sylvia  trochilus,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  406.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  312. 
Citron  Open-bill,  ? Raf.  "  Am.  Month.  Mag.  iv.  1818, 39  ". 
Citron  Warbler,  Sw.  t&Rich,  FBA.  ii.  1831r  211. 
Children's  Warbler,  Rathbone's  Warbler,  And.  11.  cc. 
Yellow  Wren,  or  Willow  Wren,  Nuttall,  1.  c.— Peab.  1.  c. 
Fauvctte  tachetee  de  rougeatrc,  V.  I.e.  1817 and  1823. 

Fauvette  jaunc,  V.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823,  455.— Le  Maine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 198. 
Summer  Warbler,  Summer  Yellowblrd,  Golden  Warbler,  Yellow  Warbler.  Yellow- 
poll  Warbler,  Blue-eyed  Yellow  Warbler,  Authors. 

[Note. — In  the  foregoing  synonymy,  the  different  modes  of  writing  cestiva  or  aestirauTt  not 
preserved. — All  the  above  quotations  are  believed  to  be  strictly  applicable  to  the  ordinary 
North  American  bird,  exclusive  of  its  several  West  Indian  conspecies  or  varieties  — The 
Motacilla  petechia  Linn.  SN".  i.  334,  n.  30,  is  based  on  Ficedula  pensilvanica  erythrocephalos 
Briss.  iii.  488,  and  Yellow  Red-pole  Edw.  pi.  256,  f. 2,  and  quoted  from  '"Pennsylvania"; 
the  references,  however,  and  the  descriptions  of  the  authors  cited,  indicate  clearly  that  it 
is  one  of  the  West  Indian  red-capped  conspecies  of  D.  cestiva — neither  D.  cextiva  itself,  nor 
D.palmarum,  though  the  name  hos  been  used  in  connection  with  both  these  species. — The 
names  ruficapilla,  albicollis,  and  chloroleuca  of  Gmelin,  all  indicate  birds  like  D.  cestiva,  but 
are  apparently  rather  referable  to  some  of  the  West  Indian  forms.  "  Bloody-sided  "  War- 
blor  is  one  of  the  epithets  of  Dendrceca  pennsylvanica  or  icterocephala,  the  Chestnut-sided 
Warbler  of  authors ;  but  the  Bloody-eided  .Warbler  of  Pennant  and  Latham,  based  on 
Ficedula  martinicana  of  Briss.  iii.  490,  pi.  22,  f.  4  (==  Mot.  ruficapilla  of  Gmelin),  is  one  of 
the  West  Indian  Warblers  like  D.  cestiva.— The  Sylvia  flava  of  Vieillot  seems  to  be  unques- 
tionably D.  cestiva.—  In  addition  to  the  synonyms  given,  the  curious  reader,  if  he  be  so 
minded,  may  look  among  the  older  names  for  a  Motacilla  or  Sylvia  trochilus  var.  0,  a 
supposed  variety  of  the  Willow  Wren  or  Yellow  Wren  of  Europe,  for  a  long  timo  quoted 


254       CHARACTERS  OF  DENDRCECA  ESTIVA 

a^so  from  America,  and  supposed  to  inhabit  this  country.  Examine,  for  instance,  Hota- 
cilla  trochilusp,  acredula,  L.  SN.  i.  338,  n.  49  /? ;  Sylvia  trochilus,  0.  Lath.  IO.  ii.  550,  n.  155 
/? ;  Sylvia  acredula,  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  744 ;  in  all  of  which  places  Catesby's  pi.  63  and 
Edwards's  pi.  278,  f.  2,  are  cited,  and  the  bird  is  ascribed  to  North  America.  Vieillot  dis- 
cusses this  matter  in  connection  with  a  bird  described  by  him  as  the  "  Fanvetto  naine  ", 
£t/Zria  pumilia,  OAS.ii.pl.  100,  or  the  "Pouillot  nain",  S.  pumilia,  X.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  239, 
where  it  is  referred  to  trochilus  var.  of  Lath.,  and  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  467,  where  the  female  is 
said  to  be  figured  by  Edwards,  pi.  278,  f.  2,  and  where  reference  is  made  to  the  "  Figuier 
brun  et  jiune"  of  Buffon,  v.  295;  but  I  cannot  make  out  what  his  pumilia  is,  nor  has  any 
one  identified  it,  so  far  as  I  know.  The  whole  matter  hinges  on  Edw.  pi.  278,  f.  2  ;  and  as 
this  is  not  recognizable,  the  case  is  dubious,  probably  beyond  determination.  It  is  unne- 
cessary to  add  that  no  such  bird  occurs  in  this  country ;  but  so  much  of  the  composition  of 
the  species  as  includes  American  references  is  doubtless  more  or  less  exclusively  pertinent 
to  Dendrceca  cestiva.  The  ascribing  of  the  Willow  "Wren  to  this  country  lasted  until 
within  thirty  or  forty  years,  such  species  being  given  for  instance  in  Nuttall's  work  of 
1832  and  Peabody's  of  1839.— Boddaert  has  a  Mrtacilla  canadensis,  which  is  this  species, 
being  based  upon  PE.  58,  f.  2 ;  but  the  name  is  twice  anticipated  by  Motacilla  canadensis 
of  Linnaeus,  for  two  different  species  of  the  same  genus.] 

OH.  SP. —  $  Flava,  dorso  flavo-virente,  gastrceo  aurantio-brun- 
neo  striato;  remigibus  rectricibusque  fuscis,  extus  et  intus  flavo- 
limbatis;  rostro  plumbeo;  $  et  juv.  infra  innotata. 

$ ,  adult :  Golden-yellow;  the  back  with  a  greenish  tinge  resulting  in  rich 
yellow-olive,  the  rump  more  jellowish;  the  middle  of  the  back  sometimes 
obsoletely  streaked  with  darker.  Crown  like  the  under  parts,  in  high  plum- 
age often  tinged  with  orange-brown.  Breast  and  sides,  and  sometimes  most 
of  the  under  parts,  streaked  with  orange-brown.  Quills  and  tail-feathers 
dusky,  edged  on  both  webs  with  yellow,  the  yellow  occupying  most  of  the 
inner  webs  of  the  tail-feathers.  Bill  plumbeous.  Feet  pale  brown.  Length, 
4f-5 ;  extent,  7|-7£ ;  wing,  2|;  tail,  2. 

$ ,  adult :  Like  the  $ ;  yellow-olive  of  upper  parts  extending  on  the  crown ; 
streaks  below  obsolete  or  entirely  wanting.  General  coloration  paler  than 
in  the  $ . 

Young:  Like  the  $  ,  but  still  more  dully  colored.  Upper  parts,  including 
crown,  pale  olive,  with  an  ochrey  instead  of  clear  yellow  shade ;  below  ochrey- 
white  or  dull  pale  yellowish.  Edgings  of  wings  and  tail  dull  yellowish. 

I  have  not  seen,  perhaps,  the  very  youngest  stage  of  this  species ;  at  any 
rate,  I  have  seen  no  streaked  specimens.  The  fledglings  of  comparatively 
few  of  our  Warblers,  even  the  commonest,  have  been  described.  But  as  far 
as  known,  all,  with  probably  the  exception  of  the  present  species,  are 
streaked  or  spotted  at  first  like  very  young  Thrushes. 

The  North  American  Golden  Warbler  is  well  distinguished  from  its  several 
West  Indian  and  South  American  allies.  It  appears  to  be  somewhat  the 
smallest,  with  shortest  tarsus — scarcely  two-thirds  of  an  inch.  In  the  $  of 
D.  vieilloti,  the  head  all  around  is  orange-brown  ;  and,  in  D.  capitalis,  of  the 
Birbadoes,  the  whole  crown  is  of  this  color,  sharply  defined.  D.  petcchia,  of 
various  West  Indian  Islands,  is  most  nearly  related ;  it  is  larger ;  the  tarsi 
are  longer ;  the  wing  is  more  rounded ;  the  yellow-olive  of  the  back  extends 
with  little  more  mixture  of  yellow  on  the  nape,  rump,  and  wing  marginings: 
the  yellow  edgings  of  the  tail  are  narrower.  In  any  plumage,  D.  cestira  is 
distinguished  from  all  the  other  North  American  species  by  the  yellow  edging 
instead  of  white  blotching  of  the  tail-feathers. 


EXTRALIMITAL   ALLIES    OF   DENDRCECA   ESTIVA    255 

The  synonymy  of  these  and  the  several  other  extralimital  species  related 
to  D.  cestiva  is  subjoined." 

*  Dendroeca  petecbia  (L.).    [Jamaica.1 
Motacilla  petechia,  L.  SN.  i.  1766, 334,  n.  30.    (Based  on  Edw.  pi.  256,  f.  2,  and  Briss.  iii.  504 ; 

erroneously  ascribed  to  Pennsylvania.    Edwards's  fig.  shows  clearly  that  the  bird 

meant  is  not  Dendroeca  palmarum,  bat  one  of  the  "  Golden  Warblers  "  allied  to  D. 

cestiva.}— Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  983,  n.  30  (same).— Turt  SN.  i.  1806,  605.— Less.  Tr.  Orn. 

1831,  418. 
Sylvia  petechia,  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790, 535,  n.  103.— F.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  32,  pi.  91.-Steph.  Gen.  Zool. 

x.  1817, 733.— VieiU.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 228.— Vieill.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823,  443. 
Dendroeca  petechia,  ScZ.PZS.186l,7l  (Jamaica).— ScZ.  Cat.  A B.  1862, 32. 
Dendroica  petechia,  March,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1863,  292  (Jamaica).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 199 

(Jamaica).— B.  B.  <£  JR.  NAB.  i.  1874, 216. 

Dendroeca  petechia  e)  jamaicensis,  Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Yet-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,  W)7. 
Sylvicola  sestiva,  Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847, 157. 

Yellow  Bed-poll,  Edw.  Gl.  99,  pi.  256,  f.  2  (basis  of  M.  petechia  L.). 
Figuier  a  teste  rouge  de  Pensilvanie,  Ficedula  pensilvanica  erytbrocephalos,  Brian. 

Orn.  iii.  1760,  488,  n.  49  (after  Edwards,  pi.  256,  f.  2). 
Figuier  a  tete  rouge  de  Pensylvanie,  Buff,  "v.286". 
Fauvetfe  a  tete  rouge  de  Pensylvanie,  V.  OAS.Lc. 
Red-beaded  Warbler,  Lath.  S.yn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  479,  n.  99.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  733 

(mixed  with  D.  palmarum). 
Red-head  Warbler,  Perm.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 401,  n.  289. 

Dendroeca  petecbia  gnndlacbi  (^d.).    [Cuba  and  Bahamas.] 
?  Motacilla  albicollis,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  983,  n.  147.    (Based  on.Briss.  iii.  494,  n.  52,  pi.  26,  f. 

5.)— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  605. 

?  Sylvia  albicollis,  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790,  535,  n.  104  (—  Gm.  983). 
?  Sylvia  albicolis,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 221. 
Dendroica  albicollis,  Oasa.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  I860, 192  (Cuba).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1860, 

18  (Cuba).— Albrecht,  J.  f.  0. 1861, 205  (Cuba).-Gwutt.  J.  f.  0. 1861,  3,*6  (Cuba). 
Sylvia  sestiva,  Lembeye,  "  Av.  Cuba,  1850, 31,  not  the  figure". 
Rhimamphus  a'stivus,  Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1861, 407  (Cuba). 
Dendroica  gundlachi,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 197  (Cuba). 
Dendroica  petechia  var.  gundlachi,  B.  B.  <&  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 216. 
Dendroeca  petechia  d)  cubana,  Sund.  Oefv,  K.  Vet.- Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,608. 
1  Figuier  de  8.  Domingue,  Ficedula  dominicensis,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  1760, 494,  n.  52,  pi.  26,  f.  5. 

(Basis  of  M.  albicollis  Gm.) 

?  Figuier  a  gorge  blanche,  Bvff.  "v.  287"  (=  Briss.  iii.  494). 
?  St.  Domingo  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 479,  n.  100  (=  Briss.  iii.  494). 
?  Motacilla  Chloroleuca,  Gm.  SN.  i  1788, 984,  n.  149.     (Based  on  Briss.  iii.  496,  n.  53,  pi.  26, 

f.2.)-Turt  SN.  i.  1806, 606. 

?  Sylvia  Chloroleuca,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790, 536,  n.  106  (Gm.  984).— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 734. 
?  Sylvia  chroroleuca,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 195. 
?  Petit  Figuier  de  S.  Domingue,  Ficedula  dominicensis  minor,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  1760, 

496,  n.  53,  pi.  26,  f.  2. 

?  Figuier  vert  et  blanc,  Buf.  "  v.  289"  (=  Briss.  iii.  496). 
?  Green  and  White  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 480,  n.  102  (=  Briss.  iii.  496). 

Dendroeca  petecbia  mficapilla  (Bd.).    [Porto  Eico,  etc.] 
Cbloris  erythachorides,  FeuUUe,  "Journ.  Obs.  Phys.  iii.  1725,  413"  (others  quote  "(7. 

eritachoides"). 
Motacilla  ruflcapilla,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  971,  n.  106  (based  on  Briss.  iii.  490,  pi.  22,  f.  4,  Mar- 

tiniqne).— Turt.  SN.  1806,  597. 
Sylvia  ruflcapilla,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  540,  n.  119  (=  Gm.  971).-Step/i.  Shaw's  Gen.  Zool.  x. 

1817,  699. 
Figuier  de  la  Martinique,  Ficedula  martinicana,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  1760,  490,  n.  50,  pi.  22, 

f.  4  (based  on  Feuill6e). 
Figuier  ii  tete  rousse,  Buff.  "  v.  306  ". 


256      EXTRALIMITAL    ALLIES    OF   DENDRCECA   ^ESTIVA 

THERE  is  no  occasion  to  enlarge  upon  the  history  of  a  bird 
so  well  known  as  the  Summer  Warbler  has  become  by 
means  of  the  many  excellent  biographies  which  previous  writers 
have  furnished.    The  bird  is  common  in  the  Colorado  Basin,  as 
in  most  other  parts  of  North  America,  and  breeds  in  all  suita- 

Faimtte  a  tete  rousse,  V.  TS.  D.  d'H.  N.  1.  c. 

Bloody-side  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 489,  n.  115  (=  Briss.  and  Buff,  as  above).— 

Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  405,  n.  298.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 699.    (Not  of  Turton.) 
Dendrceca  sestiva,  A.  &  E.  Newt.  "  Ibis,  i.  1859, 143  (St.  Croix) ". 
Dendroica  petecbia,  Cass.  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1860, 192, 376  (St.  Thomas). 

Dendroica ,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 201  (St.  Croix  and  St.  Thomas). 

Dendrceca  petechla  b)  cruciana,  Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869, 608. 
Dendrceca  petecbia  a)  bartbolemica,  Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869, 607. 
Dendroica  petecbia  var.  ruflcapilla,  B.  B.  &  E.  NAB.  i.  1874, 217  (Porto  Rico,  St.  Thomas, 

St.  Croix,  and  St.  Bartholomew). 

Dendroeca  capitalis,  Lawr.    [Barbadoes.] 

Dendrceca  ,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  in  text  of  p.  202  (spec,  from  Barbadoes). 

Dendroica  capitalis,  Lawr.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1868, 359.—  B.  B.  <£  K.  NAB.  i.  1874, 217. 
Dendrreca  petechia  c)  barbadensis,  Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh,  iii.  1869,  COS. 

Dendrceca  vieilloti,  Cass.    [New  Granada.] 

Dendroica  eribtacborldes,  Bd.  BN A.  1858,283  (not  "  Ohloris  erylhachorides  Feuill6e  "). 
Dendroica  vieilloti,  Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  May,  1860, 192  (Panama  and  Carthagena).— Bd. 

Rev.  AB.  1864, 203.— .B.  B.  <&  E.  NAB.  i.  1874, 217. 

Dendrceca  vieilloti,  8d.  Cat,  AB.  1862, 33  (includes  vars.  bryanti  and  rufigula). 
Bhimamphus  ruflceps,  Cab.  J.  f.  O.  forSept  1860,  pub.  Jan.  1861, 326  (includes  var.  bryanti). 
?  Mniotilta  ruflceps,  Gieb.  Nomenc.  Av.  ii.  1875,  606  (includes  other  vars.). 
Dendroeca  petecbia  i)  panamensis ?,  Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869, 609.    (Quid 

D.  petechia  g)  peruviana  ?  /  h)  cequatorialis  ? ;  Id.  ibid.  ?) 

Dendroeca  vieilloti  rufigula,  Bd.    [Panama.] 

? Sylvia  ruflcapilla,  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  xi.  1817,  228.— Vieill.  Ency.  M6th.  ii. 
1823,  442,  n.  82.— Vieill.  Gal.  Ois.  i.  1834, 268,  pi.  164.  (••  L'Amerique."  Not  of  Latham, 
though  Feuill6e,  and  Briss.  iii.  490,  are  quoted.  The  description  clearly  indicates 
one  of  the  birds  with  the  whole  head  red,  but  which  of  the  varieties  of  modern 
authors  may  not  be  determinable.  Baird  makes  it  the  basis  of  his  D.  rufigula, 
queried  as  West  Indian,  but  really  from  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.) 

fBbimampbns  ruflcapilla,  Bp.  CA.i.  1850, 311  (=  Vieill.). 

Dendroica  rufigula,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 204  (toe.  ignot.). 

Dendroica  vieilloti  var.  ruflgula,  B.  B.dE.  NAB.  i.  1874, 217  (Panama). 

Dendrceca  vieilloti  bryanti,  Eidgw.    [Mexico.] 
Dendroica  vieillotli  var.  bryanti,  Eidgw.  Am.  Nat  vii.  1873, 606. 
Dendroica  vieilloti  var.  bryanti,  B.  B.  dk  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 218  (Mexico  and  Yucatan). 

Dendroeca  aureola,  (Gould)  Bd.    [Galapagoes.j 
Sylvia  aurei  la,  Gould,  "  Voy.  Beagle,  1841, 86,  pi.  28  ". 
Mniotilta  aureola,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 
Sylvicola  aureola,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 309. 

Dendroica  anreola,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  i.  1865, 194.— B.  B.&Jt  NAB.  i.  1874, 217. 
Dendr(eca  petecbia  f)  gallapagensis,  Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.- Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869, 608. 

Dendroeca  eoa,  (Gosse)  Bd.    [Jamaica.] 

Sylvicola  eoa,  Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847, 158.— Gosse,  111.  B.  Jam.  1849,  pi.  34.— Bp.  CA.  L  1850, 309. 
Mniotilta  eoa,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 

Dendroica  eoa,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 195.— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 218. 
Dendrceca  eoa,  Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869, 609. 


HABITS    OF    THE    SUMMER    WARBLER  257 

ble  places  within  this  area,  but  probably  withdraws  entirely  in 
the  fall.  In  the  mountains  about  Fort  Whipple,  Arizona,  I 
noted  its  arrival  one  year  on  the  25th  of  April,  and  saw  it  not 
after  the  second  week  in  September  of  either  of  the  autumns  I 
passed  in  that  locality.  Though  the  bird  is  so  generally  dis- 
tributed at  all  altitudes,  you  would  scarcely  look  for  it  in  the 
pine  woods  of  the  higher  mountains 5  for  it  loves  the  less  sombre 
verdure  of  ravine,  hillside,  and  water-course,  and  its  brilliant 
yellow  plumage  is  oftenest  seen  glancing  through  the  cotton- 
woods  and  willows  that  fringe  the  streams,  even  far  out  on  the 
dreary  plains ;  while  the  sprightly  and  agreeable  song  which 
accompanies  its  movements  at  frequent  intervals  has  all  the 
pleasurable  associations  that  are  awakened  at  the  sound  of  a 
familiar  voice — never  so  attractive  as  when  unexpectedly  heard 
in  a  far-away  place. 

A  bird  so  widely  distributed  as  the  Summer  Warbler  is,  might 
be  presumed  to  modify  its  habits  somewhat  according  to  the 
diverse  conditions  of  its  environment.  But  the  present,  like 
other  Warblers,  is  so  regular  in  its  periodical  movements  that 
it  bears  little  or  no  local  impress, — the  reverse,  I  have  no  doubt, 
of  the  case  with  the  several  insular  races  into  which  the  species 
has  been  converted  in  the  West  Indies.  Its  habits  are  every- 
where substantially  the  same,  whatever  little  changes,  particu- 
larly in  the  location  and  construction  of  the  nest,  may  be 
required  to  meet  special  conditions.  With  us,  the  Summer 
Warbler  is  well  known  to  be  a  confiding  bird,  rather  attracted 
than  repelled  by  man's  presence,  fond  of  nesting  in  our  orchards, 
gardens,  and  lawns,  even  our  crowded  streets ;  and  the  nest,  as 
a  rule,  is  placed  rather  low  down,  in  some  hedge,  thicket,  or  other 
shrubbery.  In  the  arctic  regions,  where  the  bird  has  been  found 
to  be  abundant,  the  nest  is  said  to  be  usually  placed  in  the  low 
willow  bushes  of  those  latitudes.  The  nest  and  eggs  are  too 
well  known  to  require  description ;  but  Mr.  Henshaw  has  left  a 
memorandum  that  the  eggs  he  took  in  the  West  were  all  pure 
white  in  the  ground  color,  lacking  the  slight  greenish  shade 
observed  in  those  laid  in  the  Eastern  States. 

This  Warbler  has  long  been  known  as  one  of  the  birds  most 
frequently  victimized  by  the  Cow  Bunting,  and  has  become  cel- 
ebrated for  the  resolution  with  which  it  refuses  to  incubate  the 
alien  egg,  as  well  as  for  the  sagacity  and  determination  it  dis- 
plays in  making  shift  to  avoid  the  hateful  imposition,  even  to 
the  length  of  sacrificing  its  own  eggs  and  giving  up  its  nest. 
17  B  0 


258       SYNONYMY   AND   CHARS.    OF    D.    OCCIDENTALS 

It  frequently  constructs  a  two-story  nest,  leaving  the  Bunting's 
egg  in  the  cellar  5  and  at  least  one  instance  is  recorded  of  the 
repetition  of  this  laborious  and  disagreeable  work,  resulting  in 
a  three-story  nest  some  seven  inches  deep,  with  a  Cow  bird's  egg 
in  each  of  the  two  lower  compartments. 

Hermit  Warbler 

Dendrceca  Occident  alls 

SylTia  occidental!*,  Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1837, 190  (Columbia  River) ;  viii.  1839. 

153.— And.  OB.  v.  1839,  55,  pi.  395,  f.  3,  4. 
Sylvicola  occidental!*,  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  23.— And.  Syn.  1839,  60.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840, 

445.—  And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  60,  pi.  93.—  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 308. 
Mniotilta  occidental,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 
Dendroica  occidental!*,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  268.— Coop.  A  Suck.  NHWT.  1860,  178.— Bd.  Rev. 

AB.  1865, 183.— B.  B.  (6  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 266,  pi.  12,  f.  5.— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875, 156.— 

Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876, 201. 
Dendrceca  occidental!*,  Cowes.Ibis,  2d  ser.i.1865,  163  (Arizona).— Scl  ibid.  89  (critical).— 

Salv.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  ii.  1866, 191  (Guatemala).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866, 69  (Fort 

WMpple).— -Sw»d.Oefv.K.Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,  611.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  92.- 

Coues,  Key,  1872, 91.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874, 16. 
Dendrceca  peridentalis,  Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 480. 
Dendrceca  cbrysoparia,  Scl.  PZS.  1862,  19  (La  Parada).    (Not  of  PZS.  1860, 398.)— flcZ.  Cat. 

AB.  1862,  358  (La  Parada). 

Dendrteca  niveiventris,  Salv.  PZS.  1863, 187,  pi.  24,  f.  2  (San  Geronimo,  Guatemala). 
Hermit  Warbler,  Western  Warbler,  Authors. 

HAB.— In  the  United  States,  Eocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific.  South 
through  Mexico  to  Guatemala. 

CH.  SP. —  $  Supra  cinerea,  olivaceo  tincta,  nigro  striata,  infra 
alba  ;  capite  flavo,  nigro  notato,  jugulo  et  guld  nigris. 

$ ,  adult :  Above  ashy-gray,  tinged  with  olive,  especially  on  the  rump,  and 
closely  streaked  with  black ;  below  white.  Top  and  sides  of  head  rich  yellow, 
the  former  with  transverse  black  markings.  Central  line  of  chin,  throat,  and 
jugulum  black,  ending  on  the  breast  with  a  sharp  convex  outline,  contrasted 
with  the  adjoining  white.  Wings  and  tail  as  in  virens.  Bill  black.  Length, 
4f-5 ;  extent,  7f ;  wing,  2-£-2£ ;  tail,  2f-2£ ;  tarsus,  f-f ;  bill,  f . 

$  ,  adult :  This  sex,  unknown  to  me,  is  described  as  similar  to  the  male, 
but  darker  gray  above,  with  the  yellow  of  the  head  less  extended,  and  the 
throat  whitish,  spotted  with  dusky. 

Young :  Upper  parts  olivaceous-ash,  and  the  yellow  of  the  top  of  the 
head  overlaid  with  olive.  Sides  of  the  head  pretty  clear  yellow,  fading 
gradually  into  the  white  of  the  throat.  No  black  on  the  throat.  White  of 
the  under  parts  faintly  brownish-tinged,  and  sides  with  obsolete  streaks. 

There  is  every  gradation  between  the  stages  above  described.  The  very 
earliest  plumage  is  probably  still  unknown.  In  a  September  specimen  of 
mine,  taken  at  Fort  Whipple  in  186-1,  the  dusky  olive  extends  over  all  the 
upper  parts,  tinging  the  ashy  of  the  lower  back,  and  reaching  on  the  crown 
nearly  to  the  bill,  where  it  gradually  lightens  by  admixture  of  yellow;  the 
sides  of  the  head  are  clear  yellow,  soiled  with  some  olivaceous :  chin  and 


HABITS  OF  THE  HERMIT  WARBLER       259 

throat  the  same,  fading  on  the  breast  into  the  dull  white  of  the  other  under 
parts  ;  sides  with  obsolete  streaks,  and  a  slight  grayish-olive  wash.  There 
is  no  black  whatever  about  the  head  or  throat,  and  the  blackish  streaks  of 
the  back  are  obsolete.  The  wings  are  twice  barred  with  the  conspicuous 
white  tips  of  the  greater  and  median  wing-coverts. 

On  the  technical  questions  involved  in  the  consideration  of  D,  chrysoparia 
and  D.  niveivenlris,  see  especially  Ibis,  1865,  87. 

MY  own  experience  with  this  Warbler  in  the  field  is  limited 
to  the  summary  shooting  of  one,  before  I  knew  what  it 
was,  in  some  thick  scrub-oak  bushes  near  Fort  Whipple,  Arizona, 
September  3, 1864.  In  the  same  Territory,  Mr.  Henshaw  lately 
collected  a  series  of  specimens  during  August  and  September, 
finding  the  birds  in  such  close  association  with  Townsend's 
Warblers,  and  so  similar  in  habits  and  general  appearance,  that 
it  was  impossible  to  distinguish  the  two  species  at  the  distance 
at  which  they  were  usually  seen.  The  bird  appears  to  be  only 
a  migrant  in  the  Colorado  Basin  :  it  passes  into  Mexico  in  the 
fall,  along  with  various  other  Warblers,  and  proceeds  in  some 
cases  at  least  as  far  south  as  Guatemala,  always  showing  an 
attachment  to  high  pine-clad  regions,  like  those  of  the  far  north, 
where  it  was  originally  discovered  many  years  since  by  Nuttall 
and  Townsend.  There  is  no  evidence  that  it  breeds  in  the  south- 
erly portion  of  our  territory ;  but  this  lack  of  positive  evidence 
to  such  effect  does  not  prevent  my  surmise  that  it  will,  sooner 
or  later,  be  shown  to  inhabit  the  higher  pine  belts  of  the  Colo- 
rado watershed,  where  it  is  now  only  known  as  a  migrant.  We 
have  very  little  information  respecting  its  habits ;  in  fact,  noth- 
ing beyond  our  knowledge  of  its  geographical  distribution  and 
general  movements  has  been  added  to  the  memoranda  which 
its  discoverers  left  us.  Mr.  Townsend  shot  his  birds,  a  pair,  on 
the  28th  of  May,  1835,  near  Fort  Vancouver,  whilst  they  were 
fluttering  through  the  depths  of  the  pine  woods  in  search  of  in- 
sects ;  he  saw  them  hanging  from  the  twigs  like  Titmice,  and 
thought  that  their  notes  resembled  those  of  the  Black-throated 
Blue  Warbler.  Mr.  Nuttall's  notice  is  more  extended,  and  fur- 
nished the  basis  of  the  name  "  Hermit "  Warbler,  given  in  con- 
sequence of  what  he  calls  the  "  eremitic  predilection  "  of  the 
bird.  He  observed  it  with  difficulty  in  the  tops  of  the  pine 
trees,  where  it  searches  for  its  food,  and  where,  he  had  no  doubt, 
the  nest  would  also  be  found.  "Its  song",  he  continues,  " fre- 
quently heard  from  the  same  place,  at  very  regular  intervals, 
for  an  hour  or  two  at  a  time,  is  a  soft,  moody,  faint,  and  monot- 


260          SYNONYMY   AND    CHARS.    OF   D.    TOWNSENDI 

onous  note,  apparently  delivered  chiefly  when  the  bird  is  at  rest 
on  some  lofty  twig,  and  within  convenient  bearing  of  its  mate 
and  only  companion  of  the  wilderness." 

Dr.  George  Suckley  later  confirmed  these  accounts  of  the  in- 
accessible nature  of  the  bird's  favorite  haunts,  he  having  found 
it  difficult  to  reach  them  with  fine  shot  in  the  tops  of  the  lofty 
fir-  trees,  where  they  spent  most  of  their  time.  All  these  reports 
indicate  that  the  anchorites  were  in  their  summer  homes,  and 
inform  us  of  at  least  one  portion  of  the  country  in  which  they 
do  breed,  though  we  must  be  slow  to  assert  that  they  may  not 
also  breed  elsewhere  under  different  conditions.  My  specimen, 
as  I  distinctly  remember,  was  hopping  about  in  a  bush  close  to 
the  ground,  showing  that  the  habits  of  the  species  are  not  the 
same  at  all  seasons  of  the  year. 

Townscnd'§  Warbler 

Dendreecn  townsendi 


SylYla  townsendi,  "#««.",  Towns.  Jonrn.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1837,  191  (Columbia  River).— 

Aud.  OB.  v.  1839,  36,  pi.  393,  f.  1. 
RylvifOla  townsendi,  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  23.—  Aud.  S.yn.  1839,  59.—  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  446.— 

Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841,  59,  pi.  92.—  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  308. 
Dendroica  townsendi,  Sd.  PZS.  1858,  295,  298;  1859,  374  (Oaxaca).—  B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.U874,  265, 

pi.  12,  f.  5.—  Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  156.—  Hensh.  Zool.  Ezpl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  200. 
Dendrceca  townsendi,  Coues,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  163  (Arizona).—  Scl.  Ibis,  i.  2*1  ser.  1865,  89 

(critical).—  Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,  610. 
SylTia  townsendii,  Towns.  Journ.  Pbila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  153. 
Mniotilta  townsendii,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848,  196. 
Dendroica  townsendii,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  269.—  S.  A  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  11  (Guatemala).—  Coop.  <& 

Suckl  NHWT.  1860,  179.—  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  185.—  Turnb.  B.  E.  Penn.  1869,  53,  fig.  ; 

Phila,  ed.  42  (Pennsylvania). 
Dendroeca  townsendii,  Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  91,  fig.—  Ooues,  Key,  1872,  98.—  Coop.  Am.  Nat. 

viii.  1874,  16. 

Sylvicola  townsendii,  Finteh,  Abb.  Nat.  iii.  1872,  35  (Alaska). 

SylTia  melanocausta,  "Licht:\  "Brandt,  Ic.  Ined.  Rosso-As.  pi.  i.  f.  5,  ?  "  (fide  Finscb). 
Townsend's  Wood-Warbler,  Townsend's  Warbler,  Authors. 

HAB.  —  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific,  from  Alaska  to  Guatemala.  (A 
stray  specimen  taken  near  Philadelphia.) 

CH.  SP.  —  $  Supra  flavo-viridis,  nigro  striata  ;  infra  antice 
flam,  postice  alba,  jugulo  pectore  lateribusque  nigro  striatis,  lateri- 
bus  capitis  nigris  flavo  circumcinctis.  9  jugulo  flavo  intertincto 
(et  auricularibus  viridibus  fj. 

$  ,  adult  :  Entire  upper  parts  yellowish-olive,  rather  darker  than  in  virens, 
e\rerywhere  streaked  with  black,  especially  on  the  crown,  where  the  black 
usually  predominates;  no  bidden  yellow  on  the  crown.  Sides  of  the  head 
bright  yellow,  enclosing  a  large  black  patch,  constituted  by  the  lores  and  or- 
bital and  auricular  region,  in  which  the  yellow  eyelids  appear.  Chin,  throat, 
breast,  and  sides  part  way,  yellow,  the  jugulum  black  ;  the  sides  of  the 


HABITS  OF  TOWNSEND'S  WARBLER  261 

breast  and  of  the  body  streaked  with  black.  Under  wing-coverts,  belly, 
flanks,  and  crissum  white,  the  two  latter  slightly  shaded  and  streaked  with 
dusky.  Wings  crossed  with  two  white  bands,  that  of  the  median  coverts 
broadest.  Wings  and  tail  fuscous,  the  former  with  pale  edgings,  the  latter 
having  two  or  three  outer  feathers  largely  blotched  with  white.  Bill  and 
feet  blackish  horn-color.  Length,  about  5 ;  extent,  7^-8 ;  wing,  2£-2|- ;  tail,  2. 

$:  Like  the  <J,  but  the  black  of  the  jugulum  mixed  with  yellow  (and 
that  on  the  sides  of  the  head  mixed  with  or  replaced  by  olive  ?). 

Young :  Shade  of  the  upper  parts  slight  brownish,  and  the  black  streaks 
slight,  obsolete,  or  wanting.  The  dark  patch  on  the  side  of  the  head  oliva- 
ceous, like  the  back.  No  continuous  black  on  the  jugulum. 

Autumnal  adults  show  various  gradations  between  the  characters  of  the 
old  and  young.  The  species  is  very  closely  related  to  D.  virena,  of  which  it 
is  the  Western  representative.  Adult  males  are  readily  distinguished  by  the 
darker  greenish  upper  parts,  conspicuously  streaked,  especially  on  the  head, 
with  black ;  the  black  cheeks  and  auriculars ;  black  of  jugulum  not  reaching 
anteriorly  to  the  bill,  and  the  surrounding  yellow  spreading  on  the  breast 
back  of  the  black.  Young  birds  are  tot  so  easily  discriminated,  however ; 
but  there  are  usually  traces  at  least  of  the  black  streaks  on  the  upper  parts  : 
there  is  no  concealed  yellow  on  the  crown  ;  the  yellow  of  the  under  parts, 
quite  os  bright  as  in  the  adult,  extends  far  along  the  breast,  behind  that 
part  where  it  veils  the  black. 

The  fledgling  state  of  this  species  is  unknown,  and  some  of  the  characters 
ascribed  to  the  female  should  be  attested  by  further  material. 

TOWNSEND'S  Warbler  is  another  species  respecting  which 
our  knowledge  is  limited,  and  does  not  include  any  infor- 
mation respecting  the  nest  or  eggs.  It  is  one  of  the  many  dis- 
coveries made  during  Nuttall  and  Townsend's  journey  to  the 
Pacific — an  adventurous  and  toilsome  pilgrimage  for  the  pur- 
poses of  science,  fraught  with  interest  to  all  lovers  of  nature,  and 
greatly  redounding  to  the  advantage  of  botany  and  ornithology. 
The  gist  of  their  notices,  which  long  remained  our  only  source 
of  information,  is  that  they  found  the  bird  migrating  through 
the  coniferous  forests  of  the  Columbia  Eiver  region.  This  ob- 
servation long  remained  unverified  ;  but  we  have  late  advices 
of  the  bird  from  Alaska,  as  far  north  at  least  as  Sitka.  The 
full  extent  of  its  breeding  range  is  not  yet  ascertained  ;  but  I 
have  no  doubt  that  the  pine  belts  of  the  mountains  of  the 
West,  from  the  latitudes  even  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  will 
in  the  end  be  found  to  shelter  these  birds  in  summer.  During 
September,  they  are  commonly  seen  migrating  through  the  Col- 
orado region,  and  in  some  situations  have  been  observed  in 
considerable  numbers.  They  press  on  through  Mexico,  and  find 
a  winter  home,  in  some  cases  at  least,  as  far  south  as  Guate- 
mala. There  is  no  conclusive  evidence  that  any  of  them  remain 


262  HABITS  OF  TOWNSEND'S  WARBLER 

with  us  through  the  winter.  Dr.  Brewer,  indeed,  says  that  Dr. 
Cooper  saw  one  at  Sboalwater  Bay  in  December;  but  on  turning 
to  both  of  Dr.  Cooper's  works  in  which  this  species  is  men- 
tioned, I  find  that  he  only  saw  at  Shoalwater  what  he  "  supposed 
to  be  this  species  ",  and  did  not  secure  the  specimen.  The  same 
gentleman's  statement  that  he  shot  two  specimens  in  November, 
1855,  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California,  furnishes,  so  far  as  I 
am  aware,  the  record  of  the  latest  lingering  of  the  species  over 
our  border.  All  of  Mr.  Henshaw's  Arizona  specimens  were 
taken  in  September,  during  the  migration.  Mr.  C.  E.  Aiken's 
Colorado  examples  were  procured  in  August  and  September. 
The  extralimital  records,  from  Mexico  and  Central  America, 
relate,  probably  without  exception,  to  occurrences  in  winter  or 
during  the  migration.  We  have  consequently  in  this  species  a 
bird  which  occupies  the  United  States  in  summer  from  Colorado 
to  Sitka,  breeding  in  an  unascertained  portion  of  such  extent 
of  country  from  the  Eocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific,  and  which 
late  in  the  fall  entirely  withdraws  from  the  United  States  to 
winter  in  Mexico  and  Central  America.  The  date  of  its  return 
in  spring  over  our  border  is  not  known.  I  have  already  indi- 
cated what  I  presume  to  be  its  actual  breeding  range.  In  the 
summer,  it  is  confined  to  the  pine  regions,  at  high  elevations  in 
southerly  districts,  but  down  to  sea-level  in  the  farther  north. 
During  the  migrations,  it  is  much  more  generally  dispersed ; 
for  Dr.  Cooper  has  observed  it  among  low  willows  and  other 
bushes. 

In  tracing  its  distribution  and  migrations,  we  should  not  over- 
look the  unexpected  occurrence  of  this  bird,  in  one  exceptional 
instance,  near  Philadelphia,  as  attested  by  the  Kev.  Dr.  W.  P. 
Turnbull,  in  his  elegant  little  treatise  upon  the  Birds  of  East 
Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey.  A  full-plumaged  male  was  shot 
in  Chester  County,  near  the  Brandywine,  on  the  12th  of  May, 
1868,  and  preserved  in  his  collection. 

Mr.  Henshaw  has  left  more  copious  notes  than  any  other 
writer  whom  I  have  consulted  in  the  preparation  of  this  article — 
for  I  never  saw  the  bird  alive,  and  have  nothing  of  my  own  to 
contribute  to  its  history.  He  found  these  Warblers  numerous  at 
Mount  Graham,  in  Arizona,  during  the  month  of  September, 
though  he  experienced  some  difficulty  in  securing  specimens,  as 
the  birds  kept  in  the  tops  of  the  tallest  trees,  where  only  occa- 
sional glimpses  rewarded  the  perseverance  with  which  he 
endeavored  to  mark  them  as  they  dashed  out  after  insects,  or 


SYNONYMY   AND    CHARACTERS  OF   D.   NIGRESCENS    263 

flew  from  tree  to  tree  in  their  ceaseless  migratory  course.  At 
this  time  and  place,  they  were  not  among  pines,  but  in  forests 
of  spruce  and  fir,  and  their  flights  seemed  to  be  regulated  some- 
what by  the  presence  or  absence  of  these  kinds  of  conifers. 
Their  motions  were  extremely  rapid ;  a  moment  spent  in  thread- 
ing the  mazes  of  the  interlaced  branches, — a  few  hurried  sweeps 
about  the  ends  of  the  limbs,  and  they  were  off  to  the  next  tree 
to  repeat  such  actions  till  lost  sight  of  in  the  density  of  the 
forest.  Their  only  note  at  this  season  was  the  chipping  sound 
which  many  Warblers  utter.  The  writer  concludes  with  the  re- 
mark, that  though  he  obtained  no  evidence  that  the  birds  breed 
in  Arizona,  he  saw  no  reason  why  the  mountain  fastnesses 
of  that  Territory  should  not  offer  a  congenial  summer  home. 

Black-throated  Gray  Warbler 

Dendroeca  iiigresccns 

Sylvia  nigrescens,  Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1837,  191  (Columbia  River) ;  viii.  1833, 

153.— Touma.  Narr.  1839,  341.— And.  OB.  v.  1839, 57,  pi.  395. 
Vermivora  nigrescens,  Bp.  CGL.  1838, 21.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840, 471. 
Sylvicola  nigrescens,  And.  Syn.  1839, 60.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841, 62,  pi.  94.— Sp.  CA.  L 1850, 308. 
Mniotilta  nigrescens,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 
Rhimanphus  nigrescens,  Cab.  MIL  i.  1850, 20. 
Dendroica  nigrescens,  Bd.  EN  A.  1858, 270.— Scl  PZS.  1858, 295, 298  (Oaxaca).— Scl  PZS.  1859, 

374  (Oaxaca).— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859, 106  (New  Mexico).— Heerm.  PEER.  x. 

1859,  40.— O.  <£  S.  NHWT.  1860, 180.— Bd.  Ives'sRep.  Colo.  pt.  vi  1861,  5.— Bd.  Rev. 

AB.  1865, 186.— Sumich.  Mem.Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869,  547  (Orizaba).— Aiken,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc. 

xv.  1872, 197  (Colorado).— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 258,  pi.  12,  f.  8. 
Dendrreca  nigrescens,  Sol.  Cat.  1862, 30  (Oaxaca).— Coues,  Ibis,  1865, 163  (Arizona).— Coues, 

Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  69  (Arizona).— Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.1869, 

610.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  98.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  16.— Coues,  BNW.  1874, 55, 232.— 

Nels.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  357  (Cuba). 

?  Sylvia  palpebralis,  Ornith.  Comm.  Jonrn.  Phila.  Acad.  vil  1837,  193  (descr.  nulla). 
?  Sylvicola  tristis,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840, 472  (scarcely  identifiable). 
Sylvia  nalseii,  Gir.  16  Sp.  Tex.  B.  1841,  fol.  11,  pi.  3,  f.  1  ( $ ). 
Sylvicola  nigricans,  Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855, 309  (New  Mexico). 
Black-throated  Gray  [or  Grey]  Warbler,  Authors. 

HAB. — Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific,  United  States;  and  south  into 
Mexico  in  winter.  Not  yet  recorded  north  of  the  United  States.  Breeds  in 
suitable  places  throughout  its  United  States  range.  Winters  extraliinital. 

On.  SP. —  $  Supra  coeruleo-cinerea,  dorso  medio  nigro  striato; 
capite  toto  etjugulo  nigris,  macula  ante  oculum  flava,  strigis  post- 
oculari  et  maxillari  albis;  infra  alba,  latcribus  nigro  striatis. 

$ ,  adult :  Above  bluish-ash,  the  interscapular  region,  and  usually  also  the 
upper  tail-coverts,  streaked  with  black.  Below,  from  the  breast,  pure  white, 
the  sides  streaked  with  black.  Entire  head,  with  chin  and  throat,  black; 
a  sharply-defined  yellow  spot  before  the  eye,  a  broad  white  stripe  behind  the 
eye,  and  a  long  white  maxillary  stripe  widening  behind  from  the  corner  of 


264     HABITS    OF   BLACK-THROATED    GRAY   WARBLER 

the  bill  to  the  side  of  the  neck.  Wings  fuscous,  with  much  whitish  edging, 
and  crossed  with  two  hroad  white  bars  on  the  ends  of  the  greater  and  median 
coverts.  Tail  like  the  wings,  the  three  lateral  feathers  mostly  white,  except 
on  the  outer  webs,  the  fourth  with  a  white  blotch.  Bill  and  feet  black. 
Size  of  the  last. 

$ :  Like  the  male,  but  the  black  of  the  crown  mixed  with  the  ashy  of  the 
back,  and  that  of  the  throat  veiled  with  white  tips  of  the  feathers. 

Young :  Like  the  9  >  but  the  crown  almost  entirely  like  the  back,  and  the 
black  of  the  throat  still  more  hidden.  Back  not  streaked.  Less  white  on 
the  tail.  Bill  not  entirely  black. 

This  species  varies  but  little,  and  chiefly  in  the  intensity  and  purity  of  the 
black  of  the  fore  parts.  Autumnal  specimens  of  either  sex  are  found  in 
every  stage  between  the  extremes  above  described.  In  very  immature  birds, 
the  back  has  sometimes  a  slight  brownish  cast.  The  curious  little  yellow 
spot  appears  at  a  very  early  age ;  I  have  never  seen  it  wanting.  The  fledg- 
ling stage  I  have  not  seen,  nor  does  it  appear  to  be  known. 

HERE  is  the  third  Dendrceca  discovered  by  the  indefatiga- 
ble travellers  of  whom  mention  has  been  made  in  speaking 
of  the  two  preceding  species.  Townsend 
gives  it  as  abundant  in  the  forests  of  the 
Columbia,  where  he  says  that  it  remains 
until  very  late  in  the  fall,  and  builds  a 
nest  of  fibrous  green  moss  suspended  be- 
tween two  small  twigs  among  the  upper 
branches  of  the  oak.  Nuttall  states  that 
FIG.  34.— Black-throated  Gray  it  is  seen  to  arrive  in  the  same  region  early 
in  May,  and  infers  that  it  breeds  there 
from  the  character  of  the  notes  that  he  heard  it  utter.  uOn 
the  23d  of  May,"  he  continues,  "  I  had  the  satisfaction  of  heark- 
ening to  the  delicate  but  monotonous  song  of  this  bird,  as  he 
busily  and  intently  searched  every  leafy  bough  and  expanding 
bud  for  larvae  and  insects  in  a  spreading  oak,  from  whence  he 
delivered  his  solitary  note.  Sometimes  he  remained  a  minute 
or  two  stationary,  but  more  generally  continued  his  quest  for 
prey.  His  song,  at  short  and  regular  intervals,  seemed  like 
'tsliee  H  shay  t  shaitshee,  varying  the  feeble  sound  very  little,  and 
with  the  concluding  note  somewhat  slenderly  and  plaintively 
raised." 

It  was  a  good  many  years  before  we  heard  of  this  Warbler 
again.  Meanwhile,  the  systematists  were  busy  with  its  name, 
much  as  usual,  bandying  the  bird  about  from  one  genus  to 
another,  but  adding  nothing  whatever  to  our  real  knowledge. 
Drs.  Cooper  and  Suckley  met  with  it  in  the  original  locality,  or 
at  least  in  the  same  general  area,  and  the  latter  notes  that  it 


HABITS    OF   BLACK-THROATED    GRAY    WARBLER     265 

generally  arrives  from  the  south  early  in  April,  is  commonly 
found  in  oak  forests,  and  is  rather  abundant  in  the  vicinity  of 
Fort  Steilacoom.  Dr.  Cooper  saw  a  pair  at  Puget  Sound  which 
seemed  to  have  a  nest,  but  he  did  not  succeed  in  finding  it. 
About  the  time  that  these  observations  were  made,  we  had 
sudden  word  of  the  species  from  a  distant  point  in  Mexico ;  for 
M.  A.  Boucard  secured  specimens  in  Oaxaca,  Mexico,  as  Dr. 
Sclater  soon  recorded.  To  this  very  day  these  advices  remain 
the  northernmost  and  about  the  most  southerly  we  have;  for 
the  Black-throated  Gray  has  never  been  traced  north  of  the 
region  in  which  it  was  originally  discovered,  nor  yet  through 
Mexico  into  Central  America.  Prof.  F.  Sumichrast  has,  how- 
ever, taken  it  in  Orizaba  ;  and  there  is  much  reason  to  suppose 
that  its  actual  range  is  not  less  extensive  than  that  of  either 
occidentalis  or  townsendi.  As  to  its  longitudinal  dispersion,  we 
simply  note  its  spread  in  suitable  forest-clad  country  from  the 
eastern  bases  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
may  next  endeavor  to  trace  its  movements  within  this  area  from 
the  rather  fragmentary  indicia  we  command. 

In  California,  the  late  Dr.  A.  L.  Heermann  took  a  few  speci- 
mens near  Sacramento  City,  and  also  on  the  mountain  range 
between  the  Calaveras  and  Mokelumne  Rivers,  during  the  au- 
tumnal migration  of  1852,  when  the  bird  was  found  gleaning 
its  insect  food  in  the  upper  branches  of  oak  trees,  and  had  notes 
which  the  observer  likened  to  those  of  a  locust.  In  the  same 
State,  the  birds  appeared  to  Dr.  Cooper  to  reach  San  Diego 
about  the  20th  of  April,  in  small  flocks,  migrating  northward, 
and  were  not  seen  after  this  mouth.  Dr.  Suckley's  remark  of 
their  coming  so  much  farther  north  in  the  beginning  of  the 
same  month  is  somewhat  at  variance  with  the  experiences  of 
others,  and  I  suspect  he  may  have  meant  to  say  May,  not  April. 
During  their  passage  across  California,  according  to  Dr.  Cooper, 
the  birds  haunt  low  bushes  along  the  coast;  but  afterward, 
he  says,  they  take  to  the  deciduous  oaks  when  the  leaves  begin 
to  grow,  eany  in  May,  at  which  time  the  birds  reach  the  Colum- 
bia Eiver.  This  record  of  migration  squares  as  to  date  with 
what  is  known  of  the  movements  of  the  species  in  other  longi- 
tudes ;  but  the  supposed  absence  of  the  bird  from  California 
after  April  must  be  cautiously  regarded. 

For  we  have  plenty  of  evidence  that  the  Black- throated  Gray 
nestles  all  through  the  mountains  of  corresponding  latitudes 
east  of  California.  And  first  for  my  own  observations,  made 


266     HABITS   OF  BLACK-THROATED    GRAY  WARBLER 

at  Fort  Whipple  daring  two  seasous.  I  found  the  bird  common 
there  in  the  pine  forests,  and  especially  numerous  during  the 
migrations;  but  it  was  also  seen  through  the  summer,  and  un- 
questionably breeds  in  that  locality.  It  was  first  observed  about 
the  20th  of  April,  and  did  not  entirely  disappear  until  toward 
October.  I  generally  saw  it  skipping  with  great  agility  through 
the  tops  of  lofty  pines,  at  such  height  that  I  could  scarcely  tell 
what  bird  it  was  until  some  well-directed  shot,  perhaps  after  a 
tedious  poking  about  with  the  gun  held  almost  vertically  upon 
my  shoulder,  brought  my  victim  dropping  by  stages  from  one 
limb  to  another,  and  then  with  a  long  whirl  through  the  clear 
space  between  the  lower  branches  to  the  ground,  sometimes  at 
my  very  feet.  My  later  spring  specimens  were  some  of  them 
in  full  nuptial  attire,- and  the  queer  scraping  notes  which  I  sup- 
posed to  come  from  this  species  not  seldom  descended  from  the 
leafy  canopy  where  the  endless  chirpings  of  the  Nuthatches, 
Titmice,  and  other  little  birds  were  mingled  with  the  rappings 
of  the  Woodpeckers  and  the  harsh,  sudden  outcries  of  the 
rowdyish  Jays. 

In  the  autumn,  these  Warblers  appeared,  of  course,  in  larger 
numbers,  their  ranks  being  recruited  by  new  comers  from  the 
north,  en  route  to  Mexico,  land  of  the  mezquite  and  of  "  war's 
revolution";  and  at  the  same  season  they  were  also  more  gener- 
ally dispersed  over  the  country,  on  the  hillsides  clad  with  scrub 
oak,  and  even  along  the  willow-fringed  mountain-streams.  Mr. 
Henshaw's  observations,  very  recently  made  at  corresponding 
latitudes  in  New  Mexico,  agree  with  mine.  He  found  the 
birds  in  June  in  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  where 
they  frequented  the  growths  of  pifioues  and  cedars  that  cov- 
ered the  dry  foot-hills.  The  males  were  then  in  worn  plum- 
age, as  if  already  breeding — an  indication  confirmed  by  the 
non-appearance  of  the  females,  who  were  no  doubt  too  assid- 
uous in  their  housekeeping  to  come  much  in  the  collector's 
way.  Mr.  Kidgway  had  already  found  these  birds  in  the  East 
Humboldt  Mountains  of  Nevada,  under  precisely  similar  con- 
ditions ;  there  they  were  abundant  in  pinon  and  cedar  thickets, 
where  they  certainly  had  bred,  for  he  saw  families  of  young 
following  their  parents  in  July  and  August.  In  Colorado,  says 
Mr.  Aiken,  the  birds  are  rather  rare  migrants,  a  few  probably 
remaining  to  breed ;  they  frequent  mesas  and  foot-hills  covered 
with  low  scrubby  pinon,  making  their  appearance  about  the  first 
of  May,  when  the  males  precede  the  females  by  a  few  days,  and 


J3YNONYMY    OF   DENDRCECA    CGERULEA  267 

are  beard  at  frequent  intervals  to  rehearse  their  curious  love- 
songs  as  they  wage  their  war  of  extermination  against  insects 
on  every  leaf  and  limb. 

From  such  data  as  these,  representing  nearly  all  that  is  posi- 
tively known  respecting  this  bird,  it  is  not  difficult  to  make  out 
its  movements  and  mode  of  life — to  see  how,  entering  our  ter- 
ritory from  the  south  in  April,  it  disperses  to  breed  over  all  the 
coniferous  regions  of  the  West,  at  the  higher  altitudes  only  in 
the  south,  but  down  to  the  general  level  of  the  country  in  re- 
gions farther  north ;  how  it  returns  to  its  winter  home,  trooping 
through  the  whole  country  irrespective,  in  a  great  measure,  of 
the  kind  of  forest  vegetation  it  may  encounter;  how  diligently 
it  forages  for  its  insect  prey,  and  with  what  repetition  the  emo- 
tions of  the  nuptial  hours  are  expressed.  Such  are  traits  that 
nearly  all  Warblers  share ;  but  the  observant  ornithologist  finds 
ample  room  to  enlarge  his  experiences  and  increase  his  sources 
of  thoughtful  pleasure  in  noting  those  nice  points  which,  like 
the  touches  of  color  upon  the  plumage,  stamp  an  individuality 
upon  each  member  of  this  attractive  group  of  birds. 

•Coerulean  Warbler 

Dendroeca  coerulea 

Sylvia  caerulea,  Wils.  "  AO.  ii.  1810, 141,  pi.  17,  f.  5  ". 

Sylvicola  cserulea,  "Sw."—Jar<L  "ed.  Wils.  1832,  —  ".-Bp.  CGL.  1838, 23.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 

308.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864, 1865,  438  (Missouri). 
Rhlmampbus  caeruleus,  Scl  PZS.  1857, 18  (Bogota) ;  1858, 64  (RioNapo).— Qundl  J.  f.  0. 1862, 

177  (Cuba). 
Dendroica  caerulea,  Bd.  UNA.  1858,  280.— GtmtZZ.  J.  f.  0. 1861,326  (Cuba).— Barn.  Smiths. 

Rep.  for  1860, 1861, 436.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 191.— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868, 176.— Brew. 

Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  483.— Gundl.  J.f.0. 1872,414  (Cuba).— B.  B.  dk  R.  NAB.i.  1874,  235, 

pi.  13,  f.  10,  II.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  451  (denied  to  New  England).— Hensh. 

Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1875, 196  (Denver,  Colo.). 
Dendroeca  caerulea,  8cL  Cat,  AB.  1862, 31.-S.  6  S.  PZS.  1864, 347  (Panama).— Coues,  Pr.  Ess. 

Inst.  v.  1868, 274.— 8und.  Oef  v.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869, 614.— S.  <£  S.  PZS.  1870, 836 

(Honduras).— Salv.  PZS.  1870,  183  (Veragua).— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  v.  1871, 6.— Allen,  Am. 

Nat  vi.  1872, 265.—- Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  222.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  99.— Ridgw. 

Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873, 199.— Gentry,  Life-Hist.  i.  J876,  108.—  Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877, 114.— 

Purdie,  Bull.  Nutt.  Club,  ii.  1877,  21  (Connecticut).—  Merr.  Tr.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 15 

(Connecticut,  two  instances). 
Dendrceca  cserula,  Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873, 2  $5. 
Sylvia  ccBrulea,  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  193.— Licht.  "Preis-Verz.  Mex.  Vog. 

1830, 2" ;  J.  f.  0. 1863, 31.-Thom.ps.  N.  H.  Vermont,  1853, 82. 
SylviCOla  crarulea,  Rick.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836, 1837, 172.— And.  Syn.  1839,  56.— 

And.  BA.  ii.  1841, 45,  pi.  86.— Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  Zufii,  1853,  70.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 

vi.  1853,  311  (Wisconsin).— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855, 309.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst. 

i.  1856, 207  (wrongly  attributed  to  Massachusetts) .—Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 1859, 

282  (Xova  Scotia ;  doubtful). 
SIniotilta  ccerulea,  Gieb.  Nomenc.  Av.  ii.  1875, 601. 


268  CHARACTERS    OF   DENDRCECA   CCERULEA 

Dendroica  ecerulca,  Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859, 106.— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862, 156.— 
Turrib.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 25;  Phila.  ed.  IS.—Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874, 58  (Denver,  Colo.). 

Dendrceca  coerulea,  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  vii.  1861, 322  (New  Granada).— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess. 
Inst.v.  1866,86  (Hamilton,  C.  W.).— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  110.—  Lawr.  Ann. 
Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1869,  200.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  56,  233.— Jouy,  Field  and  Forest,  iii.  n.  3, 
Sept.  1877,  51  (Washington,  D.  C.). 

Sylvia  rara,  Wils.  iii.  181 1,1 19,  pi.  27,  f.  2.— Steph.  Gen.  ZooLx.  1817, 657.— F.  Ency.  Metli.  ii. 
1823,  448.— Bp,  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  197.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826, 
82.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  393.— And.  OB.  i.  1832,  258,  pi.  49.— Brew.  Journ.  Bost.  Soc. 
i.  1837,  436  (Massachusetts— wrong). 

Phyllopneuste  rara,  Boie,  Isis,  1828,  321. 

Vermivora  rara,  Jard.  "  ed.  "Wils.  1832". 

Mniotilta  rara,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  L  1848, 196. 

Sylvia  azurea,  Steph.  Shaw's  GZ.  x.  1817,  653.— Bp.  Am.  Orn.  ii.  1828,  27,  pi.  11,  f.2.— Bp. 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  85.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  407.— Aud.  OB.  i.  1832,  255,  pi.  48.— 
Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839, 133  (Oregon  ? !). 

Hypotbimis  azurea,  Boie,  Isis,  1828,  318. 

Sylvia  bifasclata,  Say,  Long's  Exp.  R.  Mts.  i.  1823, 170. 

Sylvia  populorum,  V.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 449,  n.  104.    (After  Wilson.) 

Fauvette  be>ylle,  V.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823, 448. 

Fauvette  des  Peupliers,  V.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 449. 

Fauvette  bleuatre,  Le  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 192. 

Cterulean,  Cerulean,  or  Cerulean  Warbler  or  Wood-Warbler,  Azure  Warbler,  Blue- 
green  Warbler,  White-throated  Blue  Warbler,  Authors. 
[NOTE.— Ocerulea  and  caenilea  are  not  distinguished ;  neither  are  ccerulea  and  coerulea.— 

Note  that  the  "  Caerulean  Warbler  "  (Motacilla  or  Sylvia  c.)  of  authors  before  Wilson  is 

Polioptila,  not  Dendrceca.— See  p.  101.] 

HAB. — Eastern  North  America  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  the  latitude  of 
Colorado,  and  to  the  Lower  Missouri.  Rare  in  the  Atlantic  States ;  authen- 
tic as  a  bird  of  New  England  (Connecticut,  Linsley,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  xliv. 
1843,  — ;  Purdie,  Merriam,  II.  ss.  cc.).  Canada  West  (Mcllwraith).  Cuba 
(Gundlach) ;  no  other  West  Indian  record.  In  winter,  Central  and  portions 
of  South  America.  No  Mexican  record. 

CH.  SP. —  $  Ccerulea,  dorso  media  nigro  striato ;  infra  alba, 
pectore  lateribusque  fusco-cceruleo  striatis,  strigd  superciliari  alba, 
alis  albo  bifasciatis,  rectricibus  later  alibus  albo  notatis.  9  vires- 
cens,  infra  sordide  flavo-albida,  alis  cauddque  sicut  in  mare. 

$ ,  adult :  Entire  upper  parts  sky-blue,  the  middle  of  the  back  streaked 
with  black ;  the  crown  usually  richer  and  also  with  dark  markings.  Below 
pure  white,  streaked  across  the  breast  and  along  the  sides  with  dusky  blue — 
the  breast-streaks  inclining  to  form  a  short  bar,  sometimes  interrupted  in 
the  middle.  Auriculars  dusky  ;  edges  of  eyelids  and  superciliary  line  white. 
Wings  blackish,  much  edged  externally  with  the  color  of  the  back,  the  inner 
webs  of  all  the  quills,  the  outer  webs  of  the  inner  secondaries,  and  two  broad 
bars  across  the  tips  of  the  greater  and  median  coverts,  white.  Tail  black, 
with  much  exterior  edging  of  the  color  of  the  back,  all  the  feathers,  except 
the  middle  pair,  with  small,  white,  subterminal  tpots  on  the  inner  webs. 
Length,  4-4£ ;  wing,  2| ;  tail,  2  or  less. 

$ ,  adult :  Quite  different.  Upper  parts  dull  greenish,  with  more  or  less 
grayish-blue  shade,  the  greenish  brightest  and  purest  on  the  crown.  Eye- 
lids, line  over  eye,  and  entire  under  parts  whitish,  more  or  less  strongly  over- 
cast with  dull  greenish-yellow.  Wings  and  tail  dusky,  the  exterior  edgings 
of  the  color  of  the  back;  the  bars,  spots,  and  interior  edgings  white,  as  in 


DISTRIBUTION   OF   THE    CCERULEAN    WARBLER      269 

the  $ .  The  female  is  curiously  similar  to  the  same  sex  of  D.  ccerulescem, 
but  in  the  latter  the  tail-spots  are  different ;  there  are  no  white  wing-bars, 
but  instead  there  is  a  small  whitish  spot  at  the  base  of  the  outer  primaries. 
The  autumnal  plumage  of  the  adults  is  said  to  differ  in  no  wise  from  that 
of  the  spring.  Young  males  are  said  to  be  much  like  the  adult  females,  but 
less  uniformly  greenish-blue  above  and  purer  white  below,  with  evident 
blackish  stripes  on  the  interscapulars  and  sides  of  the  head.  The  young 
female  resembles  the  adult  of  that  sex,  but  is  still  greener  above,  with  little 
or  no  blue,  and  quite  buffy-yellowish  below.  When  in  full  dress,  this  is  a 
very  pretty  bird,  there  being  something  peculiarly  tasteful  and  artistic  in 
the  simple  contrast  of  the  snowy- white  with  the  delicate  azure-blue,  without 
any  "  warm  "  color. 

HAVING  left  in  the  "Birds  of  the  Northwest'7  a  sketch  of 
the  general  geographical  distribution  of  this  species,  I 
resume  the  subject  chiefly  to  enter  into  detail  respecting  the 
western. limits  of  its  dispersion,  which  are  wider  than  is  com- 
monly supposed,  or  than  is  indicated  by  Dr.  Brewer's  latest 
contribution  to  its  history.  It  will  be  remembered  that  not  long 
after  Wilson's  original  notice  of  the  bird,  Thomas  Say  described 
it  under  the  name  of  Sylvia  bifasciata  in  Major  Long's  Expedi- 
tion to  the  Eocky  Mountains,  and  such  hint  of  its  westward 
extension  has  very  recently  been  verified  by  Mr.  Henshaw,  who 
saw  a  Warbler,  "unquestionably  of  this  species",  on  the  17th 
of  May,  whilst  he  was  collecting  in  the  vicinity  of  Denver,  Col- 
orado. The  bird  had  not  previously  been  recognized  from  west 
of  the  Plains.  Woodhouse,  however,  gave  it  as  breeding  in 
abundance  in  the  Indian  Territory,  and  Allen  as  common  about 
Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  These  are  the  principal  Western 
records.  For  though  it  is  true  that  Audubon  assigns  it  to  the 
"Columbia  Biver"  on  Townsendian  authority,  there  is  probably 
some  mistake  about  this — at  any  rate,  I  continue  to  discredit 
the  statement.  The  Mississippi  Valley,  in  a  broad  sense,  seems 
to  be  the  bird's  main  area  of  distribution,  where  only  is  it  at  all 
abundant.  In  the  Atlantic  watershed,  it  is  certainly  one  of  our 
rarer  species,  though  apparently  of  general  dispersion ;  but 
there  is  now  no  doubt  that  it  enters  New  England.  Audubon, 
indeed,  ascribes  it  to  Nova  Scotia,  and  it  would  not  be  likely  to 
reach  that  island  without  passing  by  New  England.  Audubou 
says  explicitly,  "the  northeastern  point  at  which  I  have  known 
it  to  be  procured  is  the  neighborhood  of  Pictou,  Nova  Scotia"; 
but  gives  no  authority  nor  any  circumstances  of  observation. 
So  long  ago  as  1837,  Dr.  Brewer  gave  "Sylvia  rara"  as  a  bird 
of  Massachusetts,  and  for  many  years  the  species  has  been 


270      DISTRIBUTION   OF   THE    CCERULEAN    WARBLER 

currently  attributed  to  New  England,  by  myself  as  well  as  by 
others.  Nearly  all  the  later  citations  to  such  effect,  however, 
have  rested  upon  the  appearance  of  the  name  in  F.  W.  Put- 
nam's List  of  the  Birds  of  Essex  County,  Mass.,  published  in 
1856  5  but  Dr.  Brewer  "recently  ascertained  by  careful  enquiry" 
that  the  species  Mr.  Putnam  had  in  view  was  the  Black-throated 
Blue  Warbler,  D.  cosrulescens.  This  left  the  bird  without  au- 
thentic Massachusetts  record,  and  caused  Dr.  Brewer,  ignoring 
his  1837  announcement,  to  deny  the  bird  to  New  England  in 
1875.  In  1874,  in  the  "Birds  of  the  Northwest",  I  simply  que- 
ried the  occurrence  of  the  species  in  that  part  of  the  country, 
considering  that  Linsley's  Connecticut  record  of  1843  needed 
confirmation,  though  my  other  sources  of  information,  such  as 
Lawrence's  New  York  List  of  1866,  left  me  in  no  real  doubt  of 
its  presence  in  the  Connecticut  Valley — a  fact  fully  confirmed 
by  Mr.  Purdie's  and  Mr.  Merriam's  respective  records  above 
cited.  The  only  authoritative  record  I  know  of  the  occurrence 
of  the  bird  north  of  our  boundary  is  that  above  cited,  fur- 
nished by  Mr.  Mcllwraith,  of  Hamilton,  Canada  West.  In  the 
Middle  States,  the  Cceruleau  Warbler  is  certainly  rare  $  it  is  so 
given  by  Dr.  Turnbull  for  Pennsylvania,  and  Dr.  Prentiss  and 
I  never  saw  it  alive  in  the  District  of  Columbia ;  though  it  has 
been  got  in  this  place  on  more  than  one  occasion,  the  last  being 
an  instance  of  which  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  L.  P.  Jouy,  of  Wash- 
ington, who  happens  into  my  study  with  the  information,  by  a 
curious  coincidence,  as  I  pen  this  very  article  (October  16, 1877), 
and  who  published  the  case  in  the  number  of  "  Field  and  Forest" 
above  cited,  which  appeared  a  few  days  afterward. 

The  Coarulean  Warbler  entirely  withdraws  from  the  United 
States  in  the  fall.  It  is  singular  that  we  have  no  Mexican 
record,  and  that  our  only  West  Indian  one  is  from  Cuba.  For 
aught  that  we  know  to  the  contrary,  the  bird  makes  for  Central 
America,  and  winters  in  Yucatan,  Guatemala,  the  Isthmus,  and 
New  Granada,  even  pushing  as  far  in  South  America  as  the 
Rio  Napo. 

Good  fresh  observations  respecting  the  nest,  eggs,  and  breed- 
ing habits  of  the  Ccerulean  Warbler  are  wanted,  as  the  present 
generation  of  ornithologists  knows  nothing  of  these  matters 
but  what  it  has  inherited  from  the  last  one. 


SYNONYMY   OF   DENDRCECA    AUDUBONI  271 

Audubon's    Warbler 

]>endroeca  andnboni 

Sylvia  auduboni,  Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1837, 191  (Columbia River) ;  viii.  1839, 153. 
SylFicola  auduboni,  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  21.— And.  Syn.  1839,  52.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840, 

414.— Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.1846, 155.— Gamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1847, 37.— 

Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  307. 

Mniotilta  auduboni,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 
Dendroica  auduboni,  Scl.  PZS.  1858,  295,  298  (Oaxaca).— Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859. 

191.— Hold.  &  Aiken,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  197.-.B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  229,  pi.  13, 

f.  1.— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875, 156.-Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876, 174. 
Dendrceca  auduboni,  Scl.  PZS.  I860, 250  (Orizaha).— 8.  <&  S.  Ibis,  ii.  1860, 273  (Guatemala).— 

Scl.  PZS.  1864, 172  (City  of  Mexico).— Cows,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  163  (Arizona).-  Coucs, 

Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1868,  83  (Arizona).— Brown,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  iv.  1868,  420  (Vancouver).— 

Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,  613.— Trippe  apud  Coues,  BNW.  1874, 232.— 

Nels.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  357.— Frazar,  Bull.  Nutt.  Club,  iL  1877,  27  (Cambridge 

Mass.!). 

Sylvia  auduboni  i,  Aud.  OB.  v.  1839, 52,  pi.  395. 

Sylvicola  audubonii,  Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841,  26,  pi.  77.— Woodh.  Sitgr.  Hep.  Znfii,  1853,  71. 
Dendroica  audubonii,  JS&BNA.  1858,273.— Bd.  U.S.  Mex.  B.  Surv.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1859,  BiMs, 

10.— Kenn.  PURR.  x.  1859, 24.— Heerm.  ibid.  39.— Coop.  &  Suck.  NHWT.  i.  1860, 181.— 

Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862, 160.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  i.  1865,  188.— Coop.  Am. 

Nat.  iii.  1869,  33.— Stev.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1870,  1871,  463.— Merr.  U.  S.  Geol. 

Surv.  Terr,  for  1872, 1873,  675,  713. 
Dendroeca  andubonii,  Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xv.  1866,  69.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  88,  fig.— 

Coues,  Key,  1872,  100,— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  53.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  16.— Tarr. 

&  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874, 10.— Hensh  ibid.  41,  58,  75,  102.—  Nels.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 

xvii.  1875, 343. 

Dendroica  audubonis,  Bd.  Ives's  Rep.  Colo.  R.  pt.  vi.  1861,  5. 

Dendroica  coronata  var.  audnboni  [!],  Ridgw.  Ball.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873, 180  (Colorado). 
Audubon's  Warbler,  Western  Yellow-rump,  Authors. 

HAS.— From  the  easternmost  bases  and  outlying  foot-hills  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  Pacific,  United  States  and  British  Columbia ;  probably  also 
to  Alaska.  South  in  winter  through  Mexico  to  Guatemala.  Accidental  in 
Massachusetts. 

CH.  SP. — c?  Cceruleo-cinerea,  dorso  nigro  striato  ;  vertice  medio, 
uropygio,  guld  et  lateribus  pectoris,  flams;  pectore  nigro,  rib- 
domine  albo,  lateribus  nigro-striatis ;  $  brunneo-cinerea,  pectore 
nigro  maculato. 

$ ,  adult,  in  summer :  Upper  parts  clear  bluish-ash,  streaked  with  black. 
A  central  longitudinal  spot  on  the  crown,  the  rump,  throat,  and  a  patch  on 
each  side  of  the  breast,  rich  yellow.  Sides  of  the  head  little  darker  than  the 
upper  parts;  eyelids  narrowly  white,  but  no  decided  superciliary  white 
stripe.  The  ash  of  the  upper  parts  extending  far  around  the  sides  of  the 
neck.  Jugulum  and  breast  in  high  plumage  pure  black,  though  usually 
mixed  with  some  grayish  skirting  of  the  feathers,  or  invaded  by  white  from 
behind,  or  even  touched  with  yellow  here  and  there.  Belly  and  under  tail- 
coverts  white,  the  sides  streaked  with  black.  Wings  blackish,  with  gray  or 
white  edging,  especially  on  the  inner  quills ;  the  median  wing-coverts  tipped, 
the  greater  ones  edged  and  tipped,  with  white,  forming  a  great  white  blotch. 
Tail  like  the  wings,  the  outer  webs  narrowly  edged  with  gray  or  white,  the 


272      CHARACTERS  OF  DENDRCECA  AUDUBONI 

inner  webs  of  all  the  lateral  feathers  with  large  white  blotches.  Bill  and 
feet  black.  One  of  the  larger  species.  Length,  5-&-5f ;  extent,  8£-9£ ;  wing, 
2f-3;  tail,2±. 

$,  in  summer:  Generally  similar  to  the  $.  Upper  parts  duller  and 
browner  slate-color,  with  less  heavy  dorsal  streaks ;  crown-spot  and  other 
yellow  parts  paler ;  breast  not  continuously  black,  but  variegated  with  black, 
white,  and  the  color  of  the  back.  Sides  only  obsoletely  streaked.  Eyelids 
scarcely  white,  and  cheeks  hardly  different  from  the  back.  White  of  wing- 
coverts  mostly  restricted  to  two  bars ;  white  tail-spots  smaller. 

Both  sexes  in  autumn  and  winter,  and  young :  Upper  parts  quite  brown, 
with  obscure  black  marking.  Yellow  crown-spot  concealed  or  wanting ;  yel- 
low of  throat,  rump,  and  sides  of  breast  paler  and  restricted.  Under  parts 
whitish,  shaded  on  the  sides,  and  usually  across  the  breast,  with  a  dilute  tint  of 
the  color  of  the  back,  the  breast  and  sides  obsoletely  streaked  with  darker. 
White  of  wing-coverts  obscured  with  brownish. 

Very  young :  No  yellow  anywhere.  Everywhere  streaked ;  above  with 
blackish  and  brownish  ash,  below  with  dusky  and  whitish.  Wings  a,ud  tail 
much  as  in  the  autumnal  plumage  of  the  adult. 

The  full  breeding  dress  of  this  species  is  worn  but  a  short  time.  The 
spring  moult  is  usually  not  completed  until  some  time  in  May,  as  early 
May  and  all  April  specimens  show  more  or  loss  evident  traces  of  the  dull 
brown  winter  plumage,  mixed  with  the  clear  slate-color.  September  and 
October  specimens  are  much  the  same.  The  early  streaked  condition  is  very 
brief,  the  distinctive  marking  of  the  species  soon  appearing. 

In  comparing  this  species  with  D.  coronata,  its  Eastern  representative,  the 
very  marked  character  of  restricted  yellow  throat,  in  contrast  with  the 
more  extensively  white  throat  of  D.  coronata,  has  drawn  attention  from  other 
equally  good  characters.  In  D.  coronata,  in  full  plumage,  the  whole  sides  of 
the  head  are  pure  black,  bounded  above  by  a  white  superciliary  line ;  whereas 
this  part  is  little  darker  than  tho  back  in  auduboni,  and  there  is  no  white  line. 
The  breast  of  D.  coronata  does  not  appear  to  be  ever  continuously  black,  nor 
do  the  two  white  bars  on  the  wings  fuse  completely  into  a  large  white  patch. 
Younger  and  autumnal  or  winter  specimens  are  more  similar,  but  the  dis- 
tinctive yellow  throat  of  auduboni  shows  at  least  in  traces  at  a  very  early 
age,  and  is  always  distinctive.  In  the  very  earliest  streaky  stage,  the  two 
species  are  indistinguishable. 

ALL  things  considered,  we  may  fairly  regard  Audubon's 
Warbler  as  the  most  characteristic  species  of  the  genus 
Dendrceca  in  the  West.  Not  that  it  is  more  specially  indicative 
of  the  fauna  from  the  Eocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific  than 
D.  townsendi,  D.  occidentalis,  and  D.  nigrescens  respectively 
are;  but  that  it  is  much  more  abundant  and  more  equably  dif- 
fused over  the  country  than  any  one  of  the  three  other  species 
just  mentioned  are  known  to  be.  It  almost  entirely  replaces  the 
Yellow-rump  Warbler  or  Myrtle-bird  in  this  region,  and  in  fact 
forms  its  exact  Western  representative,  being  equally  common 
and  no  less  conspicuous  among  the  small  insectivorous  birds 


DISTRIBUTION    OF    AUDUBON's    WARBLER  273 

which  throng  the  forests  and  thickets  of  the  entire  West.  It 
is  a  fourth  species  of  Dendrceca  discovered  by  Nuttall  and 
Townsend,  completing  their  additions  to  our  knowledge  of  the 
varied  exhibitions  of  bird-life  which  compose  this  extensive 
genus.  Their  original  accounts  of  the  bird  are  not  entirely  con- 
sistent, nor  as  satisfactory  in  other  respects  as  could  be  desired, 
but  we  have  gradually  come  into  possession  of  the  materials 
for  a  tolerably  complete  biography. 

Not  the  least  interesting  point  in  the  history  of  Audubou's 
Warbler  is  its  recent  occurrence  on  the  side  of  the  continent 
where  it  does  not  properly  belong.  Mr.  A.  M.  Frazar  has  this 
year  published  a  note  of  his  capture  of  a  specimen  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  on  the  15th  of  November,  1876.  As  he  says 
that  it  was  a  fine  male  specimen,  with  the  yellow  of  the  throat 
very  plainly  marked,  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  the  accuracy 
of  his  identification ;  and  we  may  match  the  case  with  that  of 
the  Townsend's  Warbler  which  lately  wandered  into  Pennsylva- 
nia. This  estray  aside,  Audubon's  Warbler  has  never  been 
known  to  come  eastward  beyond  the  line  of  arboreal  vegetation 
which  marks  the  easternmost  foot-hills  and  outlying  elevations 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  As  soon  as  we  fairly  enter  the  wooded 
tracts,  as  distinguished  from  those  slight  fringes  of  trees  that 
straggle  along  the  water  courses,  we  are  pretty  sure  to  find 
Audubon's  Warbler,  and  we  may  find  it  anywhere,  so  we  be  in 
the  woods  at  the  right  season,  thence  to  the  Pacific.  The  north- 
ern limit  of  its  distribution  is  a  little  uncertain.  The  bird  is 
known  to  enter  British  Columbia,  and  I  have  myself  observed 
it  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Saskatchewan,  on  the  northern 
border  of  Montana.  Though  we  have  as  yet  no  Alaskan  record, 
we  should  be  slow  to  infer  that  it  does  not  reach  at  least  part 
way  through  that  country — as  far  as  the  Pacific  fauna  proper 
extends.  D.  coronata  is  found  there,  Alaska  being  doubtless 
the  region  whence  come  those  straggling  Yellow-rumps  that  oc- 
casionally turn  up  in  the  Pacific  region.  D.  auduboni  is  no  less 
hardy  a  bird  than  its  Eastern  analogue,  and  its  northwestern 
restriction,  wherever  the  line  may  actually  be  drawn,  is  infer- 
ably determined  by  the  topographical  rather  than  climatic  con- 
ditions, which  are  well  known  to  carry  the  Eastern  Province 
proper  to  the  very  shores  of  the  Pacific  in  the  higher  latitudes. 
In  the  opposite  direction,  Audubon's  Warbler  is  known  to  pen- 
etrate through  Mexico  and  to  reach  various  portions  of  Central 
America,  where  again,  as  at  the  far  North,  it  greets  its  Eastern 
18  B  o 


274  DISTRIBUTION    OF    AUDUBON's    WARBLER 

cousin ;  for  Mr.  Albert  Salvin  found  both  Eastern  and  Western 
Yellow-rumps  together,  at  San  Geronimo,  in  November,  1859. 

As  to  the  local  and  seasonal  movements  of  Audubon's  War- 
bler within  the  extensive  area  thus  sketched  :  The  bird  is  migra- 
tory, like  all  the  rest  of  our  Warblers,  and  the  "tidal  wave" 
passes  twice  a  year,  bearing-  the  vast  majority  of  individuals 
north  in  spring  and  south  in  autumn.  The  extent  of  the  spring 
movement  seems  to  be  sufficient  to  bring  all  those  that  entered 
Mexico  the  previous  fall  back  into  the  United  States :  at  any 
rate,  if  some  linger  to  breed  in  even  the  most  elevated  portions 
of  Mexico,  the  fact  has  not  become  known  to  us.  The  body  of 
birds  thus  thronging  over  our  border  takes  upon  itself  two 
movements:  one  of  these,  the  ordinary  to-and-fro  migration, 
spreads  the  species  in  latitude,  until  the  limits  of  its  geograph- 
ical range  are  attained  5  the  other  is  an  up-and-down  movement, 
equally  obvious  and  decided,  though  of  course  less  extensive, 
which  carries  the  species  into  suitable  breeding  grounds,  at  the 
higher  elevations  of  the  lower  latitudes.  Thus  a  breeding 
range  is  secured  which  is  almost  coextensive,  geographically 
speaking,  with  the  entire  United  States  range  of  the  species, 
yet  entirely  dependent  upon  topographical  features  of  the  coun- 
try 5  for  while  at  the  North  the  birds  may  breed  anywhere,  down 
to  sea-level,  at  the  South  their  nesting-grounds  are  found  only 
along  certain  lines  or  in  certain  spots  that  attain  sufficient  ele- 
vation. There  is  nothing  peculiar  in  this  5  in  fact,  it  is  the  rule 
equally  applicable  to  various  other  migratory  birds.  The  case 
of  J).  auduboni,  however,  is  notable  among  the  Warblers,  as  that 
of  D.  coronata  also  is,  in  that  the  winter  range  of  the  species  is 
unusually  extensive ;  for  only  a  part,  perhaps  only  a  small  pro- 
portion, of  the  individuals  composing  the  species  withdraw 
from  the  United  States  in  the  fall.  How  far  north  the  bird  may 
be  enabled  by  the  hardiness  of  its  constitution  to  endure  the 
rigors  of  winter  is  not  fully  known,  for  ornithologists  are  neither 
numerous  nor  active  at  this  season  in  the  Eocky  Mountains. 
But  the  bird  has  been  seen  in  Washington  Territory  in  March, 
which  is  long  before  any  general  migration  of  birds  occurs  in 
that  latitude ;  and  the  probability  is  that  the  lower  levels  and 
sheltered  situations  generally  may  harbor  numbers  of  the  birds 
in  winter,  even  toward  the  northern  extremes  of  their  habitat, 
just  as  the  Eastern  Yellow-rumps  are  sometimes  seen  in  Massa- 
chusetts at  the  same  season.  However  this  may  be,  it  is  certain 
that  the  lower  portions  of  the  Colorado  Basin,  and  of  the  coun- 


DISTRIBUTION    OF    AUDUBON's    WARBLER  275 

try  generally  at  corresponding  latitudes  in  the  Pacific  water- 
sheds, are  witness  of  the  birds  through  the  winter.  In  such  lat- 
itudes, the  species,  as  a  species,  is  resident ;  but  it  by  no  means 
follows  that  the  individuals  which  we  see  there  in  the  winter 
are  those  that  were  bred  in  the  vicinity.  In  the  nature  of  the 
case,  the  question  is  not  likely  to  be  decided ;  but  the  probabil- 
ity is,  to  judge  from  analogy,  that  the  winter  representatives 
of  the  species  in  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Southern  California 
consist  mainly  of  Northern-born  birds  which  have  migrated 
southward,  and  that  Mexico  and  Guatemala  are  supplied  from 
more  southerly  broods,  that  may  have  been  raised  in  the  very 
latitudes  where  others  of  the  species  pass  the  winter.  Should 
such  be  the  case,  we  see  clearly  that  the  migratory  impulse  is 
carried  out  in  all  cases,  even  though  Audubon's  Warblers  may 
be  found  in  certain  areas  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  I  think, 
however,  that  we  are  all  unconsciously  apt  to  be  biassed 
respecting  the  general  subject  of  the  migrations  of  birds,  by  too 
close  reliance  upon  the  north-south  lines  of  movement,  to  the 
extent  of  underrating  the  lateral  and  the  up-and-down  ranges 
of  species,  which  are  particularly  noticeable  in  countries  much 
diversified  by  mountains.  For  instance,  the  Black  Snowbird  is 
commonly  supposed  to  come  from  the  North  in  the  fall,  and  so 
it  certainly  does ;  but  its  sudden  appearances,  dependent  upon 
changes  of  the  weather,  remained  unaccountable  till  it  was 
learned  that  the  bird  breeds  in  the  mountains  even  as  far  south 
as  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  and  flies  up  and  down,  accord- 
ing to  exigencies  of  the  weather. 

The  general  statements  I  have  made  respecting  the  move- 
ments of  Audubon's  Warbler  are  gathered  from  sources  too 
numerous  to  be  spread  in  full  upon  this  record  ;  but  I  shall  re- 
coimt  some  of  the  more  prominent  observations  which  are  at 
our  service.  In  Colorado  State,  according  to  Mr.  T.  M.  Trippe, 
Audubon's  Warbler  is  abundant,  migratory,  and  breeds  from 
an  altitude  of  9,000  or  9,500  feet  up  to  timber-line.  It  reaches 
Idaho  from  the  South  about  the  middle  of  May,  goes  higher  up 
to  breed,  and  rears  its  young  during  the  latter  part  of  June  and 
in  July,  in  the  dense  spruce  forests  of  the  mountain-sides, 
whence  it  begins  to  descend  in  August,  becomes  common  in 
the  lower  parts  of  the  country  in  September,  and  disappears  by 
October.  In  the  same  State,  Mr.  Aiken  says  this  Warbler  is  a 
common  summer  resident,  particularly  numerous  during  the 
migrations,  when  it  is  dispersed  over  the  whole  country  from 


276      HABITS  OF  AUDUBON'S  WARBLER 

the  stunted  pines  of  the  timber-line  to  the  deciduous  trees  and 
bushes  bordering  the  streams  of  the  Plains,  but  during  the 
breeding  season  restricted  to  an  altitude  of  8,000  to  10,000  feet, 
where  they  rear  their  young  in  the  fastnesses  of  the  pines  and 
aspens.  He  found  it  as  early  as  April  16,  but  it  does  not  be- 
come numerous  till  some  time  afterward.  Henshaw  saw  it  about 
Denver  early  in  May,  and  found  it  tolerably  common  on  the 
pine-clad  mountains  of  Southern  Colorado  from  about  9,000  feet 
upward.  The  birds  had  paired  by  the  1st  of  June,  and  a  fin- 
ished but  still  empty  nest  was  discovered  a  week  later  on  the 
top  of  a  small  spruce  some  thirty  feet  high.  This  nest  was 
composed  of  bark  strips  firmly  and  neatly  woven,  with  a  lining 
of  fine  grasses;  it  was  four  inches  in  diameter  and  an  inch  deep. 
In  Arizona,  the  same  diligent  and  observing  naturalist  ascer- 
tained that  these  Warblers  breed  in  the  White  Mountains, 
where  he  took  young  just  from  the  nest  on  the  12th  of  July, 
even  so  far  south  as  Mount  Graham,  where  the  young  birds 
were  just  beginning  their  new  plumage  on  the  1st  of  August. 
At  Fort  Whipple,  in  the  same  Territory,  I  found  these  Warblers 
to  be  extremely  abundant — as  much  so  as  I  ever  saw  Yellow- 
rumps  in  the  East — during  both  the  vernal  and  the  autumnal 
migrations.  I  thought  then  that  they  bred  in  the  neighboring 
mountains  at  higher  elevations,  and  am  now  satisfied  that  such 
is  the  case.  I  used  to  find  them  while  they  were  on  the  move 
in  almost  any  situation,  but  they  were  specially  conspicuous  by 
reason  of  their  numbers  and  their  activity  in  the  cottonwood 
trees  and  mixed  undergrowth  along  the  various  mountain 
streams  from  the  20th  of  April  to  the  10th  of  May,  and  again 
during  the  month  of  October.  They  were  also  seen  occasionally 
during  the  winter,  even  at  this  elevation,  and  Dr.  Cooper  attests 
their  presence  in  numbers  at  the  same  season  along  the  Colo- 
rado River,  at  Fort  Mojave.  The  experience  of  the  last  named 
with  the  birds  in  California  accords  with  what  has  gone  before. 
He  obtained  newly-fledged  birds  at  Lake  Tahoe  in  September, 
and  considers  it  probable  that  they  breed  throughout  the 
higher  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  At  Santa  Cruz,  latitude 
37°,  and  down  to  sea-level,  the  birds  did  not  appear  until  the 
end  of  September ;  some  winter  there ;  about  the  20th  of  March, 
the  dull  plain  garb  is  quickly  exchanged  for  the  gay  vernal 
attire,  and  the  birds  are  off  by  the  middle  of  April.  Great 
numbers,  he  says,  winter  in  various  portions  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia, where  they  flutter  and  chirp  among  the  weeds  of  the 


HABITS  OF  AUDUBON'S  WARBLER      277 

plains  as  well  as  in  the  woods.  They  retire  toward  the  north 
in  April,  none  being  seen  after  May,  even  in  the  Coast  Range 
south  of  San  Francisco,  though  they  reappear  in  September. 
According  to  Heertuaun,  they  winter  in  California  as  far  north 
as  Sacramento,  and  Cooper  is  inclined  to  believe  that  some  re- 
main, in  mild  winters,  in  the  Columbia  River  region.  In  Nevada, 
Ridgway  states  this  beautiful  Warbler  inhabits  chiefly  the  pine 
forests  of  the  higher  mountain-ranges  during  the  summer,  but 
also  frequents  the  cedar  and  pinon  woods  of  the  desert  mount- 
ains, descending  thence  to  the  lower  portions  of  the  country, 
where  it  haunts  the  shrubbery  of  the  water-courses,  precisely 
after  the  manner  of  the  Eastern  Yellow-rump.  In  Montana,  at 
latitude  49°,  and  at  an  elevation  of  about  4,500  feet,  I  found 
Audubon's  Warblers  abundant,  and  evidently  at  their  birth- 
place, as  the  time  was  August,  and  before  any  migration  had 
begun. 

But  it  is  needless  to  multiply  quotations  further.  The  only 
nest  of  Audubon's  Warbler  I  have  ever  seen  is  the  one  in  the 
National  Museum,  transmitted  from  Vancouver  by  the  late  Mr. 
J.  Hepburn,  who  affirms  that  the  structure  may  be  placed  indif- 
ferently in  the  upper  branches  of  trees  or  in  bushes  only  a  few 
feet  from  the  ground ;  and  that  the  eggs,  to  the  number  of  four, 
are  white,  with  red  markings,  chiefly  about  the  larger  end. 
The  nest  just  spoken  of  was  built  in  the  crotch  formed  by  three 
forks  of  an  oblique  stem,  its  shape  consequently  being  obliquely 
conical.  The  exterior  of  the  nest  is  composed  of  rather  coarse 
strips  of  fibrous  bark  and  weeds  variously  intertwined,  the  main 
substance  consisting  of  fine  grasses,  mosses,  and  rootlets, 
mixed  with  some  large  feathers  and  bits  of  string,  these  mis- 
cellaneous materials  being  closely  matted  or  felted ;  and  the 
interior  is  finished  off  with  an  abundant  lining  of  horse-hairs. 

The  general  habits  of  Audubon's  Warbler  indicate  no  traits 
of  character  that  are  not  shared  by  its  very  well-known  Eastern 
relative,  the  familiar  Yellow-rump.  In  some  parts  of  fhe  country, 
as  in  Eastern  Colorado,  and  also  in  Guatemala,  the  two  species 
are  found  together,  behaving  exactly  alike.  Mr.  Salvin  noticed 
them  thus  associated  at  San  Geronimo,  where  they  congregated 
on  the  ground,  and  got  most  of  their  food  in  this  way.  One 
difference,  however,  between  the  two  birds  has  been  attested 
by  independent  observers.  Mr.  Trippe  likens  their  ordinary 
chirping  note  to  one  of  the  sounds  uttered  by  the  Barn  Swal- 
low, while  Mr.  Ridgway  speaks  of  their  feeble  'witf  as  some- 


278  SYNONYMY    OF   DENDROECA    CORONATA 

thing  quite  unlike  the  loud,  sharp  lchipj  of  the  Eastern  Yellow- 
rump.  The  full  song  of  the  bird  has  never,  to  my  present 
recollection,  greeted  my  ears;  Mr.  Trippe,  who  has  heard  it, 
calls  it  "a  simple  little  carol'7,  and  Nuttall  says  it  is  like  that 
of  the  Summer  Warbler,  but  superior  in  style  of  execution. 

Yellow-rumped  Warbler 

Dendroeca  coronata 

Motacilla  coronata,  L.  SN.  i.  1766,  333,  n.  21  (Edw.  pi.  293).— Bodd.  Tabl.  PE.  1183,  44, 
pi.  709,  f.  1  (Fauvette  ombree  de  la  Loui*iane).—Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  974,  n.  21  (Briss.  Buff. 
Edw.  Penn.  and  Lath.).— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  599. 

SylTia  coronata,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  538,  n.  115.— F.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  24,  pis.  78,  79.—  Wils.  AO.  ii. 
1810,  138,  pi.  17,  f.  4  ;  ii.  356,  pi.  45,  f.  3.— V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 118.—Steph.  Gen.  Zool. 
x.  1817,  636.— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  426,  n.  25.— Bp.  Jouru.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 
192.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  ll.—Licht.  "  Preis-Verz.  Mex.  Vog.  1830,  2" 
(J.  f.  O.  1863,  57)—  Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  418.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  361.— A ud.  OB.  ii. 
1834,  303,  pi.  153.— D'Orb.  Ois.  Cuba,  1839,  60.—  Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Moss.  1839,  307.— 
Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  80.— Gieb.  Vog.  1860,  56,  f.  110.— Weiz,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  x. 
1866,267  (Labrador). 

Sylvicola  coronata,  £.  &H.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  216.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,22.— Vig.  Zool.  Voy.  Bloss. 
1839,  IS.— Aud.  Syn.  1839,  51.— Nutt.  Man.  L2d  ed.  1840,  411.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841, 23,  pi. 
76.— Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847,  155  —Denny,  PZS.  1847,  38  —  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 307.— Burnett,  Pr. 
Boat  Soc.  iv.  1851,  116  —Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  310.— Read,  ibid.  398.—  Woodh. 
Sitgr.  Rep.  Zuni  R.  1853,  71.— Reinh.  J.  f.  0. 1854,  439  (Greenland).—  Henry,  Pr.  Pbila. 
Acad.  vii.  1855,  309.— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  1855,  142  (Massachusetts,  in  January).— 
Kcnnic.  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  583.— Pratten,  ibid.  601.— Putn.  Pr.  EPS.  Inst.  i.  1856, 
207.— Saile,  PZS.  1857,  231  (San  Domingo).—  Maxim.  J.  f.  O,  vi.  1858,  114.— Bry.  Pr. 
Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1859,  110  (Bahamas).— Martens,  J.  f.  O.  1859,  213  (Bermudas).— Willis, 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  185^,  1859,  282  (Nova  Scotia).— Bland,  ibid.  287  (Bermudas).— Brew. 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860,  306  (Cuba).— Albrecht,  J.  f.  0. 1861,  52  (Bahamas).— Albrecht.  J.  f. 
0. 1862, 194, 201  (Jamaica,). -Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864, 1865,  437  (Western  Missouri).— 
Bry.  J.  f.  O.  18C6,  184  (Porto  Rico).— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  x.  1866,  251  (the  same).— 
Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xi.  1867,  91  (San  Domingo).— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871, 114. 

Hniotilta  coronata,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i  1848, 196.— Cabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heft  iii.  1852,  65.— Kneel 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  234.— Reinh.  Ibis,  iii.  1861, 5  (Greenland). 

Rhimanphus  coronatus,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 19. 

Rhimamphus  coronatus,  Gundl  J.  f.  O.  1855,  473;  1861,  408  (Cuba).— Scl  PZS.  1856,  291 
(Cordova). 

Dcndroica  corona  a,  Gray,  List  of  G.  of  B.,  App.,  1842, 8.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  £72.-ScZ.  PZS. 
1858,  295  (Cordova).— £  <&  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  11  (Guatemala).— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
xi.  1859,  106.— O.  &  S.  NELWT.  1860,  187  (Washington  Territory).—  Barn.  Smiths. 
Rep.  for  I860, 1861,  436— Coves  <&  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  407  (Washington, 
D.  C. ;  wintering).— Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  125  (Maine,  breeding).—  Verr. 
Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862,  Ul.—Eayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862,  ICO  (Dakota).— 
March,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xv.  1863,  292  (Jamaica,  breeding).—  Allen,  Pr.Ess.  Inst.  iv. 
1864,  62.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  187.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  284.—  Butch. 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xx.  1868,  149  (Laredo,  Tex.).— Triple,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  171.— Dall 
&  Bann.  Tr.  Chicago  Acad.  i.  1869,  278  (Alaska,  breeding).— v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  O.  1869, 
293  (Costa  Rica).— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  24  ;  Phila.  ed.  17.— Abbott,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870, 
543.— Dall,  ibid.  600.— Parker,  Am.  Nat.  v.  1871,  168—  Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 
4  (nesting;  Maine).— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1872,  413  (Cuba).—  Aiken,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 
196  (Colorado).—  Ridgw.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873,  180  (Colorado).— B.B.  <£  R.  NAB.  i. 
1874,  227,  pi.  12,  f.  9, 12.— Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,58  (Co'orado).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439.— Hemh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876, 193. 

Dcndroica  coronatus,  Gundl  J.  f.  0. 1861, 326  (Cuba). 


SYNONYMY    OF   DENDRCECA    CORONATA  279 

Denflni'oa  coronata,  Scl.  PZS.  1859, 363  (Xalapa).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  viiL  1863, 6  (New 
Granada).— Blak.  Ibis,  v.  1863,  62.— 8.  &  S.  PZS.  1864,  347  (Panama).— Dress.  Ibis,  2d 
ser.L1865,  478  (Texas).— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  85.— Brown,  Ibis,  2d  ser.iv. 
1868,  420  (Vancouver). -Coues,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  109.— Gtues,  Am.  Nat  ii.  1868, 
161.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  272.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1868,  94  (Costa 
Eica).— Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,  613.— Cope,  Am.  Nat  iv.  1870,  395, 
396.— Coop  B.  Cal.  i  1870,  89,  figs.— 8.  <t  8.  PZS.  1870,  836  (Honduras).—  Coues,  Pr. 
Pbila.  Acad.  xxiii.  1871, 20.— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  363.— Trippe,  Am.  Nat. 
vi.  1872,  47.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  265,  359.-7>«rdte,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  693.— 
Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1873, 51.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873, 235.  -If err.  Am.  Nat  viii.  1874, 
7,  8.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  57.— Trippe,  ibid.  232  (Colorado,  abundant).— Gentry,  Life- 
Hist.  i.  1876, 109.— Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877, 124.-lferr.  Tr.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 16. 

Figuier  couronne  d'or,  JBw/1  "Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 312". 

Fauvette  couronnoe  d'or,  V.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823, 426. 

Figuier  cendre  tachetl  de  Pensilvanie,  Ficedula  pensilvanica  cinerca  luevla,  Briss. 
Orn.  vi.  17CO,  A  pp.  p.  110,  n.  81  (Edw.  pi.  298)  (first  basis  of  Mot.  coronata  Gm.). 

Golden-crowned  Flycatcher,  Edw.  Gl.  pL  298  <sole  basis  of  Motacilla  coronata  Linn.). 

Golden-crowned  Warbler, Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783, 486,  n.  111.— Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  403,  n.  294. 

Motacilla  canadensis,  L.  SN.  i.  1766,  334,  n.  27  (based  on  Briss.  iii.  524,  pL  27,  f.  1 ;  nee  L. 
SN.  p.  336,  n.  42,  wbich  is  Dendrozca  cosrulescens). 

Motacilla  ciiicta,  Gm*  SN.  i.  1788,  980,  n.  27  (=  M.  canadensis  L.  n.  27  +  Belted  Warbler, 
Penn.  &  Latb.).—  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790, 539,  n.  116.— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806, 604. 

Figuier  a  ceintnre,  Buff.  "  Hist  Nat.  Ois.  v.  303  ". 

Figuier  ccnrire  de  Canada,  Ficedula  canadensis  clnerea,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  1760, 524,  n.  67, 
pi.  27,  f.  1  (basis  of  Mot.  canadensis  Linn.  n.  27,  nee  n.  42). 

Belted  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  408,  n.  306.— Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783,  487,  n.  112. 

Mesange  de  Virginie,  Parus  virginianus,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  1760, 575,  n.  14  (quotes  Klein,  74, 
n.  8,  and  Catesby,  58). 

Parus  virginianus,  L.  SN.  i.  1766,  342,  n.  9  (Catesby  and  Briss.).— Gm.  SN.  i.  1788, 1010, 
n.  9.-Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  567,  n.  15.— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  625.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  50. 

Lusclnia  uropyglo  luteo,  Klein,  "Av.74,n.8". 

Virginian  Titmouse,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1785,  546,  n.  13.— Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  423,  n.  325. 

Yellow-rump,  Parus  uropygeo  luteo,  Catesby,  Car.  i.  1771,  58,  pi.  58  (not  Yellow-rumped 
TFar&Zerof  Lath.  andPenn.,  whichisD.  maculosa).  (Basisof  Parus  virginianus  Linn.) 

Mesange  a  croupion  jaune,  Buff.  "  Hist  Nat  Ois.  v.  453  ". 

Fauvette  a  croupion  jaune,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 180.— F.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823, 444. 

Motacilla  umbria,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  959,  n.  70  (Buff.  v.  162 ;  PE.  709,  f.  1,  &c.).— Turt.  SN.  i. 
1606,  589. 

Sylvia  umbria,  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790,  518,  n.  34. 

Fauvette  ombree  de  la  Louisiane,  Buff.  "  Hist  Nat  Ois.  v.  162  ". 

Fauvette  taebetee  de  la  Loutsiane,  Buff.  PE.  709,  f.  l. 

Dusky  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 410,  n.  309. 

Umbrose  Warbler,  Lath.  Syu.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783,  437,  n.  30  (PE.  709,  f.  1). 

Motacilla  pingnis,  GOT.  SN.  i.  1788,  973,  n.  115  (based  onBuffi  Penn.  and  Lath.  ).—Turt  SN.  i. 
1806,  598. 

Sylvia  pingnis,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  543,  n.  132. 

Figuier  grasset,  Buff.  "  Hist.  Nat.  Ois.  v.  319  ". 

Grasset  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  411,  n.  314.— Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1873,  496,  n.  127. 

Figuier  du  Mississipi,  PE.  731,  f.  2  (generally  assigned  to  Dendroecapennsylvanica). 

Sylvia  flavopygia,  V.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  47  (usually  wrongly  quoted  as  "xanthopygia". 
=  Parus  virginianus  L.  Gm.). 

Sylvia  xanthorhoa,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 180  (after  Catesby). 

Sylvia  xantboroa,  Vieill.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  444,  n.  87. 

Parus  cedrus,  uropygio  flavo,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1st  Am.  ed.  1791, 292. 

Bec-fln  couronne,  Z)'Or6. 1.  c. 

Fauvette  couronnte,  V.  OAS.  ii.  1807, 24.— Le  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 190. 

Yellow-crowned  Warbler,  Yellow-crowned  Wood  Warbler,  Yellow-rumped  Warbler, 
Yellow-rump,  Myrtle-bird,  Authors. 

HAB. — North  America,  but  chiefly  the  Eastern  Province.    In  the  North- 
west, extesds  across  the  continent ;  thence  some  individuals  straggle  south- 


280  HISTORY   OF   DENDRCECA    CORONATA 

ward  along  the  Pacific  side  to  Washington,  and  probably  Oregon  and  Cali- 
fornia. North  to  the  Arctic  coast ;  Greenland.  West  to  the  Rocky  Mountains 
in  the  latitude  of  Colorado,  where  common.  West  in  the  Missouri  region 
into  Dakota,  and  nearly  across  that  Territory  in  the  Mouse  River  area. 
South  into  Mexico  and  Central  America  and  various  of  the  West  India 
Islands.  Breeds  mostly  north  of  the  United  States,  but  also  in  Northern 
New  England ;  and  also  in  Jamaica.  Winters  anywhere  in  the  United  States 
from  the  latitude  of  Southern  New  England  southward,  and  also  in  the  sub- 
tropical and  tropical  countries  just  mentioned. 

CH.  SP. — <?  Similis  prcecedenti  ;  lateribus  capitis  nigris,  super- 
ciliis  albis ;  gula  alba;  pectore  nigro  alboque  intermixto  ;  alls 
albo  bifasciatis. 

$  :  Like  the  last  species,  excepting  in  the  following  points :— Throat  white. 
Breast  black,  mixed  with  white.  Sides  of  the  head  definitely  pure  black ; 
edges  of  eyelids,  and  long,  narrow  superciliary  line,  white  Wings  crossed 
with  two  broad  white  bars,  which,  however,  do  not  fuse  into  one  white 
patch,  owing  to  narrowness  or  deficiency  of 'white  edging  along  the  outer 
webs  of  the  great  coverts.  Size  of  the  last. 

The  seasonal  sexual  changes  of  plumage,  and  those  dependent  upon  age, 
are  precisely  parallel  with  those  of  D.  auduboni. 

A  sketch  of  the  literary  vicissitudes  which  the  Yellow-rumped  Warbler  has 
suffered  may  not  unprofitably  occupy  some  of  the  space  which  would  other- 
wise be  given  up  to  an  account  of  its  habits,  already  familiar  to  most  per- 
sons, especially  as  I  am  not  aware  that  the  intricate  history  of  the  matter 
has  ever  been  fully  brought  out,  though  the  bare  names  coronata,  canadensis, 
virginianu8,uml)ria,pingui8,  cincta,flavopygia,&nd.  xanthorhoa  are  all  currently 
and  properly  quoted  in  the  present  connection.  We  are  too  much  in  the  habit 
of  unconsciously  supposing  that  when  we  have  once  "hunted  down  "  a  Latin 
binomial  name  we  have  got  at  the  root  of  the  matter ;  when,  in  fact,  pinning 
a  Gmelinian  or  even  a  Linna3an  name,  in  many  cases,  should  be  but  the  pre- 
liminary to  determining  the  actual  basis  of  the  species.  Gnu-lip,  in  particu- 
lar, was  a  turbid  stream,  generally  several  removes  from  the  fountain-head ; 
while  Linnaeus  himself  seems  to  have  known  comparatively  little  of  birds 
other  than  of  his  own  country,  and  his  accounts  are  for  the  most  part  at 
second  hand.  In  the  cases  of  very  many  North  American  birds,  known  in 
the  last  century,  the  real  authors  of  species  were  Catesby,  Edwards,  Brissou, 
Buffon,  Latham,  and  Pennant,  who  are  too  often  ignored,  because  they  had 
the  misfortune  to  write  before  1766,  or  failed  to  accent  the  shibboleth  of  sci- 
ence; Linnaeus  was  the  original  describer  of  very  few  of  our  birds,  and 
Gmelin  perhaps  not  of  a  single  one.  The  state  of  the  case  is  very  well  illus- 
trated in  the  instance  of  Dendroeca  coronata.  The  synonymatic  digest  of  the 
whole  matter,  as  given  above,  looks  singularly  involved ;  but  the  bird  is  one 
of  such  marked  characters  that  it  is  not  difficult,  exercising  due  care,  to 
make  it  perfectly  plain. 

To  begin  with  the  Motacilla  coronata  Linn.,  which  has  come  down  to  us 
through  a  chain  of  genera,— Sylvia,  Sylvicola,  Mniotilta,  RMmanphus  or  RJii- 
mamphus,  and  Dendroica  or  Dendrceca :  This  was  based  solely  upon  Edwards's 
plate  298  of  the  "Golden-crowned  Flycatcher'',  which  became  Buffon's 
"Figuier  couronne"  d'or",  and  the  "Golden-crowned  Warbler"  of  Pennant 


HISTORY    OF   DENDRCECA    CORONATA  281 

and  Latham,  being  also  described  meanwhile  by  Brisson  (who,  by  the  way, 
was  one  of  the  very  best  ornithologists  of  the  last  century)  as  the  "  Figuier 
cendre"  tachete"  de  Pensilvanie",  otherwise  Ficedula  pensilvanica  cinerea  ncevia. 
This  set  of  names,  therefore,  go  and  all  hang  together  upon  Edwards's  plate. 

Linnaeus  again  got  hold  oi  the  Yellow-rump  under  tne  name  and  style  of 
"  Figuier  ceudre*  de  Canada  ",  Ficedula  canadensis  cinerea,  originally  described 
by  Brisson  from  a  specimen  or  specimens  sent  by  Gautier  from  Canada  to 
the  Rdaumur  Museum.  Brisson's  description  is  very  particular,  as  usual, 
and  his  bird  is  also  figured.  This  plate  and  description  are  the  basis  of  Mo- 
tatilla  canadensis  Linn.,  species  n.  27,  p.  334.  It  is  necessary  to  specify  this 
page  and  number  of  LinnaBus,  for  he  has  on  p.  336,  n.  42,  another  Motacilla 
canadensis,  based  on  Ficedula  canadensis  cinerea  minor  of  Brisson,  iii.  p.  527,  pi. 
27,  f.  C;  this  last  being  altogether  a  different  bird,  namely,  the  Black- 
throated  Blue  Warbler,  Dendrceca  canadensis  or  ccerulescens  of  modern  authors.* 

Linnaeus,  for  the  third  time,  brought  up  against  the  Yellow-rump  in  tho 
shape  of  Catesby's  Parus  uropygeo  luteo,  Anglice,  Yellow-rumped  Titmouse, 
figured  on  his  plate  58;  and  this  time  he  named  it  Parus  virginianus,  follow- 
ing Brisson,  who,  in  1760,  described  it  very  fully  under  the  same  name  in 
Latin,  and  under  the  name  of  "M6sange  de  Virginia"  in  French.  Brisson 
quotes  Catesby,  and  also  Klein, — the  latter  under  the  name  I  have  above 
placed  in  quotation-marks,  not  having  examined  tho  book  in  this  connection. 
At  Buffon's  hands,  Catesby's  bird  became  the  Me'sange  a  croapion  jaune,  a 
translation  of  Catesby's  name ;  in  Pennant's  and  Latham's  works,  it  was  ren- 
dered as  the  Virginian  Titmouse,  a  simple  version  of  Brisson's  narnr  Gme- 
lin  simply  kept  up  with  the  procession  at  this  point,  while  poor  Turton  came 
straggling  after.  A  little  later,  Vieillot,  in  the  Oiseaux  de  l'Aine"rique  Sep- 
tentrionale,  perceiving  that  the  bird  was  no  Parus,  placed  it  in  the  genus 
Sylvia;  but,  as  if  to  pay  himself  for  his  sagacity,  presumed  to  change  the 
Parus  virginianus  into  Sylvia  Jlavopygia,  rendering  "yellow  lump"  into  such 
wretched  bastard  Latin  that  his  commentators  have  generally  quoted  it 
xanthopygia.  Vieillot  himself  seems  to  have  become  displeased  with  the 
name  he  had  bestowed,  for  he  changed  it  to  xanthorhoa  in  1817,  in  the  Nouv. 
Diet.,  and  to  xanthoroa  in  the  Encyclopedic  Me"thodique.  This  concludes 
a  third  set  of  names,  traceable  to  Catesby's  "Yellow-rump";  but  before  I 
have  done  with  this  part  of  tho  subject,  I  should  account  for  the  Yellow- 
rumped  Warbler  of  Pennant  and  Latham.  For,  as  must  be  particularly 
notid,  the  "Yellow-rump"  of  Pennant  and  Latham  is  a  very  different 
bird,  to  wit:  the  Yellow-rumped  Flycatcher  of  Edwards's  pi.  255;  the 

*  Besides  this  double  employ  of  Motacilla  canadensis  by  Linnaeus,  Boddaert,  in  1783,  used 
the  same  term  twice,  in  different  connections,  both  different  from  Linnaeus's  use  of  the 
terms.  On  p.  4  of  the  Tableau,  Boddaert  names  a  Motacilla  canadensis,  basing  it  upon 
PE.  58,  f.  2,  which  is  Dendroeca,  cestiva.  On  p.  24  of  the  same  work,  Boddaert  names  another 
Motacilla  canadensis,  based  primarily  upon  PE.  398,  f.  2  (which  is  Siurus  auricapillus),  with 
some  of  the  synonyms  of  Dendroeca  added  (M.  canadensis  Linn.,  sp.  n.  27,  and  Edw.  Gl. 
252),  Boddaert  having  evidently  confounded  the  Golden-crowned  Flycatcher  of  Edwards 
and  the  Golden-crowned  "Warbler  of  Pennant  and  Latham  with  the  Golden-crowned 
Thrush  of  Edwards.  Therefore  :— 

Motacilla  canadensis  Linn.  (sp.  27)  =  Dendroeca  coronata. 

Motacilla  canadensis  Linn.  (sp.  42)  =  Dendroeca  ccerulescens. 

Motacilla  canadensis  Bodd.  (p.  4 — PE.  58,  f.  2)  =  Dendroeca  cestiva. 

Motacilla  canadensis  Bodd.  (p.  24— PE.  398,  f.  2)  =  Siurus  auricapittus,  mixed  with  some 
synonyms  of  Dendroeca  coronata. 


282  HISTORY   OF   DENDRCECA    CORONATA 

Ficedula  pensilvanica  ncevia  of  Brisson,  iii.  p.  502,  n.  56;  the  "Figuier  a  t6te 
cendre*e "  of  Buffon ;  the  Dendrceca  maculosa,  or  Black-and-yellow  Warbler, 
of  modern  authors. 

A  bird  which  is  found  in  Linnaeus  is  generally  reproduced  in  Gmelin  under 
the  same  name;  but  Motacilla  canadensis,  Linn.  sp.  27,  above  fully  explained, 
disappears  with  that  single  author — to  be  more  precise,  it  reappears,  but 
under  a  different  title.  For  we  find  it  again  in  the  Motacilla  dncta  of  Gmelin. 
Gmelin  does  not,  indeed,  quote  M.  canadensis;  but  he  numbers  his  dncta 
"27",  and  bases  it  primarily  on  Brisson's  pi.  27,  f.  1.  Now,  Brisson,  in  de- 
scribing the  yellow  spots  which  exist,  one  on  each  side  of  the  breast  of  D. 
coronata,  spoke  of  them  as  if  they  formed  a  band  or  belt  across  the  breast, — 
"entre  le  ventre  &  la  poitrine  est  une  bande  transversale  jaune",  says  he ; 
and  out  of  this  expression  comes  the  "Figuier  a  ceinture"  of  the  Count  de 
Buffon,  and  the  Belted  Warbler  of  Latham  and  Pennant,  M.  dncta  Gm.  This 
fourth  set  of  names  are  to  be  bundled  together  with  the  Motacilla  canadtnsis 
Linn.,  sp.  27,  and  hung  upon  the  peg  of  Brisson  (iii.  524,  pi.  27,  f.  1). 

Besides  operating  upon  the  three  Linnaean  names,  coronata,  virginianm,  and 
canadensis  (=cincta),  we  have  discussed,  Gmeliu  stumbled  twice  more  upon 
the  Yellow-rump,  giving  us  our  fifth  and  sixth  Latin  binomials,  umoria  and 
pinguis.  In  the  Planches  Enlumine'es,  there  is  figured,  at  pi.  709,  f.  1,  a  bird 
called  on  the  plate  "Fauvette  tachete'e  de  la  Louisiane",  and  in  Buffon's 
text  "Fauvette  ombre'e  de  la  Louisiane",  which  is  recognized  as  a  Yellow- 
rump  at  first  glance;  the  same  was  called  the  "  Dusky  Warbler  "  by  Pennant, 
and  the  "Umbrose  Warbler"  by  Latham.  This  became  Gmelin's  Motadlla 
umbria;  and  all  these  names  go  with  PE.  709,  f.  1.  For  the  sixth  time  (and, 
so  far  as  I  know,  the  last  for  the  eighteenth  century),  the  unhappy  Yellow- 
rump  comes  upon  the  stage  as  Motacilla  pinguis— the  "  Fat  Warbler".  This 
name  is  based  npon  the  "  Figuier  grasset "  of  Buffon,  rendered  by  Pennant 
and  Latham  as  the  "  Gf  asset  Warbler".  There  is  no  plate  that  I  know  of  to 
refer  to  in  this  case,  and  the  descriptions  are  not  as  satisfactory  as  could  be 
wished ;  but  there  is  no  reasonable  doubt  of  the  specits.  For  though  La- 
tham, for  instance,  describes  the  "throat  and  fore  part  of  the  neck  pale 
rufous",  yet  the  rest  of  his  account  is  sufficiently  pertinent,  and  the  mention 
of  "a  spot  of  yellow  on  the  head"  and  the  "yellow  rump"  fixes  the  bird 
he  had  in  view  as  the  Yellow-rump  in  some  obscure  imperfect  plumage  in 
which  the  yellow  on  the  sides  of  the  breast  was  not  present  or  not  noticed. 
It  is  said  to  be  from  "  Louisiana  ",  a  term  which  at  that  date,  it  will  be  re- 
membered, covered  most  of  the  United  States  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

There  is  yet  another  representation  of  the  Yellow-rump,  as  I  take  it, 
though  not  usually  quoted  in  this  connection.  I  refer  to  PI.  Enlnm.  731,  f.  2, 
called  "  Figuier  du  Mississipi "  on  the  plate.  This  has  been  generally  quoted, 
following  Linnaeus,  Gmelin,  and  Latham,  as  pertaining  to  the  Chestnut-sided 
Warbler  (Quebec  Warbler  of  Pennant  and  Latham),  M.  icterocephala,  but  the 
plate  certainly  resembles  D.  coronata  more  nearly,  whatever  may  be  said  of 
the  descriptions  that  go  with  it. 

I  trust  that  I  have  made  it  clear  how  the  various  specific  names  above 
cited — coronata,  canadensis,  virginianm,  dncta,  umbria,  pinguis,  and  flavopygia 
or  "  xanthopygia" ,  with  xanthorhoa  or  "  xanthoroa  " — came  to  be  applied  to  one 
and  the  same  species ;  how  canadensis  No.  42  differs  from  canadensis  No.  27  of 
Linnaeus ;  and  how  the  Yellow-rumped  Flycatcher  or  Warbler  of  Edwards, 


DISTRIBUTION    OF    YELLOW-RUMPED    WARBLER     283 

Latbara,  and  Pennant  differs  from  the  Yellow-rump  of  authors ;  and  have 
accounted  for  the  large  number  of  polynomial  Latin,  French,  and  English 
names  that  the  same  bird  has  received.  The  state  of  the  ca*e  is  nothing 
unusual ;  for  though  the  number  of  names  is  perhaps  in  excess,  yet  this  is 
offset  by  the  possibility  of  determining  them  all.  The  reader  may  imagine 
how  inextricable  would  have  been  the  confusion  had  the  bird  been  some 
plainly-marked  species  closely  resembling  several  others. 

WHAT  little  I  have  here  to  say  of  the  Myrtle- bird  relates 
chiefly  to  its  extensive  dispersion  in  the  West  beyond 
the  recognized  limits  of  the  Eastern 
Province,  of  which  the  bird  has  been 
generally  supposed  characteristic.  It 
is  not  remarkable  that  it  should  have 
been  found  in  some  cases  on  the 
Pacific  side,  seeing  that  it  extends 
northwestward  obliquely  across  Brit- 
ish America  into  Alaska,  where  it 
breeds,  and  whence  some  individuals  Fl°-  35.-Yeiiow-rumped  warbler. 
pass  south,  reaching  Washington  Territory  and  doubtless  yet 
other  regions  along  the  Pacific  side.  The  westward  trend  of 
the  species  in  the  United  States  may  correspond  nearly  with 
the  oblique  lay  of  the  Coteau  de  Missouri  in  Dakota;  thus 
the  birds  are  common  at  the  proper  season  in  the  Eed  Elver 
Valley,  and  thence  in  the  same  watershed  nearly  across  Dakota, 
along  the  parallel  of  49° ;  but  directly  west  of  this,  in  the  Mis 
souri  watershed,  and  even  in  that  of  the  Saskatchewan,  they 
are  not  known  to  occur ;  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  at  49°, 
D.  auduboni  is  the  species,  not  D.  coronata. 

The  common  and  regular  occurrence  of  the  Yellow-rump  in 
the  main  chain  of  the  Eocky  Mountains  is  a  fact  of  compara- 
tively recent  recognition,  fully  attested  by  such  observers  as 
Trippe,  Aiken,  and  Heushaw.  Thus,  the  first  named  of  these 
ornithologists  speaks  in  the  "Birds  of  the  North  west"  of  the 
abundance  of  Myrtle-birds  about  Idaho  and  Colorado,  where 
they  appear  during  the  latter  part  of  April,  go  as  high  as  8,500  or 
9,000  feet,  and  disappear  about  the  10th  of  May,  passing  north. 
Mr.  Henshaw  has  recorded  the  capture  of  several  specimens  at 
Denver,  Colorado,  where  in  early  May  the  birds  were  noticed 
with  Audubon's  Warblers,  the  two  species  associating  so  inti- 
mately that  they  were  sometimes  heard  singing  in  the  same  tree. 

I  have  in  another  bird-book  noted  the  singular  distribution 
of  this  species  according  to  season,  without  special  reference 


284  SYNONYMY   OF   DENDRCECA    BLACKBURNI^ 

to  its  geographical  dispersion  at  large.  It  is  a  hardy  bird,  capa- 
ble of  enduring  the  rigors  of  winter  almost  everywhere  in  the 
United  States;  nevertheless,  numbers  press  on  to  the  south, 
reaching  Central  America  along  with  the  tenderest  and  most 
susceptible  species  of  the  family,  while  others  are  taking  the 
weather  as  it  comes  in  the  Middle  States,  and  even  portions  of 
New  England.  The  breeding  range  is  no  less  curious.  Ordina- 
rily, no  Myrtle-birds  nestle  anywhere  in  the  United  States  south 
of  Northern  New  England ;  yet  some  at  least  of  those  that 
winter  in  the  West  Indies  do  not  migrate  at  the  vernal  crisis  of 
the  year,  but  rear  their  young  on  the  spot,  as  Mr.  March  has 
recorded  from  Jamaica,  in  the  paper  above  cited. 

For  accounts  of  the  general  habits  of  this  species,  reference 
may  be  made  to  other  treatises,  as  the  necessary  limits  of  the 
present  work  forbid  me  to  be  as  full  as  I  should  like  to  be  in 
the  cases  of  those  species  which  are  scarcely  entitled  to  any 
place  in  this  volume. 

Black  burnian   Warbler 

Deudroeca  blaekburniae 

?Figuier  orangl,  Buff.  "v.  313". 

?  Figuier  Granger,  Buff.  PE.  58,  f.  3. 

?  Motacilla  fusca,  Mull.  Syst.  Nat.  Snppl.  1776, 175  (from  Boffon). 

?  Fauvette  orangee,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 206 ;  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 459. 

?  Motacilla  nurantiu,  Bodd.  Tabl.  PE.  1783,  4  (PE.  58,  f.  3)  (Figuier  orange  Buff.  "  v.  313"  ; 

Figuier  etravger,  name  on  PE.  58,  f.  3). 
?  Mnlotilta  aurantia,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 
?  Orange-headed  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 492,  n.  119. 

?  Motacilla  chrysocephala,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788, 971,  n.  107  (Guiana )  (based  on  the  foregoing). 
?  Sylvia  chrysocephala,  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790, 541,  n.  124  (same  as  the  foregoing).— V.  N.  D.  d'H. 

N.  xi.  1817,  m.-8teph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 700.— F.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823, 459,  n.  143. 
t  Sylvicola  chrysocephala,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 309. 

?  Grey-PoJl  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  461,  n.  66.— Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  40-2,  n.  291. 
?  Fauvette  a  tete  grise,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 224 ;  Ency.  Meth.ii.  1823, 412. 
?  Motacilla  incana,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788, 976,  n.  125  (New  York.     Grey-Poll  WarVer  of  Penn.  and 

Lath  ).—Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  601. 
? Sylvia  incana,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  527,  n.  f\8  —Vieill.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817,  2%4.—Steph. 

Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  628.— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 442,  n.  81. 
?  Mniotilta  incana,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 

Motacilla  blackburniae,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788, 977,  n.  \yi.-Turt.  SN.  i.  1806, 601. 
Sylvia  blackburniae,  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790, 527,  n.  70.— F.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  36,  pi.  96.—  Wils.  AO.  iii. 

1811, 64,  pi.  23,  f.  3.—Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 627.— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  432,  n.  43.— 

Bp.  Jonrn.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 195  —  Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  80.— Nutt.  Man.  i. 

1832,  319.— Aud.  OB.  ii.  1834,  208;  v.  1839,  73,  pis.  135,  399.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass. 

1839,  308.— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  82. 
Sylvia  blackburni,  F.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 168. 
SylviCOla  bkickburnke,  Jard.  "ed.  Wils.  1832".— Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1836, 1837, 172.— 

Bp.  CGL.  1838, 22.-J.ud.  Syn.  1839,  57.—  Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841,  48,  pi.  87.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 

307—  Hoy,  Pr.  Phi'a.  Acad.  vi.  1853.  310.—  Read,  ibid.  398.— Scl.  PZS.  1854,  111  (Qui- 

jos).— Kennic.  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  583.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,  Wl.—Bry. 

Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  vii.  1859, 110  (Bahamas).—  Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 1859,  282  (Nova 

Scotia).— Albrecht,  J.f.O.  1861,52  (Bahamas).—  Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  18G5,  438 

(Missouri). 


SYNONYMY    OF   DENDRCECA    BLACKBURNI^l  285 

Sylvicola  blackburnia,  Pratten,  Tr.  III.  Agrio.  Sac.  i.  1855, 602. 

Mniotilta  blackburniie,  Gray,  G.of  B.  i.  1848,  196. 

Rhimanphus  blackburnire,  Oab.  MIL  i.  1850, 19. 

Rhimamphus  blackburnijc,  Scl.  PZS.  1855, 143  (BogotA) ;  1858, 64  (Bio  Napo). 

Uendroic.-i  blackburniie,  Bd.  BNA.  1853,  274.-S.  d  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  11  (Guatemala). —Scl. 
PZS.  1860,  84  (Ecuador).— Scl.  PZS.  1860,  —  (Pallatanga).— Barn.  Smiths.  Hep.  for  I860, 
1861,  436.— Ooues  dk  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861, 1862,  — .— Verr.  Pr.  Esa.  Inst.  iii.  1862, 
Itf.—Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soo.  ix.  1862,  125.— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  62.—  Bd.  Rev. 
AB.  1865, 189.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  2P4.— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868, 179  — 
v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  0. 1869, 203  (Costa  Rica).— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 24 ;  Phila.  ed.  17.—  Merr. 
TJ.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872, 1873, 713.— B.  B.  <&  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 237,  pi.  13,  f.  2, 3. 

Dcndru'ca  blackburnise,  Scl.  PZS.  1859, 363  (Xalapa).— Cab.  J.  f.  0. 1860,  328  (Costa  Rica).— 
Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vii.  1862,  468  (New  Granada).—  Blak.  Ibis,  1863,  68  (Hudson's 
B*y).— Dress.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  478  (Texas).— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  85.— Salv. 
PZS.  1867,  136  (Veragua).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  ix.  1866, 94  (Costa  Rica).— Oouej, 
Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868, 272.— Ooues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiL  1868, 110.— Allen,  Am.  Nat  iii.  1869, 
577.— Sund.  Oofv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869, 611.— Cope,  Am.  Nat.iv.  1870, 395,  396.— 
S.dS.  PZS.  1870,  — (Merida)  —  Salv.  PZS.  1870, 183  (Veragua).—  Wyatt,  Ibis,  1871,322 
(Columba).— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872, 265.— Salv.  Ibis,  3d  ser.  ii.  1872, 314  (Chontales).— 
Mayn.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xiv.  1872, 363.— COM&?,  Key,  1872, 100.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872, 
124,  166,  175  (Kansas  and  Utah).— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  235.— Coues,  BNW. 
1874,  59.— Gentry,  Life-Hist,  i.  1876,  112.— Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877, 112.— M err.  Trans. 
Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 16. ,  Bull.  Nutt  Club,  iii.  1878,  —  (Fort  Bayard,  N.  M.). 

Sylvia  parus,  Wils.  AO.  v.  1812,  114,  pi.  44,  f.  3.—Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,727.— F.  Ency. 
Meth.  ii.  1823,  449,  n.  106.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  200.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. 
ii.  1826,  82.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  392.— And.  OB.  ii.  Ib34,  205,  pi.  134.— Peab.  Rep.  Oru. 
Mass.  1839, 310.— Thompn.  Vermont,  1853,  App.  23. 

SylYicola  parus,  Bp.  CGL.  1838, 22.— And.  Syn.  1839,  C5.  -And.  BA.  ii.  1841, 40,  pi.  «l.—Lin*l. 
Am.  Journ.  Sci.  xliv.  1843, 257.- Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 311.—  ??  Reinh.  J.  f.  0. 1854, 426  (Green- 
land).-  Kennie.  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 590.— Bry.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  1855, 142  (Massachu- 
setts, in  January).— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inat.  i.  1856,  226.— WiLis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 
1859, 282  (Nova  Scotia).— Trippe,  Am.  Nat  ii.  1868, 179. 

Mniotilta  parus,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196.-/  ;  Reinh.  Ibis,  iii.  1861, 6  (Greenland). 

Rhimamphus  parus,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  311. 

Sylvia  melanorhoa,  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  d'Hist  Nat  xi.  1817, 180  (Martinique) ;  Ency.  Meth. 
ii.  1823,  444,  n.  88. 

Mniotilta  melanorhoa,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 197. 

Blackburnian  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785. 412,  n.  Zn.-Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  iL  1783, 461,  n.  67. 

Traquet  Blackburn,  V.  1.  c.  1807. 

Fauvette  Blackburn,  V.  1.  c.  1823. 

Fauvette  a  croupion  noir,  V.  11.  cc.  1817  and  1823. 

Fauvette  Hemlock,  V.  1.  c.  1823  (—parus  Wilson). 

Fauvette  blackburnia,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 168.— Le  Maine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861,  199. 

Fauvette  d'automne,  Le  Maine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861,  207  (=  parus  Aud.). 

Hemlock  Warbler,  Orange-throated  Warbler,  Authors. 

NOTE.— It  may  be  worth  while  to  look  into  the  synonymy  of  the  Blackburnian  Warbler, 
part  of  it  being  very  problematical.  The  earliest  conjectured  name  of  the  bird  is  the 
"Fignier  orange"  of  Buffon,  figured  on  PI.  Enlum.  53,  f.  3,  under  the  name  of  "Figuier 
etrauger",  and  said  to  be  from  "Guiana".  This  is  the  solo  basis  of  no  less  than  three 
binomial  names—  Motacilla  fusca  Miiller,  1776,  M.  aurantia  Bodd.,  1783,  and  M.  chrysocephala 
Gm.,  1788,  and  also  became  the  '-Orange-headed  Warbler"  of  Latham.  The  PI.  Enlum.  is 
not  clearly  referable  to  the  present  species,  nor  are  the  descriptions  identifiable  with  cer- 
tainty. Miiller's  runs  as  follows  :—  ,,55.  Der  Fliigelfleck,  Motacilla  fusca.  Sie  ist  oben 
braun,  hat  einen  gelben  Wirbel,  und  gelbe  Augenringe.  Die  Bru^t  ist  roth,  der  Bauch 
gelb,  und  die  Fliigel  sind mit  einem weissen  Flecken  gezeichnet,  Buffon."  Latham  says: — 
"  Bill  black :  top  and  sides  of  the  head,  fore  part  and  sides  of  the  neck,  fine  orange :  over 
the  eye  a  brown  band ;  beneath  the  eye  a  second,  but  paler :  the  upper  parts  of  the  body 
and  quills  reddish  brown :  wing  coverts  black  and  white :  breast  and  belly  pale  yellow : 
tail  black,  edged  with  pale  yellow:  legs  yellow."  These  terms  are  so  discordant  with 


286  HISTORY   OF   DENDRCECA   BLACKBURNI^ 

the  characters  of  D.  blackburnice,  as  to  le..d  us  to  suppose  that  an  entirely  different  bird 
may  have  been  in  view ;  and  at  any  rate  the  names  in  question  may  be  passed  over.  The 
PI.  Enlam.,  however,  though  not  well  colored,  can  hardly  be  anything  else  than  the  Black- 
burnian  "Warbler,  and  it  may  become  necessary  to  call  the  species  Dendrceea  aurantia, 
after  Boddaert,  who  distinctly  bases  the  name  on  this  plate,  while  Miiller's  earlier  account 
simply  refers  to  Buffon  without  specially  indicating  what  bird  of  Buffon's  is  meant. 

The  next  candidate  for  recognition  in  this  connection  is  the  "Grey-poll  "Warbler  "of 
Pennant  and  of  Latham,  which  became  Motacilla  incana  Gm.  Latham's  description  is : — 
"Head,  sides  of  the  neck,  and  upper  tail  coverts,  of  a  fine  grey :  wing  coverts  crossed  with 
two  white  bars:  primaries  and  tail  dusky,  edged  with  grey:  throat  orange:  chin  and 
breast  of  a  fine  yellow :  belly  of  a  whitish  ash-colour.  Inhabits  New  York."  This  is  much 
nearer  the  mark,  and  in  fact  agrees  pretty  well  with  some  imperfect  plumage  of  the  pres- 
ent species;  but  as  it  is  scarcely  diagnostic  (norne  points  seem  to  indicate  Dendrceea  macu- 
losa),  it  may  also  be  passed  over,  in  favor  of  the  "  Blackburnian  "Warbler"  of  the  same 
authors,  which  became  Motacilla  blackburnice  Gm.  This  bird  was  likewise  sent  from 
"  New  York  ",  and  was  named  after  Mrs.  Blackburn. 

The  fifth  name  to  be  noticed  is  the  "Hemlock  Warbler",  Sylvia  parus  of  "Wilson,  Nut- 
tall,  Andubon,  and  others,  from  "Pennsylvania".  This  species  endured  for  many  years— 
in  fact,  until  Baird  in  1858  showed  that  it  was  a  Blackburnian  "Warbler.  One  may  be  satis- 
fied of  the  accuracy  of  this  determination,  by  referring  to  Wilson's  original  description, 
which  perfectly  accords  with  the  incomplete  dress  of  D.  blackburnice.  The  reference  by 
Audubon  of  the  Autumnal  Warbler,  Sylvia  autumnalis,  to  this  species,  is  clearly  an  error. 

In  1817,  Vieillot  gave  a  sixth  name  to  tho  species,  Sylvia  melanorhoa,  described  from 
"Martinique"  in  the  Nouv.  Diet. ;  and  in  the  Ency.  Meth.  the  species  reappears,  along 
with  the  four  previous  designations,  chrysoccphala,  incana,  blackburnice,  and  parus.  The 
bird  is  here  attributed  to  "L'Ameriqne  meridionale ",  which  removes  the  chief  objec- 
tion to  the  name,  for  the  species  is  not  known  from  the  West  Indian  locality  first  ascribed  ; 
the  description  is  tolerably  pertinent,  fitting  about  as  well  as  that  of  Pennant  and  Latham's 
"Grey -poll  Warbler"  for  example,  and  may  bo  held,  iu  absence  of  evidence  to  the  con- 
trary, frrnMKwlB'aHBBMHBitate  dress  of  the  Blackburnian  Warbler. 

Stephens  is  said  to  have  called  tbw  specie*  Sylvia  lateral-is,  in  the  x.  voL  of  his  Cont.  of 
Shaw's  Gen.  Zool.,  1817, 659 ;  but  on  turning  to  this  place,  I  find  that  the  "Sylvia  lateralis  " 
is  there  described  after  Latham,  from  "  New  South  Wales  ",  and  doe»  not  agree  in  any 
particular  with  the  characters  of  the  present  species. 

The  reference  of  the  species  to  various  genera,  whereby  additional  synonyma  am 
created,  is  a  matter  of  course,  requiring  no  comment. 

HAB. — Chiefly  the  Eastern  Province.  West,  however,  to  Utah  (Allen) 
and  New  Mexico  (F.  Stephens').  South  in  winter  through  Eastern  Mexico  and 
Central  and  South  America  to  Ecuador.  Bahamas  (Bryant).  Breeds  in  the 
northern  portions  of  its  United  States  range  and  northward  in  the  British 
Provinces;  doubtless,  also,  in  elevated  tracts  of  the  Middle  States.  Winters 
extralimital.  A  Sylvicola  "parus"  is  attributed  to  Greenland  by  Reinhardt, 
1.  c.  (Frederikshaab,  Oct.  16,  1845,  Holboll). 

CH.  SP. — $  Nigra,  albido  varia;  vertice  media,  strigd  super  ci- 
liari,  lateribus  colli,  giild  et  pectore  flammeis ;  reliquis  partibus 
inferioribus  ex  flavo  albidis,  lateribus  nigro  striatis  ;  alis  caudd- 
que  dorso  concoloribus,  illis  specula  magno  albo,  rectricibus  late- 
ralibus  magnd  ex  parte  albis.  $  Supra  brunneo-olivacea,  albido 
nigroque  variay  guld  aurantiacd,  alis  albo  bifasciatis. 

3,  adult,  in  spring:  Entire  upper  parts,  including  the  wings  and  tail, 
black,  the  back  varied  with,  whitish,  the  wings  with  a  large  white  specu- 
lum on  the  coverts  and  much  white  edging  of  the  coverts,  the  lateral  tail- 
feathers  largely  white,  only  a  shaft- line,  with  clubbed  extremity,  being  left 


CHARACTERS    OF    DENDRCECA    BLACKBURNIJE         287 

blackish  on  the  outer  two  or  three  pairs.  Spot  on  fore  part  of  crown,  eye- 
lids, line  over  eye  spreading  into  a  large  spot  behind  the  auriculars,  with 
chin,  throat,  and  fore  breast,  intense  orange  or  flame  color.  Sides  of  head 
black  in  an  irregular  patch,  usually  confluent  with  the  black  streaks  on  the 
side  of  the  breast,  isolating  the  orange  of  the  sides  of  the  head  from  that  of 
the  throat,  and  circumscribing  the  orange  patch  below  the  eye.  Under  parts 
from  the  breast  white,  more  or  less  tinged  with  orange  or  yellow,  the  whole 
sides  streaked  with  black.  Bill  and  feet  dark.  Length  about  5|;  extent, 
8i;  wing,  2£;  tail,  2. 

9,  adult,  in  spring:  Similar  to  the  male  in  the  pattern  and  distribution 
of  the  colors ;  upper  parts  brownish-olive,  streaked  with  black ;  the  fiery 
orange  of  the  male  not  so  intense,  or  merely  yellow,  that  on  the  crown  ob- 
scure or  obsolete.  White  speculum  of  the  wing  resolved  into  two  white 
bars.  Sides  of  the  head  like  the  back,  instead  of  black  as  in  the  male,  and 
the  lateral  streaks  duller  and  more  blended. 

$  and  9  ,  adult,  in  autumn,  are  sufficiently  similar  to  the  respective  sexes 
in  spring,  but  the  coloration  is  toned  down,  the  fiery  colors  of  the  male  being 
less  intense,  and  the  black  of  the  back  being  much  mixed  with  olivaceous, 
bringing  about  a  close  resemblance  to  the  spring  female ;  while  the  female  is 
duller  still,  and  more  impurely  colored. 

Young :  Early  autumnal  birds  of  the  year  of  this  species  are  very  obscure 
looking,  showing  no  sign  of  the  rich  coloration  of  the  adults.  Above,  like 
the  adult  $ ,  but  still  browner,  with  more  obsolete  dusky  streaking.  Usually 
indication  of  the  crown  spot  in  a  lightening  of  the  part.  Sides  of  the  head 
like  the  crown,  cutting  off  a  superciliary  stripe  and  the  eyelids,  which  are 
ochrey  white.  Whole  under  parts  white,  tinged,  especially  on  the  throat 
and  breast,  with  yellowish,  the  sides  with  obsolete  streaking.  Indication  of 
the  peculiar  pattern  of  the  adults,  though  without  their  actual  coloration, 
together  with  the  extent  of  white  on  the  tail-feathers,  will  usually  suffice  for 
the  determination  of  the  species,  before  any  orange  appears  on  the  throat, 
after  which  there  can  be  no  difficulty. 

A  POINT  of  special  interest  in  the  present  connection  is  the 
authentic  record  furnished  by  Allen  of  the  occurrence  of 
the  Blackburnian  Warbler  in  Utah,  where  a  few  specimens  were 
secured  in  the  spring  of  3871,  as  he  has  recorded  in  the  valu- 
able paper  above  cited.  This  is,  with  one  exception,  the 
westernmost  advice  we  have  of  the  Blackburnian  Warbler, 
previously  supposed  to  be  confined  strictly  to  the  Eastern 
Province,  and  one  which  brings  the  bird  fairly  into  our  present 
geographical  perspective ;  but  just  as  these  pages  go  to  press, 
I  learn  from  advance  sheets  of  a  forthcoming  number  of  the 
Bulletin  of  the  Nuttall  Ornithological  Club,  that  the  Black- 
burnian Warbler  has  been  found  at  Fort  Bayard,  New  Mexico. 
It  is  a  well-known  and  abundant  species,  into  the  natural 
history  of  which  I  do  not  propose  to  enter  here. 


288  SYNONYMY    OF    DENDRGECA    STRIATA 

Black-poll    Warbler 

Dendroeca  striata 

Muscicapa  striata,  Forst.  Philos.  Trans.  Ixii.  1772,  406,  4-28,  n.  31  (Severn  River). —Grit.  S.N. 
i.  1768,  930,  n.  7  (from  Forster ;  quotes  also  Mull  111.  pi.  15,  A.  B.).— Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790. 
481,  n.  56  (from  Forster ;  quc/tes  also  Striped  Flycatcher,  Penn.  A.  Z.  ii.  390,  and  Lath. 
Syn.  ii.  pt,  i.  349).— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806, 571.—  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  370. 

Motacilla  striata,  Om.  SN.  i.  1788,  976,  n.  124  (Black-poll  Warbler,  Penn.  &  Lath.).— Turt. 
SN.  i.  1806, 600. 

Sylvia  Striata,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  527,  n.  67.— V.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  22,  pis.  75,  IG.-Wils.  AO.  iv. 
1811,  40,  pi.  30,  f.  3 ;  vi.  1812, 101,  pi.  54,  f.  3.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 645.— V.  N.  D.  d'H. 
N.  xi.  1817, 219  and  222.— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  441,  n.  77,  and  464,  n.  167.— Bp.  Jonrn. 
Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 199.— Bp.  Auu.  Lye.  N".  Y.  ii.  182(5, 81.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  383.— 
And.  OB.  ii.  1834,  201,  pi.  133.— Peab.  Rap.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  309.— Thowps.  Vermont, 
1853,  App.  22. 

Sylvicuhl  Striata,  8.  &  R.  FBA.  ii.  1831, 218.— Bp,  CGL.  1838,  22.— And.  Syn.  1839,  53.— Aud. 
BA.  ii.  1841, 28,  pi.  IS.— Up.  CA.  i.  1850, 308.—  Burnett,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.lv.  1851, 116.— Hoy, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853, 311.— Read,  ibid.  399.— Beinh.  J.  f.  0. 1854,  427  (Greenland).— 
Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855, 309 — Kennic.  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 583.-Pro«en, 
ibid.  601.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  i.  1856,  207.— 7iry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  116  (Nova 
Scotia).— Maxim.  3.  f.  0.1858,1 13.—  Wil.is,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  282.- Bry.  Pr. 
Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1859,  110  (Bahamas).— Brew.  Pr.  Bosl.  Soc.  vii.  1860,  307  (Cuba).— 
Albrecht,  J.  f.  0. 1861, 52  (Bahamas).— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  438  (Missouri). 

Mniotilta  striata,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848,  196.— Cabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heft  iii.  1852,  66.-Kncel. 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  234.— Reinh.  Ibis,  iii.  1861, 6  (Greenland). 

Rbimanphus  striatus,  Cab.  MIL  i.  1850, 20. 

Bhimampbus  striatus,  8d.  PZS.  1855,  143  (Bogota).— Gundl  J.  f.  O.  1855,  475  (Cuba).— 
Gundl  J.  f.  0. 1861,  409  (Cuba). 

Dendroica  striata,  £d.BN A.  Ic58, 280.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859, 106.— Couet,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  1861,  220  (Labrador).— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860, 1861,  436.— Blak.  Ibis, 
iv.  1862,  4  (Saskatchewan).— Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862, 161.— Boardm.  Pr. 
Bost  Soc.  ix.  1862, 125.— Cones  <&  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861, 1862,  408.— Verr.  Pr.  Ess. 
Inst  iii.  1862, 147.— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  63.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  192.-£awr. 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  viii.  1866,  284.— Brew.  Am.  Nat.  i.  1867,  120.— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1869, 
IW.—Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 25 ;  Phila.  ed.  18.— Dall  &  Bann.  Tr.  Chicago  Acad.  i.  1869, 
278  (Alaska).— Da«,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870, 600  (Alaska).— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1872,  414  (Cuba).— 
Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  439.— Packard,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  271.— Hensh.  Rep. 
Orn.  Specs.  1874,  59  (Colorado).— Henth.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1875,  198  (same). 

Dendroica  striatus,  Oundl.  J.  f.  0. 1861, 326  (Cnba). 

Dendrceca  striata,  Blak.  Ibis,  v.  1863, 62  —  Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866, 86.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess. 
Inst.  v.  1868, 273.— Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  1869, 614.—  S.  <k  S.  PZS.  1870,  780 
(Merida).— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  48.— Coues,  Key,  1872, 100,  f.  42,  pi.  2,  f.  15, 16.— 
Mayn.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xiv.  1872, 366.—  Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873, 235.— Snow,  Am. 
Nat  viii.  1874,  757.— Coues,  BN  W.  1874,  60.—  B.  B.  <&  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 248,  pi.  13,  f.  9.— 
Gentry,  Life- Hist  i.  1876,  114.— Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877,  110.— Merr.  Trans.  Conn. 
Acad.  iv.  1877, 16. 

Dendroica  pinus  [err.!],  Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1861, 
220  (Labrador). 

Dendrceca  atricapilla,  Landb.  "Arch.  f.  Naturg.1864, 
56  (Chile)  ".— Scl.  PZS.  1867,  337  (Chile). 

Striped  Flycatcher,  Forst.  1.  c.-Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  i. 
1783,349,  n.  46.—  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  390,  n.  277. 

Black-poll  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  460,  n. 
65.— Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  401,  n.  290. 

Fauvette  striee,  Fauvette  tailor,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi. 
1817,  219  and  222;  and  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  464 
and  441. 

Fauvette  ray^e,  Le  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 189.  *1o.  M.  -Black-poll  Warbler. 

NOTE.— This  bird  was  first  described  in  1772  by  Forster  as  the  •'  Striped  Flycatcher  ", 

Muscicapa  ttriata.    Next  it  was  described  as  a  separate  species,  the  i(  Black-poll  War- 
bler", by  Pennant  and  Latham,  their  bird  becoming  Motacilla,  striata  of  Gmelin,  it  being 


CHARACTERS    OF   DENDRCECA   STRIATA  289 

a  mere  coincidence  that  the  same  specific  name,  striata,  was  bestowed  upon  the  two  birds, 
supposed  to  belong  to  different  genera,  but  which  are  the  same  species.  Vieillot  very 
curiously  retains  both  under  the  genus  Sylvia,  in  the  Nouv.  Diet  1817,  and  the  Ency.  M6th. 
1823,  having  in  each  of  these  works  a  Sylvia  striata  in  two  places,  though  one  he  calls  in 
French  "  Fanvette  stride",  and  the  other  "Fanvette  tailor".  Even  in  Gray,  G.  of  B. 
1848,  the  name  striata  is  similarly  duplicated  under  Mniotilta. 

HAB.— North  America,  excepting  the  Western  and  most  of  the  Middle 
Province.  North  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  Greenland.  Northwest  to  Alaska, 
in  the  Yukon  region.  West  to  Nebraska  and  Colorado.  South  to  New  Gran- 
ada and  perhaps  to  Chili  (cf.  D.  atricapilla,  I.  s.  c.).  Cuba  and  Bahamas  only 
of  the  West  Indies.  No  Mexican  quotations.  Breeds  from  Northern  New 
England  northward.  Winters  beyond  the  United  States.  Migrates  late  in 
the  spring,  bringing  up  the  rear-guard  of  the  Warbler  hosts. 

CH.  SP. —  $  Olivacea,  nigro  striata, pileo  nigro;  infra  alba,  late- 
raliter  nigro  striata  a  rostro  ad  caudam;  alisfuscis,  albo  bifas- 
ciatis,  caudd  fused,  rectricibus  lateralibus  albo  notatis  ;  pedibus 
pallidis.  $  supra  virescens,  undique  nigro  striata  ;  infra  virenti- 
albida,  fusco  striata. 

£ ,  adult :  Back,  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  grayish-olive,  heavily  streaked 
with  black ;  whole  crown  pure  glossy  black.  Below  pure  white ;  a  double 
series  of  black  streaks  starts  from  the  extreme  chin,  and  diverges  to  pass 
one  on  each  side  to  the  tail,  the  streaks  being  confluent  anteriorly,  discrete 
posteriorly.  Side  of  head  above  the  chain  of  streaks  pure  white,  including 
lower  eyelid.  Wings  dusky,  the  primaries  with  much  greenish  edging,  the 
inner  secondaries  with  whitish  edging,  the  greater  and  median  coverts  tipped 
with  white,  forming  two  cross-bars.  Tail  like  the  wings,  with  rather  small 
white  spots  at  the  ends  of  the  inner  webs  of  two  or  three  outer  feathers. 
Upper  mandible  brownish-black ;  lower  mandible  with  the  feet  flesh-colored 
or  yellowish.  Length,  5£-5£;  extent,  9-9£;  wing,  2f-2$;  tail,  2£. 

$ :  Entire  upper  parts,  including  the  crown,  greenish -olive,  with  dusky 
streaks ;  below  white,  much  tinged  with  greenish-yellow,  especially  anteri- 
orly, the  streaks  dusky  and  not  so  sharp  as  those  of  the  male,  but  still  very 
evident.  Bars  and  edgings  of  the  wings  greenish-white.  Tail  as  in  the 
male.  Rather  smaller  than  the  male  on  an  average. 

Young :  Similar  to  the  adult  $ ,  but  brighter  and  more  greenish -olive  above, 
the  streakings  few  and  chiefly  confined  to  the  middle  of  the  back ;  below 
more  or  less  completely  tinged  with  greenish-yellow,  the  streaking  obsolete,  or 
entirely  wanting.  Under  tail-coverts  usually  pure  white.  These  autumnal 
birds  bear  an  extraordinary  resemblance  to  those  of  D.  castanea  (though  the 
adults  are  so  very  different),  the  upper  parts  being,  in  fact,  the  same  in  both. 
But  young  castanea  generally  shows  traces  of  the  chestnut,  or  at  least  a  buffy 
shade,  quite  different  from  the  clear  greenish-olive  of  striata,  this  tint  being 
strongest  on  the  flanks  and  under  tail-coverts,  just  where  striata  is  the  most 
purely  white.  Moreover,  castanea  shows  no  streaks  below,  traces  at  least  of 
which  are  usually  observable  in  striata. 

The  still  earlier  plumage  of  the  bird  when  just  from  the  nest  is  different 
again,  for  this  species,  like  many  other  Sylvicolidce,  Turdidce,  &c.,  has  at  first 
a  transient  streaky  or  speckled  plumage.  In  this  condition,  the  upper  parts 
are  grayish,  the  lower  white,  the  whole  body  marked  with  blackish  in  the 
form  of  a  terminal  spot  or  bar  on  each  feather. 
19  B  O 


290  SYNONYMY   OF    DENDRCECA   MACULO8A 

DUEING  the  vernal  migrations,  vast  numbers  of  the  Black- 
polls  enter  the  United  States  from  their  winter  home  in 
South  America,  sometimes  as  early  as  February,  and  pass  leis- 
urely northward  till  some  of  them  gain  the  uttermost  Arctic 
regions,  while  others,  presumably  later  comers,  are  advised  by 
the  progress  of  the  season  to  nestle  even  short  of  the  northern 
border  of  our  country.  None  are  known  as  yet  to  come  from 
Mexico — a  circumstance  long  favoring  the  general  impression 
that  the  species  was  a  thoroughly  Eastern  one.  Nevertheless, 
we  have  ascertained  that  some  of  these  birds  advance  west  of  the 
Plains,  along  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  for  they 
have  been  found  in  May  near  Denver,  Colorado,  by  Mr.  H.  W. 
Henshaw,  hovering  about  the  rather  debatable  border-land  of 
the  "  Birds  of  the  Colorado  Valley  ". 

Black-and-yellow   Warbler 

Dendroeca  maculosa 

Motacilla  maculosa,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788, 984,  n.  151  (Briss.  iii.  502,  n.  56 ;  Perm.  ii.  400,  n.  288).— 
Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  606. 

Sylvia  maculosa,  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790,  536,  n.  108.— V.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  33,  pi.  93.— V.  N.  D.  d'H. 
N.  xi.  1817, 223.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  715.-F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  427,  n.  29.— 
Bp.  Ann.  Lye. N.Y.ii.  1826,  IS.-Aud.  OB.i.  1831,  260;  ii.  1834,  145;  v.  1839,458;  pis. 
50, 123.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  370.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,308.— D'Orb.  Ois.Cuba, 
1839,  VZ—Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  81.— Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856r  290. 

SylYlCOla  maculosa,  8.  &  R.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  213,  pi.  40.— Bp.  CGL.  1338,  22.— Aud.  Syn.  1839, 
61.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841, 65,  pi.  96.— Denny,  PZS.  1847, 38.—  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  307.— Hoy,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  310.— Bead,  ibid.  398.—  Kennic.  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  5?3.— 
Pratten,  ibid.  602.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856, 207.— Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 1859, 
282.— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1859,  110  (Bahamas).— Brew.  Pr.Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860,307 
(Cn]n).-Albrecht,  J.  f.  0.  1861,  53  (Bahamas).— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864, 1865,  438. 

Mnlotllta  maculosa,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848,  196.— Cabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heft  iii.  1852,  66.— 
Kneel  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857, 234. 

Rhlmanphus  maculosus,  Cab.  Mil.  i.  1850, 20. 

Rhimamphus  maculosus,  Gundl  J.  f.  0. 1855, 474  (Cuba). 

Dendroica  maculosa,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  284.— S.  &  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  11  (Guatemala)  —Gundl. 
J.  f.  O.  1861,  326  (Cuba).— Bam.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  I860,  1861,  436.— Coues  &  Prent. 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  408.— Verr.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862, 147  (Anticosti).— Allen, 
Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  63. -Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,206.—  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 
284.—Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  180.—- Scl.  PZS.  1869,  374  (0 ixaca).— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa. 
1869,  25;  Phila.  ed.  18.— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1872,  415  (Cuba).— Packard,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874, 
271.— B.  B.  <&  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  232,  pi.  14,  f.  2.—Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  58  (Den- 
ver, Colo.).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  439.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid. 
1875, 196  (Denver,  Colo.). 

Dendru'f  a  maculosa,  Scl.  PZS.  1859,  363  (Xulapa).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vii.  1861, 322 
(New  Granada).— Scl.  PZS.  1862, 19  (Southern  Mexico).— Blak.  Ibis,  v.  1863, 63  (British 
America).— Terr.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1863, 234.—  S.  &  S.  PZS.  1864,  347  (Panama).— Dress. 
Ibis,  2dser.  i.  1865,  478  (Texas).— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  86.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst. 
v.  1868, 273.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  IW.-Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  1869, 
615.— Cope,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870, 395,  396,  399.— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  367  (Maine, 
breeding).— Mayn.  B.  Fla.  1873,  56  —  Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  235.— Snow,  Am. 
Nat.  viii.  1874,  757.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  62.— Gentry,  Life-Hist  i.  1876,  123.— Minot,  B. 
N.  EngL  1877, 126.— Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 17.— Brcwst.  Bull.  Nuttall  Club, 
ii.  1877, 1  (full  biography). 


CHARACTERS    OF   DENDRCECA   MACULOSA  291 

Sylvia  magnolia,  Wils.  AO.  iii.lSll,  63,  pi.  W.-Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 604.-B»  Jonrn 

Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 194. 
Yellow-rumped  Flycatcher,  Edw.  pi.  255. 
Figuier  a  tete  cendrce,  Hu/.  "Ois.  v.  291". 
Figuier  tachet6  de  Pensilvanle,  Ficedula  pensilvanlca  navla,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  502,  n.  56 

(quotes  Edw.  pi.  255). 
Ycllow-rumped  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 

481,  n.  104. 

Yellow-rump  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  400,   n.  288 
(a  basis  of  M,  maculosa  Gra. ;   not  to  be  con- 
founded with  Yellow-rump  of  modern  writers, 
which  is  D.  coronata).—Sw.  <&  Rich.  FBA.  1.  c. 
Fauvette  a  tete  cendree,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817 

223  ;  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 427. 
Spotted  Warbler,  Peab.  1.  c.—  Nutt.  1.  c. 
Bee-fin  a  tete  cendree,  D'Orb.  1.  c. 
Black-and-ycllow  Warbler,  Authors.  FIG.  37.— Black-and-yellow  Warbler. 

HAB.— Eastern  Province  of  North  America.  North  to  Labrador,  Hudson's 
Bay,  Great  Slave  Lake,  &c.  South  through  Eastern  Mexico  and  Central 
America  to  New  Granada.  West  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado.  Cuba 
and  the  Bahamas.  Breeds  from  New  England  northward,  and  probably 
farther  south  in  elevated  portions  of  the  United  States.  Winters  extralimital. 

CH.  SP. —  $  5  Dorso  nigro,  plus  minusve  olivaceo  tincto  ;  uro- 
pygio  flavo  ;  vertice  cinereo;  lateribus  capitis  cum  fronte  angus 
tissime  nigris,  palpebris  et  strigd  postoculari  albis  ;  gastrceo  flavo, 
crisso  albo,  pectore  lateribusque  nigro  striatis ;  alis  cauddque  ni- 
gricantibus,  illis  specula  albo,  rectricibus  maculis  albis  quadratis. 

?  2  ,  in  spring :  Back  black,  usually  quite  pure  and  uninterrupted  in  the 
$ ,  more  or  less  mixed  with  olive  in  the  9 ;  rump  yellow ;  upper  tail-coverts 
black,  often  skirted  with  olive  or  ashy.  Whole  crown  of  head  clear  ash ; 
sides  of  head  black,  including  a  very  narrow  frontlet;  the  eyelids  and  a 
stripe  behind  the  eye,  between  the  ash  and  black,  white.  Entire  under  parts 
rich  yellow,  excepting  the  white  crissum,  heavily  streaked  with  black  across 
the  breast  and  along  the  sides,  the  streaks  on  the  breast  so  thick  as  to  form  a 
nearly  continuous  black  border  to  the  immaculate  yellow  throat.  Wings 
fuscous,  with  white  lining,  white  edging  of  the  inner  webs  of  all  the  quills, 
of  the  outer  webs  of  the  inner  secondaries,  and  with  a  large  white  patch 
formed  by  the  tips  of  the  median  coverts  and  tips  and  outer  edges  of  the 
greater  coverts.  Tail  blackish,  with  square  white  spots  on  the  middle  of 
the  inner  webs  of  all  the  feathers  excepting  the  middle  pair.  Bill  blackish ; 
feet  dark.  Length,  4|-5  ;  extent,  7-7$  ;  wing,  2f-2| ;  tail,  2-2J. 

Young:  Upper  parts  ashy-olive,  becoming  grayer  on  the  head;  rump  as 
yellow  as  in  the  adult.  No  decided  head-markings ;  a  whitish  ring  round  the 
eye.  Below  yellow,  generally  continuous,  but  sometimes  incomplete,  being 
partially  replaced  by  gray ;  black  streaks  wanting  or  few,  and  confined 
chiefly  to  the  sides.  Wings  with  two  whitish  bars.  Tail-spots  as  in  the  adult. 

While  the  eexes  of  the  adult  of  this  beautiful  species  are  quite  similar, 
differing  mainly  in  the  less  extent  and  purity  of  the  black  on  the  back,  the 
young  are  quite  different ;  but  may  always  be  recognized  by  the  yellow 
rump,  in  connection  with  the  extensively  or  completely  yellow  under  parts, 
and  small,  square,  white  tail-spots  remote  from  the  ends  of  the  feathers. 


292      CHARACTERS  OF  DENDRCECA  GRACLE 

WITH  the  name  of  this  pretty  species,  the  list  of  Eastern- 
Province  Warblers  which  reach  westward  to  the  con- 
fines of  the  Colorado  Basin  closes.  The  bird  was  not  long 
since  added  to  the  fauna  of  Kansas  by  Prof.  F.  H.  Snow,  who 
has  been  foremost  in  filling  out  the  recognized  category  of  the 
birds  of  that  State  5  and  about  the  same  time,  Mr.  H.  \V.  Hen- 
shaw  found  the  Black-and-yellow  Warbler  near  Denver,  Colo- 
rado, where,  on  the  17th  of  May,  1873,  he  picked  a  male  in  full 
plumage  out  of  a  flock  of  Audubon's  Warblers,  in  the  company 
of  which  it  was  migrating.  The  occurrence  may  have  been 
wholly  fortuitous,  as  Mr.  Henshaw  has  surmised  j  but  we  have 
learned  of  the  appearance  of  so  many  Eastern  birds  along  the 
foot-hills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado,  that  we  should 
be  slow  to  deny  that  the  present  species  may  not  pass  that  way 
regularly  each  year. 

Grace's  Warbler 

Dendroeca  grncise 

a.  grades 

Dendroica  grade,  Coues,  MSS.—  Sd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  210  (Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.).— Coop. 

B.  Cal.  i  1870,  563,  fig— Eidgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873, 608.— B.  B.  A  E.  NAB.  i.  1874, 243, 

pL  14,  f.  W.-Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875, 156.— Henth.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Mend.  1876, 197. 
Dendrceca  gracite,  Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866, 67.— Sund.  Oefr.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh. 

1869, 611.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  479.-Coue«,  Key,  1872, 103.—?  Salv.  Ibis,  iii.  3d  ser. 

1873,428  (Guatemala— decora?). 
Dendraca  gracife,  Elliot,  Illnst.  BNA.  i.  pi.  vi. 
Mniotilta  gracise,  Giebel,  Nomencl.  Av.  1875, 603. 

6.  decora 
Dendroica  gracise  var.  decora,  Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873, 608.—  B.  B.  rf E.  NAB.  i.  1874, 220. 

Cn.  SP. —  $  9  Cceruleo-cinerea,  dorso  et  vertice  nigro  notatis, 
loris  nigris,  super ciliis  et  macula  suboculari,  cum  guld  et  pectorc, 
flavis;  abdomine  crissoque  albis,  lateribus  corporis  et  colli  nigro 
strlatis ;  alls  albo  bifasciatis,  rectricibus  lateralibus  magnd  ex 
parte  albis  ;  rostro  pedibusque  nigris. 

$ ,  adult :  Entire  upper  parts  ashy-gray,  with  a  slaty-blue  tinge ;  the 
middle  of  the  back  streaked  with  black,  the  upper  tail-coverts  less  conspic- 
uously so  marked ;  the  crown  with  crowded  black  arrow-heads,  especially 
anteriorly  and  laterally,  the  tendency  of  these  markings  being  to  form  a  line 
along  the  side  of  the  crown,  meeting  its  fellow  on  the  forehead.  A  broad 
superciliary  line  of  yellow,  confluent  with  its  fellow  on  the  extreme  front, 
changing  to  white  behind  the  eye.  Lores  blackish  ;  sides  of  head  otherwise 
like  the  back,  enclosing  a  crescendo  yellow  spot  below  the  eye ;  edges  of  eye- 
lids yellow.  Chin,  throat,  and  fore  breast  bright  yellow,  bordered  with 
blackish  streaks ;  the  yellow  of  the  throat  separate  from  that  under  the  eye 
or  on  the  lores.  Under  parts  from  the  breast  white,  the  sides  shaded  with 


HABITS  OF  GRACE'S  WARBLER  293 

the  color  of  the  back,  and  streaked  with  black  in  continuation  of  the  chain 
of  shorter  streaks  along  the  side  of  the  neck.  Wings  dusky,  with  very  nar- 
row whitish  edging,  and  crossed  with  two  white  bars  along  the  ends  of  the 
greater  and  median  coverts.  Tail  like  the  wings ;  the  lateral  feather  mostly 
white,  excepting  the  outer  web ;  the  next  two  or  three  with  white  blotches, 
decreasing  in  size.  Eyes,  bill,  and  feet  black ;  soles  dirty  yellowish.  Length, 
4iV5i  J  extent  about  8 ;  wing,  2f ;  tail,  2£. 

$ ,  in  autumn :  Color  of  the  upper  parts  obscured  with  a  shade  of  brown- 
ish-olive, the  dorsal  streaks  obscure.  The  head-markings  as  in  summer,  and 
the  yellow  parts  quite  as  bright. 

$ :  Quite  similar  to  the  male,  and  in  fact  scarcely  distinguishable  from  the 
male  in  autumn,  though  the  yellow  is  not  quite  so  strong. 

Young :  The  slate-gray  of  the  upper  parts  much  shaded  with  brownish- 
olive,  the  black  streaks  wanting  on  the  back,  those  on  the  crown  obsolete. 
Yellow  much  as  in  the  adult  but  paler,  and  not  bordered  along  the  sides  of 
the  neck  with  black  streaks.  The  black  lores  are  poorly  denned.  The  wing- 
bars  are  grayish  or  obsolete.  The  white  of  the  under  parts  has  an  ochrey 
tinge,  and  the  lateral  streaks  are  not  so  heavy  in  color  nor  so  well  denned. 

Since  this  species  was  originally  described,  a  slight  variety  (decora)  has 
been  noted  from  Honduras,  in  which  the  superciliary  stripe  is  wholly  yellow 
and  does  not  pass  beyond  the  eye,  and  there  are  some  other  slight  charac- 
ters. Among  United  States  species,  the  present  is  most  like  D.  domlnica,  but 
this  is  much  larger,  with  a  much  longer  and  stouter  bill,  the  long  white  su- 
perciliary line  prolonged  to  the  side  of  the  neck,  where  it  enlarges  into  a 
spot,  and  the  sides  of  the  head  and  neck  broadly  black,  isolating  the  white 
lower  eyelid,  and  otherwise  different. 

GRACE'S  Warbler  is  to  me  a  bird  of  particular  and  not 
unpardonable  interest,  being  the  only  species  of  this 
beautiful  genus  that  it  has  fallen  to  iny  lot  to  discover,  and 
bearing  the  name  of  one  for  whom  my  affection  and  respect 
keep  pace  with  my  appreciation  of  true  loveliness  of  character. 

It  is  one  of  the  latest  additions  to  the  long  and  varied  list  of 
Wood- War  biers,  and  the  only  species  with  which  the  genus  has 
been  enriched  during  the  last  ten  or  twelve  years — a  near  rela- 
tive of  Adelaide's  Warbler*  from  Porto  Rico,  described  at  the 
same  time  by  Professor  Baird,  and  next  most  closely  related  to 
the  very  old  species  now  usually  called  Dendrceca  dominica. 

In  my  original  notice  of  this  bird,  I  referred  to  certain  speci- 
mens collected  by  Mr.  C.  Wood,  at  Belize,  British  Honduras, 

*  A  near  relative  of  D.  gracice  is  the  following  Porto  Rican  species,  described 
at  the  same  time  by  Baird : — 

Dendroeca  adelaidse. 
Dendroica  adelatdse,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 212. 
Hniotilta  adelaidse,  Gray,  Handlist,  i.  1869, 241,  n.  3500. 
Dendroeca  adelaidaj,  Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  18G9,  CIS. 
Dendroica  graciae  var.  adclaidse,  B.  B.  <6  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 220. 
Mniotilta  adelaldie,  Giebel,  Nomencl.  Av.  1875,  599. 


294  HABITS  OF  GRACE'S  WARBLER 

where  it  was  said  to  be  common.  These  specimens,  however, 
were  afterward  described  as  representing  a  different  variety,  to 
which  the  name  decora,  was  applied  by  Mr.  Eobert  Eidgway. 

While  journeying  through  New  Mexico,  en  route  to  Fort 
Whipple.  Arizona,  in  July,  1864,  I  found  Grace's  Warbler  on 
the  summit  of  Whipple's  Pass  of  the  Eocky  Mountains,  not  far 
from  the  old  site  of  Fort  Wingate,  and  secured  the  first  speci- 
men on  the  second  of  the  month  just  named.  I  saw  no  more 
of  the  bird — though  it  certainly  must  live  in  the  pine-clad  San 
Francisco  Mountains  which  I  traversed — till  the  following 
spring,  when  I  ascertained  that  it  was  the  most  abundant  bird 
of  its  kind,  excepting  Audubon's  Warbler,  in  the  pineries  in 
the  midst  of  which  Fort  Whipple  is  located.  I  have  not  yet 
learned  of  its  occurrence  anywhere  beyond  New  Mexico  arid 
Arizona,  nor  indeed  outside  of  the  pine  belt  that  indicates  a 
certain  elevation  of  the  surface  in  these  Territories ;  but  as  it 
is  a  migratory  bird,  and  has  never  been  found  in  the  United 
States  in  winter,  there  is  no  doubt  that  it  retires  to  Mexico  in 
the  fall,  to  return  in  the  spring.  The  extent  of  its  movements, 
however,  remains  to  be  ascertained.  I  secured  a  fine  large  suite 
of  specimens  at  Fort  Whipple,  illustrating  the  variations  of 
the  plumage  under  the  different  conditions  of  sex,  age,  and 
season,  and  latterly  my  friend  Henshaw  has  taken  many  more. 
His  were  all  procured  in  the  White  Mountains  of  Arizona,  at 
and  near  Camp  Apache,  excepting  one  which  he  took  at  Inscrip- 
tion Eock,  New  Mexico,  which  is  within  an  easy  day's  march  of 
the  spot  where  my  original  specimen  was  procured.  During 
two  seasons  he  found  it  to  be  one  of  the  commonest  of  the 
summer  Warblers  in  the  White  Mountains,  where  the  young 
birds  just  from  the  nest  were  observed  during  the  second  week 
in  July.  His  observations  confirm  my  own  in  regard  to  the 
pine-loving  character  of  the  birds ;  he  found  them  almost  inva- 
riably in  coniferous  forests,  passing  swiftly  along  the  smaller 
branches  of  these  tall  trees,  or  darting  into  the  air  to  capture 
passing  insects ;  and  even  in  August,  when  various  families  had 
united  into  small  flocks,  and  were  lingering  in  company  with 
other  insectivorous  birds,  before  their  departure  for  the  South, 
their  preference  for  their  native  pines  was  still  evident. 

In  the  spring  of  1865,  I  noted  the  arrival  of  these  Warblers 
in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Whipple  on  the  20th  of  April,  and  they 
continually  fell  under  my  observation  from  this  date  until  the 
third  week  in  September,  about  which  time  I  suppose  they  left 


HABITS  OF  GRACE'S  WARBLER  295 

for  the  South.  They  pair  off  very  soon  after  their  arrival,  by 
the  beginning  of  May,  and  I  think  they  must,  in  some  cases  at 
least,  rear  two  broods  during  the  summer,  as  I  found  newly 
fledged  birds  during  the  middle  of  August.  I  never  discovered 
their  nest,  but  have  no  doubt  it  will  be  found  high  up  in  the 
pine-trees,  to  which  the  birds  are  so  much  attached.  They 
keep  not  only  among  tall  pines,  but  even  in  the  upper  portions 
of  these  magnificent  trees,  some  of  which  grow  to  such  height 
that  it  is  a  fair  gunshot  range  to  their  lower  limbs,  let  alone  the 
canopy  of  foliage  that  stretches  to  the  sunlight  out  of  the  lower 
shade  it  casts  itself,  affording  the  happiest  hunting-ground  to 
these  nimble  and  industrious  birds.  They  are  seen  coursing 
among  the  branchlets,  skipping  at  apparent  random  through 
the  endless  intricacies  of  the  foliage,  hovering  momentarily 
about  the  terminal  bunches  of  needles,  and  then  dashing  far 
out  into  clear  space,  to  capture  the  passing  insect  with  a  dex- 
terous twist  and  turn.  So  the  season  passes,  till  the  young  are 
on  wing,  when  the  different  families,  still  with  bonds  unbroken, 
ramble  at  leisure  through  the  woods,  the  young  birds  timid  and 
feeble  at  first,  venturing  shorter  flights  than  their  parents,  who 
seem  absorbed  in  solicitude  for  their  welfare,  and  attend  them 
most  sedulously,  till  they  are  quite  able  to  shift  for  themselves. 
They  are  quick  to  learn ;  it  is  not  long  before,  gaining  full  con- 
fidence, they  loose  their  family  ties ;  different  broods  meet  in 
undistinguished  companies,  and  all  go  trooping  down  the  mount- 
aiu-sides,  or  off  to  the  southward,  when  first  the  pine-trees  sigh 
and  whisper  to  each  other  that  they  hear  the  threatening  mur- 
mur of  oncoming  storms. 

During  the  whole  summer,  these  Warblers  have  no  other  note 
than  that  thin  and  wiry  chirping  which  so  many  species  of  this 
group  utter.  Earlier  in  the  season,  when  the  males  would  seek 
their  fates,  they  sing  right  heartily,  and  with  a  strength  and 
clearness  one  would  scarce  expect  to  hear  from  musicians  of 
such  puny  size.  The  song  opens  with  two  or  three  slurred, 
whistling  notes,  continued  for  a  few  moments  with  a  clear,  thin 
chirrup  that  I  know  not  how  to  express  in  words.  They  have 
also  another  song,  which  always  reminded  me  of  that  which  is 
so  constantly  heard  from  the  Redstart  during  the  same  climac- 
teric period  of  its  life. 

I  await  with  impatience  the  discovery  of  the  nest  and  eggs  of 
my  sister's  Warbler,  and  the  determination  of  its  winter  home, 
that  the  history  of  the  pretty  bird  may  be  completed. 


296  THE    GENUS    SIURUS 

The  only  species  of  Dendrceca  not  taken  into  account  in  the  foregoing  pages 
are  the  two  following : — 
Dendroeca  pbaretra. 

Sylvicola  pharetra,  Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847, 163.— Gosse,  Illnst.  B.  Jam.  1848,  pi.  38.— Bp. 

CA.  i.  1850,  309.— Osburn,  "  Zoologist,  p.  6660  ". 

Mniotilta  pharetra,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848,  196.— Giebel,  Nomencl.  Av.  1875,  605. 
Dendrceca  pharelra,  Sd.  PZS.  i.  1861,  71.— Scl.  Cat.  AB.  1862,  358.— Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.- 

Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1669,  617. 
Dendroica  pharetra,  Bd.  Kev.  AB.  1865, 192.— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  220. 

HAB.— Jamaica. 
Dendroeca  pityophila. 

Sylvicola  pltyophlla',  Gundl.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  vi.  Oct.  1855, 160. 

Rhimamphus  pityophilus,  Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1857, 240. 

Dendroica  pityophila,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  208.— #.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 221. 

Dendrceca  pityophila,  Sund.  Oefv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  iii.  1869,  612. 

Mniotilta  pityophila,  Gray,  Handlist,  i.  1869,  241,  n.3199.— Giebel,  Nomencl.  Av.  1875,606. 

HAB.— Cuba. 

Genus  SIURUS  Swainson 

Seittrns,  Sw.  Zool.  Journ.  iii.  1827, 171.    (Type 

Motacilla  aurocapilla  L.) 
Slums,  Strickl.  "Syn.  1841,  —".—Coues,  BnU. 

Nutt.  Club,  ii.  1877,  29  (nomenclatDre). 
Sejurus,  Sciurus,  Senurus,  Seuirus,  rf Some. 
Enicocichla,  Gray,    "1840";   List   G.  of  B, 

1841, 31. 

Henicocichla,  "  Agassi—Cab.  M.  H.  i.  1850, 15. 
Exochocichla,  VanderHoev.  "Zool.  1856".  FIG.  38.— Golden-crowned  Accentor. 

CHA.KS. — In  general  form,  scarcely  distinguishable  from  Den- 
drceca;  larger  in  size,  different  in  pattern  of  coloration,  in 
habits,  gait,  and  nidification.  Bill  ordinary.  Kictal  bristles 
short  but  evident.  Wings  pointed,  much  longer  than  tail. 
Tarsus  longer  than  middle  toe  and  claw.  Tail  nearly  even, 
with  rather  acute  feathers,  and  long,  copious  under  coverts. 
Size  larger  than  in  Dendrceca.  Neither  wings  nor  tail  parti- 
colored. Above  olivaceous,  with  or  without  head-markings, 
otherwise  uniform  ;  below  white,  buffy,  or  yellowish,  profusely 
streaked.  Legs  slender,  pale-colored.  Habits  terrestrial  to 
some  extent ;  nest  on  the  ground ;  eggs  white,  spotted.  Vocal 
powers  preeminent.  Gait  ambulatorial,  not  saltatorial,  and 
some  other  traits  decidedly  Motacilline. 

This  genus  has  held  its  position  in  the  system  by  very  uncer- 
tain tenure,  having  been  referred  to  various  families,  as  the 
Turdidce,  Motacillidcv,  and  Sylvicolidce.  It  is  difficult  to  see  how 
it  differs  in  any  important  particular  of  structure  from  such  a 
Sylvicoline  genus  as  Dendrceca  for  instance,  and  it  seems  much 
better  located  here  than  among  the  Wagtails,  notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  it  resembles  these  birds  in  many  points  of  its  econ- 


SYNONYMY    OF    SIURUS   AURIC APILLUS  297 

oiny.  The  number  of  primaries  (nine)  excludes  it  from  the 
Turdidce.  The  genus  is  probably  definable  by  the  characters  I 
have  given,  and  I  continue  to  endorse  Baird's  reference  of  it  to 
the  Sylvicolidcc,  consideriug  it  to  be  a  terrestrial  type  of  Warbler. 
The  original  name  of  the  genus,  written  Seiurus  by  Swainson, 
rendered  Sejurus  by  some  and  amended  as  Siurus  by  others,  has 
been  discarded  by  some  on  account  of  its  identity  iu  sound, 
though  not  in  orthography  or  etymology,  with  Sciurus,  a  mam- 
malian genus.  But  I  see  no  necessity  for  this.  There  are  only 
three  well-determined  species,  all  of  them  North  American,  and 
two  of  them  occurring  in  the  Colorado  Basin. 

Golden-crowned   Accentor 

Slums  auricapillns 

Motacilla  aurocapilla,  L.  SN.  i.  1766, 334,  n.  29  (Briss.  iii.  504 ;  Edw.  91,  pi.  252).— Om.  SN.  i. 
1788, 982,  n.  29.— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  605. 

Turdus  aurocapillus,  Lath.  IO.  i.  1790,  328,  n.  6.-Wils.  AO.  iii.  1810,  88,  pi.  14,  f.  2.— Steph. 
Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  199.- F.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823,  641,  n.  14.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad. 
iv.  1824, 35.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 355 ;  2d  ed.  i.  1840,  404.— Aud.  OB.  ii.  1834, 253  ;  v.  1839, 
447,  pi.  143.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839, 306.— Town*.  Journ.  Pbila.  Acad.  viii.  1839, 
153  (Northwestern  United  States).— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  80.— Read,  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  vi.  1853,  398.— Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  281  ^Nova  Scotia).— Qosse, 
Alabama,  1859,  205. 

Sylvia  aurocapilla,  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 35.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  77. 

Seiurus  aurocapillus,  Sw.  Zool.  Journ.  iii.  1827, 171 ;  Phil.  Mag.  i.  1827, 369  ;  Isis,  1830  1154.— 
8.  & E.  FBA. ii.  1831,  227.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,21.— Aud.  Syu.  1839, 93.— Aud.BA. iii.  1841, 
35,  pi.  148.-Gtr.BLI.  1844,  92.— Oosse,  B.  Jam.  1847, 152.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phih.  Acad.  vi.  1853, 
310  (Wisconsin).— Kennic.  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  583.— Pratten,  ibid.  m.—SalU, 
PZS.  1857, 231  (San  Domingo). -Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  1858, 177.— Bd.  BNA.  1858, 260.-JBarn. 
Smiths.  Eep.  for  1860,  1861,  435.— Coues  <&  Prent.  Smiths.  Kep.  for  1861,  1862,  407.— 
Boardm.  Pr.  Bost,  Soc  ix.  1862, 125  (Maine).— Verr. ibid.  137  (Antlcosti).— Verr.  Pr.  Ess. 
Inst.  iii.  186-2,  146.— Hayd.  Tr.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862, 160.—  Blak.  Ibis,  v.  1863, 62.— 
March,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xv.  1863, 294  (Jamaica).— A  lien,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  61.—  Bd. 
Rev.  AB.  1865, 214, 266.— Lawr.  Aun.Lyc.  N.Y.viii.  1866,  Z3i.-Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v. 
1866, 85  (Canada  West).— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xi.  1867,  91  (San  Domingo).— Lawr.  Ann. 
Lyc.N.Y.ix.  1868,94  (Costa  Rica).— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  162.— Coues,  Pr.Bost. 
Soc.  xii.  1868, 110.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868, 271.— Jackson,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 556.- 
Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  24;  Phila.  ed.  ll.—v.Frantz.J.  f.  O.  1869,293  (Costa  Rica).— 
Sumich.  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869, 547  (Orizaba).— Dall  &  Bann.  Tr.  Chicago  Acad.  i.  1869, 
268  (Alaska).— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871,  115.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  1871,  269 
(Florida,  wintering) ;  iii.  1872, 175  (Kansas).- Coues,  Key,  1812,  105,  f.  45.-Mayn.  B. 
Fla.  1872,  12— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  269.— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,358.— 
Gundl.  J.  f.  0.  1872,  416  (Cuba).— Packard,  Am.  Nat.  viii  1874,  yil.—Ingersoll,  ibid. 
239.— Allen,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xvii.  1874, 52  (Dakota).— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  70.— B.  B.  &  R. 
NAB.  i.  1874, 280,  fig.  pi.  14,  f.  11.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440.— Gentry,  Life- 
Hist.  i.  1876,  138.— Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877,  84. 

SciurUS  aurocapillus,  D'Orb.  Ois.  Cuba.  1839,  55.— Denny,  PZS.  1847,  38.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess. 
Inst  i.  1856,  209.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  437.-Trij>p<j,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv. 
1873, 234. 

Siurus  aurocapillus,  A.  &E.  Newt.  Ibis,  i.  1859, 142  (St.  Croix).-£  <£  S.  Ibie,  i.  1859,9 
(Guatemala). 

Enicocichla  aurocapilla,  Gray,  ListG.  ofB.  1841,  31. 

Enicocichla  aurocapillus,  Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860, 306  (Cuba). 

Henicocichla  aurocapilla,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,  15.— Gundl.  J.  f.  0.  1855,  471  (Cuba).— Cat. 
J.  f.  0. 1861,  84  (Costi  Rica).— Gundl  ibid.  326,  407  (Cuba).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  viii. 
1865, 117  (Nicaragua).— Salv.  PZS.  1870, 183  (Veragua). 


298  CHARACTERS    OF    SIURUS   AURIC APILLUS 

TurdllS  auricapillus,  Lieht.  "  Preis-Verz.  Mex.  Vog.  1830, 2"  ;  J.  f.  0. 1863,  57. 

Accentor  auricapillus,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836, 1837, 172. 

Seiurus  auricapillus,  Sw.  Class.  B.  ii.  1837,  247.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  306.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye. 

N.  Y.  ix.  1861),  200  (Yucatan).— Coues,  Pr.  Phlla.  Acad.  1875, 349. 
Siurus  aurlcapillfis,  Moore,  PZS.  1859,  55  (Omoa).—  Goues,  BulL  Nutt.  Club,  ii.  1877,  31 

(correction  of  nomenclature).— Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877,  20. 
Henicocichla  auricapilla,  Sd.  PZS.  1856,  293  (Mexico).— Scl.  PZS.  1861,  70  (Jamaica).— 

Albrecht,  J.  f.  0. 1862, 192  (Jamaica).— S.  &  8.  PZS.  1870,  836  (Honduras). 
Turdus  citreus,  Mull.  SN.  Suppl.  1776,  141  (fide  Cassin,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1864 ;  said  to  bo 

based  on  PE.  398,  f.  2). 
Motacilla  canadensiS,  JBodd.  Tabl.  PE.  1783,  24  (PE.  398,  f.  2).     (In  part.     The  original 

quotation  of  PE.  is  this  species,  and  so  is  the  quotation  of  Edw.  pi.  252;  but  tho 

other  references  are  to  Dendroeea  coronata). 

Turdus  minimus,  Bartr.  Trav.  Flu.  1st  Am.  ed.  1791, 290  bis.    (Not  of  authors.) 
Turdus  coronatus,  V.  OAS.  ii.  1807, 8,  pi.  64.— Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831, 418. 
Anthus  coronatus,  Gerhardt,  Naum.  iii.  1853, 38. 
Figuier  a  teste  d'or  de  Pensilvanic,  Ficedula  pensilvanica  auro-capilla,  Briss.  Orn. 

iii.  1760,  504,  n.  57. 
Golden-crowned  Thrush,  Edw.  Gl.  91,  pi.  252.— Perm.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 339,  n.  203.-.Latf,.  Syn. 

ii.  pt.  i.  1783,  21,  n.  6. 

Grivelette  de  S.  Uomingue,  Buff.  "  Hist.  Nat  Ois.  iii.  317  ". 

Petite  Grive  de  St.  Domingue,  Buff.  PE.  398,  f.  2  (basis  of  Mot.  canadengis  Bodd.). 
Grive  couronnee,  V.  1.  c.  1817.— Le  Maine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 174. 
Grive  ffrivelette,  V.  1.  c.  1823. 
Land  Kick-up,  Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847, 152. 

Golden-crowned  Accentor,  Golden-crowned  Wagtail,  Orange-crowned  Accentor,  Oven- 
bird,  Authors. 

HAB. — Eastern  North  America  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  (Denver,  Colorado), 
the  Yellowstone,  and  Alaska.  South  through  tLe  whole  West  Indies  and 
Mexico  (even  at  Mazatlan)  and  Central  America.  Breeds  indifferently  in  its 
North  American  range.  Winters  from  the  Bermudas  and  Florida  southward. 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Virenti-olivaceus,  infra  alba  fusco  striata  ;  ver- 
tice  aurantiaco-brunneo,  nigro  bistrigato ;  pedibus  pallide  incar- 
natis.  Long.  tot.  5 J-GJ ;  alee  3  j  caudce  2$. 

$  $ ,  adult :  Entire  upper  parts,  including  the  wings  and  tail,  uniform 
bright  olive-green,  without  markings.  Top  of  head  with  black  lateral 
stripes,  bounding  a  golden-brown  or  dull  orange  space.  A  white  ring  round 
eye ;  no  white  superciliary  stripe.  Under  parts  white,  thickly  spotted  with 
dusky  on  the  breast,  the  spots  lengthening  into  streaks  on  the  sides  ;  a  nar- 
row Mack  maxillary  line;  under  wing-coverts  tinged  with  yellow.  Legs 
flesh-colored.  Length  about  G  inches ;  wing,  3 ;  tail,  2£. 

This  species  exhibits  a  remarkable  constancy  of  coloration  with  age,  sex, 
and  season.  The  sexes  are  indistinguishable,  and  the  young  are  scarcely  to 
be  told  from  the  adults.  Fall  specimens  are  ordinarily  quite  as  clearly  col- 
ored as  those  of  the  spring ;  and  the  orange-brown  crown-spot,  though  it 
may  be  more  or  less  bright,  is  acquired  by  the  young  with  their  first  full 
feathering.  There  is  doubtless  a  very  tarly  streaky  stage. 

A  CCOEDING  to  our  present  information,  tbe  Golden- 
JL\-  crowned  Accentor  claims  place  bere  solely  upon  the 
strength  of  its  observed  occurrence  at  the  base  of  the  Eocky 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  near  Denver.  It  is  more  especially  an 
Eastern  species,  though  it  reaches  Alaska,  and  has  been  taken 


SYNONYMY    OF    SIURUS   MOTACILLA  299 

on  the  west  coast  of  Mexico.  Our  knowledge  of  its  natural 
history  has,  strange  to  say  in  the  case  of  so  very  common  and 
widely  diffused  a  bird,  only  very  lately  been  completed  by  the 
discovery  of  its  wonderful  vocal  powers,  made  independently 
by  Mr.  John  Burroughs,  as  well  known  to  naturalists  by  his 
delightful  sketches  of  bird-life  as  he  is  to  others  by  his  essays 
in  the  field  of  general  literature,  and  by  Mr.  George  A.  Board- 
man,  whose  name  is  inseparably  connected  with  the  culture  of 
American  ornithology. 

Aquatic   Accentor 

V 

Siurus   iiievius* 

Motacilla  nsevia!,  Bodd.  Tableau  PE.  1783,  47  (pi.  752,  f.  1). 

Si  urns  naevius,  Coues,  Bull.  Nutt.  Club,  ii.  1877,  32.— Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 20. 

*  The  third  species  of  this  genus  has  the  following  synonymy  : — 
Siurus  motacilla. — Large-billed  Accentor. 

Turdus  motacilla,  V.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  9,  pi.  65  (Kentucky ;  accurate  description  and  recog- 
nizable figure).— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,197.— F.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xx.  1818,  234.— V. 
Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  64:5,  n.  20. 

Seiurus  motacilla,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 306. 

Siurus  motacilla,  Coues,  Bull  Nutt.  Club,  ii.  1877,  33.— Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 
20  (Connecticut). 

Henicocichla  motacilla,  Cab.  J.  f.  0. 1857, 240  (Cuba).— Qundl  J.  f.  0. 1861, 326  (Cuba). 

Turdus  ludovicianus,  And.  OB.  i.  1832, 99,  pi.  19  (afterward  united  it  with  noveboracensis). 

SeiurilS  ludOVicianuS,  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  21.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  262;  ed.  of  1860,  pi.  80,  f.2.— 
Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860, 1861,  435  (Chester  County,  Pa.).— Coues  <&  Prent.  Smiths. 
Hep.  for  1861,  1862,  407  (Washington,  D.  C.,  common  in  spring).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 
217  (Colima,  &c.).—Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 284  (New  York).— Coues,  Pr.  Ess. 
Inst.  v.  1868, 271  (Southern  New  England).— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868, 183.—  Coues,  Pr. 
Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  110  (South  Carolina).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  KT.  ix.  1808,  94  (Costa 
Rica).— v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  O.  1869,  293  (Costa  Rica).— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  512,  577 
(Massachusetts).— Turnb.  B.E.  Pa.  1869,  24;  Phila.  ed.  ll-Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1872,  417 
(Cuba).— Coues,  Key,  1872,  106,  pi.  2,  f.  8.— Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  222  (West 
Virginia).— Coues,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  421.— Purdie,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  C93.— Snow,  B. 
Kans.  1873,  —.—Ingersoll,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874, 238.— Coues,  BN W.  1874,  72.— B.  B.  <£  E. 
NAB.  i.  1874,  287,  figs.  pi.  14,  f.  13.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440  (New  Eng- 
land).— Gentry,  Life-Hist.i.  1876, 145.— Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877,  83. 

Siurus  ludovicianus,  Scl  PZS.  1859,  363  (Xalapa);  373  (Oaxaca).— S.  <££  Ibis,  ii.  1860, 273 
(Guatemala). 

Sriurus  ludovici  nus,  Trippe,  Pr.  Bost,  Soc.  xv.  1873, 234  (Iowa). 

HeBicocichla  ludoviciana,  Scl.Cat.  AB.  1861, 25  (Orizaba).— Scl.  PZS.  1861, 70  (Jamaica).— 
Albrecht,  J.  f.  0. 1862, 192  (Jamaica).— Salv.  PZS.  1870, 183  (Veragua). 

Henicocichla  major,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 16  (Xalapa).— Cab.  J.  f.  0. 1857, 240  (Cuba). 

Enicocichl*  major,  Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860, 306  (Cuba). 

Grive  hochequeue,  V.  OAS.  1.  c.f  and  EM.  1.  c. 

Warbler  Thrush,  Steph.  L  c. 

Louisiana  Water  Thrush,  Large-hilled  Water  Thrush,  Authors. 

HAB. — Eastern  United  States.  North  to  Massachusetts  and  Michigan. 
West  to  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  Texas.  South  through  Mexico 
(the  eastern  portion  at  least)  and  Central  America.  Cuba  and  Jamaica. 
Breeds  in  its  United  States  range  at  large.  Winters  extralimital.  Abun- 
dant in  many  of  the  Southern  and  Western  States.  Rare  toward  the  north- 
ern limits  cf  its  range. 


300  SYNONYMY    OF    SIUEUS   N^VIUS 

Motacilla  noveboracensis,  Om.  SN.  i.  1788,  958,  n.  69  (primarily  based  on  PE.  752,  f.  1  = 
ncevia  Bodd.).-Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  418. 

Sylvia  noveboracc-nsis,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790, 518,  n.  33.— V.  OAS.  iL  1807, 26,  pi.  82.— Steph.  Gen. 
Zool.  x.  1817, 681.— Up.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1626,  77. 

Turdus  (Sciurus)  noveboraccnis,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  353  (in  part.  Not  Turdus  novebora- 
censis of  Gin.  and  Lath.,  "which  is  Scolecophagun  ferrugineuv. ) 

Turdus  noveboracensis,  Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  306.— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  79.— 
Head,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853, 398. 

Seiurus  noveboracensis,  Bp.  CGL.  1838, 21.— Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847, 151 ;  111.  pL  33.— Bp.  CA.  i. 
1850,  306.— Hartl.  Naum.  ii.  1852, 53  (Cuba).— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853, 310.— Jen- 
nie. Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1^55,  582.— Maxim.  J.  f.  0.  1858,  124.— Martens,  J.  f.  O.  1859 
213  (Bermuda)  —Bland,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859, 287  (Bermudas).— Cass.  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  xii.  1860,  91  (Isthmus  of  Darien).— #arn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  435.— 
Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vii.  1861,  322  (New  Granada).— Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc. 
xit.  1862, 160.— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  iii.  1862, 146.— Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862, 125.— 
Blak.  Ibis,  iv.  1862,  4  (Saskatchewan);  v.  1863, 62.— March,  Pr.  Phila.  Aead.  xv.  18ti3, 
294  (Jamaica).— Bd.  Rov.  AB.  1865,  215.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  284.—  Bry. 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xi.  1867,91  (San  Domingo).— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  182.— Cones,  Pr. 
Bost.  Soe.  xii.  1868,  110.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1868,  94  (Costa  Rica).— Lawr.  Ann. 
Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1869,  200  (Yucatan).— v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  O.  1869,  293  (Costa  Rica).— Turnb. 
B.  E.  Pa,  1869,  24;  Phila.  ed.  n.—Coues,  Key,  1872,  106.— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1872,  416 
(Cuba).— Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 222.— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872, 358.— Mayn. 
B.  Fla.  1872,  14.—  Purdie,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  692  —Ooues,  BN  W.  1874, 71.— B.  B.  <6  R. 
NAB.  i.  1874,  283,  pi.  14,  f.  12.— ?  AUen,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  52  (Dakota).— Brew. 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440.— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875, 156.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W. 
100  Merid.  1876, 204.— Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877,  81. 

Slums  noveboracensis,  S.  <&  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859, 10  (Guatemala).— A.  A  E.  Newt.  ibid.  142  (St. 
Croix).—  ScL  PZS.  1859,  363  (Xalapa).— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  iv.  1864,  61.— Dress.  Ibis, 
2d  ser.  i.  1865, 477  (Texas). 

Seinrus  noveboracensis,  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874, 59  (Colorado). 

Seiurus  noveboracensis,  Gentry,  Lifo-Hist.  i.  1876, 142. 

Enicocichla  noveboracensis,  Gray.— Kneel.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  233.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  vii.  1860,  306  (Cuba). 

Henicocichla  noveboracensis,  Cab.  "  Schomb.  Guiana,  iii.  1848, 666".— Cab.  MH.  1850, 16.— 
Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1855, 471  (Cuba).— Cab.  J.  f.  O.  1860,  324  (Costa  R;ca).— Scl.  PZS.  1861, 
70  (Jamaica).— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1861,  326,  407  (Cuba).— Albrecht,  J.  f.  O.  1862,  192 
(Jamaica).— S.  <£  S.  PZS.  1864,  346  (Panama).— 8.  <k  S.  PZS.  1868,  627  (Venezuela).— 
S.  d;S.  PZS.  1869,  251  (Venezuela).— S.  <6  S.  PZS.  1870,  836  (Honduras).— Salv.  PZS. 
1870, 183  (Veragua). 

Motacilla  noveboracensis,  Turt.  SN.  i.  1806, 589. 

Turdus  (Seiurus)  novaeboracensis,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  184'J,  402  (in  part). 

Seiurus  novaeboracensis,  Aud.  Syn.  1839,  93.— And.  BA.  iii.  1841,  37,  pi.  49  (in  part).— 
Gir.  BLI.  1844,  93.— Pratten,  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  601.— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v. 
1866,  85.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  71  (Arizona).— Coucs,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  v. 
1868,  271.— Coop.  Am.  Nut.  iii.  1869, 32. 

Seiurus  novaeboracensis,  Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856, 209. 

Motacilla  tigrina,  var.  0.  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  985,  n.  153  0.  (based  on  Briss.  iii.  513). 

Motacila  tigrina,  2,  Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  — . 

Sylvia  tigrina,  var.  B,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790, 537,  n.  110  /?.  (=  Gm.). 

Figuier  brim  de  S.  Domingue,  Ficedula  Dominicensis  fusca,  Briss.  Orn.  iii,  1760, 513, 
n.  62,  pi.  28,  f.  5  (obviously  this  species ;  basis  of  .Mot.  tigrina  var.  /?.  of  Gm.). 

Spotted  Yellow  Warbler,  var.  A.,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 483,  var.  A. 

Motacilla  fluviatllis,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1st  Am.  ed.  1791, 291. 

Turdus  aquaticus,  Wils.  AO.  iii.  1811,  66,  pi.  23,  f.  5.—Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 183.— Aud. 
OB.  v.  1839, 284,  pi.  433,  f.  l.—Ha>im.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856,  289. 

Seiurus  aquaticus,  S.  &  R.  F3A.  ii.  1831,  229,  pi.  43.— Sw.  Class.  B.  ii.  1837, 247. 

TurdUS  aquatiUS,  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  34. 

Sylvia  anthoides,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  x.  1817,208.—  V.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  421,  n.  19.—  Less. 
Tr.  Orn.  1831,  418. 


CHARACTERS    OF    SIURUS    N^EVIUS  301 

Turdlis  motacilla,  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  35  (adopts  Vieillot's  name  for  this 
species). 

Seiurus  tenuirostris,  8w.  Phil.  Mag.  i.  1827, 369. 

Nciurus  tenuirostris,  Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1843, 261  (Colorado  River). 

Soiurus  sulfurascens,  D'Orb.  Ois.  Cuba,  1839, 57,  pi.  6. 

Seiurus  sulphurascens,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 306. 

Enicocichla  sulphurascens,  "Gray". 

Henicocichla  sulphurascens,  Qundl.  J.  f.  O.  1855,  471  (Cuba).-tfundi.  J.  f.  0.  1861,  407 
(Cuba). 

An  thus  Ihermlnleri,  ILess.  Kov.Zool.  1839,101. 

Seiurus  gossii,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 306  (Jamaica). 

Fauvette  Ucheiee  de  la  Louisiane,  Buff.  "  Hist.  Nat  Ois.  v.  161 ";  PE.  752,  f.  1  (basis  of 
Boddaert's  and  Gmelin'd  names). 

New  York  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  409,  n.  308.— Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  436,  n.  29. 

Fauyette  brune,  V.  OAS.  1.  c. 

Fauvette  pipi,  V.  1.  c.  1817  and  1823. 

Grlve  de  rouisseaux  ou  Hochequeue,  Le  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 173. 

Bessy  Kick-up,  River  Pink,  Oosse,  B.  Jam.  1847, 151. 

New  York  or  Aquatic  Thrush,  Water  Thrush,  Aquatic  Wood-wagtail,  Aquatic  Ac- 
centor, Small-hilled  Water  Thrush,  Authors. 

HAB. — North  America  at  large.  Mexico,  West  Indies,  Central  America  and 
much  of  South  America.  Winters  from  Florida  and  the  Gulf  coast  south- 
ward. Breeds  in  the  greater  part,  if  not  the  whole,  of  its  North  American 
range. 

OH.  SP. —  $  9  Olivaceo-fuscus.aliscauddqiieconcoloribus;  infrd, 
albido-sulphurascensi  undique  olivaceo-fusco  xtrlatus;  striga  super- 
ciliari  brunneo-albido  ;  rostra  pedibusque  obscuris. 

9  $  :  Uniform  dark  olive-brown,  the  wings  and  tail  similar,  unmarked; 
bel6w  very  pale  sulphury-yellow,  everywhere,  except  perhaps  on  the  middle 
of  the  belly,  thickly  speckled  or  streaked  with  dark  olive-brown,  the  mark- 
ings smallest  on  the  throat,  largest  on  the  eidee.  A  long  dull  whitish  super- 
ciliary line.  Bill  and  fret  dark.  Length,  5£-6 ;  extent,  8^-9^ ;  wing,  2£-3 ; 
tail,  2J ;  bill  not  over  ^  along  the  culmen. 

The  sexes  do  not  differ  appreciably,  and  the  youngest  birds  examined  are 
not  notably  different  from  the  adult;  but  I  have  not  seen  the  newly-fledged 
bird.  The  shade  of  the  upper  parts  varies  from  a  decidedly  olivaceous-brown 
to  a  purer,  darker  bistre-brown,  and  that  of  the  under  purts  from  sulphur- 
yellow  to  nearly  white ;  but  it  is  never  of  the  huffy-white  of  S.  motacilla. 
The  streaking  varies  in  amount  and  intensity,  but  always  has  the  sharp  dis- 
tinct character  of  the  species  in  comparison  with  S.  motacilla,  and  is  rarely 
if  ever  absent  from  the  throat.  I  have  seen  no  bill  over  half  an  inch  long, 
and  this  member  lacks  the  peculiar  shape,  as  well  as  size,  characteristic  of 
S.  motacilla. 

The  earliest  feathering  has  only  lately  been  described,  and  it  proves  to  be 
streaky,  as  might  have  been  anticipated.  Mr.  Ridgway  speaks  of  a  very 
young  bird  as  being  sooty-blackish,  with  each  feather  of  the  upper  parts 
with  terminal  bar  of  ochraceous ;  the  wing-coverts  tipped  with  the  same, 
forming  two  bars;  the  streaks  below  as  in  the  adult,  but  broader  and  not  so 
sharply  defined. 

It  should  be  noted  that  Motacilla  noveboracensis  of  Gm.,  the  name  currently 


302  HISTORY   OF   THE    WATER   THRUSH 

adopted,  is  the  same  as  M.  nm-ia  Bodd.  (1783),  both  being  based  upon  PL 
Enlum.  752,  f.  1,  which  represents  the  Fauvette  tachetfa  de  la  Louislane  of 
Buffon,  afterward  the  New  York  Warbler  of  Pennant  and  Latham.  It  is  a 
curious  fact,  that  Gmelin  in  another  place  made  Slums  ncevius  out  to  be  a  va- 
riety of  the  Cape  May  Warbler,  Dendrceca  tigrina :  for  the  Motacilla  tigrina 
var.  /?.  of  Gmelin,  and  the  Sylvia  tigrina  var.  /3.  of  Latham,  are  both  based 
exclusively  upon  the  Ficedula  dominicemis  fusca  of  Brisson,  which  is  obvi- 
ously this  Siurus.  Vieillot,  in  1807,  noticed  the  circumstance,  which  later 
authors  seem  to  have  overlooked,  and  correctly  allocated  the  synonymy. — 
The  Motacilla  fuscescens  of  Gmeliu  has  been  queried  as  a  synonym  of  this 
species;  it  is  based  upon  Ficedula  jamaicensis  Briss.  iii.  512,  n.  61  ;  but  Bris- 
son's  account  cannot  be  made  to  square  with  the  characters  of  Siurus  ncevius. 
The  remaining  references  above  given,  though  so  numerous,  do  not  call  for 
special  remark,  excepting  Audubon's  accounts,  which,  it  should  be  remem- 
bered, include  both  this  species  and  S.  motacilla,  as  he  united  the  two,  having 
previously  described  Turdus  ludovicianus  as  distinct.  These  and  other  tech- 
nical points  are  discussed  in  my  paper  above  cited,  on  "  Corrections  of  Nomen- 
clature in  the  Genus  Siurus". 

MATERIAL  for  the  life-history  of  the  Water  Thrush  has 
gradually  accumulated,  until  we  now  possess  knowledge 
enough  of  the  subject  for  a  more  complete  biography  than  has 
hitherto  appeared.  The  latest  article,  that  from  the  long-accus- 
tomed pen  of  Dr.  Brewer,  is  much  the  best,  though  the  many 
items  there  given  are  perhaps  none  too  closely  knit  into  conse- 
quent narrative.  As  Dr.  Brewer  justly  remarks,  all  that  the 
earlier  authors  have  left  us  respecting  the  habits  of  this  bird 
must  be  taken  cum  grano;  for  it  was  a  good  while  before  the 
Louisiana  or  Large-billed  Water  Thrush  was  fairly  recognized, 
and  much  that  Wilson,  Nuttall,  and  Auduboa  have  to  say  of 
the  Water  Thrush  refers  either  to  the  other  species,  or  to  both 
species  indiscriminately.  Audubon  indeed  capped  the  confu- 
sion by  reuniting  the  two  species  which  he  had  formerly  distin- 
guished with  sufficient  precision.  Wilson  pertinently  describes 
the  aquatic  habits  and  Motacilline  actions  of  the  true  Water 
Thrush  as  observed  in  Pennsylvania;  but  the  rest  of  his  notice 
seems  to  point  to  the  Large-billed  bird.  NuttalPs  and  Audu- 
bon's  whole  accounts  parallel  Wilson's  in  this  regard ;  and  none 
of  these  authors  seem  to  speak  of  the  vocalization,  nidification, 
and  breeding  habits  of  the  real  Water  Thrush,  but  rather  of 
the  Louisiana  species.  Sir  John  Bichardson  must  have  had 
the  present  species  in  exclusive  view,  as  the  other  is  not  found 
about  Carlfcon  House;  and  Swainson's  plate  is  unmistakable. 
Mr.  Philip  Henry  Gosse  gives  us  one  of  his  delightful  and  char- 
acteristic sketches,  undoubtedly  referring  to  the  present  species, 


DISTRIBUTION    OF    THE    WATER    THRUSH  303 

under  the  names  of  "  Kiver  Pink  "  and  "  Bessy  Kick-up".  These 
notices,  including,  of  course,  Dr.  Brewer's  last  and  best  one,  are 
among  the  principal  accounts  we  have;  for  if  the  long  synony- 
matic  list  I  present  with  this  article  be  analyzed,  it  will  be  found 
to  consist  largely  of  the  compilations  of  name-peddlers,  other- 
wise known  as  systematists,  taxonomists,  and  philosophers,  who 
describe  and  redescribe  with  insufficient  knowledge  of  what 
their  predecessors  have  done,  and  in  whose  hands  natural  his- 
tory becomes  not  unlike  a  kaleidoscopic  tube,  where  names,  like 
colored  bits  of  glass,  leap  into  fantastic  shapes  at  the  touch  of 
the  pen-point.  Few  indeed  of  the  namers  of  the  many  species 
that  have  sprung  up  like  mushrooms  in  the  fertile  compost-heap 
of  synonymy  knew  anything  of  the  Water  Thrush  except  as  a 
museum  object;  and,  as  if  there  were  not  names  enough  already, 
several  of  the  French  ornithologists,  with  characteristic  viva- 
city, bestowed  a  number  more.  Wilson  knew  the  bird  he  called 
Turdus  aquations,  and  so  doubtless  did  Bartram  when  he  called 
it  Motacilla  flumatilis.  Among  the  earlier  notices,  we  have 
several  from  independent  original  sources;  such  are  that  of 
Pennant's  "New  York  Warbler",  and  Buffon's  "Fauvette 
tachetee  de  la  Louisiane",  and  Brisson's  "Figuier  brun  de  S. 
Domingue";  and  Buffon's  bird,  figured  on  the  Planche  Enlu- 
minee  752,  afforded  the  very  first  technical  name  of  the  species, 
that  bestowed  in  1783  by  the  cataloguer  Boddaert. 

Very  many  of  the  numerous  citations  I  have  compiled,  how- 
ever, are  those  I  give  to  certify  the  recognized  geographical 
distribution  of  the  species,  as  vouchers  for  its  occurrence  in  the 
widely  separated  localities  which,  when  duly  collated,  enable 
us  to  map  its  dispersion  and  trace  its  movements.  This  is 
always  an  important  subject,  and  one  which,  I  think,  more  than 
justifies  the  bibliographical  matter  which  may  seem  to  the  gen- 
eral reader  to  so  heavily  handicap  the  present  volume,  but  which 
is  the  real  ballast  of  the  book  if  not  the  most  valuable  part  of 
the  cargo  which  I  bring.  By  such  researches  I  have  traced  the 
spread  of  the  Water  Thrush  over  all  of  North  America,  there 
being  few  small  areas  and  no  large  ones  whence  I  have  not 
gathered  reports  of  its  presence — through  Mexico  and  Central 
America — among  nearly  all  of  the  West  Indies — and  for  a  con- 
siderable distance  into  South  America.  Its  latitudinal  disper- 
sion is  from  Brazil  to  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  in  longitude,  it  reaches 
across  the  northern  half  of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  and  per- 
haps of  the  southern  portion  also;  though  I  believe  that  our 


304      MIGRATIONS  OF  THE  WATER  THRUSH 

South  American  records  to  date  do  not  attest  its  presence  on 
the  western  side  of  South  America.  In  the  greater  part  of 
North  America,  it  is  of  general  and  common  occurrence,  and 
the  same  is  the  case  in  the  West  Indies,  Eastern  Mexico,  and 
Cen'ral  America.  It  is  not  so  frequent,  perhaps  less  regular 
in  its  appearances,  and,  at  any  rate,  not  so  commonly  observed, 
in  the  Middle  and  Western  Provinces  of  North  America,  as  it 
is  in  the  Eastern ;  but  we  may  remember  that  the  observers  are 
there  far  fewer.  This  is  a  migratory  species,  of  course ;  for  no 
small  insectivorous  bird  covers  such  an  extent  of  country  as  I 
have  indicated  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  In  this  matter  of  its 
movements  we  may  note,  first,  that  it  is  not  accredited  with  any 
extralimital  record  of  breeding,  so  far  as  I  can  now  recall ;  but 
I  speak  guardedly  here,  as  the  record  is  voluminous,  and  among 
the  many  notices  extant  there  may  be  some  indicating  that  cer- 
tain individuals  do  not  perform  the  extensive  migrations  re- 
quired for  their  presence  within  the  bird's  recognized  breeding 
range  in  North  America.  As  to  its  nesting  in  the  southern 
portions  of  the  United  States,  we  must  put  out  of  court  such 
testimony  as  is  vitiated  by  references  to  8.  ludovicianus ;  and 
this  aside,  there  is  no  evidence  that  I  know  of  to  prove  that 
the  bird  nestles  south  of  about  the  latitude  of  Washington, 
D.  0.  There  I  have  myself  found  the  Water  Thrush  through 
the  summer,  under  circumstances  that  leave  no  doubt  of  its 
breeding.  Almost  directly  north  of  such  latitude,  accounts  of 
its  summer  residence  and  nidification  begin  to  multiply,  and  its 
nesting  thence  to  the  Arctic  regions  is  established. 

As  will  have  been  inferred  already,  the  winter  resorts  of  the 
Water  Thrush  are  for  the  most  part  beyond  our  limits ;  yet  the 
fact  that  many  individuals  linger  through  the  year  in  the  South- 
ern States  is  well  attested.  In  Illinois,  for  example,  where 
S.  motacilla  breeds  in  abundance,  the  Water  Thrush  is  only 
known  as  a  migrant  and  as  a  partial  winter  resident.  Accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Eidgway,  they  reappear  from  the  north  in  August, 
and  many  linger  in  the  sheltered  forests  of  the  river-bottoms, 
where  he  has  heard  them  singing  in  December  and  January. 
The  period  and  duration  of  the  vernal  and  autumnal  movements 
are  not  easily  determined  in  the  case  of  a  bird  that  gets  over  so 
much  ground ;  but  the  months  of  April  and  September  appear 
to  be  those  when  the  migrations  are  at  their  height.  1  may 
give  some  isolated  data  bearing  on  this  subject.  In  Jamaica, 
Mr.  March  found  Water  Thrushes  from  early  in  August  to  the 


NEST  AND  EGGS  OF  THE  WATER  THRUSH    305 

end  of  March.  Henshaw  saw  tbe  birds  in  Colorado  in  the  mid- 
dle of  May,  and  in  Arizona  late  in  August.  May  is  the  month 
in  which  their  arrival  has  been  noted  for  the  Middle  States  and 
New  England,  and  also  for  the  Saskatchewan  region.  Could 
all  the  data  we  have  be  verified  and  digested,  we  should  prob- 
ably find  that  the  Water  Thrush  is  a  bird  of  rapid  and  not  of 
the  most  regular  migration,  likely  to  appear  at  such  times  and 
places  that  it  becomes  difficult  to  reconcile  the  seemingly  con- 
flicting testimony  we  possess. 

June  is  the  height  of  the  breeding  season  with  this  bird. 
During  this  month,  egg-laden  nests  have  been  found  so  far  apart 
as  are  Maine  and  Alaska—early  in  the  month  in  the  New  Eng- 
land locality  just  mentioned,  and  later  on  the  Yukon  Eiver. 
Doubtless  only  one  brood  is  reared  in  the  higher  latitudes  to 
which  the  birds  resort ;  the  case  may  also  be  the  same  in  other 
localities,  and  probably  is  so,  considering  how  soon — by  the 
fore  part  of  August — these  birds  reappear  in  places  where  they 
are  not  known  to  breed,  as  in  Illinois  and  Jamaica.  In  the  few 
instances  which  have  come  to  the  knowledge  of  naturalists,  the 
Water  Thrush's  nest  was  built  on  the  ground  or  its  equiva- 
lent. The  Alaskan  nests  to  which  I  have  alluded  were  placed 
by  the  river  bank,  at  the  foot  of  willow-bushes,  one  of  them 
beneath  a  small  pile  of  drift-wood,  and  contained  four  to  six 
eggs.  These  and  other  Arctic  nests,  as  preserved  in  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  are  about  four  inches  across  by  two-thirds 
as  much  in  depth;  they  are  composed  chiefly  of  moss,  com- 
pactly matted  and  mixed  with  little  sticks  and  straws,  one  of 
them  having  also  a  large  amount  of  circularly-woven  fibrous 
material  in  a  state  of  disintegration.  A  nest  found  in  Maine 
by  Prof.  A.  E.  Verrill,  and  described  with  particularity  by  Dr. 
Brewer,  was  built  in  an  excavation  in  the  side  of  a  decayed  logr 
which  overarched  the  structure  somewhat  as  the  domed  por- 
tion of  the  nest  of  the  Golden-crowned  Thrush  covers  the  main 
part  of  the  structure.  It  was  a  beautiful  fabric,  built  chiefly 
of  green  Hypnum  mosses,  with  which  a  few  withered  leaves  and 
plant-stems  were  mixed,  having  a  compact  inner  portion  or 
lining  of  the  fruit-stems  of  the  same  Hypnum,  and  showing  a 
number  of  slender  black  rootlets  intertwined  around  the  outer 
circumference.  It  was  flatter  and  shallower  than  the  nests  I 
have  seen,  being  four  and  a  half  inches  across,  but  only  one  and 
a  half  high,  with  a  cavity  half  an  inch  less  in  depth.  "This 
nest  contained  five  eggs,  the  brilliant  white  ground  of  which, 
20  B  0 


306  SONG   OF   THE    WATER   THRUSH 

with  their  delicately  shaded  spots  of  reddish  browu,  contrasted 
with  the  bright  green  of  the  mossy  exterior,  and  set  off  to  ad- 
vantage by  the  conspicuous  and  unique  lining,  produce  a  very 
beautiful  effect." 

The  numerous  eggs  I  have  examined — all,  however,  after  they 
had  been  emptied  of  their  contents — measure  from  three-fourths 
to  four-fifths  of  an  inch  in  length  by  a  little  more  or  less  than 
two-thirds  of  an  inch  in  breadth — more  exactly,  two  selected 
specimens  give  respectively  the  measurements  0.75x0.58  and 
0.82x0.60.  The  ground-color  of  the  shell  is  brilliant  crystal- 
white  ;  this  is  marked  all  over,  but  in  most  cases  more  thickly 
at  and  around  the  larger  end  than  elsewhere,  with  small  spots 
of  reddish,  of  quite  dark  brown,  and  of  lilac  or  lavender — 
sometimes  all  the  spots  being  dots  and  mere  points;  sometimes 
many  of  them  being  larger,  and  more  or  less  confluent  to  en- 
wreathe  the  greater  end  of  the  egg.  Occasionally  the  otfrer  end, 
or  even  some  considerable  part  of  the  egg,  is  nearly  free  from 
markings,  but  the  shell,  as  a  rule,  is  pretty  thoroughly  speckled. 

The  singing  of  birds  is  inseparably  associated  with  the  power 
and  the  desire  to  bring  forth,  as  the  involuntary  and  uncontrol- 
lable expression  of  emotions  that  are  never  stayed  except 
through  gratification.  Surcease  of  passion  is  the  fountain  brim- 
ming over,  when  the  stream  of  life  flows  downward  like  the 
loosened  brook  forever,  and  the  babbling  of  the  waters  makes 
unconscious  melody.  I  never  heard  the  singing  of  this  Water 
Thrush,  nor  do  I  find  it  carefully  described ;  but  it  is  likened, 
with  good  reason,  to  the  song  of  the  Louisiana,  and  this  is  so 
melodious,  so  loud  and  yet  so  mellow,  as  when  once  heard  to 
slowly  be  forgotten.  Both  Audubon  and  Nuttall  have  expressed 
their  admiration  of  this  Philomel's  performance,  which  the 
latter  says  is  even  heard  at  night,  when  the  sweet  incessant 
warbling  greets  the  ear  "  like  the  dulcet  lay  of  some  fairy  vis- 
ion". It  was  long  before  we  found  out  that  the  Golden-crown 
sings  also,  for  the  harsh  crescendo  ditty  of  this  bird  is  scarcely 
to  be  called  a  song;  and  when  the  vocal  powers  of  the  humbler 
Water  Thrush  receive  full  recognition,  we  shall  doubtless  know 
the  three  birds  for  a  trio  scarcely  rivalled  by  the  Wood  Thrush 
and  the  Hermit  and  the  Yeery.  Mr.  Boardman  calls  the  Water 
Thrush  one  of  our  liveliest  singers,  beginning  with  a  sudden, 
almost  startling  burst  of  melody,  that  rings  as  clear  as  if  the 
joyous  bird  had  found  a  long-lost  mate,  and  then  keeps  falling 
till  the  slightest  breath  of  air  may  blow  the  rest  away.  Its 
secrecy  in  singing  lends  a  charm  to  the  performance,  for  though 


MANNERS  OP  THE  WATER  THRUSH       307 

the  notes  are  sounded  loud  and  fearlessly,  the  bird  dislikes  in- 
trusion; and  it  sings  best  far  away  from  prying  eyes,  amidst 
the  dark  recesses  of  the  swamp. 

Should  you  force  your  way, — perhaps  by  paddling  in  a  light 
canoe  beneath  the  overhanging  mysteries  of  the  dank  morass, — 
perhaps  by  clambering  among  the  fallen  logs  that  jut  from 
treacherous  black  depths  of  ooze  and  slime — you  may  even  catch 
a  glimpse  of  this  coy  songster  as  he  dashes  onward  into  yet 
more  secret  fastness  of  his  watery  and  seldom  sun-lit  home. 
His  song  is  still  now ;  silence  broods,  or  else  a  sharp  short  note 
of  anger  and  anxiety  betrays  the  presence  of  the  timid  bird,  too 
restless  and  too  nervous  in  his  vague  alarm  to  hide  in  safety, 
but  rather  dallying  with  danger  as  he  leaps  and  balances  on 
log,  moss-heap,  or  branchlet.  But  this  is  only  when  he  feels 
the  cares  and  full  responsibilities  of  home  and  family.  Later  in 
the  season,  when  these  things  are  off  his  mind,  he  is  quite 
another  fellow,  who  will  meet  you  more  than  half-way  should 
you  chance  to  find  him  then,  with  a  wondering,  perhaps,  yet 
with  a  confident  and  quite  familiar,  air  of  easy  unconcern. 
Anywhere  by  the  water's  edge — in  the  debris  of  the  wide- 
stretched  river-bottom,  in  the  flowery  tangle  of  the  brook, 
around  the  margins  of  the  little  pools  that  dot  the  surface  where 
tall  oaks  and  hickories  make  pleasant  shade — there  rambles  the 
Water  Thrush.  Watch  him  now,  aud  see  how  prettily  he  walks, 
rustling  among  the  fallen  leaves  where  he  threads  his  way  like 
a  mouse,  or  wading  even  up  to  his  knees  in  the  shallow  minia- 
ture lakes,  like  a  Sandpiper  by  the  sea-shore,  all  intent  in  quest 
of  the  aquatic  insects,  worms,  and  tiny  molluscs  and  crustace- 
ans that  form  his  varied  food.*  But  as  he  rambles  on  in  this 
gliding  course,  the  mincing  steps  are  constantly  arrested,  and 
the  dainty  stroller  poises  in  a  curious  way  to  see-saw  on  his  legs, 
quite  like  a  Titlark  or  a  Spotted  Sandpiper.  All  of  his  genus 
share  this  gait,  quite  different  from  the  hopping  movement  with 
which  the  Sylvicolidce  in  general  progress — but  see!  he  catches 
sight  of  us,  and  quite  breaks  off  the  thread  of  such  reflections  as 
he  casts  his  bright  brown  eye  upon  us  with  a  coquettish  turning 
sideways  of  the  head.  Let  the  pretty  picture  be— we  leave  him 
to  resume  in  peace  his  morning's  walk,  bidding  good-speed. 

*  Gosse  has  found  the  stomach  to  contain  "  water-insects  and  shells  ".  Gen- 
try has  observed  the  beetles  Platynus  cupripennis,  Harpalus  pennsylvanicus, 
and  Cratonychus  pertinax,  the  Neuropterous  larvae  of  Agrion  and  Phryganea, 
both  larvae  and  imagos  of  various  Noctaid  and  Tineid  moths,  and  the  Dip- 
terous Culex  tceniorhynchus. 


308  GEOTHLYPJS OPORORNIS   AGILIS 


Genus  GEOTHLYPIS  Cabanis 

Trichas,  Sw.  Zool.  Journ.  iii.  April-July,  1827, 167  (not  of  Gloger,  March,  1827,  =  Criniger 

Temm.,  fide  Cabanis).    Type  Turdus  trichas  L. 
GeothlypiS,  Cab.  "Arch.  f.  Naturg.  1847,  Bd.  i.  316,  349".    Same  type.— Bd.  BNA.  1858, 

240.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  219  (review  of  genus;  nine  species). — Ridgw.  Am.  Journ. 

Sci.  1872,  457  (monographic ;   five  species  and  twelve  varieties). — Salv.  Ibis,  1872, 

147  (eight  species  and  three  varieties). 

CHARS. — Bill  of  ordinary  Sylvicoline  characters  ;  rictal  bris- 
tles very  slight.  Wings  remarkably  short  and  much  rounded, 
scarcely  or  not  longer  than  the  rounded  tail.  Legs  stout;  tarsi 
longer  than  the  middle  toe.  Of  medium  and  rather  small  size 
for  this  family.  Coloration  olivaceous  above,  with  yellow  below. 
Tail  without  white  spots.  Legs  pale-colored.  Habits  somewhat 
terrestrial.  Nest  on  the  ground  or  near  it. 

This  genus  affords  a  considerable  number  of  species  more  or 
less  resembling  the  common  Maryland  Yellow-throat,  chiefly  of 
the  warmer  parts  of  America — three  of  them,  however,  are 
North  American,  and  two  occur  in  the  Colorado  watershed. 
They  are  well  distinguished  from  other  Warblers  by  the  extreme 
shortness  of  the  wings,  which  are  scarcely  or  not  longer  than 
the  head,  and  by  the  size  of  the  pale-colored  legs,  which  indi- 
cates somewhat  terrestrial  habits.  Our  species  are  familiar 
inhabitants  of  the  shrubbery,  ordinarily  keeping  near  the 
ground,  where  the  nest  is  usually  placed. 

Oporornis  is  the  most  closely  related  genus,  distinguished 
mainly  by  the  greater  length  of  the  pointed  wings,  which  are 
much  longer  than  the  tail.  This  type  is  represented  by  only 
two  known  species,  neither  of  which  occurs  in  the  region  under 
consideration.* 

*  Oporornis  agilis.— Connecticut  Warbler. 

Sylvia  agilis,  Wils.  AO.  v.  1812,  64,  pi.  39,  f.4.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  732.— F.  Ency. 
Meth.  ii.  1823, 448,  n.  101.—  Bp.  Jonrn.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  199.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. 
ii.  1826, 84.— And.  OB.  ii.  1834, 227,  pi.  138. 

Silvia  agilis,  Cabot,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ii.  1845, 63. 

Trichas  agilis,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  463.— Hoy,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  312  (Wis- 
consin).—Bead,  ibid.  399  (Ohio).— Kenn.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 583. 

Sylvicola  agilis,  Jard.  "ed.  Wils.  1832 ".—Rich.  Rep.  Bost  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836, 1837, 
172.—  And.  Syn.  1839, 63.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  71,  pi.  99.—Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856, 226. 

Oporornis  agilis,  Bd.  BETA.  1858, 246  ;  ed.  of  1860,  pi.  79,  f.  2.— Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for 
1860, 1861, 363.— Bam.  Smiths.  Kep.  for  1860, 1861,  435.— Coues  <&  Prent.  ibid,  for  1861, 
1862,  406.— Atten,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864, 82.— .Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 218.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye. 
N.Y.viii.  1866, 283.-  Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  269.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868, 
110  (South  Carolina).— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1866, 174.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 574.- 
Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  23 ;  Phila.  ed.  16.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  106.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
xv.  1872,  3.— Purdie,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  693.— B.  B.  <&  E.  NAB.  i.  1874, 290,  fig.  pL  15, 


GEOTHLYPIS    TRICHAS OPORORNIS   FORMOSA       309 

Maryland  Yellow-throat 

Gcothlypis  tricbas 

Turdus  tricbas,  L.  SN.  i.  1766, 293,  n.  7  (Edw.  v.  56,  pi.  237,  f.  2;  Briss.  iii.  506 ;  Petiv.Gaz. 
pi.  6,  f.  1).— Om.  SN.  i.  1788,  811,  n.  l.—Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  418. 

f.  1,  2.— Ames,  Bull.  Minn.  Acad.  i.  1874,  55.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440.— 
Gentry,  Life-Hist  1876, 147.— Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877,  88.— Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad. 
iv.  1877, 21. 

Geotblypis  agilis,  Gregg,  Pr.  Elmira  Acad.  1870,  —  (p.  7  of  the  reprint). 

Seiurus  .(Oporornis)  agilis,  Ridgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  x.  1874, 369  (Illinois). 

?  Trichas  tephrocotls,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840, 462  (Chester  County,  Pa.). 

?  Geothlypis  tephrocotls,  Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861, 435  (Chester  County,  Pa. ;  same). 

?  Oporornis  varius,  Blak.  Ibis,  v.  1863, 61  (Mackenzie  Elver  ???). 

Fauvette  agile,  F.  1.  c.  1823. 

Connecticut  Warbler,  Connecticut  Wood-warbler,  Authors. 

HAB.— Eastern  Province  of  the  United  States.  (The  geographical  distri- 
bution of  this  species  is  very  imperfectly  known.  We  have  no  extralimital 
citations  that  I  know  of,  nor  any  winter  record  whatever  ;  nor  has  the  bird 
ever  been  found  breeding.) 

Oporornis  Formosa.— Kentucky  Warbler. 

Sylvia  formosa,  Wils.  AO.iii.  1811,  85,  pi.  25,  f.  3.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 683.— V.  Ency. 
Meth.  ii.  1823,  450,  n.  108.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila. 
Acad.  iv.  1824,  197.—  Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826, 
84.— Aud .  OB.  i.  1831,  196,  pi.  38.— Nutt.  Man.  i. 
1832, 3d9.—Storer,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1841,  29.— Gieb. 
Vog.  1860,  51,  f.  103. 

Sylvlcola  formosa,  Jard. "  ed.  "Wils.  1832  ".—Rich.  Rep. 
Brit.  Assoc.  for  1836,  1837, 172.— Bp.  List,  1838, 
S3.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  vi.  1853,  311  (Wis- 
consin).— Read,  ibid.  399.— Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  vi. 
1858, 113. 

Hnlotilta  formosa,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 

Trichas  (Sylvicola)  formosa,  Hoy,  Smiths.  Hep.  for 

1864, 1865, 438  (Missouri).  FlG-  39.-Kentucky  Warbler. 

Myiodioctes  formosus,  Aud.  Syn.  1839, 50.— Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841, 19,  pi.  74.—  Lemb.  "  Av.  Cuba,, 
1850, 37  ".—Gundl  J.  f.  0. 1861, 326  (Cuba). 

Myiodioctes  formosa,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 315. 

MyodiOCtes  formosa,  Pratten,  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  1855, 601. 

Sylvania  formosa,  Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  Zufii,  1853, 70. 

Myioctonus  formosus,  Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1855, 472  (Cuba). 

Setopbaga  formosa,  Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860, 307  (Cuba). 

Oporornis  formosus,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  247.-  Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,363.— 
Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  435  (Pennsylvania).— Coues  <£  Prent  Smiths.  Rep. 
for  1861, 1862,  406  (Washington,  breeding).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vii.  1862, 468  (New 
Granada).— Dress.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  477  (Texas).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 218.— Lawr. 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  284.— Salv.  PZS.  1867, 136  (Veragua).—  Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii. 
1868, 181.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lyc.N.  Y.ix.  1868,94  (Costa  Rica).- Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii. 
1868,  110  (South  Carolina).— v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  0. 1869, 293  (Costa  Rica).— Turrib.  B.  E.  Pa. 
1869,23;  Phila.  ed.  16.— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1872,  417  (Cuba).—  Coues,  Key,  1872,  106,  f.  46.— 
Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872, 265  —  Seott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 222  (West  Virginia,  breed- 
ing).— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  125, 175  (Kansas).— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  TJ.—B.  B.  &  R. 
NAB.  i.  1874,  293,  pi.  15,  f.  3.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xvii.  1875, 451  (New  England).— 
Fisher,  Am.  Nat.  x.  1875,  573  (New  York,  breeding).— Gentry,  Life-Hist.  i.  1876,  149— 
Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 22  (Connecticut). 


310  SYNONYMY   OF    GEOTHLYPIS   TRICHAS 

Sylvia  trlchas,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  519,  n.  36.-T.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  23,  pis.  85, 86. -V.  N.D.d'H. 
N.  xi.  1817,  229.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  682.-F.  Ency.  M6lh.  ii.  1823,  443,  n.  85.— 
Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ii.  1826,  84.—Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  401.— And.  OB.  i.  1832,  120 ;  v. 
1839,  463,  pi.  23.— If  Orb.  Ois.  Cuba,  1839,  67.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  311.— 
Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  153.— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  83.— Gosse,  Ala- 
bama, 1859, 295. 

Sylvia  trlchas  var.  0.  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790,  519,  n.  36  0  (=  PE.  709,  f.  2;  Orange-thighed  War- 
bler Penn.). 

Gcotlilypis  trilhas,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 16.— Gundl.  J.f.O.  1855,472  (Cuba).— Bd.  BNA.  1858, 
241.— Bd.  U.  S.  Mex.  B.  Surv.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1859,  Birds,  10.— 8.  &  S.  Ibis,  i.  1839, 10  (Guate- 
mala).— Scl.  PZS.  1859,  363  (Xalapa) ;  373  (Oaxaca) .- Xant  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.1859, 
191  (California).— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859,  106  (New  Mexico).— Coop.  GSuck. 
NHWT.  1860,  177.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  435.— Gundl.  J.f.O.  1861,  326 
(Cuba).—  Cab.  J.  f.  O.  1861,  84  (Costa  Rica).— ScZ.  PZS.  1861,  70  (Jamaica).— ScZ.  Cat. 
AB.  1861, 267.— Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862, 160.—  Boar  dm.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  ix. 
1862,  124.  — Terr.  ibid.  137  (Anticosti).— Terr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862,  146.— Albrccht, 
J.  f.  0. 1862, 192  (Jamaica).— March,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xv.  1863, 293  (Jamaica).— Lord,  Pr. 
Roy.  Arty.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  115.— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864, 59.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 
220.— Dress.  Ibis,  i.  2d  SIT.  1865,  476  (Texas).— Coues,  ibid.  163  (Arizona).— Coues,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  69  (Fort  Whipple).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 283.— 
Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  85.—  Brown,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  iv.  1868,  420  (Vancouver).— 
Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  18U8,  UO.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst,  v.  1863, 269.— Triple,  Am.  Nat. 
ii.  1868, 176.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ix.  1868, 94  (Costa  Rica).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. 
ix.  1869, 200  (Yucatan),  -v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  0. 1869,  293  (Costa  Rica).— Coop.  Am.  Nat  iii. 
1869, 296.— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 23 ;  Phila.  ed.  16.— S.  &  S.  PZS.  1870, 836  (Honduras).— 
Coop.  B.  CaL  i  1870,  93,  figs.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxiii.  1871,  W.—Stev.  TJ.  S.  Gool. 
Surv.  Terr,  for  1870,  1871,  463.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  1871,  269;  iii.  1872, 175.— A  lien, 
Am.  Nat  vi.  1872,  265.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  107,  f.  47.— Salv.  Ibis,  3d  eer.  ii.  1872,  149 
(monographic).— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1872,  417  (Cuba).—  Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872, 362.— 
Scott,  Pr.  Bost,  Soc.  xv.  1872, 222.—  Aiken,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 197.— Coues,  Key,  1872, 
107,  f.  41.—Ridgw.  Am.  Nat  vii.  1872, 550.— Merr.  F.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1*72, 1873, 
674,  713.—  Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  234.— Ridgw.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873, 180.— 
Allen,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,52  (Dakota;.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  74.— M err.  Am.  Nat. 
viii.  1874, 7, 8, 87.— Pack.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874, 271.— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  297,  figs.  pi. 
15,f.7,8.— Yarr.  <&  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874, 10.—  Hensh.  ibid.  42,59,103.— Henah. 
List  B.  Ariz.  1875, 156.—  Brew.  Pr.  Boi»t.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440.— Hcnsh.  Zool.  Expl.  TV.  100 
Merid.  1876, 204.- Gentry,  Life-Hist  i.  1876, 152.— Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877, 85. 

Geothlypis  trichis,  Merr.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872, 1873, 705. 

Motacilla  trichias,  Turt.  SN.  i.  1806, 590. 

Regulus  peregrinus,  Barlr.  Trav.  Fla.  1st  Am.  ed.  1791, 292. 

Sylvia  marylandica,  Wils.  AO.  i.  1808,  88,  pi.  6,  f:  l ;  it  1809,  163,  pL  18,  f.  4.— Bp.  Journ. 
Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 186.— Gieb.  Vdg.  1860, 57,  f.  111. 

Tricbas  marylandica,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  1840, 454,  fig.-(?ir.  BLI.  1844,  64.— Gamb.  Journ.  Phila. 
Acad.  i.  1847, 37.— Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1817,  146.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853, 311.  -Read, 
ibid.  399.— Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soo.  i.  1855,  583.— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vL  1857, 116 
(Nova  Scotia).— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1839, 110  (Bahamas).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii. 
1860,  309  (Cuba).— Albrecht,  J.  f.  O.  1861,  52  (Bahamas).— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864, 
1865,  438. 

Trichas  marylandicns,  Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1846, 155  (California). 

OpororniS  formosa,  S.  &  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859, 10  (Guatemala).— Scl.  PZS.  1862, 19  (Playa  Vicente, 
Mexico).— &  &  S.  PZS.  1864,  347  (Panama).— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  v.  1868,  269  (New- 
England). 

Fauvette  du  Kentucky,  V.  1.  c.  1823. 

Kentucky  Warbler,  Kentucky  Flycatcbing  Warbler,  Authors. 

HAB. — Eastern  Province  of  the  United  States,  especially  in  the  Valley  ot 
the  Mississippi.  North  to  the  Connecticut  Valley.  West  to  Kansas  and  the 
Indian  Territory.  South  through  Mexico  and  Central  America.  Cuba. 
Breeds  throughout,  its  United  States  range.  Winters  extralimital. 


CHARACTERS   OF   GEOTHLYPIS    TRICHAS  311 

Trichas  marilandica,  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  M.-Aud.  Syn.  1839,  65.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  78,  pi. 

102.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  310.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855, 309  (New  Mexico).—  Putn. 

Pr.  Ess.  last.  i.  1856,  207.— Scl.  PZS.  1856,  292  (Mexico).— Maxim.  J.  f.  0. 1858, 118.- 

Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 1859, 232  (NovaScotia).— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  vi.  1871, 1 14. 
Trichas  marilandicus,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 197.— Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  Zuni,  1853, 71. 
Regulus?  mystaccus,  Steph.  Shaw's  Gen.  Zool.  xiii.  pt.  ii.  1826, 232. 
Trichas  personal  us,  Sw.  Zool.  Journ.  iii.  1827, 167 ;  Philos.  Mag.  i.  1827,  433  ;  Isis,  1830,  1153  ; 

Isis,  1834,  785;  Class.  B.  ii.  1837,  247.— Vig.  Zool.  Voy.  Bloss.  1839, 18.— Denny,  PZS. 

1847,  38.— Pratten,  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 602. 

Trichas  brachidactylus,  Sw.  Anim.  in  Menag.  1838, 295.  —  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 197. 
Sylvia  roscoe,  And.  OR  i.  1832, 124,  pi.  24.— Peab.  Eep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  313. 
Trichas  roscoe,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840, 457. 
Trichas  delafleldii,  Heerm.  PEER.  x.  1859, 40  (not  of  Authors). 
Maryland  Yellow-throat,  Edw.  Gl.  v.  56,  pi.  237.— And  of  Authors. 
Avis  marylandica,  gutture  luteo,  Petiv.  "  Gaz.  pi.  6,  f.  l ". 
Figuier  de  Mariland,  Ficedula  marilandica,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  1760, 506,  n.  58. 
Figuier  aux  Joues  noires,  Buff.  Hist.  Nat.  Ois.  v.  292. 
Fauvette  aux  joues  noires,  V.  1.  c. 
Yellow-breast  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 399,  n.  283. 

Yellow-breasted  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783, 438,  n.  32 ;  also,  var.  A,  p.  439. 
Orange-thighed  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 399,  n.  284  (PE.  709,  f.  2). 
Fauvette  a  poitrine  jaune  de  Louisiane,  Buff.  "v.  162"  (PE.  709,  f. 2). 
Fauvette  trichas,  V.  L  c.— Le  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 193. 
Bec-fln  trichas,  2>'Or&.l.c. 
Black-cheeked  Yellow-throat,  Gosse,  1.  c. 
Black-masked  Ground  Warbler,  B.  B.  <£  R.  1.  o. 

HA.B. — The  United  States  at  large,  and  south  through  Mexico  and  Central 
America.  Several  of  the  West  Indies,  as  Cuba,  Jamaica,  and  the  Bahamas. 
Breeds  throughout  its  United  States  range,  and  winters  from  our  southern 
border  southward. 

CH.  SP. — $  Olivaceus,  f  route  lateribusque  capitis  nigris,  cano 
postice  limbatis  ;  guld,  pectore,  tectricibusque  inferioribus  alaribus 
et  caudalibus  flams.  $  capite  innotato. 

<J,  in  summer:  Upper  parts  rich  olive,  inclining  to  grayish  on  the  head, 
brightest  on  the  rump.  Wings  and  tail  brown,  edged  with  the  color  of  the 
back.  Chin,  throat,  and  breast,  with  under  wing-  and  tail-coverts,  rich  yel- 
low. Middle  under  parts  dull  whitish,  shaded  on  the  sides.  A  broad  black 
mask  on  the  front  and  sides  of  the  head,  bordered  behin  d  by  hoary-ash.  Bill 
black ;  feet  flesh-colored.  Length,  4f-5 ;  extent,  6i-6£ ;  wing,  2 ;  tail  rather 
more. 

9 ,  in  summer  :  Similar  to  the  male ;  rather  smaller ;  yellow  of  the  under 
parts  paler  and  more  restricted ;  no  black  or  ashy  markings  on  head,  but 
crown  usually  with  some  concealed  reddish-brown.  Otherwise  top  and  sides 
of  head  like  back,  with  some  obscure  whitishness  about  the  lores  and  orbits. 

Young :  Similar  to  the  adult  female,  but  the  olive  of  the  upper  parts  with 
much  of  a  brownish  tinge,  the  yellow  parts  buffy,  and,  in  fact,  most  of  the 
under  parts  quite  buffy. 

The  adults,  in  fall  and  winter,  are  similar  to  each  other,  except  in  the 
purer  and  stronger  yellow  of  the  male,  as  at  that  season  the  peculiar  black 
and  ashy  markings  of  the  head  are  wanting.  Both  sexes  then  resemble  the 
autumnal  plumage  of  the  young  in  the  browner  shade  of  the  olive  and 
buffiness  of  the  under  parts. 


312    SYNONYMY  OF  GEOTHLYPIS  MACGILLIVRAYI 

A  BUND  ANT  as  the  Maryland  Yellow-throat  is  in  the  East, 
-£-*-    it  is  scarcely  less  so  in  suitable  places  in  the  Colorado 
Basin,  though  much  of  that  country  is  too  dry  and  open  to 
be  inviting.    It  is  one  of  the  few  Warblers  that  range  indiffer- 
ently across  the  continent.   la  Arizona, 
I  found  it   occasionally    about    Fort 
Whipple,    where  it    arrives    early    in 
April  and  remains  until  October,  when 
it  either  goes  south,  or  elsewhere  seeks 
less  elevated  places.    Henshaw  found 
it  in  the  thickets  of  the  lowlands  in 
FIG.  40.— Maryland  Yellow-    various  parts  of  Colorado  and  Utah, 
throat.  an(j  more  seldom  in  Arizona;    differ- 

ent observers  have  left  their  records  of  its  presence  in  other 
portions  of  the  same  general  area.  There  is  no  occasion 
to  enlarge  upon  its  habits,  as  these  are  much  the  same  under 
all  the  varying  circumstances  in  which  we  find  that  the  bird 
places  itself,  and  have  been  repeatedly  described  with  sufficient 
particularity. 

IHacgillivray's  Warbler 

Geothlypis  macgillivrayi 

Sylvia  macglllivrayi,  Aud.  OB.  v.  1839, 75,  pi.  399,  f.  4, 5. 

Trie-lias  macgillivrayi,  Aud.  Syn.  1839,  64.-J.wd.  BA.  ii.  1841,  74,  pi.  100.— Gray,  G.of  B. 
i.  1848,  197.— Bp.  C  A.  i.  1850,  310.— M axim.  J.  f.  0. 1858, 118. 

Geothlypis  macgillivrayi,  Bd.  BNA.  1858, 244 ;  ed.  of  I860,  pi.  99,  f.  4.— Bd.  U.  S.  Hex.  B. 
Snrv.  ii.  pt.  ii.  Birds,  1859, 10.— Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xi.  1859, 191  (California).— Henry, 
ibid.  106  (New  Mexico).— Coop.  &  Suck.  NHWT.  1860, 177.— Cab.  J.  f.  0. 1861, 84  (Costa 
Rica).— Coues,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865, 163  (Arizona).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 227.— Coues,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  70  (Fort  Whipple).— Brown,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  iv.  1868,  420  (Vancou- 
ver).—Law.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1868,  94  (Costa  Kica).— v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  O.  1869,  294 
(Costa  Rica).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 32, 299.— Coop.  Pr.  Cal.  Acad.  1870,  75. -Coop. 
B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  96.— Stev.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sarv.  Terr,  for  1870,  1871,  463.— Coues,  Key,  1872, 
107.— Salv.  Ibis,  3d  ser.  ii.  1872,  149  ( monographic).  -M err.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sarv.  Terr,  for 
1872, 1873, 713.— Coojp.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  16.—Trippeapud  Coues,  BNW.  1874,  232.— 
B.  B.  <£  E.  NAB.  i.  1874,  303,  pi.  15,  f.  4, 5.-Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  59,  75,  103.— 
Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875, 156.—  Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  205. 

Geotblypis  macgillivrayii,  S.  <&  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  10  (Guatemala).— Aiken,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv. 
1872, 197. 

Geothlypis  macgillivraii,  Scl.  PZS.  1859, 363  (Xalapa) ;  373  (Oaxaca). 

Geothlj  pis  mcGilllvrayl,  Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 477. 

Geothlypis  Philadelphia  var.  macgillvrayi,  Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  July,  1872,  175  (Colo, 
rado).— Ridgw.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  Dec.  1872,  459.— Bidgw.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873, 180.— 
Allen,  Pr.  Bosk  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  52  (Dakota).— Yarr.  &  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874, 
10.— Hensh.  ibid.  42.— Nelson,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875, 339, 357  (Utah  and  California). 

Geothlypis  Philadelphia  b.  macgillivrayi,  Coues,  BNW.  1874, 75. 

Sylvia  tolmo-i,  Towns.  Jonrn.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839, 149  (read  April  2, 1839) ;  also,  pp.  153, 
159  (read  Sept.  10, 1839 ;  the  vol.  for  1839  not  pub.  till  1840). 

Trichas  tolmiei,  Towns.  Narr.  1839, 343.— Heerm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  ii.  1853, 263.— Henry, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  309. 


SYNONYMY    OF    GEOTHLYPIS    PHILADELPHIA         313 

Trichas  tolmaei,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840, 460. 
Trichas  tolmieii,  Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859, 40. 
Sylvia  vegeta,  Licht.  "Mus.  Berol."  (cf.  J.f.0. 1861,84). 
Trichas  vegeta,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 310. 

McGillivray's  Warbler,  McGillivray's  Ground  Warbler,  Tolmie's  Ground  Warbler, 
Authors. 

HAB.— Middle  and  Western  Provinces  of  the  United  States,  and  British 
Columbia.  East  to  the  limit  of  arboreal  vegetation  along  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains. South  in  winter  through  Mexico  to  Central  America  (Guatemala  and 
Costa  Rica).  Breeds  throughout  its  United  States  range. 

OH.  SP. — $  9  OUvaceuSj  infrti  Jlavus;  capite  et  collo  cano- 
plumbeis,  palpebris  albis. 

$  9  :  Upprr  parts,  including  exposed  surfaces  of  wings  and  tail,  clear  olive- 
green  ;  below  bright  yellow,  shaded  with  olive  on  the  sides.  Head  and  neck 
all  around,  and  throat  and  fore  breast  clear  ashy,  the  eyelids  white,  and  the 
loral  region  usually  dusky,  the  throat  with  blackish  centres  to  the  feathers, 
veiled  by  their  gray  skirting.  Upper  mandible  blackish  ;  under  mandible 
and  feet  flesh-colored  or  pale  yellowish.  Length,  5£ ;  extent,  7f-8 ;  wing 
and  tail  each  about  2J. 

Unlike  the  species  of  the  G.  trichas  group,  the  sexes  in  the  present  case  are 
nearly  alike,  the  chief  difference  between  the  adults  being  in  the  paler  and 
more  hoary  ash  of  the  throat  of  the  $ ,  without  any  of  the  concealed  black. 
In  autumn,  both  sexes  have  the  head  more  or  less  glossed  with  an  extension 
of  the  olive  of  the  back. 

This  bird  differs  chiefly  from  G.  Philadelphia,*  its  Eastern  representative, 

*Geothlypis  Philadelphia,— Mourning  Warbler. 

Sylvia  Philadelphia,  Wils.  AO.  ii.  1810,  101,  pi.  14,  f.  6.— V.  Ency.  Me~th.  ii.  1823,  449,  n. 

105.— .Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 189.—  Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  85.— Nutt. 

Man.  i.  1832,  404.— Brew.  Journ.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1837,  436.— And.  OB.  v.  1839,  78.— Pedb. 

Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839, 312.— Thomps.  N.  H.  Vermont,  1853,  App.  23. 
Trichas  Philadelphia,  Jard.  "  ed.  Wilt-.  1832  ".—Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  1836, 1837, 

172.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  20  (includes  Oporornis  agilis).—Aud.  Syn.  1839,  65.— And.  BA. 

ii.  1841, 76,  pi.  101.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1840, 459.-Gfr.  BLI.  1844, 65.— Gray,  G.  of  B.  L 1848, 

197.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  310.— Cabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heft  iii.  1852,  66  (Lake  Superior).— Hoy, 

Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  312  ( Wisconsin ).- Reinh.  Ved.  Meddel.  for  1853,  1854,  73 

(Greenland).—  Reinh.  J.  f.  O.  1854,427  (Greenland).—  Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc. 

i.  1855,  5e3.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,  226.—  Reinh.  Ibis,  iii.  1861,  6  (Greenland).— 

Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst,  vi.  1871, 114. 
Trichas  philadelphica,  Wtttis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 1859, 282  (Nova  Scotia).— Hoy,  Smiths. 

Rep.  for  1864, 1865, 438  (Missouri). 
Geothlypis  Philadelphia,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  243;  ed.  of  18CO,  pi.  79,  f.  3.—  Wheat.  Ohio  Agric. 

Rep.  for  1860,  1861, 373.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vii.  1861,  322  (New  Granada).— 8cL 

Cat.  AB.  1861,  27  (Orizaba).— A  lien,  Pr.  Ess.  lust  iv.  1864,  59  (Massachusetts).— Bd. 

Rev.  AB.  1865,  226.— Dress.  Ibis,  2d  aer.  i.  1865,  476  (Texas).— tfamlin,  Rep.  Sec'y 

Maine  Board  Agric.  1865  (Waterville,  Me.,  breeding).— Mcllwr.  Pr.  ESP.  InsL  v. 

1866,  85  (Canada  "West).  —  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  2fe3.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye. 

N.  Y.  ix.  1868, 94  (Costa  Rica).-<7<m«?,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868, 269.— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii. 

1868, 175.— Butch.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xx.  1868, 149  (Laredo,  Tex.).— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 

xii.  1868,  110  (South  Carolina).— v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  O.  1869,  294  (Costa  Rica).— Turrib.  B. 

E.  Pa.  1869,  23;   Phila.  ed.   16.— Mayn.  Guide,    1870,   99  (Massachusetts).— Wyatt, 

Ibis,  3d  eer.  i.  1871,  322  (Ocana).—  Mayn.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  362  (New  Hamp- 

shire  and  Maine).— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  126  (Kansas).—  Salv.  Ibis,  3d  ser.  ii. 

1872,  149  (monographic)  —Coues,  Key,  1872, 107.— Ridgw.  Am.  Journ,  Sci.  1872,459.— 


314          HABITS  OF  MACGILLIVRAY'S  WARBLER 

in  having  white  eyelids,  and  in  never  showing  a  decided  black  patch  on  the 
breast,  which  is  conspicuous  in  highly  plumaged  males  of  the  other  form. 
Whether  we  are  to  regard  it  as  a  good  species  or  as  a  geographical  race, 
seems  to  have  settled  into  a  matter  of  individual  preference  in  nomenclature. 

IN  the  United  States,  the  two  species  or  varieties  of  the 
Mourning  Warbler  are  separated  by  a  considerable  inter- 
val— that  of  the  treeless  Plains,  where  neither  occurs.  The 
same  is  the  case,  for  aught  we  have  learned  to  the  contrary, 
throughout  Mexico,  where  the  Philadelphia  has  not  been  found. 
In  Central  America,  however,  the  two  come  together,  and  both 
are  recorded  from  Costa  Eica.  Throughout  the  wooded  and 
watered  regions  of  the  West,  from  the  eastern  slopes  of  the 
Eockies  quite  to  the  Pacific,  and  north  at  least  to  British  Co- 
lumbia, Macgillivray's  Warbler  is  sometimes  as  common  as  the 
Maryland  Yellow-throat  is  in  the  East,  and  decidedly  outnum- 
bers the  latter  in  its  own  region.  It  appears  to  breed  fairly 
over  the  whole  of  this  great  extent  of  country,  wherever  suita- 
able  shrubbery  and  underbrush  grow.  I  think  it  has  not  been 
shown  to  winter  over  our  border,  although  it  may  very  possibly 
do  so  in  the  warmer  parts  of  Southern  California,  as  suggested 
by  Dr.  Cooper,  and  in  corresponding  localities  in  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico.  It  has  been  traced  through  Mexico  to  Costa  Eica 
and  Guatemala,  where  Mr.  Salvin  found  that  it  was  a  common 
bird  in  certain  districts.  I  observed  its  arrival  about  Fort 
Whipple,  where  it  is  a  not  very  common  summer  resident,  during 
the  latter  part  of  April,  and  occasionally  noticed  it  until  late  in 
September.  Henshaw  has  seen  it  in  the  same  Territory  and  in 
each  of  the  three  neighboring  ones,  and  found  that  any  patch 
of  shrubbery  or  tangled  growth  of  bushes  may  be  selected  as 
a  summer  home  by  one  or  more  pairs,  from  the  lower  valleys 
up  to  an  altitude  of  about  9,000  feet.  In  Eastern  Colorado, 

Eidgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873, 199.— Goues,  BNW.  1874,  75.— B.  B.  <£  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 301, 
pi.  15,  f.  6.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440.— Gentry,  Life-Hist.  i.  1876, 157.— ffinot, 
B.  N.  Engl.  1877,  fft.-Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 23. 

Fanvette  petit-deull,  V.  1.  c.  1823. 

Mourning  Warbler,  Mourning  Ground-warbler,  Authors. 

HAB. — Eastern  Province  of  the  United  States  and  British  America,  casually 
to  Greenland.  West  to  Kansas,  Missouri,  and  Dakota.  South  to  Costa  Rica 
and  New  Granada,  but  no  Mexican  nor  West  Indian  quotations.  No  United 
States  wintering  record.  Breeds  in  the  northern  portions  of  its  habitat,  as 
New  England,  and  very  abundantly  in  Minnesota  and  Eastern  Dakota. 
Common  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  but  rare  along  the  Atlantic  States.  (See 
"Birds  of  the  Northwest",  p.  75,  for  other  items.) 


HABITS  OF  MACGILLIVRAY'S  WARBLER          315 

Tdppe  noted  its  arrival  in  May,  arid  its  disappearance  in  Sep- 
tember or  even  in  August 5  it  is  there  common,  he  states,  up  to 
about  the  altitude  just  given,  and  closely  resembles  the  Mourn- 
ing Warbler  in  its  habits. 

I  am  myself  not  very  familiar  with  the  traits  of  this  species, 
excepting  one,  namely,  its  timidity  and  love  of  seclusion  during 
the  breeding  season,  for  I  have  never  seen  it  under  other  cir- 
cumstances, and  its  shyness  stands  greatly  in  the  way  of  close 
acquaintance.  I  usually  had  to  wait  when  I  wanted  to  secure 
a  specimen  until  the  bird  had  recovered  from  the  first  alarm, 
which  sent  it  into  the  closest  cover  j  then,  watching  narrowly, 
I  might  see  it  again,  creeping  furtively  about  to  get  a  better 
look  at  the  cause  of  the  trouble,  and  perhaps  to  scold  about  it. 
I  do  not  remember  to  have  ever  seen  a  Macgillivray's  Warbler 
more  than  a  few  feet  from  the  ground,  nor  elsewhere  than  in 
thick  brush  ;  but  the  Mourning  Warbler,  which  1  once  closely 
studied  in  June,  along  the  Eed  Eiver  of  the  North,  where  it  was 
breeding  abundantly,  has  a  habit  of  clambering  up  quite  high 
trees  to  forage  and  sing  while  its  mate  is  nestling  below.  I 
scarcely  think,  however,  that  there  is  any  material  difference  in 
the  habits  of  the  two  species.  As  to  the  song  of  Macgillivray's 
Warbler,  I  have  nothing  to  say,  for  if  I  ever  heard  it,  I  have 
forgotten  what  it  is  like,  and  I  am  writing  far  away  from  any 
chance  of  refreshing  my  memory.  Nearly  all  that  has  ever  been 
said  on  this  score,  however,  lies  before  me  on  the  table  as  I 
write.  Townsend,  who  discovered  the  bird  on  the  Columbia 
Eiver,  says  it  warbles  a  very  sprightly  and  pleasant  little  song, 
raising  its  head  until  its  bill  is  almost  vertical,  swelling  its 
throat  in  the  manner  of  its  relatives.  Nuttall,  whose  ear  for 
bird  music  was  certainly  unlike  any  one's  else,  is  more  elaborate 
in  his  description.  He  speaks  of  a  "  loud  snapping  clink  "  which 
is  uttered  when  the  bird  is  skulking  off,  shy  and  jealous ;  he 
likens  another  note  to  the  "hurried  rattling  sound  of  Turdus 
aurocapillus" ;  another  male  "  called  out  at  intervals  vish  visktyu, 
changing  to  vitvit vitvityu";  another  still  "had  a  call  of  visht 
vislit,  visht  e  visht  fshew  " — and  so  forth.  One  late  writer  alludes 
to  a  "complete  loss  of  musical  power"  that  Macgillivray's 
Warbler  has  suffered  in  comparison  with  the  Mourning  Warbler; 
another  likens  its  notes  to  those  of  the  Maryland  Yellow-throat ; 
and  another  writes  of  its  "sweet  notes"  and  of  the  "warbling 
melody"  occasionally  poured  forth,  "almost  unrivalled  in  sweet- 
ness by  that  of  any  other  of  the  forest  songsters".  Evidently 


316  THE    GENUS   ICTERIA 

the  differences  of  musical  critics  are  as  hard  to  reconcile  in  some 
cases  as  in  certain  others  with  which  we  are  all  familiar  ;  but 
I  have  no  doubt  the  bird  sings  very  well  indeed. 

Many  nests  of  this  bird  have  come  to  the  notice  of  natural- 
ists. They  are  usually  built  on  the  ground  in  close  covert, 
though  said  to  be  sometimes  placed  in  a  bush  a  foot  or  so  high — 
in  one  instance,  given  by  Nuttall,  "near  the  ground,  in  the  dead 
mossy  limbs  of  a  fallen  oak,  and  further  partly  hidden  by  a  long 
tuft  of  Usnea".  The  shape  differs  much  according  to  the  situ- 
ation, the  ground-built  specimens  being  quite  broad  and  flattish, 
not  more  than  half  as  high  as  wide,  with  a  shallow  cavity,  and 
quite  uniformly  thick  walls.  Those  placed  in  bushes  were  more 
cup-like.  Some  have  been  described  as  consisting  almost  en- 
tirely of  mosses;  others,  among  them  one  I  examined,  are  built  of 
various  soft,  fibrous  materials,  especially  bark-strips  and  frayed- 
out  plant-stems,  with  fine  grasses,  mostly  circularly  arranged,  and 
lined  with  slender  rootlets.  The  eggs,  four  or  five  in  number, 
are  white,  doubtless  with  a  flesh-tint  when  fresh,  and  are  vari- 
ously blotched,  in  a  wholly  irregular  manner,  with  very  dark 
brown,  almost  blaekish ;  and  further  spotted  and  smirched  with 
several  shades  of  lighter,  more  reddish-brown,  together  with  the 
usual  shell-markings  of  undefinable  neutral  tint.  Some  of  the 
blotches,  especially  the  darker  ones,  are  remarkably  large ;  and 
the  whole  aspect  of  the  egg  is  different  from  that  usually  seen 
in  this  family,  where  fine  speckling  with  reddish  is  the  rule. 
The  eggs  I  describe  were  collected  by  Mr.  Eidgway  in  Nevada, 
and  I  presume  there  is  no  question  of  their  identification.  The 
extremes  measure  0.70x0.50  and  0.65x0.52.  As  the  bird  ranges 
so  widely  in  the  breeding  season,  the  period  of  laying  must  vary; 
but  June  appears  to  be  the  usual  time.  We  are  not  informed 
whether  more  than  one  brood  may  be  reared  by  the  same  pair 
during  a  summer.  Fully  fledged  birds  have  been  seen  by  the 
21st  of  July. 

Genus  ICTERIA  Vieillot 

Icterla,  Vimll.  OAS.  i.  1807,  pp.  iii.  and  85.    (Type  Mu*ciw,pa  viridis  Gm.) 
Jctcriu,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 63,  and  some  other  German  writers. 
Peteria,  Hoy,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  309.    (Typographical  error.) 

CHARS. — Bill  stout,  high  at  the  base  (higher  than  broad  at 
nostrils),  thence  compressed;  unnotched,  unbristled,  with  much 
curved  culmen  and  commissure.  Frontal  feathers  reaching  the 
nostrils,  which  are  subcircular  and  scaled.  Wings  much 
rounded,  shorter  or  not  longer  than  the  graduated  tail.  Tarsus 


THE    GENUS   ICTERIA  317 

partly  booted,  longer  than  middle  toe;  feet  stout.  Inner  toe 
cleft  to  the  degree  usually  seen  in  this  family.  Of  largest  size 
for  this  family.  Form  stout.  Coloration  simple,  chiefly  olive, 
yellow  and  white.  Nest  in  bushes.  Eggs  white,  spotted. 

This  is  a  genus  which  was  usually  assigned  to  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  Vireos  and  Shrikes  until  Baird  referred  it  to 
Sylvicolidce,  and  some  of  the  leading  systematists  retain  it  in 
the  former  association.  The  structure  of  the  wing  and  foot, 
however,  is  rather  Sylvicoline  than  Yireonine,  and  may  serve 
to  turn  the  balance  in  favor  of  the  present  assignment.  There  is 
no  very  closely  related  North  American  genus;  but  Granatellus,* 
from  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  and  the  Cuban  Teretristis, 
are  near  extralimital  allies. 

Only  one  species  of  Icteria  can  be  regarded  as  established 
among  the  several  indicated  by  authors;  and  as  the  habits  of 
the  two  recognized  races  are  the  same,  a  sketch  of  the  genus 
may  include  those  notices  that  will  enable  me  to  confine  the 
account  of  the  Western  race  to  its  specialties. 

Chats  being  abundant  birds,  conspicuous  for  their  bright  col- 
oring and  the  singularity  of  their 
habits,  they  early  attracted  atten- 
tion. Catesby  may  have  been 
the  first  to  give  a  detailed  ac- 
count, with  a  figure;  though  I  do 
not  suppose  that  earlier  reference 
to  the  Eastern  species  is  not  to 

be  found.     His  notice  is  the  basis,    FIG.  41.- Yellow-breasted  Chat,  natural 

wholly  or  in  part,  of  many  sub-  8ize* 

sequent  ones,  and  is  especially  noteworthy  in  the  fact  that 
upon  it  is  primarily  grounded  the  original  LinnaBan  name  of 
the  bird,  Turdus  virens,  the  latter  half  of  this  term  having 
been  lately  and,  I  think,  properly  revived  by  Baird,  though 
the  specific  name  viridis,  from  Gmelin's  Muscicapa  viridis,  has 
been  oftener  employed.  Bartram  and  Wilson  both  bestowed 
generic  and  specific  names  of  their  own ;  and  Vieillot  renamed 
the  bird  in  1807,  inventing  the  two  terms  of  his  new  designa- 
tion. In  later  times,  there  have  been  other  and  less  unques- 
tionable names;  for  the  Mexican  bird  was  renamed  by  both 
Lichtenstein  and  Bonaparte.  It  is  somewhat  uncertain  to 
which  race  of  the  species  these  names  apply;  but  it  is  most 
probable  that  they  indicate  simply  the  resident  Mexican  indi- 

*  For  monographic  sketch,  cf.  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 230 ;  Scl  PZS.  1864, 607. , 


318  HABITS    OF    CHATS 

viduals  of  true  virens,  rather  than  the  grayer  and  longer- 
tailed  form  later  called  longicauda  by  Lawrence. 

The  common  Chat  is  a  migratory  bird  of  general  diffusion 
during  the  movement  and  in  the  breeding  season  throughout 
the  Eastern  United  States,  as  far  north  at  least  as  Massachu- 
setts and  Dakota,  though  it  is  not  abundant  north  of  the  Mid- 
dle States.  Wherever  Chats  may  be  found,  they  are  of  this 
species,  excepting  in  the  Middle  and  Western  Provinces.  No 
Chats  are  known  in  the  West  Indies;  but  the  birds  migrate  in 
the  fall  beyond  our  limits,  through  Mexico  and  into  Central 
America.  On  their  return,  they  reach  the  Middle  districts 
usually  the  latter  part  of  April,  and  complete  their  migration 
by  the  early  part  of  the  month  following ;  they  remain  until 
about  the  middle  of  September,  when,  after  rearing  their  one 
or  two  broods,  they  betake  themselves  away.  It  is  difficult  to 
observe  their  arrival  with  precision,  unless  the  collector  is  care- 
fully on  the  watch  for  them,  for  they  come  furtively,  and  for 
some  little  time  keep  most  sedulously  concealed  in  their  favor- 
ite retreats  amidst  dense  shrubbery.  Such  period  of  conceal- 
ment probably  corresponds  to  the  interval  between  the  arrival 
of  the  males  and  the  following  after  of  their  more  dilatory 
mates,  which  may  be  several  days  or  even  a  week.  Their  man- 
ner of  migration  is  somewhat  uncertain  ;  we  do  not  know  that 
they  ever  make  long-continued  flights  overhead,  and  rather  pre- 
sume that  they  come  skulking  through  the  bushes.  But  the 
fact  that  their  ordinary  flight  is  wayward,  desultory,  and  never 
long- con  tinned,  is  no  proof  that  the  emergency  of  the  migration 
does  not  develop  different  and  much  better  sustained  powers 
of  the  wing. 

However  this  may  be,  no  sooner  is  the  ardor  of  occasion  stim- 
ulated by  the  presence  of  the  females  than  the  gay  and  gaudy 
Chats  develop  those  eccentricities  that  make  them  famous. 
They  grow  too  restless  to  abide  the  covert  they  have  chosen 
for  their  home,  and  are  seen  incessantly  in  motion,  flitting  with 
jerky  movement  from  one  bush  and  brier-patch  to  another, 
giving  vent  to  long-pent  emotions  in  the  oddest  notes  imagina- 
ble. Such  a  medley  of  whistling,  chuckling,  barking,  and  mew- 
ing sounds  proceeds  from  no  other  bird,  unless  it  be  the  Mocking- 
bird itself,  to  whom  all  possibilities  of  song  are  open.  During 
such  performances,  the  Chats  seem  sedulous  to  keep  concealed, 
displaying  ingenuity  and  perversity  in  thwarting  our  best  efforts 
to  catch  them  at  their  tricks.  The  notes,  in  all  their  infinite 


HABITS    OF    CHATS  H19 

variety,  come  now  from  this  and  now  from  that  spot  in  the 
bushes,  shifting  from  point  to  point  as  we  peer  eagerly  into  the 
tangled  underbrush  to  catch  a  glimpse  of  the  tantalizing  musi- 
cian. Such  restlessness,  and  all  this  variation  in  the  rendering, 
have  much  the  effect  of  ventriloquism,  and  we  have  not  seldom 
to  acknowledge  that  the  Chat  has  fairly  beaten  us.  But  his 
coloring  is  brilliant  5  he  has,  moreover,  a  fancy  to  return  again 
to  some  particular  spot  already  chosen  as  his  stage ;  so  that  if 
we  discover  it,  and  keep  so  still  as  not  to  cause  the  bird  anxiety, 
nor  yet  to  rouse  his  ire,  we  shall  most  likely  see  him  take  his 
stand  again  to  swell  his  golden  throat  afresh  with  the  fantasy 
of  song. 

His  nuptial  song,  I  should  observe,  is  something  very  different 
from  the  medley  of  sounds,  not  all  of  which  are  pleasing,  that 
are  heard  when  each  Chat,  as  one  performer  in  the  orchestra, 
first  tunes  his  curious  pipe.  Such  prelude,  after  several  days7 
essay,  is  changed  into  the  rich,  voluminous  ode  with  which  the 
bird  inaugurates  a  new  order  of  events,  in  bursts  of  almost 
startling  eloquence  and  fervor.  For  the  nesting-place  is  fixed 
upon,  the  fabric  hastens  to  completion  j  and  the  exultant  bird, 
no  longer  constrained  to  the  lowliness  of  the  coverts,  mounts 
buoyantly  from  bough  to  bough  of  some  tall  sentinel  that 
guards  the  leafy  undergrowth,  to  sound  his  exultation  from  the 
very  tree-top.  Yet  once  more :  the  nest  now  bears  its  precious 
burden  ;  the  brooding  bird  assumes  her  patient  place,  and 
presses  down  her  golden  breast  upon  her  hopes.  Then  this 
strange  bird  goes  fairly  wild  with  joy ;  he  spurns  the  ground, 
the  favorite  singing-post  no  longer  bids  him  welcome,  he  rises 
on  the  wing,  and  in  mid-air  above  the  nest,  with  fluttering  pin- 
ions, down-stretched  legs,  and  open  beak,  he  poises,  hovers,  and 
performs  a  thousand  antics  in  the  sheer  abandon  of  his 
eccentricity. 

Such  are  the  Chat's  most  characteristic  actions  during  the 
heyday  of  his  life ;  and  when  we  see  him  cutting  such  capers, 
we  may  be  sure  the  nest  is  not  far  off.  It  is  one  of  the  birds- 
nests  most  easily  found — as  easily  as  a  Catbird's  or  a  Thrasher's. 
You  can  hardly  miss  it  if  you  go  carefully  through  the  brier- 
patch  or  blackberry  field,  the  tangle  of  smilax  and  grape-vine, 
or  the  old  pasture  grown  up  to  oak  bushes.  It  is  a  rather  bulky 
and  decidedly  primitive  affair,  set  in  the  bush  so  low  you  may 
usually  look  down  into  it,  and  made  up  of  withered  leaves, 
bark-strips,  rootlets,  and  hay — not  unlike  a  Catbird's, — smaller 


320  WESTERN    YELLOW-BREASTED    CHAT 

and  deeper  than  a  Thrasher's,  and  perhaps  more  compact  than 
either  of  these.  Besides,  you  may  know  it  by  the  eggs,  which 
are  more  globular,  brilliantly  white  or  pink-blushed,  prettily 
speckled  all  over  with  rich  reddish-brown  and  some  neutral-tint 
spots,  and  measuring  about  nine-tenths  of  an  inch  long  by  two- 
thirds  in  diameter — the  Catbird's  eggs  are  emerald-green,  while 
the  Thrasher's  are  elongated  and  speckled  in  a  different  way. 
The  eggs  are  commonly  lour  or  five  in  number  j  the  young  are 
said  to  hatch  in  eleven  or  twelve  days,  and  to  remain  in  the 
nest  only  about  as  many  more.  Such  a  nest  and  eggs  as  I  have 
described  may  be  found  during  the  latter  part  of  May  and  in 
June,  in  the  Middle  districts ;  somewhat  earlier  and  at  subse- 
quent intervals  during  the  rest  of  the  summer,  at  least  in  the 
more  southerly  regions  the  bird  inhabits.  In  Pennsylvania, 
and  thence  northward,  one  brood  each  season  is  the  rule, 
perhaps  without  exception. 

Notwithstanding  its  vivacity  and  ardor,  the  Chat  seems 
rather  a  delicately  organized  bird,  susceptible  to  cold  j  and  it 
consequently  leaves  us  rather  early  in  the  fall.  As  to  its  food, 
we  remark  that  it  is  insectivorous,  like  all  of  its  family,  but 
that  it  feeds  much  upon  small  soft  fruits,  such  as  strawberries, 
blackberries,  and  huckleberries.  Several  stomachs  of  the  bird 
which  were  examined  by  Mr.  Gentry  with  reference  to  this 
matter  contained  coleopterous  insects  of  numerous  kinds, 
butterflies  and  moths  with  their  larvae,  spiders,  ants,  and  other 
insects. 

The  Western  Yellow-breasted  Chat 

Icteria  virens  longicnnda 

a.  virens 

Turdus  virens,  L.  SN.  i.  1758, 10th  ed.  171,  n.  16  (Catesby,  i.  50). 

Icteria  virens,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  228.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  ix.  1868, 95  (Costa  Rica).— 
Sumich.  Mem.  Bost,  Soc.  i  1869,  54  (Vera  Cruz).— v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  O.  1869,  294  (Costa 
Rica).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ix.  1869,  200  (Yucatan).— Turrib.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  23; 
Phila.  ed.  16.— ?  Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  175.— Goues,  Key,  1872,  108,  f.  48.— Scott, 
Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xv.  1872, 222.— Allen,  Am.  Nat  vi.  1872, 265.— Pur  die,  Am.  Nat  rii.  1873, 
692,  693.— Ridgw.  Am.  Nat  vii.  1873,  198.— Allen,  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xvii.  1874, 52  (Dakota 
and  Montana).— Ooues,  BNW.  1874,77.— B..B.  <6  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  307,  fig.  pi.  15,  f.  12.— 
Brew.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xvii.  1875, 440.— Gentry,  Life-Hist  i.  1876, 160.—  Minot,  B.  N.  Engl. 
1877, 132.-Merr.  Tr.  Conn.  Acad.  1877, 24. 

Mnsclcapa  viridis,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  936,  n.  35  (Briss.  and  Gates.).— Lath.  10.  ii.  1790, 482,  n. 
58.  -Turt.  SN.  i.  1806, 574.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 356. 

Icteria  viridis,  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1825,  252.—  Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  69.- 
Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,299.—  And.  OB.  ii.  1834,  223;  v.  1839,  433;  pi.  137.— Bp.  PZS.  1837, 
111  (Mexico).— Bp.  CGL.  1838, 25.-Pea6.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839, 297  (occasional).— Aud. 
Syn.  1839, 163,-Nutt.  Man.  2d  ed.  1840, 339.— Aud.  BA.  iv.  1842, 160,  pi.  244.— Gir.  BLI. 
1844,  162.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  331.— Read,  ibid.  397  (Ohio).—?  Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  Zufii, 


SYNONYMY    OF   I.    VIRENS   LONGICAUDA  321 

1853,  73.—  Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  582.— Pratten,  ibid.  603.— Maxim. 

J.  f.  O.  1858,  122.— Bd.  BN\.  1858, 248.— Cab.  J.  f.  O.  I860,  403  (Costa  Rica).— Barr,. 

Smiths.  Rep.  for  I860, 1861,  435.— Coues  dk  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  18C1, 1862, 406.— Allen, 

Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864, 59.— Scl.  PZS.  1804, 173  (City  of  Mexico).— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for 

1864,  1865,  W.-Lawr.  Ann. . Ly c.  N.Y.  viii.  1866,  285.- Coues,  Pr.  Bost,  Soc.  xii.  1868, 

110.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  186*,  270.—  Jackson,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  490.— Coop.  Am. 

Nat,  iii.  1869,  295,  477,  479  (Dakota).—  Abbott,  Am.  Nat  iv.  1870,  540.— S.  &  S.  PZS. 

1870,  836  (Honduras).— Trippc,  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xv.  1873, 234. 
Jcteria  viridis,  Cab.  MIL  i.  1850, 63. 

Peteria  viridis,  Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853, 309  (Wisconsin). 
Garrul us  aust  rails,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1st  Am.  ed.  1791. 290. 
Motacilla  trochilus,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1st  Am.  ed.  1791, 302  (nee  auct.). 
Icteria  dumicola,  V.  OAS.i.  1807,  85,  pi.  55.— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  702.— V.  Gal.  Ois.  i. 

1834,  119,  pi.  85. 

luteus,  "Sparrm."  (fide  Gray). 

Pipra  polyglotta,  Wilt.  AO.  i.  1803, 90,  pi.  6,  f.  l.—Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1825, 251. 

Tanagra  auricollis,  Licht.  ••  Preis-Verz.  Mex.  Vog.  1830, 2  " ;  J.  f.  0. 1863, 57. 

Icteria  auricoilis,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  sai.—Bp.  Compt.  Rend.  1854, 380, 382. 

Icteria  velasquezi,  Bp.  PZS.  1837, 117  (Guatemala).—^.  CA.  i.  18CO,  331.— Scl.  PZS.  1856, 

298  (Mexico).—  ScL  PZS.  1859,  363  (Xalapa),  375  (Oaxaca).— S.  &  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  12 

(Guatemala). 

Merle  verd  de  la  Caroline,  Buff.  "  Hist  Nat  Ois.  iii.  396  ". 
Turdus  pectore  luteo,  Klein.  "  Av. 69,  n.26". 
Merida  viridis  carolinensis,  Briss.  Om.  ii.  1760, 315,  n.  55. 

Yellow-breasted  Chat,  Uenantbe  americana  pectore  luteo,  Gates.  Car.  i.  1771, 50,  pi.  50. 
Chattering  Flycatcher,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  385,  n.  266.— Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt,  i.  1783,  350, 11. 48. 
icteric  dumicole,  V.  1.  c. 
Chat,  Yellow-breasted  Chat,  Yellow-breasted  Icteria,  Authors.  —Lyman,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 

1851,  67  (New  England,  breeding). 

b.  longicauda 

Icteria  viridis,  Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  153  (Northwestern  United  States).— 
Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1847, 157  (California).— Gamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1847, 
44  (California).— Heerm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  ii.  1853,  269  (California). -Henry,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855, 313  (New  Mexico). -Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xl  1859, 106  (New 
Mexico). 

Icteria  velasquezii,  Bd.  Stausb.  Rep.  GSL.  1852, 328  (California). 

Icteria  longicauda,  Lawr.  Ann.  Lyc.N.  Y.  vi.  1853,  4  (California).— Newb.  PRRR.  vi.  1857, 
81.— Bd.  BNA.  1858, 249 ;  ed.  of  1860,  pi.  34,  f.  2.—Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859, 191  (Cali- 
fornia).—Bd.  U.  S.  Mex.  B.  Surv.  ii.  pt  ii.  1859,  Birds,  10.- Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  55.— 
Scl.  Cat.  AB.  1861,  42.—Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862, 160.— Bd  Rev.  AB.  1865, 
230.— Coues,  Ibis,  2il  ser.  L  1865, 163.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  n.  — Coues,  Pr. 
Phila,  Acad.  xx.  1868,  83.— Coop.  Pr.  Cal.  Acad.  1870,  75.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870, 98.— 
Finsch,  Abhand.  Bremen,  1870, 331  (Mazatlan).— Coop.  Am.  Nat  iiL  1869,  4W.—Aiken, 
Pr.  Bost  Soc.  1872, 197.— Merr.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872, 1673, 674, 713. 

Icteria  virens  var.  longicauda,  Coues,  Key,  1872,  108.— B.  B.  <&  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  309.— 
Tarr.  &  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  10.—  Hensh.  ibid.  1874,  42,  103.— Her>*h.  List  B. 
Ariz.  1875, 156.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876, 206. 

Icteria  virens  b.  longicauda,  Coues,  BNW.  1874,77. 

HAB. — Middle  and  "Western  Provinces  of  the  United  States ;  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, and  Western  Mexico. 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Griseo-olivacea,  infra  flavo  et  albo  dimidiata ; 
loris  nigris,  strigd  maxillari  et  superciliary  necnon  palpebris, 
albis  ;  rostro  nigro-plumbeo. 

3  $  :  Entire  upper  parts,  including  exposed  surfaces  of  the  wings  and 
tail,  grayibh-olive.    Quills  of  the  wings  and  tail  fuscous.    Fore  half  of  body 
21  B  C 


322  THE   WESTERN    LONG-TAILED    CHAT 

below,  including  lining  of  the  wings,  rich  yellow ;  hinder  half  white,  shaded 
with  gray  on  the  sides.  Loral  region  black  ;  a  sharp  maxillary  line,  another 
from  nostril  over  the  eye,  and  the  under  eyelid,  white.  Bill  blackish-plum- 
beous; feet  plumbeous.  Length,  7£  or  more;  extent  about  10;  wing,  3; 
tail,  3*. 

There  is  very  little  difference  with  sex,  age,  or  season  in  this  bird,  except- 
ing in  the  purity  and  intensity  of  the  tints.  The  yellow  of  the  breast  is 
sometimes  heightened  to  orange,  or  may  show  golden  as  usual,  with  stains 
of  intense  orange  here  and  there.  Immature  specimens  have  the  under  man- 
dible light  plumbeous  or  plumbeous-white.  In  very  young  birds,  the  yellow 
may  appear  only  as  slashing  in  the  white,  and  the  peculiar  markings  of  the 
side  of  the  head  are  defective. 

This  form,  in  its  typical  manifestation,  such  as  is  presented  in  the  Colo- 
radan  region,  is  decidedly  different  from  true  virens  in  the  shade  of  the  upper 
parts— quite  grayish  instead  of  pure  olive-green.  But  in  both  cases  the 
shade  is  liable  to  variation.  In  the  dullest  colored  Coloradan  birds  there 
is  scarcely  a  tinge  of  olive  in  the  gray  of  the  upper  parts.  The  yellow  of 
the  breast  is  as  rich,  however,  as  that  of  the  Eastern  representatives.  As 
in  the  cases  of  so  many  other  birds  from  the  same  region,  the  tail  averages 
longer  than  that  of  Eastern  representatives  of  the  same  species. 

THE  best  examples  of  the  Western  or  Long-tailed  Chat  come 
from  the  arid  regions  of  the  Great  Basin,  and  the  Colorado 
watershed  in  general,  the  bird  being  there  usually  duller  colored 
than  it  is  about  the  confines  of  its  range.  Birds  more  or  less 
properly  referable  to  this  form,  however,  occur  throughout  the 
Middle  and  Western  Provinces  of  the  United  States,  and  also 
in  Western  Mexico,  though  the  ordinary  Mexican  bird  is  rather 
I.  virens.  Owing  to  the  remarkable  surface-irregularities  of  the 
region  this  race  inhabits,  its  movements  can  scarcely  be  traced 
with  the  precision  we  have  acquired  in  noting  the  passages  of 
the  Eastern  relative,  and  can  only  say  in  general  terms  that  the 
movements  of  the  two  are  correspondent.  We  hear  of  arrivals 
in  Southern  California,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico  by  the 
middle  or  latter  part  of  April  ;  of  nests  within  a  month  subse- 
quently; and  of  departures  in  September.  Such  dates  corre- 
spond with  my  observations  at  Fort  Whipple,  and  may  be  used 
for  calculation.  In  these  latitudes,  it  ascends  mountains  prob- 
ably not  higher  than  about  9,000  feet,  and  is  generally  distrib- 
uted at  all  lower  levels.  It  is  said,  doubtless  rightly,  to  extend 
to  the  Columbia  and  Upper  Missouri  region,  but  it  is  certainly 
less  abundant  in  the  northerly  portions  of  its  range  than  in  the 
latitudes  of  Colorado,  Utah,  Nevada,  and  southward.  Our  in- 
formation respecting  its  dispersion  in  winter  is  deficient ;  one 
author  ascribes  a  winter  range  extending  to  the  vicinity  of 
Sacramento,  California,  but  it  may  be  doubted  that  any  of  these 


THE    GENUS    MYIODIOCTES  323 

birds  winter  much  if  any  over  our  Mexican  border.  The  full 
extent  of  their  dispersion  in  Western  Mexico  remains  to  be 
ascertained,  our  advices  from  that  country,  excepting  Lower 
California,  being  altogether  insufficient.  I  saw  nothing  during 
my  acquaintance  with  the  bird  to  indicate  any  peculiarity  of 
character  or  habits  in  comparison  with  its  Eastern  congener, 
and  the  experience  of  others  is  to  the  same  effect. 

Genus  MYIODIOCTES  Audubon 

Wllsonia,  Bp.  CGL.  1838, 23.    (Preoccupied  in  botany ;  used  also  in  entomology.) 

Myiofl fortes,  And.  Syn.  1839,  48.    (Type  Motadlla mitrata  Gm.)—Bd.  BNA.  1858, 291.— Bd. 

Rev.  AB.  1865, 238.— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 313. 
Myioctonus,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 18.    (Same  type.) 

CHARS. — Bill  Muscicapine,  though  with  the  lateral  outlines 
a  little  concave,  broad  and  depressed  at  the  base,  with  many 
obvious  rictal  bristles  reaching  decidedly  beyond  the  nostrils  ; 
culmen  and  commissure  nearly  straight.  Wings  pointed,  as  in 
most  Sylvicolidce,  longer  than  the  tail,  the  1st  quill  longer  than 
the  5th,  the  3d  equalling  or  exceeding  the  4th.  Tail  narrow, 
even  or  little  rounded.  Middle  toe  without  claw  about  three- 
fifths  as  long  as  the  tarsus.  Coloration  indeterminate.  Tail 
unmarked,  or  with  white  blotches  as  in  Dendrceca.  No  red  or 
flame-color;  always  yellow  below. 

This  genus  comprehends  three  or  four  species,  well  distin- 
guished by  the  development  of  the  rictal  bristles  and  the 
depressed  shape  of  the  bill,  though  the  Muscicapine  characters 
are  not  pushed  to  the  extreme  seen  in  Selophaga.  The  tail  is 
narrow,  lacking  the  fan-shaped  contour  of  that  of  Setophaga, 
and  the  feet  are  stouter,  with  longer  toes.  In  Cardellina,  a  near 
ally,  the  bill  is  narrow  and  conoidal,  somewhat  Parine  in  appear- 
ance, with  curved  culmen.  In  Basileuterus,  and  in  fact  in  all 
the  extralimital  forms  of  the  Flycatching  Warblers,  the  wing 
is  rounded,  with  the  1st  quill  shorter  than  the  5th. 

All  the  recognized  species  of  Myiodi>ctes  are  natives  of  the 
United  States;  only  one,  however,  is  known  to  occur  in  the 
Colorado  Valley.  The  others  are  as  follows : — 

Myiodioctes  canadensis.— Canadian  Flycatching:  Warbler. 

MuSCicapa  canadensls,  L.  SN.  i.  1766,  327,  n.  13  (Briss.  ii.  406,  pi.  39,  f.  4).— Gm.  SN.  i.  1788, 
937,  n.  l3.-Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  575.— Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790, 484,  n.  65.— Wils.  AO.  iii.  1811,  100, 
pL  26,  f.  2.—  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  350.— F.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823,  810.— Bp.  Journ. 
Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  178.— And.  OB.  ii.  1834,  17,  pi.  103.— Brew.  Journ.  Boat,  Soc.  i. 
1837, 436.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  W7.—Thomps.  Vermont,  1853, 77. 

Setophaga  canadcnsis,  "Sw."—Jard.  "ed.  Wila.  1832  ".—Rich.  Rep.  Brit  Asaoc.for  1836, 
1837, —.—Gray,  "G.  of  B."— Cabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heft  iii.  1852,  66.—  Hoy,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad. 
vi.  1853. 309. 


324  SYNONYMY    OF    MYIODIOCTES    CANADENSIS 

Myiodioctes  canadensis,  And.  Syn.  1839, 49.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  14,  pi.  1<2.-Sd.  PZS.  1854, 
111  (Quijos).— Scl.  PZS.  1855, 143  (Bogota).— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856, 206  (Massachu- 
setts, in  summer).— Dry.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  116  (Nova  Scotia).— Scl.  PZS.  1858, 
64  <Rio  Napo);  451  (Ecuador). —Bd.  BNA.  1858,  294.— 8.  <£•  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  11  (Guate- 
mala).— Willis,  Smiths.  Hep.  for  1858, 1859, 282  (Nova  Scotia).— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for 
1860, 1861,  436.— Coues  &  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  409.— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst. 
iii.  1862, 147.— Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1S6-2,  125.— L'.wr.  Aun.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vii.  1862, 
468  (New  Granada).— Blak.  Ibis.  v.  1863,  63  (Saskatchewan).— Dress.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i. 
1865, 478  (Texas).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  239.— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  £6.—La,wr. 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  285.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1868,95  (Costa  Rica).— 
Trippe,  Am.  N"at.  ii.  1868, 176.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  111.  —  Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst. 
v.  1868, 274.—  v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  0. 1869, 294  (Costa  Rica).— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 261 ;  Phila. 
ed.  19.— Cope,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  395,  396.— Mayn.  Guide,  1870, 105.—  Mayn.  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  xiv.  1872,369.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  109,  f.  51.— Packard,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  271.— 
B.  B.  <6  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  320,  pi.  16,  f.  6.— Coues,  BNA.  1874,  80  —Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
xvii.  1875, 440.  -Gentry,  Life-Hist.  i.  1876, 169.—  Minot,  B.  K  Engl.  1877,  127. 

Euthlypis  canadensis,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 18  (not  type).— Cab.  J.  f.  0. 1863, 326  (Costa  Rica).— 
Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864, 65. 

Sylvia  pardalina,  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 179.— 
Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826, 79.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 
irtl.—Linsley,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  xliv.  1843,  256.— 
Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  App.  23. 

Sylvicola  pardalina,  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  22.— Read,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853,  398.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
vi.  1856,  5  (rest  and  eggs). 

Myiodioctes  pardalina,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 315. 

Myodioctes  pardalina,  Pratten,  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc. 
1855, 601. 

Muscicapa  bonapartii,  And.  OB.  i.  1831, 27,  pi.  5  (young). 

Setophaga  bonapartii,  Sw.  rf  Rich.  Fn.  Bor.  Am.  ii. 

1831,  225,  pi.  47. -Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1836,   FlG-  42,-Canadian   Flycatching 
1837, 172.  Warbler,  natural  size. 

Wilsonia  bonapartii,  Bp.  CGL.  1838, 23. 

Myiodioctes  bonapartii,  And.  Syn.  1839,  49.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841,  17,  pi.  73.— Bd.  BNA. 
1858,  295. 

Sylvan  iii  bonapartii,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  23  ed.  1840,332. 

Setophaga  nigro-cincta,  Lafres.  Rev.  Zool.  1843, 292 ;  1844, 79. 

Gobe-mouche  cendre  de  Canada,  Muscicapa  canadensis  cincrea,  Briss.  On.  ii.  1760, 406, 
n.  25,  pi.  39,  f.  4  (descr.  orig. ;  Canada). 

Canada  Flycatcher,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  i.  1783, 354,  n.  5.— Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 388,  n.  273. 

Moucberolle  du  Canada,  Le  Moiue,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 163. 

Canadian  Flycatching  Warbler,  Bonaparte's  Flycatching  Warbler,  Spotted  Fly- 
catcher,  Authors. 

HAB. — Eastern  North  America  and  the  British  Provinces.  West  only  to 
the  edge  of  the  Plains.  South  through  Mexico  and  Central  America  to 
Ecuador.  No  West  Indian  record'.  Breeds  from  the  Middle  States  occasion- 
ally, from  the  Northern  States  regularly,  northward ;  its  precise  limits  not 
ascertained,  but  perhaps  coinciding  with  limit  of  trees  (lat.  54°  N.,  Eichard- 
sow).  Winters  entirely  beyond  the  United  States.  Abundant  in  the  Atlantic 
States  during  the  migrations. 

Myiodioctes  mitratns.— Hooded  Flycatching-  Warbler. 

Motadlla  mitrata,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  977,  n.  128  (Briss.  iii.  578  ;  Buff.  v.  452,  PE.  666,  f.  2,  &c.).— 

Turt.  SN.  i.  1£08, 601.—  Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  418. 
Sylvia  mitrata,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  528,  n.  71.— F.  OAS.  ii.  1607,  23,  pi.  77.— F.  Nouv.Dict. 

d'Hist.  Nat.  xi.  1817, 203.-  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1624, 178.— Pp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. 

ii.  1^2S,  79,—^utt.  Man.  i.  1832, 373.— And.  OB.  ii.  1834,  68,  pi.  60. 


SYNONYMY    OF    MYIODIOCTES    MITRATUS  325 

Setophaga  mitratn,  Jard.  "ed.  Wils.  1832".— dray,  '"J.  of  B."— Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc. 

Adv.  Sci.  for  1836,  1837,  172.— D'Orb.  Ois.  Cuba,  1839,  89.— Boy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.vi. 

1853, 309  (Wisconsin).— Brew.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  vii.  1800, 307  (Cuba). 
Wilsonia  mitrata,  Bp.  CGL.  1838, 23.—  Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  lust.  iv.  1864, 83  (Massachusetts).— 

Atten,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1868,  516.— A  lien,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  175  (Kansas).— Scott, 

Pr.  Bost.  Soo.  xv.  1872, 223  (West  Virginia,  breeding). 
Sylvan iti  mitrata,  Nutt.  Man.  i.2ded.  1840,333.— Woodh.  Sitgr.Rep.  Zuni,  1853, 69.—  Head, 

Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vi.  1853, 397. 

Myiodioctes  mitrata,  And.  BA.  ii.  1841, 12,  pi.  11.— Bp.  C A.  i.  1850, 315. 
Myiodioctes  mi  (rat  us,  Aud.  Syn.  1839,  48.— Gir.  BLI.  1844,  47.— Scl.  PZS.  1856,  291  (Cor- 
dova).—Bd.  BNA.  1858, 292.— £  &  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859, 11  (Guatemala).— v.  Martens,  J.  f.  O. 

1859,  212  (Bermudas).— Bland,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  287  (Bermudas).— TayZor, 

Ibis,  ii.  1860,  110  (Honduras).— Oundl.  J.  f.  O.  1861,  326  (Cuba).— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep. 

for  1860, 1861,  436  (Pennsylvania).— Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for  1860, 1861, 364.—  S.  &  S. 

PZS.  1864,  347  (Panama).— Samuels,  Orn.  and  Ool.  N.  E.  245  (Connecticut).— Sam.  Cat. 

B.  Mass.  1864, 7  (Massachusetts  ?).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 239.—  Dress.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865, 

478  (San  Antonio).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  284.— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868, 

118.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868, 110.— Coues,  Pr.Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  275.— Lawr.  Ann. 

Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1869, 200  (Yucatan).— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  26 ;  Phila.  ed.  19.—  Sumich. 

Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869,  547  (Orizaba).— Abbott,  Am.  Nat,  iv.  1870,  543.— Cope,  ibid. 

395  —Coues,  Key,  1872,  109,  f.  49.— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1872,  419  (Cuba).— Purdie,  Am.  Nat. 

vii.  1873,  692.— Snow,  B.Kans.  1873,  5.—Trippe,Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  235  (Iowa).— 

Coues,  BNW.  1874,  78.— B.  B.  &  E.  NAB.  i.  1874,  314,  pi.  15,  f.  10,  11.— Brew.  Pr.  Boet. 

Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440  (Connecticut).— Gentry,  Life-Hist.  i.  1876,  165.— Merr.  Tr.  Conn. 

Acad.  i.  1877, 25  (Connecticut ;  abundant). 
Myodioctes  mitrata,  Pratten,  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 601. 
Myiidioctes  niitratus,  Sd.  PZS.  1858, 358  (Honduras). 
Myiodioctes  mitralus,  Cope,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870, 395. 
Myioctonus  mitratus,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 18  (type).— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1855, 472  (Cuba).— Gundl. 

J.  f.  O.  1861,  407  (Cuba). 
Sylvicola  mitrata,  Maxim.  J.  f.  0. 1858, 113. 
Muscicapa  cucullata,  WUs.  AO.  iii.  1811,  101,  pi.  26,  f.  3.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv. 

1824,  177. 

Muscicapa  pileata,  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 399  (=  Sylvia  mitrata  Lath.). 
Muscicapa  selbyii,  Aud.  ' '  OB.  i.  1831, 46,  pi.  9". 
Muscicapa  selbii,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 296. 

Hooded  Titmouse,  Parus  cucullo  nigro,  Catesby,  Car.i.  1771, 60,  pi.  60. 
Mesange  a  collier  de  la  Caroline,  Parus  carolinensis  torquatus,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  1760 

578,  n.  16. 
Gobe-mouche,  de  la  Louisiane,  name  on  PE.  666, 

f  2  (basis  of  Mot.  mitrata  var.  p.  Gm.). 
Gobe-mouche  citrin  de  la  Louisiane,  Buff.  "  Hist. 

Nat.  Ois.  iv.  538"  (PE.  666,  f.  2). 
Hooded  Warbler,  Perm.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  400,  n.  287.— 

Lath.  Syn.  ii  pt.  ii.  1783,  462,  n.  68. 
Setophaga  mitre,  D'Or&.  I.e. 
Fauvette  mitre'e,  V.  11.  cv.—Le  Maine,  Ois.  Canad. 

1861, 189. 

Hooded  Flycatcbing  Warbler,  Aud.  1.  c, 
Hooded  or  Mitred  Warbler,  Selby's  Sylvan  Fly- 
catcher, Mitred  Sylvan   Flycatcher,  Nutt.  FlG'  43.-Hooded  Flycatching  War- 

u  cc  bier,  natural  size. 

HAB. — Eastern  United  States,  rather  southerly ;  north  regularly  to  the 
Middle  States  and  the  Connecticut  Valley  (Linsley,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  1843, 
257  ;  Merriam,  1.  c.)  and  casually  to  ? Massachusetts  (Samuels,  I.  c.).  West  to 
Kansas.  Bermudas,  Cuba,  Jamaica.  Eastern  Mexico  and  Central  America. 
Breeds  at  large  in  its  United  States  range.  Winters  extralimital. 


326  SYNONYMY    OP    MYIODIOCTES   PUSILLUS 

«•  Myiodioctes  ?  minntus.— Small-headed  Flycatcher." 

Muscicapa  minuta,  Wils.  AO.  vi.  1812,  62,  pL  50,  f.  5.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1624, 
179.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 29C.— And.  OB.  v.  1839,  291,  pi.  434,  f.  2.— And.  Syn.  1839,  44.— 
Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  296  (Massachusetts,  auct.  Brewer).- And.  BA.  i.  1840, 
238,  pi.  67.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  i.  1856, 226. 

Sylvia  minuta,  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 197. 

Wilsonia  minuta,  Bp.  CGL.  1838, 23.— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864, 83.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii. 
1869,  577. 

Ketophaga  minuta,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836,  1837,  112.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  1853,  309  (Wisconsin). 

Myiodioctes  minutUS,  Bd.  BNA.  1858, 293.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  241.— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  18C9, 
53  ;  Phila.  ed.  42.— B.  B.  &  E.  NAB.  i.  1874, 316.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875, 440. 

Muscicapa  or  Myiodioctes  "  minuta  ",  Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868, 275. 

Sylvania  pumilia,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  334. 

Small-beaded  Flycatcher  of  Wilson  and  Audubon. 

Small-headed  Sylvan  Flycatcher,  Nutt.  1.  c.  183-2. 

HAB. — "Eastern  United  States." — The  above  synonymy  is  nearly  all  mere 
compilation,  the  several  authors,  excepting  Wilson,  Nuttall,  and  Audubon, 
not  claiming  to  know  the  species.  The  existence  of  any  such  bird  is  doubt- 
ful, and  its  reference  to  Myiodioctes  by  Baird  and  others  is  wholly  conjectural. 
Bonaparte  first  put  it  here,  i.  e.}  in  his  genus  Wilsonia,  but  in  1850  queerly 
identified  it  with  Empidonax  flaviventris  of  Baird.  The  history  of  the  bird 
begins  with  a  misunderstanding  between  Wilson  and  Audubon,  and  the  whole 
record  from  that  day  to  this  is  a  tissue  of  surmises. 

Wilson's  Green  Black-capped  Fly  catching 
Warbler 

Myiodioctes  pnsillus 

Muscicapa  pusilla,  Wils.  AO.  iii.  1811, 103,  pi.  26,  f.  4.—Bp.  Journ.  Phila,  Acad.  iv.  1824, 179, 
Wl.—Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  App.  22.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855,  308  (New 
Mexico).—  Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 1859, 281  (Nova  Scotia). 

Wilsonia  pusilla,  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  23.— AUen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864, 64.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ. 
iii.  1872, 175.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  346,  348. 

Sylvania  pusilla,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840, 335.— Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1847, 156  (Cali- 
fornia).— Gamb.  Jonrn.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1847, 38. 

Myiodioctes  pusilla,  Bp.  C  A.  i.  1850, 315. 

Myioctonus  pusillus,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 18. 

Myiodioctes  pUSillUS,  Scl.  PZS.  1856, 291.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  293.— Bd.  TL  S.  Mex.  B.  Surv.  ii. 
pt.  ii.  1859,  Birds,  10.— Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859, 39 — Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xL  1859, 191 
(California).— ScZ.  PZS.  1859,  363  (Xalapa).  —  8.  <&  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859, 11  (Guatemala).— Coop. 
&  Suck.  NHWT.  1860,  182.— Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  364.— Cab.  J.  f.  O. 
1860,  325  (Costa  Rica).— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  436.— Terr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst. 
iii.  1862, 147.— Coues  <&  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  409.— Blak.  Ibis,  v.  1863,  63 
(Mackenzie  River).— Lord,  Pr.  Roy.  Arty.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  115.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1665, 
240.— Coues,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  163.— Dress,  ibid.  478  (Texas).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye. 
N.T.  viii.  1866,  285.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  71  (Fort  Whipple).— Mcllwr.  Pr. 
Ess.  lust  v.  1866, 86.— Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868, 170, 175.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1868, 
83.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  274.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1868,  95  (Co^ta 
Rica).— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  111  (South  Carolina).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
1868,83  (Arizona).— Butch.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xx.  1868, 149  (Texas).— Dall  &  Bann.  Tr. 
Chicago  Acad.  i.  1869,  278  (Alaska).— v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  0. 1869, 294  (Costa  R  ca).— Turnb. 
B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  26;  Phila.  ed.  19.— Scl.  PZS.  1869,  374  (Oaxaca).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii. 
1869, 480.— Coop.  Pr.  Gal.  Acad.  1870, 75.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870, 101.— Salv.  PZS.  Is70, 183 
(Veragua).— Stev.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1870,  1871,  463.— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv. 
1872,  369.— Aiken,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 197.— Finsch,  Abh.  Nat.  iii.  1872,  36.— Coues, 
Key,  1872,  109,  f.  50.— Salv.  Ibis,  3d  ser.  iii.  1873, 334  (San  Domingo).— Ridgw.  Am.  Nat. 


CHARACTERS    OF   MYIODIOCTES   PUSILLUS  327 

vii.  1873,  608.— Merr.  TT.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  675,  713.— Coop.  Am.  Nat. 

viii.  1874, 16.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  79,  «32.— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  317,  pi.  16,  f.  3,  4.— 

Yarr.  &  Hensh.  Kep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874, 10.— Hensh.  ibid.  42, 103.— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz. 

1875,  156.— Nelson,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  343,  357.— Brew.  ibid.  440.— Hensh.  Zool. 

Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  Ml.— Gentry,  Life-Hist.  i.  1876,  161.~Minot,  B.  N.  Engl. 

1877, 129. 

Myiidioctes  pusillus,  Scl.  FZS.  1858, 299  (Parada). 
Motacilla  pileolata,  Pall.  ZEA.  i.  1831, 497. 
Myiodioctes  pusillus  var.  pileolatus,  Ridgw.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  1872, 457.— Ridgw.  Am.  Nat. 

vii.  1873,  608.— Coues,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  417.— B.  B.  &  U.  NAB.  i.  1874, 319. 
Sylvia  Wilsonii,  Bp.  Joura.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  179.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826, 86.— 

Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 438.— Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839, 153. 
Setophaga  Wilsonii,  Jard.  "ed.  Wils.  1832  ".— Gabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heft  iiL  1852,  66.- Hoy, 

Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  vi.  1853,  309.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864, 1865, 437. 
Muscicapa  wilsonii,  And.  OB.  ii.  1834, 148,  pi.  124.-Pea&.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839, 297. 
Myiodioctes  wilsonii,  And.  Syn.  1839,  50.— And.  BA.  ii.  1841, 21,  pi.  75.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst. 

i.  1856, 206.— Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 1859, 282. 
My Ivania  wilsonii,  Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  Zuni  R.  1853, 69. 

Abrornis  atricapilla !,  Blyth,  Ibis,  1870, 169,  from  "  China  "  (see  Finsch,  PZS.  Dec.  7, 1875). 
Sylvia  petasodes,  ?  Licht.  "  Preis-Verz.  1830  "  (others  quote  8.  petesoda). 
Green  Black-capt  Warbler,  Xutt.  1.  c. 

Wilson's  Green  Black-capped  Flycatcbing  Warbler,  Coues,  1.  c.  1874. 
Green  Black-capped  Flycatcher,  or  Flycatcbing  Warbler,  Wilson's  Flycatcbing  War- 

bier,  Authors. 

HAB. — The  whole  of  North  America,  Mexico,  and  Central  America,  in  suit- 
able localities.  No  West  Indian  record.  Breeds  probably  from  the  latitude 
of  Massachusetts  northward,  and  in  the  higher  mountains  of  the  West  as  far 
south  at  least  as  Colorado,  if  not  farther.  Winters  extralimital. 

Var. pileolatus  from  the  moist  Pacific  slopes,  and  quotations  of  "pusillus" 
from  this  region  are  referable  to  it.  Bonaparte  first  noticed  the  brighter 
coloration  of  the  western  race  (Compt.  Rend.  1854,  — ). 

OH.  SP. — $  OlivaceuSj  infra  flavus  ;  f  route  superclliisque  cum 
lateribus  capitis  flavis,  pileo  nitente-atro ;  2  pileo  dor  so  concolore. 

4,  adult :  Upper  parts,  including  exposed  edgings  of  the  wings  and  tail, 
bright  yellowish-olive ;  under  parts,  including  front  and  sides  of  the  head 
and  superciliary  line,  rich  yellow,  somewhat  shaded  with  olive.  A  squarish, 
glossy  blue-black  patch  on  the  crown.  Wings  and  tail  plain  fuscous,  with 
greenish  edgings,  unmarked  with  other  color.  Upper  mandible  dark; 
under  mandible  and  feet  pale.  Length,  4f ;  extent,  7 ;  wing,  2-2£ :  tail,  2. 

$ ,  and  young :  Exactly  like  the  male,  except  in  lacking  the  black  cap,  the 
crown  being  colored  like  the  back. 

There  is  very  little  variation  in  this  species,  according  to  age  or  season, 
though  the  adult  summer  birds  are  the  more  richly  colored.  Western  speci- 
mens are  frequently  of  a  brighter  yellow,  almost  orange,  on  the  fore  parts 
below  and  on  the  head,  constituting  var.  pileolatus.  This  latter  is  not  con- 
fined to  the  Pacific  coast  region  ;  the  brightest  specimen  before  me,  in  the 
large  series  examined,  among  which  are  Mr.  Ridgway's  typos  of  pileolatus, 
being  from  New  Mexico.  My  Arizona  specimens  are  precisely  like  Pennsyl- 
vania ones. 

SO  far  as  my  knowledge  of  the  record  enables  me  to  say,  this 
pretty  bird  was  discovered  iii  the  extreme  northwestern 
corner  of  America  by  the  celebrated  traveller  and  naturalist 
Pallas,  whose  description  was  printed  in  the  "Zoographia"  in 


328  HABITS  OF  WILSON'S  BLACKCAP 

1811,  but  not  published  till  1831.  He  called  it  Motacilla  pileo- 
lata;  but  Wilson,  in  1811,  published  it  as  a  new  species  under 
the  style  of  Muscicapa  pusilla,  the  specific  portion  of  which 
name  will  stand,  for  Bonaparte's  alteration  to  wilsonii  is  not 
required  after  the  removal  of  the  species  from  the  genus  in 
which  Wilson  wrongly  placed  it. 

It  is  a  rather  common  bird  of  passage  through  the  Eastern 
portions  of  the  United  States,  and  decidedly  more  abundant  in 
the  West,  in  all  wooded  regions  from  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific.  Its  com- 
parative numbers  on  the  different  sides  of 
the  continent  help  to  an  understanding  of 
the  apparent  absence  from  the  West  Indies 
of  a  bird  so  widely  distributed.  For,  from 
FJo744.-wiison;8  Green  its  winter  home  in  Central  America,  where 
Black-capped  Fiycatching  it  is  represented  to  be  very  numerous,  it 
warbler,  natural  size.  n,jgrates  through  Mexico  and  perhaps 
across  the  Gulf,  the  greater  number  of  individuals  passing 
straight  north,  while  but  a  small  proportion  spread  easterly 
along  the  Atlantic  States.  In  the  Mississippi  Valley  and 
eastward,  it  is  not  known  to  stop  to  breed  short  of  the  latitude 
of  Massachusetts,  and  I  think  that  its  nesting  even  so  far  south 
as  this  is  not  positively  determined,  but  rather  inferred  from 
the  presence  of  the  bird  in  August,  as  recorded  by  Mr.  Allen. 
In  Maine,  however,  it  is  noted  without  question  as  a  summer 
resident  by  no  less  conservative  an  ornithologist  than  Dr. 
Brewer,  whose  aim  latterly  has  been  to  present  a  list  of  New 
England  birds  from  which  all  logical  induction  as  well  as  all 
error  should  be  rigidly  excluded.  But  I  am  not  aware  that  the 
nest  has  been  found  even  in  Northern  New  England,  nor  indeed 
anywhere  in  the  United  States,  unless  the  Nutfcall's  ad  vices  from 
Oregon  be  considered  satisfactory.  The  bird  passes  through 
chiefly  during  the  month  of  May  in  the  spring,  and  in  Septem- 
ber and  October  of  the  following  migratory  season.  It  proceeds 
as  far  at  least  as  Labrador,  where  it  was  found  breeding  by 
Audubou,  as  it  also  was  in  Newfoundland,  and  whence  it  begins 
to  migrate  during  the  latter  part  of  August,  according  to  the 
Fame  authority.  Audubon's  description  of  a  Labrador  nest, 
and  NuttalPs  notice  of  one  he  found  in  Oregon,  are  still  our 
only  sources  of  information  respecting  the  nidification  of  the 
bird.  The  former's  nest  was  placed  at  the  end  of  a  small  hori- 
zontal branch  of  a  dwarf  fir,  in  the  dense  terminal  foliage,  three 
feet  or  so  from  the  ground,  in  the  centre  of  one  of  the  thickets 


HABITS   OF    WILSON'S    BLACKCAP  329 

of  these  trees  so  common  in  Labrador.  It  was  composed  of  dry 
moss  and  delicate  pine  twigs  " agglutinated"  together  and  to 
the  support  from  which  it  was  suspended,  and  was  lined  with 
" extremely  fine  and  transparent  fibres".  It  measured  not  over 
3J  inches  in  greatest  diameter,  with  a  depth  of  not  more  than 
1J  inches.  The  eggs  were  four,  "dull  white,  sprinkled  with 
reddish  and  brown  dots  towards  the  larger  end,  where  the  mark- 
ings form  a  circle,  leaving  the  extremity  plain".  NuttalFs 
Oregon  nest,  which  contained  four  fresh  eggs  on  the  16th  of 
May,  though  fully-fledged  young  had  already  been  observed, 
was  laid  on  a  bunch  of  Usnea  on  the  branch  of  a  small  service- 
bush,  and  was  built  chiefly  of  Hypnum  moss,  with  a  lining  of 
slender  grasses.  It  will  be  observed  that  these  accounts  do  not 
tally  well,  leaving  room  for  conjecture  whether  both,  if  either, 
really  refer  to  the  present  species.  Dr.  Brewer  mentions,  but 
does  not  describe,  a  nest  obtained  on  the  Yukon  River,  May  20, 
containing  four  eggs,  ranging  from  0.60  to  0.63  in  length  by  0.45 
to  0.49  in  breadth,  pure  white  in  ground-color,  finely  sprinkled 
round  the  larger  end  with  brownish-red  and  lilac;  and  sur- 
mises by  logical  induction,  from  what  premises  I  know  not,  that 
this  bird  builds  upon  the  ground. 

The  case  of  Blackcap's  migrations  and  nestlings  is  very  dif- 
ferent in  the  West,  where  range  after  range  of  lofty  mountains 
invites  a  southerly  summer  residence,  in  the  selection  of  which 
altitude  answers  to  latitude.  The  bird  certainly  breeds  in  the 
mountains  of  Colorado,  and  probably  does  so  in  those  of  New 
Mexico,  Arizona,  and  corresponding  portions  of  California.  For 
Mr.  J.  A.  Allen  found  it  in  summer  in  the  first-mentioned  State, 
in  alpine  and  subalpine  districts,  from  an  altitude  of  about 
8,000  feet  to  beyond  timber-line,  "evidently  breeding",  though 
he  failed  to  discover  its  nest.  In  the  dwarfed  willows  and  other 
shrubs  that  extend  above  the  limit  of  trees,  it  was  found  to  be 
the  most  numerous  by  far  of  all  the  small  insectivorous  birds; 
and  the  alpine  character  thus  exhibited  by  the  species  accords 
completely  with  the  known  facts  of  its  summer  distribution 
elsewhere.  In  Nevada  or  Utah,  Mr.  Eidgway  found  the  bird 
common  "during  the  summer"  in  the  canons  of  the  higher 
ranges ;  and  in  September  it  was  one  of  the  most  abundant  of 
the  Sylvicolidce  in  the  East  Hum  bold  t  Mountains  and  in  Ruby 
Valley,  without  regard  to  altitude.  In  the  mountains  of  Ari- 
zona, at  the  altitude  of  Fort  Whipple,  I  found  it  to  be  a  common 
summer  resident,  arriving  early  in  May  and  remaining  through 
part  of  September ;  but  I  was  no  more  fortunate  than  Allen 


330  THE    GENUS    CARDELLINA 

and  the  rest  have  been  in  the  search  for  its  nest.  Mr.  Henshaw 
has  a  paragraph  in  his  late  work  confirmatory  of  the  probable 
breeding  of  the  Blackcap  in  Arizona : — "  That  some  remain  in 
Arizona  to  breed,  retiring  for  this  purpose  to  the  summits  of 
the  high  mountain  ranges,  seeias  quite  probable ;  for  I  have 
met  with  individuals  early  in  August  which  could  hardly  at 
this  date  have  made  their  way  from  very  far  north,  while,  by  the 
middle  of  this  month,  the  species  abounds  everywhere,  being 
much  more  widely  diffused  and  in  greater  numbers  than  it  ever 
is  in  the  East."  Finally,  I  may  refer  to  a  note  given  by  Dr. 
Cooper,  who  observed  the  arrival  of  the  birds  at  Santa  Cruz 
about  the  20th  of  April,  and  saw  them  "apparently  gathering 
materials  for  nests'7  about  the  same  time.  Farther  north,  near 
and  beyond  the  boundary  of  the  United  States,  the  breeding- 
range  of  the  bird  drops  down  to  sea-level,  as  it  does  in  North- 
ern New  England. 

There  is  nothing  to  show  that  the  Blackcap  ever  winters  over 
our  border,  notwithstanding  the  great  lengths  to  which  it 
pushes  its  spring  migration.  It  will  be  remembered  that  it 
belongs  to  an  essentially  semi-tropical  group  of  birds,  compara- 
tively few  of  which  enter  the  United  States  at  all.  Its  extra- 
limital  range  has  been  already  mentioned. 

Though  the  distribution  and  movements  of  the  species  are 
thus  satisfactorily  made  out,  its  special  habits  or  distinctive 
traits,  if  it  have  any,  do  not  appear  to  have  been  very  carefully 
studied  by  any  one. — Since  penning  the  last  sentence,  I  have 
looked  over  a  dozen  or  more  of  the  fragmentary  notices  we 
possess,  without  finding  anything  to  justify  transcription,-  and 
my  own  observations  serve  me  with  nothing  particularly  to 

the  point. 

Genus  CARDELLINA  Dubus 

Cardellina,  "Dubus,  Esq.  Orn.  1850,  — ".— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  318.    (Type  O.  amicta  Dabus 

=  Muscicapa  rubrifrons  Giraud.)— Bd.  Kev.  AB.  1865, 263. 
ErgatiCUS,  Bd.  Kev.  AB.  1865, 264.    (As  subgenus  of  Cardellina  ;  type  Setophaga  rubra  Sw.) 

CHARS. — "Bill  Parine  in  appearance,  much  shorter  than  head, 
high  at  base,  and  the  culmen  considerably  decurved  through- 
out; the  commissure  curved  and  somewhat  angulated  in  the 
middle.  Rictal  bristles  stiff,  but  not  very  long,  hardly  reaching 
half  way  from  the  nostrils  to  tip  of  bill,  which  exhibits  scarcely 
any  trace  of  notch.  Wings  long  and  pointed ;  the  2d,  3d,  and 
4th  quills  nearly  equal  and  longest ;  the  1st  a  little  longer  than 
the  5th.  The  tail  is  shorter  than  the  wings,  nearly  even,  a  very 
little  rounded.  Feet  small  j  tarsi  short,  the  scutellar  divisions 


CARDELLINA  RUBRA C.  RUBRIFRONS      331 

indistinct  externally ;  the  middle  toe  without  claw  little  more 
than  half  the  tarsus." — Baird,  I.  c. 

I  copy  the  diagnosis  of  this  genus  from  Baird,  whose  critical 
studies  of  this  group  furnish  very  nice  discriminations  between 
the  several  sections  of  the  Flycatching  Warblers.  As  restricted 
by  him,  the  genus  contains  but  two  species,  for  one  of  which  he 
proposed  a  new  subgenus,  Ergaticus.  The  latter,  the  Vermilion 
Flycatcher,  Cardellina  (Ergaticus)  rubra*  has  been  attributed 
to  Texas  since  1841,  but  is  not  positively  known  to  have  ever 
occurred  over  our  border;  it  inhabits  Mexico,  and  may  yet 
be  detected  in  Southern  Arizona  or  New  Mexico,  as  well  as, 
more  probably,  in  Southern  Texas.  It  is  a  beautiful  bird,  of 
carmine-red  color  all  over,  with  silvery-white  ear-tufts.  The 
type  of  the  genus,  C.  rubrifrons,  is  one  of  the  many  interesting 
additions  to  our  fauna  lately  made  by  Mr.  Henshaw. 

Red-faced  Warbler 

Cardellina  rubrifroiis 

Muscicapa  rubrifrons,  6ir.  Sixt.  Sp.  Tex.  B.  1841,  pi.  7,  f.  1. 

Setophaga  rubrifrons,  Bd.  Stansb.  Rep.  GSL.  1852, 329. 

Cardellina  rubrifrons,  Scl.  PZS.  1855,  66.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  306.— Scl.  PZS.   1858,  299 

(Parada).— Sd.  PZS.  1859,  374  (Oaxaca).— Scl  Cat.  AB.  1861,  37.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 

264.— Salv.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  ii.  1866,  192  (Guatemala).— Hewh.  ZooL  Expl.  W.  100  Merid. 

1876,211  (Arizona). 

Basileuterus  rubrifrons,  /  Scl.  PZS.  1859, 363  (Xalapa). 
Cardellina  rubrifrons,  Salv.  Ibis,  3d  ser.  iv.  1874,  99  (Guatemala).— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz. 

1875, 156  (Arizona). 

Cardellina  amicta,  Dubus,  "Esq.Orn.l850,pl.25".—  Bp.  C  A.  i.  1850, 312. 
Parus  erythropis,  Licht.  "Mas.  Berol." 

HAB. — From  Southern  Arizona  through  Mexico  to  Guatemala. 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Cinerea  ;  nuchd,  uropygio,  partibusque  inferior  I- 
bus  albis,plus  minusve  rosaceo  tinctis;  capite  rubro,  cucullo  nigro  ; 
alls  cauddque  fusco  griseis,  albido  limbatis,  alls  albo  fasciatis. 

$  9  :  Upper  parts  ash,  the  wings  and  tail  rather  darker,  and  edged  with 
ashy- white ;  a  broader  and  whiter  bar  across  the  ends  of  the  median  coverts. 
Below  from  the  breast,  white,  more  or  less  shaded  with  ashy  on  the  sides, 
and  tinged  with  rosy.  Rump  and  a  nuchal  patch  white,  or  rosy-white. 

*  Cardellina  (Ergaticus)  rubra.— Vermilion  Flycatcher. 

Setopbaga  rubra,  Sw.  Philos.  Mag.  L  1827,  368 ;  Isis,  1834,  784.— Bp.  PZS.  1837,  iii  (Guate- 
mala).—.Bd.  Stansb.  Rep.  GCL.  1852,  329.— Scl.  PZS.  1855, 65. 

Cardellina  rubra,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  3i2.—Cass.  111.  i.  1854,  265,  pi.  43.— Scl.  PZS.  1856,  292 
(El  Jacale) ;  1858,  299  (Paroda) ;  1859,  363  (Xalapa) ;  1859,  374  (Oaxaca).— Sd.  BNA. 
1858, 296.— Scl.  Cat.  AB.  1861, 38.— Scl.  PZS.  1864, 173  (City  of  Mexico).— Bd.  Rev.  AB. 
1865,  264  (type  of  subg.  Ergaticus). 

Basileuterus  ruber,  Cab.  MIL  i.  1850, 18. 

Sylvia  miniata,  Lafr.  "  Mag.  de  Zool.  1836,  pi.  54"  (not  Setophaga  miniate  of  Swainson). 

White-cheeked  Titmouse,  Parus  leucotis,  Gir.  16  Sp.  Tex.  Birds,  1841,  not  paged,  folio  17, 
pi.  4,  f.  1.—  Leib,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1842, 140  (identifies  it  with  Setophaga  rubra  Sw.). 

Sylvia  argyrotis,  "Illiger". 

Vermilion  Flycatcher,  Cats.  1.  c.— Bd  1.  c. 


332  HABITS    OF   THE   RED-FACED   WARBLER 

Whole  head,  throat,  sides  of  the  neck,  and  fore  breast  bright  red,  with  a 
broad  black  cap  extending  down  on  the  sides  of  the  head,  involving  the  eyes 
and  ears,  ending  in  a  point  below  the  auriculars.  The  border  of  this  cap  is 
squarely  transverse  against  the  red  of  the  forehead  from  eye  to  eye ;  behind 
it,  the  red  reaches  up  the  sides  of  neck,  but  not  across  the  back  of  the  neck, 
the  white  nuchal  area  there  meeting  the  ashy  of  the  back.  Bill  and  feet 
dark.— In  the  highest  summer  plumage,  the  red  is  rich  and  carmine  in  hue, 
the  cap  glossy-black ;  the  under  parts  are  much  tinged  with  rosy  ;  the  rump 
is  snowy-white.  Less  richly  feathered  specimens  have  the  head  plain  red, 
the  cap  sooty-black.  There  is  much  difference  in  the  character  of  the  white 
on  the  nape.— Length,  5 ;  wing,  2£ ;  tail,  2$ ;  tarsus,  £ ;  bill,  i,  quite  differ- 
ent in  shape  from  that  of  Setophaga,  being  of  a  Parine  contour,  stout  at 
base,  with  high  arched  ridge. 

Young,  newly  fledged  :  A.sh  of  the  upper  parts  much  shaded  with  brown, 
and  white  of  the  under  parts  the  same.  Rump  snowy-white,  as  in  the  adult, 
but  the  nuchal  patch  obscure  or  inappreciable.  Wings  and  tail  as  in  the 
adult,  but  with  browner  edgings.  Black  cap  restricted  to  top  of  head,  and 
of  a  dull  sooty  cast.  Red  parts  of  the  adult,  including  those  parts  of  the 
side  of  the  head  which  are  occupied  in  the  adult  with  the  extension  of  the 
black  cap,  dull  grayish-brown,  tinged  or  irregularly  slashed  with  red,  espe- 
cially on  the  forehead  and  throat.  Bill  light  brown ;  feet  pale. 

THIS  is  another  one  of  Mr.  J.  P.  Giraud's  "  Sixteen  Species" 
alleged  to  have  been  procured  in  Texas.  Since  the  time 
of  its  original  description,  in  1841,  it  has  become  well  known  as 
a  bird  of  Mexico  and  of  parts  of  Central  America ;  but  its 
occurrence  in  the  United  States  has  only  very  recently  been 
confirmed,  when  the  bird  was  rediscovered  by  Mr.  Henshaw, 
not  in  Texas  indeed,  but  in  Southern  Arizona.  This  assiduous 
ornithologist  secured,  in  1874,  a  fine  large  suite  of  specimens 
illustrating  the  adult  plumages  of  both  sexes,  and  also  that  of 
the  young ;  while  his  field-notes  furnish  most  of  the  information 
we  possess  respecting  the  habits  of  the  bird. 

As  he  remarks,  its  occurrence  in  Arizona  is  not  surprising, 
as  the  species  is  a  common  inhabitant  of  the  mountains  of 
Mexico,  doubtless  following  the  trend  of  the  ranges  northward 
into  our  territory.  He  found  his  birds  at  two  points  in  Arizona, 
about  a  hundred  miles  apart, — near  Camp  Apache  and  on 
Mount  Graham  ;  and  he  anticipates  their  occurrence  through- 
out the  higher  districts  of  Southern  Arizona  as  far  north  as 
the  White  Mountains  at  least.  His  Camp  Apache  specimens 
include  some  in  the  nestling  plumage,  indicating  that  they 
were  reared  in  the  vicinity.  The  extracts  from  his  note-books 
that  he  prints  in  his  final  (quarto)  report  are  as  follows: — 

"  July  1.*  1874.— While  collecting  in  the  early  evening  in  the 
*  Misprint  for  July  12,  as  the  author  informs  me  verbally. 


HABITS    OF    THE    RED-FACED    WARBLER  333 

piue  woods,  a  few  aDgry  chirps  coining  from  the  thick  foliage 
of  a  spruce  attracted  iny  attention,  and  in  a  moment  a  robin 
flew  out  in  hot  haste  closely  followed  by  a  small  bird,  which 
after  a  short  chase  returned,  and  with  a  few  satisfied  chirps 
called  together  several  young,  whose  presence  I  for  the  first  time 
was  thus  made  aware  of.  The  old  bird  immediately  began  to 
search  for  food,  moving  like  a  Chickadee  over  the  limbs,  flying 
out  now  and  then  for  a  short  distance  to  snap  up  an  insect, 
which  was  instantly  given  to  one  or  the  other  of  several  young 
that,  with  beseeching  notes  and  cries,  followed  the  old  one  about 
as  it  moved  from  one  part  of  the  tree  to  another.  Soon  per- 
ceiving that  the  birds  were  entire  strangers  to  me,  I  shot  first 
the  old  bird,  which  proved  to  be  a  male,  and  then  two  of  the 
young,  when  the  female  appeared  on  the  scene,  and  led  away 
the  two  remaining  members  of  the  brood  in  safety.  The  fol- 
lowing day  a  careful  search  revealed  but  two  more  individuals, 
both  adult. 

"  Just  [half]  a  month  later,  on  visiting  Mount  Graham,  I  not 
only  saw  the  species  again,  but  it  proved  to  be  a  common  bird 
of  this  locality,  flocks  of  ten  or  fifteen  being  not  unusual  among 
the  pines  and  spruces ;  it  frequented  these  trees  almost  exclu- 
sively, only  rarely  being  seen  on  the  bushes  that  fringed  the 
streams.  Its  habits  are  a  rather  strange  compound,  now  resem- 
bling those  of  Warblers,  again  recalling  the  Eedstarts,  but  more 
often  perhaps  bringing  to  mind  the  less  graceful  motions  of  the 
familiar  Titmice.  Their  favorite  hunting  places  appeared  to 
be  the  extremities  of  the  limbs  of  the  spruces,  over  the  branches 
of  which  they  passed  with  quick  motion,  and  a  peculiar  and 
constant  sidewise  jerk  of  the  tail, 

"When  thus  engaged,  especially  when  high  overhead,  they 
might  easily  be  passed  by,  as  a  busy  group  of  Titmice  intent 
only  on  satisfying  their  hunger.  They  appear  to  obtain  most 
of  their  food  from  the  branches,  seizing  the  insects  when  at 
rest ;  but  they  are  abundantly  able  to  take  their  prey  on  the 
wing,  and  accomplish  this  much  after  the  style  of  the  Redstarts. 
Their  disposition  seems  to  prompt  them  to  sociability  with  other 
species,  and  occasionally  I  found  them  accompanying  the  Au- 
dubon's  Warblers,  and  imitating  them  in  their  short  flights 
from  tree  to  tree,  occasionally  paying  flying  visits  to  the  fallen 
logs  and  even  to  the  ground.  Save  in  being  rather  louder  and 
harsher,  their  chirps  resemble  the  notes  of  the  Yellow-rump 
Warblers." 


334  THE    GENUS    SETOPHAGA 

The  bird  thus  introduced  by  Mr.  Heushaw  with  some  partic- 
ularity to  American  ornithologists  as  one  of  their  newest  acqui- 
sitions, is  left  as  found  to  my  readers, — some  one  of  whom, 
perhaps,  may  hereafter  have  his  own  story  to  tell  of  its  nest, 
its  eggs,  and  its  nuptial  song. 

Genus  SETOPHAGA  Swainson 

Setophaga,  Sw.  Zool.  Joura.  iii.  Deo.  1827, 360.    (Type  Muscicapa  ruticilla  L.)— Bd.  BNA. 

1858,  297.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 253. 
Cetophaga,  "Less.  1828 ",fide  Gray. 
Erythrosoma,  Sw.  182-,  fide  Gray. 
Sylvania,  Nutt.  Man.  Orn.  i.  Isted.  1832,  290.    (Type  Muscicapa  ruticitta  L.,  but  includes 

species  of  Myiodioctes  and  Polioptila.) 

Euthlypis,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 18.    (Type  Sylvia  lachrymosa  Licht.) 
Myioborus,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  237, 257.    (Separate  subgenus.) 

CHARS. — Bill  thoroughly  Muscicapine  in  its  depression  and 
breadth  at  base,  where  it  is  wider  than  high,  the  straightness 
of  both  superior  and  lateral  outlines,  and  the  development  of 
the  rictal  bristles,  which  reach  far  beyond  the  nostrils.  Wings 
pointed,  not  shorter  than  the  tail,  the  2d,  3d,  and  4th  quills 
nearly  equal  and  longest,  the  1st  intermediate  between  the  4th 
and  5th.  Tail  rather  long  and  fan-shaped,  with  broad  flat 
feathers,  widening  at  their  ends.  Feet  slender,  with  long  tarsi 
indistinctly  scutellate  externally,  and  short  toes,  the  middle  one 
without  its  claw  being  about  half  as  long  as  the  tarsus.  Col- 
oration indeterminate.  Habits  arboricole  and  Muscicapine. 

The  genus  Setophaga,  based  by  Swainson,  in  1827,  on  Musci- 
capa ruticilla,  has  been  made  to  cover  considerable  variety  in 
form  among  the  numerous  species  of  Flycatching  Warblers  of 
subtropical  and  tropical  America,  where  the  genus  is  best  rep- 
resented. The  foregoing  diagnosis  is  drawn  up  from  8.  ruti- 
cilla, and  may  require  some  little  modification  in  order  to  its 
applicability  even  to  8.  picta.  All  the  extralimital  species,  as 
pointed  out  by  Baird,  differ  in  the  shorter  and  more  rounded 
wing  and  other  characters  ;  and  he  has  combined  them  all  into 
a  separate  subgenus,  Myioborus,  excepting  8.  lachrymosa,  for 
which  Cabanis  had  already  proposed  the  name  Euthlypis. 

8.  ruticilla  is  the  only  species  in  which  the  sexes  are  decidedly 
dissimilar  in  color ;  even  in  S.  picta,  the  nearest  ally,  the  sexes 
are  substantially  alike ;  and  in  all  the  rest  of  the  group,  in  which 
the  coloration  is  very  various,  there  is  no  substantial  difference 
between  the  sexes.  Species  of  Setophaga  (including  Myioborus 
and  Euthlypis),  to  the  number  of  twelve  or  more,  are  recognized 
by  late  authors.  S.  ruticilla  is  the  only  one  that  is  generally 


SYNONYMY    OF    SETOPHAGA  PICTA  335 

distributed  in  this  country.  8.  picta  reaches  just  over  our 
border.  A  third,  &  miniata,  has  been  ascribed  to  Texas,  as 
have  also  two  species  of  the  allied  genus  Basileuterus,  B.  culici- 
vorus  and  B.  belli;  the  synonymy  of  which  three  species  is 
subjoined,  as  any  of  them  may  be  hereafter  found  in  the  region 
under  present  consideration : — 

Setophaga  miniata. 

Setophaga  miniata,  Sw.  "Philos.  Mag.  i.  1827,  368";  Isis,  1834,  784;  Anim.  Menag.  1838, 

293.     (Not  of  Lafresnaye.)— Scl.  PZS.  185G,  292  (Cordova);  1858,  299  (Oaxaca).— Bd. 

BNA.  1858,  299;  Atlas,  1860,  pi.  58,  f.  1.— Scl  PZS.  1859,  363  (Xalapa) .— Scl.  Cat.  AB. 

1861,  31.— Scl.  PZS.  1864,  173  (City  of  Mexico).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  259.-B.  B.  <&  R. 

NAB.  i.  1874,  32-2. 

Muscicapa  viilnerata,  Wagler,  Isis,  1831,  520. 
Setophaga  vulnerata,  "Gray".— Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,  18.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  313.— Bd.  Rep. 

Great  Salt  Lake,  1852,  329  ("  Texas"). 
Setophaga  castanea,  Less.  Rev.  Zool.  1839, 42. 
Muscicapa  derhamii,  Giraud,  Sixt.  Sp.  Tex.  B.  1841,  notptged,  folio  13,  pi.  3,  f.  2  (named  for 

C.  H.  De  Rham;  printed  derhamii,  amended  in  MS.  in  copy  examined  to  De-rhamii; 

named  Derahm's  Flycatcher  on  plate).    (See  Scl.  PZS.  1855,  65.) 

HAB. — Mexico.    "  Texas  "  (  Giraud"). 
Basilenterns  cullcivorus. 

Sylvia  CUlicivora,  Licht.  "  Preis-Verz.  Mex.  Vog.  1830,  n.  78  " ;  J.  f.  0. 1863, 57. 
Basileuterus  CUlicivoniS,  Cab.  Mas.  Hein.  i.  1850,  ll.-Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 245.— B.  B.  <fi  R. 
NAB.  i.  1874, 312. 

Basileuterus  culicivora,  Bp.  C  A.  i.  1850, 313. 

Muscicapa  brasierii,  Giraud.  Sixt.  Sp.  B.  Tex.  1841,  not  paged,  folio  25,  pi.  6,  f.  2.— Scl.  PZS. 

1855,  66. 
Basileuterus  brasieri,  Scl.  PZS.  1856,  292  (Oaxaca) ;  1859, 374  (Oaxaca).-S.  6  S.  Ibis,  1860, 

274  (Guatemala.)— ,SM.  Cat.  AB.  1861, 34. 

HAB. — Mexico  and  Central  America.    "Texas"  (Giraud). 

Basilenterns  belli. 

Muscicapa  belli,  Giraud,  Sixt.  Sp.  Tex.  B.  1841,  not  paged,  folio  15,  pi.  4,  f.  2.— Scl.  PZS. 

1855,  65. 

Setophaga  belli,  Bd.  Rep.  Great  Salt  Lake,  1852, 329  ("  Texas  "). 
Basileuterus  belli,  Scl.  PZS.  1855,  65  —  Scl.  PZS.  1859,  374  (Oaxaca).— /SW.  <£  Salv.  Ibis, 

1860,  31  (Guatemala).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 250.— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 313. 
Basileuterus  bellii,  Scl.  Cat.  AB.  1861, 35  (Orizaba). 
Sylvia  chrysophrys,  Licht.  "Mus.  Berol." 
Myiodioctes  chrysophrys,  Licht.  "Nomencl.  32". 
Basileuterns  chrysophrys,  Bp.  CA.i.  1850, 314.— Scl.  PZS.  1857, 202  (Xalapa). 

HAB.— Mexico  and  Guatemala.    "  Texas"  (Giraud"). 

Painted  Flycatcher 

Setophaga  picta 

Setophaga  picta,  Sw.  "Zool.I11.2dser.i.l829,pl.3";  Anim.  Menag.  1838,293.— Bp.  C  A.  i. 
1850,  312.— Kaup,  PZS.  1851,  50,— Bd.  Stansb.  Rep.  GSL.  1852, 329.— Scl.  PZS.  1855,  66.— 
Scl.  PZS.  1856, 292  (Honduras).— £cf.  PZS.  1858,  299.— Bd.  BNA.  1858, 298 ;  ed.  of  1860, 
pi.  76,  f.  2.— Bd.  U.  S.  Mex.  B.  Surv.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1859,  Birds,  11  (Naevo  Leon).— S.  <£  S. 
Ibis,  i.  1859, 12  (Guatemala).— Taj/Z.  Ibis,  ii.  1860, 110  (Honduras).-^.  Cat.  AB.  1861, 
36.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  i.  1865,  256.— Scl.  PZS.  1869,  374.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  110.— Ridgw. 
Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,436.— Coues,  Am.  Nat  vii.  1873,  325  (Arizona).— Hensh.  Rep.  Orn. 
Specs.  1874, 104  (Arizona).— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  iii.  1874,  App.  507.— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz. 
1875, 156.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876, 209. 


336         CHARACTERS  OF  SETOPHAGA  PICTA. 

White  Shouldered  Flycatcher,  Aluscicapa  leucomus,  Gir.  Sixt.  Sp.  Tex.  B.  1841,  not  paged, 

folio  23,  pi.  6,  f.  1.     (See  Scl.  PZS.  1855,  66.) 
Muscicapa  tricolor,  Licht.  "  Mas.  Berol.1' 
Painted  Fly-snapper,  Tayl.  1.  c. 
Painted  Flycatcher,  Authors. 

HAD. — Mexico  and  Central  America.    North  into  Arizona. 

CH.  SP. — c£  2  Nigra^  pectore  media  el  abdomine  coccineis  ;  pal- 
pebris,  specula  atari  rectricibusque  lateralibus  albis. 

$  $  :  Lustrous  black ;  middle  of  the  breast  and  belly  rich  carmine-red ; 
eyelids,  a  large  patch  on  the  wings  formed  by  the  greater  and  middle  coverts, 
broad  edging  of  inner  secondaries,  edging  of  inner  webs  of  primaries  toward 
the  base,  lining  of  wings,  nearly  all  the  outer  tail-feather,  and  a  diminishing 
space  on  the  next  two  or  three,  together  with  the  crissum,  white.  Bill  and 
feet  black.  Length,  5  inches ;  wing  and  tail,  each  2£ ;  tarsus,  £ ;  bill,  £-f . 
The  9  is  not  particularly  different  from  the  $ ,  though  rather  less  richly 
colored.  In  poor  plumages,  the  black  is  not  so  lustrous,  the  red  of  the  belly 
less  extensive  and  of  a  more  bricky-red  tone,  while  the  white  of  the  wings 
and  tail  is  more  restricted.  I  have  not  seen  the  very  young  bird.  It  is 
described  by  Henshaw  as  follows :— "  Upper  parts  dull  black,  only  slightly 
lustrous ;  white  nearly  as  in  the  adult,  vie,  a  spot  on  the  lower  eye  lid,  a 
patch  on  the  wing,  including  the  greater  and  middle  coverts,  the  outer  edge 
of  first  primary  only,  the  outer  edges  of  the  secondaries,  the  inside  of  wings, 
axillars,  crissum,  tibia3,  outer  tail  feathers  except  at  base,  and  a  diminishing 
space  on  the  second  and  third,  white." 

A  LTHOUGH  the  Painted  Flycatcher  was  included  among 
f\-  the  birds  of  this  country  by  Baird  in  the  Pacific  Eailroad 
Eeport,  and  also  in  that  of  the  Mexican  Boundary,  this  was 
done  on  the  strength  of  its  occurrence  in  New  Leon,  Mexico, 
close  to  our  border,  where  the  bird  was  found  by  Lieut.  D.  N. 
Couch,  with  many  others  of  special  interest  to  American  orni- 
thologists. It  will  undoubtedly  be  found  in  the  lower  valley  of 
the  Eio  Grande ;  but  it  has  not  yet  been  taken  over  our  border, 
excepting  in  Arizona,  where  it  was  discovered  by  Lieut.  Charles 
Bendire,  United  States  Army,  near  Tucson,  April  4,  1872,  as 
first  recorded  by  Mr.  Eidgway  in  the  "American  Naturalist" 
for  July,  1872,  p.  436,  and  as  noted  by  me  about  the  same  time 
in  the  "Key",  p.  110.  As  I  shortly  afterward  said,  in  the  peri- 
odical just  mentioned  (June,  1873,  p.  325),  the  same  observer 
saw  it:  again  about  the  middle  of  September,  1872,  when  it  ap- 
peared to  be  retiring  into  Mexico  from  its  presumed  summer 
home  in  the  mountain  fastnesses  of  the  Territory. 

During  the  two  following  years,  in  1873  and  1874,  Mr.  Hen- 
shaw found  it  common  in  different  portions  of  Southern  Arizona, 
where  it  unquestionably  breeds,  as  he  secured  specimens  in 
July,  August,  and  September.  This  ornithologist  has  left 


HABITS   OF   THE   PAINTED   FLYCATCHER  337 

us  the  following  notes  respecting  the  distribution  and  habits 
of  the  bird — one  which,  though  long  since  entered  upon  the 
scientific  records,  has  only  just  now  found  a  biographer :  — 

"This  beautiful  flycatcher  has  as  yet  been  observed  in  our 
territory  only  in  the  southeastern  portion  of  Arizona,  where  it 
is  diffused  over  a  considerable  extent  of  country  as  a  summer 
resident.  It  appears  not  to  inhabit  the  high  mountains  nor  the 
extreme  lowlands,  but  to  occupy  an  intermediate  position,  and 
to  find  the  rocky  hills  covered  with  a  sparse  growth  of  oak  most 
congenial  to  its  habits.  Of  its  breeding  habits,  nothing  is 
known ;  though  that  it  rears  its  young  in  such  localities  as 
above  mentioned  there  can  be  no  doubt,  since  I  have  taken  the 
young  birds  in  the  first  plumage,  and  still  under  charge  of  the 
parents,  at  Eock  Canon,  July  21,  and  again  of  the  same  age  at 
Camp  Crittenden,  August  29.  During  the  latter  part  of  Au- 
gust they  appear  to  become  more  numerous  j  this  being  due  to 
their  more  general  distribution  at  the  close  of  the  nesting  sea- 
son. By  the  latter  part  of  September,  very  few  remain ;  and 
probably  the  species  winters  far  to  the  southward. 

"  Their  motions  are  an  almost  exact  reflection  of  those  of 
the  common  Eedstart,  which  they  so  much  resemble  in  form. 
With  half  shut  wings  and  outspread  tail,  they  pass  rapidly 
along  the  limbs  of  trees,  now  and  then  making  a  sudden  dart 
for  a  passing  fly,  which  secured  they  again  alight  and  resume 
their  search.  They  are  constantly  in  motion,  and  rarely  remain 
in  the  same  tree  many  moments.  It  not  unfrequently  may  be 
seen  clinging  to  the  trunk  of  a  tree  while  it  seizes  a  grub  or 
minute  insect  which  its  sharp  eyes  have  detected  hidden  in  the 
bark." 

For  the  rest,  we  may  hope  that  the  nesting  and  singing  of 
the  bird  may  be  brought  to  our  notice  by  the  same  person  who 
is  to  tell  us  of  those  particulars  in  the  case  of  Cardellina  rubri- 
frons,  which  breeds  in  the  same  region. 

The  Redstart 

Setophaga  rnticilla 

Motacilla  rntldlla,  L.  SN.  i.  1758, 10th  ed.  186,  n.  15  (Gates,  i.  67,  etc.). 

MllSCicapa  rnticilla,  L.  SN.  i.  1766,  326  n.  10.—  Bodd.  Tabl.  1783,  33  (pi.  566).— Gm.  SN.  i. 
1788, 935,  n.  10.— Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  473,  n.  22.— Turt.  SX.  i.  1806, 574.— V.  OAS.  i.  1807, 66, 
pis.  35, 36.— Wils.  AO.  i.  1808, 103,  pi.  6,  f.  6 ;  v.  119,  pi.  45,  f.  2,—Steph.  Shaw's  GZ.  xi.  1817, 
362.—  Up.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 170.—  Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826, 68.— And.  OB. 
i.  1831, 202;  v.  1839,  428,  pi.  40.— And.  Syn.  1839,  44.—Aud.  BA.  i.  1840, 240,  pi.  GQ.-Peab. 
Rep.  Oru.  Mass.  1839,  296.— If  Orb.  Ois.  Cuba,  1839,  81.—Gir.  BLI.  1844, 45.—  Denny, 
PZS.  1847,  38.— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  App.  21.— Pratten  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 
600.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  i.  1856,  206. -Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  281  (Nova 
Scotia). -Gosse,  Alabama,  1859, 22.— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871, 114. 

22  B  0 


338  SYNONYMY   OF   SETOPHAGA    RUTECILLA 

Muscicapa  (Sylvania)  ruticilla,  Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 291,  fig.  (type  of  genus). 

Setophaga  ruticilla,  Sw.  Zool.  Journ.  iii.  1827,  360 ;  Isis,  1830,  1156.— S.  &  R.  FBA.  ii.  1831, 
223.— Bp.  PZS.  1837,  118  (Guatemala).—  JBp.  CGL.  1838, 24.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840, 
327.— Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847, 164.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 312.— Cabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heft  iii.  1852,  66.— 
Hoy,  Pr.  Philn.  A  cad.  vi.  1853, 309.— Read,  ibid.  397.— Woodh.  Sitgr.  Rep.  Zufii  R.  1853, 
75.— Scl.  PZS.  1854,  111  (Quijos).—  Scl.  PZS.  1855, 144  (Bogota).— Qundl.  J.  f.  0. 1855,  472 
(Cuba).— Scl.  PZS.  1856,  289  (Mexico).—  Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856,  289.— Bry. 
Pr.  Bost.Soc.vi.1857, 116  (Nova  Scotia).— Kned.  Pr.  Boat  Soc.  vi.  1857, 234.— Salle,  PZS. 
1857,  231  (San  Domingo).— Maxim.  J.  f.  0.  1858,  186.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  297.— Bry.  Pr. 
Bosk  Soc.  vii.  1859,  111  (Bahamas).— ,SW.  PZS.  1859,  374  (Oaxaca).— S.  &S.  Ibis,  i.  1859, 
12  (Guatemala).— A.<&E.Newt.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  144  (Saint  Croix).— Brew.  Pr.  Boat  Soc. 
vii.  1860,  307  (Cuba).-  Cab.  J.  f.  0.  I860, 325  (Costa  Rica).— Scl.  PZS.  1860,  84  (Ecuador) ; 
292(Esmeraldas).— Scl.  PZS.  1861,  72  (Jamaica).— Albrecht  J.  f.  0. 1661, 53  (Bahamas).— 
Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1861, 326  (Cuba). -.Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  436.— Lawr.  Ann. 
Lye.  N.  Y.  vii.  1861, 322  (New  Granada).-JSayeZ.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862, 161.- 
Blak.IbiB,  iv.  1862,  4  (Saskatchewan).— Coues  <6  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861, 1862, 409.— 
Boardm.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  ix.  1862,  125.— Verr.  ibid.  137  (Anticosti).— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst. 
iii.  1862,  147.— Albrecht,  J.  f.  O.  1862,  194  (Jamaica).— Blak.  Ibis,  v.  1863,  63  (British 
America).— March,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xv.  1863,  293  (Jamaica).— Tayl.  Ibis,  vi.  1864,  81 
(Trinidad).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1864,  97  (Sombrero).— Scl.  PZS.  1864,  172 
(City  of  Mexico).— 8.  <&  S.  PZS.  1864,  347  (Panama).— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst,  iv.  1864, 65.— 
Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  256.— Dress.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,479  (Texas).— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep. 
for  1864, 1865, 437  (Missouri).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1865, 174  (Chiriqui).— Lawr. 
Ann,  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 285. -Bry.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  x.  1866,  251  (Porto  Rico) ;  J.f.O. 
1866, 184  (Porto  Rico).— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  v.  1866,  86.—  Bry.  Pr  Bost.  Soc.  xi.  1867, 
91  (San  Domingo). -Salv.  PZS.  1867,  136  (Veragua).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.ix.1866, 
96  (Costa  Rica).— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  275.—  Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868, 
Ul.—Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  ISO.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 33  (Dakota).— Coop.  ibid. 
295.— Turrib.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,26;  Phila.  ed.  19.— v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  O.  1869,  294  (Costa 
Rica).-.FwwcJi,  PZS.  1870,  564  (Trinidad).— £  <&  S.  PZS.  1870,  780  (Merida).— Salv. 
PZS.  1870, 183  (Veragua).—  Abbott,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  538.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870, 
395, 396,  399.— Wyatt,  Ibis,  3d  ser.  i.  1871,  323  (Colombia).— Stev.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr, 
for  1870,  1871,  463.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  110.— Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 223.— Mayn. 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  369.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  265.— Aiken,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv. 
1872, 197  (Colorado).— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1872,  419  (Cuba).— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  175 
(Kansas,  Colorado,  Utah). —Jferr.U.  S.  Geol.  Snrv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  713.— Ridgw. 
Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873,  180.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873, 235.— Coues,  BNW.  1874, 
81, 232.— Allen,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  53  (Dakota).— Merr.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  87.— 
Packard,  ibid.  271.— B.  B.  &  E.  NAB.  i.  1874,  322,  figs.  pi.  16,  f.  1,  5.— Yarr.  &  Hensh. 
Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  11  (Utah).— Hensh.  ibid.  42,  75—  Brew.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xvii. 
1875, 440.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  209.- Gentry,  Life-Hist.  i.  1876, 172.— 
Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1877, 130.— Merr.  Tr.  Conn.  Acad.  i.  1877, 27. 

Setophaga  ruticella,  Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  for  1854, 1855, 582. 

Motacilla  ilavicauda,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  997,  n.  172  (Edw.  pi.  257).— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806, 615  (?). 

Ruticllla  amerlcana,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1st  Am.  ed.  1791, 292. 

Muscicapa  flaveola,  "Pr.Paulv.  Wiirtt." 

Small  American  Redstart,  Edw.  pi.  80. 

Small  Black  and  Orange  coloured  Bird,  Sloane,  "  Jam.  312,  n.  50". 

Red-Start,  Ruticllla  amerlcana,  Gates.  Car.  i.  1771, 67,  pi.  67. 

Gobe-mouche  d'Amerique,  Muscicapa  americana,  JSriss.  ii.  1760, 383,  n.  14. 

Petit  noir-aurore,  Buff.  "  iv.  546  ".    (PE.  566,  f.  i,  2.) 

Gobe-mouche  d'Amerique,  Buff.  PE.  566,  f.  1, 2. 

Black-headed  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783, 427,  n.  18.— Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 398,  n.  282. 

Yellow-tailed  Flycatcher,  Edw.  pi.  257  ( ? ). 

Yellow-tail  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 406,  n.  301. 

Moucherolle  dore',  V.  OAS.  1.  c. 

Gobe-mouche  noir  et  aurore,  D'Or&.Lc. 

American  Flycatcher,  Steph.  1.  c. 

?  Sylvia  russeicauda,  V.  OAS.  ii.  1807, 17,  pi.  71.— F.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 266.— Steph  Gen. 
Zool.  x.  1817, 675. 


CHARACTERS    OF    SETOPHAOA.    RUTICILLA  339 

?  Sylvia  russlcauda,  V.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823, 476,  n.  191. 

?Setophaga  russeiciiuda,  Gray,  Handlist,  i.  1869, 243,  n.  3517. 

t  Fauvcttc  a  queue  rousse,  V.  OAS.  1.  c. 

Rouge-queue  des  Etats-lnis,  V.  II cc.  1817  and  1823. 

Reddish-tailed  Warbler,  Steph.  1.  c. 

Redstart,  American  Redstart,  Redstart  Flycatcher,  Authors. 

[NOTE.— The  Figuier  noir  etjaunc  dc  Cayenne,  PE.  391,  f.  2  (=  Figuier  noir,  Buff,  v.  314  = 
Rufous  and  Black  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  ii.  493,  n.  121  =  Motadlla  multicolor,  Gm.  SX. 
i.  972,  n.  109),  seems  to  be  near  the  present  species.] 

HAB. — The  greater  part  of  temperate  North  America,  especially  the  East- 
ern Province.  North  to  Fort  Simpson.  West  to  Utah.  South  through 
Mexico  and  Central  America,  and  in  South  America  to  Ecuador.  Most  of 
the  West  India  Islands.  Breeds  in  most  of  its  United  States  and  all  of  its 
British  American  range.  Winters  extralimital. 

CH.  SP. —  $  Nigra,  abdomine  crissoque  albis,  lateribus  rubro- 
aurantiacis,  alis  cauddque  rubro-aurantio  dimidiatis.  9  Olivacea, 
capite  cinerascente,  infra  alba,  lateribus,  alis  cauddque  flavo 
notatis. 

$ ,  adult :  Lustrous  blue-black,  the  belly,  flanks,  and  crissum  white.  Sides 
of  the  body  and  lining  of  wings  rich  flame-color,  which  also  often  tinges 
the  breast  quite  across.  Basal  portions  of  all  the  wing-quills,  excepting  the 
innermost  secondaries,  the  same  rich  reddish-orange,  brightest  on  the  outer 
webs,  where  it  forms  a  conspicuous  exposed  spot,  paler  and  more  extensive 
on  the  inner  webs.  All  the  lateral  tail-feathers  similarly  colored  for  half  or 
more  of  their  length,  the  orange  meeting  the  black  abruptly  with  transverse 
outline.  Bill  and  feet  black.  Length,  5-5J;  extent,  7f-8;  wing,  2±-2|; 
tail  the  same ;  bill,  £ ;  tarsus,  f . 

$ ,  adult :  The  black  of  the  male  replaced  on  the  upper  parts  with  olive, 
growing  more  ashy  on  the  head,  on  the  wings  with  fuscous,  ard  below  with 
white.  Sides  rich  yellow  where  the  male  is  orange,  the  color  often  tinging 
the  breast  across.  Orange  markings  of  the  wings  and  tail  of  the  male  re- 
placed by  clear  yellow.  Lores  dusky ;  eyelids  and  slight  stripe  from  nostrils 
to  eye  whitish.  Rather  smaller  than  the  male,  about  equal  to  the  lesser  sev- 
eral dimensions  above  given. 

<£  ,  young :  Like  the  female,  but  the  upper  parts  more  brownish,  the  tail 
quite  black,  and  the  yellow  of  the  sides  brighter.  Males  changing  in  the 
spring  to  their  final  plumage  are  irregularly  patched  with  black  in  the  gen- 
eral olivaceous  and  white. 

WHILE  the  different  plumages  of  this  lovely  bird  are  well 
known,  the  progress  and  periods  of  the  changes  which 
the  male  undergoes  remain  matters  for  more  precise  determina- 
tion. The  female  does  not  change  materially  in  color  with  the 
successive  moults.  The  plumage  of  the  young  just  from  the 
nest  is  not  known.  Discrepant  statements  of  authors  begin 
with  the  first  full  autumnal  feathering.  Audubon  states  that 
the  first  year  is  spent  in  the  garb  of  the  female,  the  black  mot- 
tling and  the  vermilion  tints  not  appearing  until  toward  the 


340         DIFFERENT   PLUMAGES    OF   THE    REDSTART 

second  autumn ;  that  the  brilliancy  of  the  perfect  dress  is 
acquired  the  second  year;  but  that  they  breed  and  sing  the 
first  spring  after  hatching,  just  like  the  full-dress  males.  Nut- 
tall  says  that  three  years  are  required  to  perfect  the  change, 
probably  basing  his  remark  on  Wilson's  more  detailed  observa- 
tions. The  last-named  author  describes  the  young  males  of  a 
year  old  as  almost  exactly  like  the  females,  but  differing  in 
some  particulars  which  he  specifies,  and  adds: — "on  the  third 
season,  they  receive  their  complete  colors ;  and,  as  males  of 
the  second  year,  in  nearly  the  dress  of  the  female,  are  often  seen 
in  the  woods,  having  the  same  notes  as  the  full-plumaged 
males,  .  .  .  n  &c.  In  another  place,  he  speaks  of  finding  "  both 
parents  of  the  same  nest  in  the  same  dress  nearly  ".  Baird  and 
Ridgway,  on  the  other  hand,  while  agreeing  that  the  male  is 
not  full-dressed  "until  about  the  third  year",  distinguish  the 
sexes  from  the  very  first  autumn. 

It  is  doubtless  true,  that  all  the  individuals  of  this  species  do 
not  go  through  the  successive  changes  at  exactly  the  same 
periods ;  but,  aside  from  individual  perturbations  of  the  pro- 
cess, the  following  seems  to  be  the  usual  course  of  events : — A 
male  hatched  in  June,  say  of  1877,  leaves  the  nest  in  a  plum- 
age unknown  to  us.  With  the  first  fall  moult  of  1877,  he  appears 
in  the  garb  of  the  female.  At  the  first  spring  change,  of  1878, 
he  acquires  an  intensity  of  coloration  that  distinguishes  him 
from  the  female,  but  has  as  yet  no  black  or  vermilion ;  he  breeds 
in  this  dress  at  a  year  old.  In  the  second  autumn,  of  1878, 
black  appears  with  the  fall  change,  the  tail  becoming  black. 
In  the  spring  of  1879,  being  then  not  quite  two  years  old,  he 
comes  to  us  in  a  patchy  garb,  pure  black  feathers  being  inter- 
spersed among  the  brown,  olive,  or  slaty  of  the  general  plum- 
age, and  the  former  yellow  being  heightened  to  orange.  He 
breeds  again  in  this  dress  ;  the  autumnal  plumage  of  the  same 
year,  1879,  is  not  materially  different  5  and  the  spring  of  1880, 
his  second  spring^  when  he  is  nearly  three  years  old,  gives  him 
the  full  black,  white,  and  orange  attire.  Such,  at  any  rate,  is 
the  inference  from  the  facts,  that  each  vernal  migration  em- 
braces three  sets  of  males  :  those  substantially  like  the  female, 
without  any  black  or  orange ;  those  like  the  female,  but  irreg- 
ularly patched  with  pure  black,  and  with  heightened  yellow ; 
and  those  in  perfect  dress.  It  does  not  appear,  therefore,  that 
the  male  gets  any  pure  black  until  he  is  a  little  over  a  year  old, 
nor  that,  like  the  Bobolink,  he  has  a  transitory  wedding  dress, 


BEHAVIOR  OP  THE  REDSTART         341 

to  be  put  on  and  off  each  year  j  but  that  the  change  is  pro- 
gressive from  the  first,  and  completed  toward  the  end  of  the 
third  year. 

The  Eedstart  shines  among  the  birds  that  throng  the  woods 
in  spring,  when  his  transparent  beauty  flashes  like  a  lambent 
tongue  of  flame  at  play  imidst  the  tender  pale  green  foliage  of 
the  trees.  The  brilliant  little  meteor  glances  here  and  there  in 
seeming  sport,  with  most  exuberant  vivacity,  as  if  delighted  to 
display  in  every  action  of  his  tiny  body  the  full  effect  of  color- 
contrast,  shifting  every  moment  into  novel  combinations  with 
the  cool  shade  of  the  background,  himself  the  foremost  figure 
of  an  animated  picture.  But  with  all  this  grace  and  elegance, 
this  revelry  and  waywardness,  when  color  plays  the  pleasing 
part  of  a  continual  surprise,  the  Kedstart  has  an  eye  to  busi- 
ness, and  incessantly  pursues  the  gauzy  creatures  that  furnish 
food  to  him  and  all  his  kind.  You  may  know  him  even  in  his 
early  incompleted  dress,  and  never  fail  to  recognize  his  less  con- 
spicuous mate,  by  several  characteristic  traits.  In  their  unceas- 
ing forays  on  the  insect  world,  they  have  a  fashion  of  skipping 
rapidly  along  the  larger  horizontal  boughs  of  trees,  with  lowered 
head  and  drooping  wings,  and  with  incessant  sidewise  flirting 
of  the  fan-shaped  tail,  that  best  displays  its  pretty  parti-color- 
ation, the  attitude  and  action  being  exactly  those  you  have 
observed  in  the  poultry-yard,  when  the  sultan  of  the  harem 
pursues  a  reluctant  fugitive.  These  headstrong  raids  along  the 
limbs  are  changed  at  intervals,  when  still  more  buoyant  and 
more  dexterous  action  absorbs  the  ceaseless  stream  of  the  Bed- 
start's  energy ;  without  a  moment's  pause,  the  birds  shoot  out, 
to  this  side  or  to  that,  and  capture  insects  on  the  wing  in  the 
most  spirited  manner;  they  dart  in  zigzag,  generally  downward, 
while  the  repeated  clicking  of  their  mandibles,  as  turn  after 
turn  is  executed  at  seeming  random,  yet  with  admirable  precis- 
ion, tells  with  what  success  these  dashing  guerillas  wage  their 
warfare.  Such  raids  are  made  right  through  the  ranks  of  the 
airy  little  insects  that  swarm  in  the  sunbeams,  and  at  every 
descent  into  their  midst  not  one,  but  many,  of  the  midges  meet 
their  fate ;  the  Flycatcher  regains  his  foothold  with  marvellous 
celerity,  and  races  as  before  along  the  limb,  with  many  a  twitter 
of  delight,  till  he  is  lost  to  view. 

The  Eedstart's  notes  are  very  curious ;  though  scarcely  de- 
scribable,  they  are  easily  learned,  and  not  likely  to  be  forgotten 
after  they  have  been  heard  a  few  times  j  and  indeed  one  may 


342  SINGING   OF   THE  REDSTART 

listen  to  them  without  the  slightest  difficulty,  so  incessantly  are 
they  uttered  during  the  breeding  season.  The  actions  I  have 
endeavored  to  portray  are  invariably  accompanied  by  these 
queer  sounds  in  the  intervals  between  the  side-raids  after  flying 
insects.  They  are  rather  feeble  notes  to  come  from  so  sprightly 
and  energetic  a  performer,  though  delivered  with  much  anima- 
tion and  endless  repetition.  Wilson  rendered  their  ordinary 
song  by  the  syllables  weese,  weese,  weese,  and  alludes  to  several 
variations  of  this  twitter  his  ear  had  learned  to  distinguish. 
"Many  of  these  tones,"  says  Nuttall,  "as  they  are  mere  trills 
of  harmony  cannot  be  recalled  by  any  words.  Their  song  on 
their  first  arrival  is  however  nearly  uniform,  and  greatly  resem- 
bles the  Hsh  7tsh  tshee,  tshd,  tshe,  tshe  tshea,  or  Hsli  7tsh  Hsli  Hshitshee 
of  the  summer  Yellow-bird  (Sylvia  cestiva),  uttered  in  a  piercing 
and  rather  slender  tone ;  now  and  then  also  agreeably  varied 
with  a  somewhat  plaintive  flowing  'tslie  'tshe  'tacke,  or  a  more 
agreeable  'tshit  'tshit  tftshee,  given  almost  in  the  tones  of  the 
Common  Yellow-bird  (Fringilla  tristis).  I  have  likewise  heard 
individuals  warble  out  a  variety  of  sweet,  and  tender,  trilling, 
rather  loud  and  shrill  notes,  so  superior  to  the  ordinary  lay  of 
incubation,  that  the  performer  would  scarcely  be  supposed  the 
same  bird.  On  some  occasions  the  male  also,  when  angry  or 
alarmed,  utters  a  loud  and  snapping  chirp."  It  is  probably  to 
such  notes  as  these  last  that  Wilson  alludes  in  rendering  the 
sound  by  sic,  sic,  mic.  Audubon  attempts  to  indicate  the 
sounds  in  still  a  different  way :  I  quote  the  whole  paragraph, 
which  gives  a  pleasing  glimpse  of  the  bird  again.  "It  keeps 
in  perpetual  motion,"  he  says,  "hunting  along  the  branches 
sidewise,  jumping  to  either  side  in  search  of  insects  and  larvae, 
opening  its  beautiful  tail  at  every  movement  which  it  makes, 
then  closing  it.  and  flirting  it  from  side  to  side,  just  allowing 
the  transparent  beauty  of  the  feathers  to  be  seen  for  a  moment. 
The  wings  are  observed  gently  drooping  during  these  motions, 
and  its  pleasing  notes,  which  resemble  the  sounds  of  teetee-whee, 
teetee-ichee,  are  then  emitted.  Should  it  observe  an  insect  on 
the  wing,  it  immediately  flies  in  pursuit  of  it,  either  mounts  into 
the  air  in  its  wake,  or  comes  towards  the  ground  spirally  and 
in  many  zig-zags.  The  insect  secured,  the  lovely  Eedstart  reas- 
cends,  perches,  and  sings  a  different  note,  equally  clear,  and 
which  may  be  expressed  by  the  syllables  wizz,  icizz,  wizz. 
While  following  insects  on  the  wing,  it  keeps  its  bill  constantly 
open,  snapping  as  if  it  procured  several  of  them  on  the  same 
excursion.  It  is  frequently  observed  balancing  itself  in  the  air, 


FOOD    OF   THE   REDSTAKT  343 

opposite  the  extremity  of  a  bunch  of  leaves,  and  darting  into 
the  inidst  of  them  'after  the  insects  there  concealed."  Gentry 
likens  the  song  of  the  Eedstart  to  that  of  the  Black-and-white 
Creeper,  less  prolonged  and  in  a  sharper  key,  and  expresses  it 
by  the  syllables  tsi-tsi-tsiwe',  the  last  ending  very  abruptly. 

The  writer  last  mentioned  seems  to  be  the  only  one  who  has 
examined  the  menu  of  the  Eedstart  in  detail.  He  states  that 
he  has  found  the  bird  feeding  at  times  on  fallow  ground,  and 
in  small  bushes  as  well  as  among  the  branches  of  trees.  This 
novel  fact  of  somewhat  terrestrial  proclivities  on  the  part  of 
the  Eedstart  is  also  attested  by  a  recent  writer,  Mr.  H.  D.  Miuot, 
who  observes  that  the  female  obtains  much  of  the  food  for  her 
young  from  the  ground.  Mr.  Gentry  alludes  to  the  immense 
numbers  of  beetles  destroyed  at  first,  and  to  subsequent  change 
of  the  bill  of  fare  to  various  other  orders  of  insects,  following 
with  the  results  of  his  actual  examination  of  the  contents  of 
the  stomach.*  Audubon  speaks  of  its  inability  to  capture 
wasps,  and  has  drawn  his  beautiful  plate  to  represent  the  in- 
effectual attempts  of  a  Eedstart  to  seize  a  wasp  which  defied 
the  bird  by  protruding  its  sting. 

Belonging  as  it  does  to  a  semi-tropical  group  of  Warblers, 
the  Eedstart  would  be  supposed  neither  to  linger  with  us  during 
the  winter,  nor  to  be  among  the  earlier  spring  arrivals  of  the 
country  at  large.  I  have  no  information  of  the  bird  as  an  in- 
habitant of  any  part  of  the  United  States  in  winter  5  on  the 
contrary,  at  that  season  it  is  present  in  tropical  America  as  far 

*  "We  have  detected  the  remains  of  Rhynchcenus  pini,  Bostrichus  pini,  Cra- 
tonychus  clnereus,  C.  pertinax,  Platynus  cupripennis,  Harpalus  compar,  Donacia 
confluenta,  Chrysomela  cceruleipennia,  among  coleoptera;  Formica  sanguined, 
F.  subterranea,  Apia  mellifica,  Selandria  rosce,  S.  viti,  Megachile  centuncularis, 
several  Helicti  and  Andrence,  among  hymenoptera ;  Musca  domestica,  Syrphus 
obscurus,  Culex  tceniorhynchus,  Stomoxys  calcitrans,  Tabanus  lineola,  Tipula  fer- 
ruginea,  among  diptera ;  Aphis  rosce,  A.  mail,  and  other  Aphides,  the  small 
spiders  that  infest  the  bark,  leaves,  and  flowers  of  plants ;  Tegenaria  domes- 
tica, Epeira  diadema,  and  mature  forms  of  the  lepidoptera  Harrisina  Ameri- 
cana, Lithosia  miniata,  Spilosoma  Firginica,  Penthina  pomonella,  Orgya  leuco- 
stigma,  many  of  the  Noctuidce,  Tortricidce,  Lyccenidce,  and  Tineidce,  with  the 
larvae  of  Anisopteryx  vernata,  Eufitchia  ribearia,  Pieris  rapes,  Colias  philodice, 
Pieris  brassicce,  Utetheisa  bella,  Eudryas  grata,  Catocolce,  cutworms  of  the  genus 
Agrotis,  and  others,"— yet  no  hint  of  indigestion !  We  must  admit  that  the 
Eedstart  is  not  only  a  good  hunter,  but  a  voracious  and  indiscriminate 
feeder,  like  some  other  beauties  we  may  know  of.  Dr.  Brewer  attests  another 
curious  parallel  between  this  bird  and  other  reigning  belles : — "Even  when 
lamenting  the  loss  of  a  part  of  her  brood,  and  flying  round  with  cries  of 
distress,  the  sight  of  passing  insects  is  a  temptation  not  to  be  resisted, 
and  the  parent  bird  will  stop  her  lamentations  to  catch  small  flies." 


344  MOVEMENTS    OP   THE   REDSTART 

south  even  as  Ecuador.  From  such  resorts  it  moves  probably 
in  February,  as  we  hear  of  its  reaching  our  southern  border 
at  the  beginning  of  the  following  month.  It  does  not  become 
generally  distributed  in  this  country,  however,  until  some  time 
in  April,  becoming  numerous  in  the  Middle  districts  after  the 
middle  of  this  month,  reaching  New  England  and  our  northern 
border  about  the  first  week  in  May,  and  then  soon  gaining  the 
limits  of  its  northward  migration.  Its  movements  are  quite 
regular,  and  at  the  height  of  the  season  the  bird  is  too  abun- 
dant in  all  suitable  localities  to  be  overlooked.  The  return 
movement  is  rather  early,  all  the  birds,  as  a  rule,  passing  through 
the  Middle  districts  during  the  month  of  September.  It  is  not 
so  common  a  bird,  apparently,  in  the  West  as  the  East,  and 
the  nature  of  the  Eocky  Mountain  region  either  interferes  with 
the  orderly  north  and  south  movement,  or  else  obscures  our 
recognition  of  the  periods  of  migration.  It  is  well  known  to 
occur  westward  into  the  Middle  Province,  but  has  not  been 
observed  in  the  Pacific  slopes.  North,  its  range  is  probably 
nearly  coincident  with  the  limit  of  large  trees ;  such  extreme 
of  distribution  does  not  seem  to  be  gained  until  the  latter  part 
of  May,  and  its  coming  must  be  immediately  followed  by  pairing 
and  nesting,  as  the  eggs  have  been  found  at  Fort  Resolution  by 
the  middle  of  June.  While  I  was  collecting  at  Pembina,  on  the 
Red  Eiver  of  the  North,  latitude  49°,  during  the  whole  month 
of  June  the  Eedstarts  were  very  abundant  in  the  heavy  timber 
of  the  river-bottom,  in  full  song,  pairing  and  nesting,  and  at 
the  height  of  their  sexual  irritability.  I  never  saw  it  in  Ari- 
zona, nor  have  the  later  students  of  the  ornithology  of  that 
Territory  found  it,  though  we  have  advices  of  its  occasional 
appearance  in  New  Mexico,  and  of  its  presence  in  considerable 
numbers  in  Colorado  and  Utah,  where  it  unquestionably  breeds 
at  the  higher  elevations. 

In  general,  the  breeding  range  may  be  given  as  rather  more 
than  the  northern  half  of  the  United  States,  and  all  that  por- 
tion of  British  America  which  falls  within  the  limits  of  its 
migration.  It  builds  a  neat,  even  an  elegant  nest,  usually  in 
an  upright  crotch  formed  by  several  small  twigs,  like  the  Least 
Flycatcher  for  instance,  at  an  elevation  of  from  five  to  twenty 
or  more  feet  from  the  ground.  Nests  which  I  have  examined 
varied  greatly,  as  most  birds7  nests  do,  in  the  materials  of  which 
they  were  composed,  though  sufficiently  similar  to  preserve 
their  character  of  small  compact  structures,  with  neatly  turned 
brim  and  deep  cavity,  about  two  and  a  half  inches  across  out- 


NEST  AND  EGGS  OP  THE  REDSTART       345 

side,  and  the  same  in  height.  The  material  is  chiefly  fine  and 
soft,  such  as  plant-down  and  perfectly  disintegrated  vegetable 
fibre,  and  the  nests  built  of  such  substances  are  exquisitely 
soft  and  homogeneous.  There  is  usually,  however,  a  consider- 
able mixture  of  coarser  fibrous  material,  such  as  bark-strips, 
with  a  lining  of  fine  grasses,  rootlets,  in  some  cases  hair,  in 
others  pine-needles. 

A  rather  curious  nest,  taken  at  Eacine,  Wisconsin,  by  Dr.  P. 
E.  Hoy,  and  now  preserved  in  the  National  Museum,  is  attached 
entirely  to  one  side  of  an  upright  fork,  and  setting  away  from 
the  support  altogether,  excepting  a  small  part  of  its  circum- 
ference, which  reaches  down  into  the  crotch.  Another  remark- 
able nest,  taken  in  Massachusetts  by  Mr.  George  O.  Welch,  and 
described  by  Dr.  Brewer,  is  a  reconstruction  of  one  begun  by 
a  pair  of  Summer  Warblers,  and  either  abandoned  by  the  origin- 
ators, or  from  which  they  had  been  driven  away.  The  Eedstarts 
built  upon  this  basis,  constructing  a  nest  of  their  own.  The 
base  was  composed  of  the  downy  covering  of  the  under  side  of 
fern-leaves,  with  a  few  herbaceous  stems  and  leaves;  within 
this  was  built  an  entirely  distinct  nest,  composed  of  long  slen- 
der strips  of  bark,  pine-needles,  and  grass-stems.  In  a  third  nest, 
found  by  the  same  writer  in  Hingham,  Mass.,  the  more  usual 
bark-strips  were  replaced  by  hempen  fibres,  thistle-down,  bits 
of  newspaper,  and  other  matters.  This  nest  was  in  a  tree  stand- 
ing in  an  open  space  near  a  dwelling-house  ;  another  was  in  a 
swampy  thicket,  five  feet  from  the  ground ;  one  of  the  northern 
nests  Dr.  Brewer  notices  was  built  in  low  willow-bushes. 

The  Eedstart  appears  to  lay  usually  only  four  eggs,  this  being 
the  number  in  most  of  the  nests  I  have  seen  ;  but  five  are  often 
found.  The  ground-color  of  the  shell  is  white,  and  this  is  quite 
thickly  sprinkled  over,  but  especially  spotted  at  and  around 
the  larger  end,  with  usual  shades  of  brown,  lilac,  and  purplish. 
They  have  been  likened  to  those  of  the  Summer  Warbler,  and 
there  is  probably  nothing  about  them,  or  the  nest  either,  that 
enables  one  to  distinguish  them  with  certainty  from  those  of 
some  other  Sylvicoliues.  My  measurements  of  several  speci- 
mens at  the  Smithsonian  give  the  rangre  of  variation  in  size  from 
0.60  x  0.49  to  0.70  x  0.51.  Dr.  Brewer's  indicate  rather  smaller 
samples;  he  states  that  they  vary  in  length  from  0.55  to  0.68 
of  an  inch,  and  in  breadth  from  0.45  to  0.53.  Mr.  Minot  says 
that  the  "four  or  five  eggs  of  each  set  usually  average  .65  X  .50 
of  an  inch'7 — a  statement  that  exactly  bears  out  my  mea- 
surements, and  is  possibly  deduced  from  them. 


346  UNCERTAIN    SYLVICOLID^,    ETC. 


ADDENDUM  TO  CHAPTER  XII. 

The  foregoing  pages,  in  which  the  Sylvicolidce  are  treated,  account  for  very 
nearly  all  the  species,  real  or  nominal,  of  this  family,  which  have  been 
attributed  by  authors  to  North  America.  There  remain,  however,  a  few 
names,  alleged  or  supposed  to  belong  to  Sylvicolidoe,  which  I  have  not  been 
able  to  identify,  or  which  indicate  species  wrongly  ascribed  to  North  America. 
These  are  as  follows : — 

Motacilla  semitorquata,  Om.  SN.  i.  1788, 972,  u.  112.— Tare.  SN.  i.  1806, 598. 

Sylvia  semftorquata,  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790, 542,  n.  129.— V.  OAS.  ii.  1807, 43.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool. 

x.  1817, 594. 

Sylvia  semi-torquata,  F.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 181.— V.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823, 445,  n.  91. 
Mniotilta  semitorquata,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 197. 
Figuier  a  demi-collier,  Buff.  "v.  316". 
Half-collar  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 494,  n.  124. 

Half-collared  Warbler,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 410,  n.  3ll.-Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 594. 
Fauvette  a  demi-collier,  v.  11.  cc. 
HAB. — "  Louisiana." 

Motacilla  fulva,  Om.  SN.  i.  1783, 973,  n.  113.— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806, 598. 

Sylvia  fulva,  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790, 542,  n.  130.— V.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  46.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 

726.— 7.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 188.— V.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 447,  n.  98. 
Mniotilta  fulva,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 197. 
Figuier  a  gorge  Jaune,  Bu/.  "  v.  317". 

Orange-bellied  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 495,  n.  125.— Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 410,  n.  312. 
Fauvette  a  gorge  jaune,  v.  1.  c. 
HAB. — "Louisiana."    Possibly  young  or  autumnal  Geothlyp'w  trichas. 

Motacilla  fusca,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  973,  u.  114.— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806, 598. 

Sylvia  fusca,  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790, 543,  n.  131. 

Sylvia  grisei  COlliS,  V.  OAS.  ii.  1807, 29,  pi.  87.— V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 187.— Steph.  Gen. 

Zool.  x.  1817, 685.— V.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  182J,  447,  n.  97. 
Mniotilta  fusca,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1843, 197. 
Figuier  brim-olive,  Buff.  "v.  318". 
Olive-brown  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  495,  n.  126.— Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  411,  n.  313. 

Fauvette  a  gorge  grlse,  V.  11.  cc. 

Grey-throated  Warbler,  Steph.  L  c.     (Not  of  earlier  authors,  which  is  Mot.  cana  Gm.  == 
Polioptila  cosrulea.) 

HAB. — "Louisiana."  Vieillot  says  his  griseicollis  is  the  same  as  fusca  of 
earlier  authors,  and  assigns  San  Domingo  and  Porto  Rico  as  habitat,  besides 
"  Louisiana  ". 

Fauvette  verdatre  de  la  Louisiane,  Buff.  "v.  162". 

Black-cap  Warbler  var.  C,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 417,  n.  5. 

Sylvia  atricapilla,  6,  Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790, 509,  n.  6. 

Sylvia  virescens,  V.  OAS.  ii.  1807, 42.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 650. 

Sylvia  viridicans,  V.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823, 435,  n.  56. 

Greenish  Warbler,  Steph.  1.  c. 

Fauvette  verdatre,  V.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823, 435. 

"Bill  dusky :  top  of  the  head  blackish :  hind  part  of  neck  deep  ash-colour: 
sides  and  back  pale  brown,  with  a  tinge  of  green :  wings  and  tail  blackish, 
edged  with  brownish  green :  above  the  eye  a  streak  of  white :  throat  white : 
under  parts  of  the  body  gray.  Inhabits  Louisiana." 


UNCERTAIN   SYLVICOLID^,    ETC.  347 

Sylvia  pumilia,  V.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  39,  pi.  100.— V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817,  239  (referred  to  S. 

trochilus  var.  Lath.).— V.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823, 467,  n.  175  (ref.  to  Edw.  pL  278,  f.  2). 
Mniotilta  pumila,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196  (=  V.  OAS.  pi.  100). 
Sy Ivlcola  pumila,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 308. 
Fauvette  naine,  V.  1.  c.  1807. 
Pouillot  naiii,  V.  11.  cc.  1817  and  1823. 

HAB.— North  America.— See  anted,,  p.  254,  note. 

Sylvia  blcolOP,  V.  OAS.  ii.  1807,  31,  pi.  90  bis.—V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817,  167.— Steph.  Gen. 

Zool.  x.  1817, 665.— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823, 431,  n.  41. 
Mniotilta  bicolor,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 196. 
Fauvette  bicolor,  V.  1.  c.  1817. 
Fauvette  bicolore,  V.  1.  c.  1823. 
Bicoloured  Warbler,  Steph.  1.  c. 

HAB.— North  America.    Description  indicates  a  bird  like  Dendrccca  coerulea 
or  Polioptila  cwrulea. 

Motacilla  jrquhioctialis,  Gm.  SK  i.  1788, 972. 

Sylvia  iequinoctialis,  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790,  542,  127.— F.  OAS.  ii.  1807, 26,  pi.  81.— Steph.  Gen. 

Zool.  x.  1817, 606.— F.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 205.— F.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823,  458,  n.  141. 
Trichas  ivquinoctialis,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 197.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 310. 
Geothlypis  aequinoctialis,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,  16.—  Sd.  Cat.  AB.  1861,  27.— Taylor,  "Ibis, 

1864, 81 "  (Trinidad).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 224.— B.  B.  <£•  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 296. 
Sylvia  delafleldii,  Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1839, 153  ("  California  "  or  "  Oregon  ").— 

And.  OB.  v.  1839, 307. 
Tricbas  delafleldii,  And.  Syn.1839,65  ("Northern  California ").—Aud.  BA.  ii.  1841, 81, pi. 

103.— Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 197. 

Trichus  delafleldi,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 310  ("California"). 
Quid  Tricbas  delafleldii,  Heerm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  ii.  1853,  263;  PURR.  x.  1859,  40? 

(G.  trichas?). 

Geothlypis  velatus,  Bd.  BNA.  1858, 243. 
Figuier  olive  de  Cayenne,  Buff.  "v.315";  PE.685,f.l. 
Equatorial  Warbler,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 493,  n.  122. 
Fauvette  olive,  F.  11.  cc. 

HAB.— Cayenne,  Trinidad,  &c.    Ascribed  to  North  America  by  Vieillot  and 
others. 

Sylvia  velata,  F.  OAS.  ii.  1807, 22,  pL  74.— F.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 232.— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii. 

1823,  434,  n.  54. 
Tricbas  velata,  Sw.  Class.  B.  ii.  1837,  247.— Bp.  CA.  L  1850,  310.— Burm.  "  Syst.  TJebers. 

iii.  1856, 115  ". 

Tricbas  velatus,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 197. 

Geothlypis  velatus,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,  l6.-Scl.  Cat  AB.  1861, 27.— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 223. 
Geotblypis  icquinoctialis  var.  velata,  B.  B.  <&  Ii.  NAB.  i.  1874, 296. 
Tanagra  canicapilla,  Sw.  "  Zool.  111.  iii.  18— ,  pi.  174  ". 
Sylvia  canicapilla,  Pr.Max.  "  Beit.  iii.  18— ,  701"  (Brazil). 
Trichas  caniicapilla,  Lesson,  RZ.  iii.  1840, 134. 
Fauvette  voile"e,  F.  11.  cc. 

HAB. — Brazil.    Ascribed  to  North  America  by  Vieillot. 
Aegithina  leucoptera. 

Sylvia  leucoptera,  F.  OAS.  ii.  1807, 28,  pi.  84. 
Aegithina  leucoptera,  V.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 311. 
Mniotilta  leucoptera,  Gray,  G.  of  B.L  1848, 196. 

Not  American,  and  not  a  Sylvicoline. 


CHAPTER  XIII.— TANAGEBS 


FAM.  TANAGBIDJE 

TANAGERS  are  amongst  the  most  characteristic  birds  of  the 
Western  Hemisphere,  being  strictly  confined  to  America, 
like  their  near  relatives  the  Sylvicolidce — like  the  Icteridce,  an- 
other Oscine  family — like  the  Clamatorial  family  Tyrannidce,  or 
the  Picarian  tribe  of  the  Hummingbirds,  Trochilidce.  Though 
poorly  represented  in  North  America,  by  only  a  single  genus, 
Pyranga,  they  abound  in  species  and  individuals  in  the  warmer 
parts  of  both  continents.  More  than  three  hundred  species  are 
recognized  by  late  authorities,  and  these  are  ranged  under  some 
sixty  or  seventy  of  the  genera  of  modern  systematists,  or  sched- 
ule-draugkters.  These  birds  are  famed  for  the  beauty  and 
variety  of  their  coloration,  being  among  those  most  frequently 
exhibited  in  the  show-cases  of  the  bird-stuffers  and  milliners, 
as  well  as  on  the  head-wear  of  fashionable  ladies,  who  have 
degenerated  into  walking  advertisements  of  wretched  taxi- 
dermy in  their  rage  for  barbaric  ornamentation  of  their  persons. 
The  style  used  to  be  to  wear  plumes  selected  either  for  their 
beauty  of  coloration  or  their  gracefulness  of  shape ;  but  the 
itch  of  savagery  has  broken  out  with  aggravated  symptoms,  to 
be  appeased  with  nothing  short  of  an  ornithological  museum.  I 
once  counted  the  feathers  of  no  fewer  than  fifteen  different 
kinds  of  birds  on  the  dress  of  an  Indian  squaw ;  but  then  her 
alleged  husband  had  one  necklace  of  grizzly-bear  claws  and 
another  of  human  finger-tips ;  and  circumstances  alter  cases, 
you  know.  It  seemed  to  me  less  singular  than  the  case  of 
another  woman  whom  1  examined  with  some  care  shortly  after- 
ward, on  whose  bosom  rested  a  gilt  tipped  tiger's-claw,  from 
whose  ears  depended  two  claws  of  the  same  animal,  in  whoso 
hair  nestled  the  greater  part  of  the  external  anatomy  of  tho 
bird  known  as  the  shitepoke,  and  to  whose  loins  a  live  poodle- 
dog  was  tied  by  a  long  blue  string.  Such  a  toilet,  I  think, 
would  be  still  more  effective  with  the  rouge  and  lily-white  in 
streaks  instead  of  layers,  and  a  fish-bone  through  the  nose. 

348 
I 


EUPHONIA   ELEGANTISSIMA  349 

It  is  not  that  Tanagers  are  not  highly  ornamental,  but  that 
they  are  sometimes  out  of  place. — I  have  already  remarked 
(p.  196)  upon  the  intimacy  of  relationship  between  these  birds 
and  the  Sylvicolidce  and  Fringillidce,  and  I  know  of  no  charac- 
ters whereby  a  family  Tanagridce  can  be  distinguished  from 
these  and  one  or  two  other  recognized  families  of  nine-prima- 
ried  Oscines.  Tanagers  ordinarily  lack  the  truly  conic  shape 
of  the  bill  and  angulation  of  the  commissure  so  often  seen  in 
Fringillidce ;  but  in  both  families  the  form  of  bill  is  endlessly 
varied.  The  bill  is  usually  stouter  and  more  conoidal  than  it 
is  in  the  Sylvicolidce,  but  the  exceptions  to  any  such  assumed 
rule  are  too  numerous  to  warrant  its  recogition  as  a  means  of 
diagnosis.  The  wings,  tail,  and  feet  offer  nothing  distinctive; 
there  are  nine  primaries,  twelve  rectrices,  and  a  thoroughly 
Oscine  structure  of  the  tarsal  envelope  in  both  of  the  reputed 
families,  while  the  proportionate  lengths  and  details  of  shape 
of  these  members  are  distinctive  of  neither  group. 

The  North  American  representative  of  the  family,  Pyranga,  is 
easily  distinguished  from  any  other  genus  of  this  country,  how- 
ever the  case  may  be  inside  its  own  family  ranks. 

A  beautiful  Tanager  of  the  genus  Euplionia  has  been  ascribed 
to  the  United  States,  but  on  insufficient  evidence  of  its  actual 
occurrence  over  our  border.  It  was  originally  described  by  the 
Prince  Bonaparte  as  a  bird  of  Mexico,  and  shortly  afterward 
figured  by  J.  P.  Giraud  as  one  of  his  sixteen  new  species  of 
birds  of  "Texas".  We  are  likely  to  hear  of  it  again,  however, 
at  any  moment,  as  an  inhabitant  of  the  valley  of  the  Lower 
Rio  Grande  or  that  of  the  Lower  Colorado.* 

*Eu5»Iioiiia  elegantissima.— C  celestial  Tanager. 

Pipra  elegantissima,  Bp.  PZS.  1837, 112  (Mexico). 

Euphonia  elegantissima,  Gray,  "G.  of  B.  — ,  App.  17".— Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.iv.  1848, 

90  (Xalapa).— Scl  "Contr.  Orn.  1851,  83  ".— Bd.  Eep.  Great  Salt  Lake,  1852,  330.— Scl. 

PZS.  1855,  66.—  Scl.  PZS.  1856, 272  (synonyms,  &c.).— Scl.  PZS.  1858,  303  (La  Parada).— 

Bd.  BNA.  1858,  304 ;  ed.  of  1860,  Atlas,  pi.  71,  f.  —  —Scl.  PZS.  1859, 364, 378.— 8.  &  S. 

Ibis,  1859, 16.— Cab.  J.  f.  0. 1860, 331  (Costa  Rica).—  Scl.  Cat.  AB.  1861, 56.— Law.  Ann. 

Lye.  N.  T.  ix.  1868,  98  (Costa  Rica).— Scl.  PZS.  1870,  185  (Veragua).— Orton,  Am.  Nat, 

iv.  1871, 714. 

Euphona  elegantissima,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 332.— Gieb.  Nomencl.  Av.  1874, 135. 
Eupbonia  coelestls,  Less.  Kev.  Zool.  1839,  42.— Dubus,  "Esq.  Ornith.  1850,  pi.  14"  (others 

quote  "pi.  8"). 
Azure-capped  Manakin,  Pipra  galericnlata,  Giraud,  Sixt.  Sp.  Tex.  B.  1841,  not  paged, 

folio  21,  n.  10.  pi.  5,  f.  2. 

HAS.— Mexico  and  Central  America.  Said  to  have  occurred  in  Southern 
Texas  and  near  San  Francisco,  Cal. 


350  THE   GENUS   PYRANGA 

Genus  PYEANGA  Vieillot 

Tanagra,  in  part,  of  early  authors. 

Piranga,  VieMot,  OAS.  i.  1807,  p.  iv.—Gray,  Handlist^  ii.  1870, 60,  n.  1731. 

Pyranga,  Vieillot,   "Analyse,  1816,32".— V.  Gal.  Ois.  i.  1834, lll.-Scl.  PZS.  1856,  123.- 

Bd.  BNA.  1858, 300.—  B.  B.  <&  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  432. 
Phcenlsoma,  Sw.  Class.  B.  ii.  1837, 284. 
Phtenisoma,  Bp. 
Phoenlcosoma,  Cab.  "  Arch.  f.  Naturg.  xiii.  1847, 316  " ;  Mas.  Hein.  i.  1850, 24. 

CHARS. — Bill  stout,  turgid,  conoidal,  usually  notched  at  the 
tip,  and  with  one  or  more  denticulations  of  the  cutting  edge  of 
the  upper  mandible  near  the  middle  of  the  commissure.  Eictal 
bristles  well  developed.  Nostrils  basal,  the  frontal  antise 
reaching  them.  Wings  lengthened  and  pointed,  the  first  four 
feathers  subequal  and  longest.  Tail  moderate  in  length,  shorter 
than  the  wings,  slightly  forked,  but  nearly  even.  Tarsus  not 
longer  than  the  middle  toe  ;  lateral  toes  about  equal,  the  outer 
coherent  with  the  middle  by  nearly  all  of  the  length  of  its  basal 
joint.  Sexes  more  or  less  unlike  in  color  5  red  usually  prevail- 
ing in  the  male  sex.  Habits  migratory,  insectivorous,  arboreal ; 
voice  not  musical.  Eggs  spotted  (as  far  as  known). 

Four  species  of  this  beautiful  genus  inhabit  the  United  States, 
three  of  them  representing  as  many  of  the  sections  into  which  the 
genus  is  divisible  according  to  pattern  of  coloration.  Numerous 
others  are  found  in  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  These  birds 
have  been  specially  studied  of  late  by  Mr.  Kobert  Eidgway  ,*  who 
has  analyzed  their  characters — more  particularly  those  of  the 
group  which  includes  P.  cestiva — with  his  usual  discrimination. 

One  of  the  best  known  of  these  birds  is  the  Scarlet  Tanager, 
Pyrangarubraj  whose  encrimsoned  body,  contrasting  with  wings 

*  On  the  Uniformly  Red  Species  of  Pyranga,  with  Description  of  a  New  North 
American  Species  or  Variety  [oooperi].  <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  June, 
1869,  pp.  129-133.  See  also  the  excellent  schedule  of  the  whole  genus,  by 
the  same  talented  writer,  in  the  History  of  North  American  Birds,  vol.  i.  pp. 
432,  435  (1874). 

t  Pyranga  rufora.— Scarlet  Tanager. 

Tanagra  rubra,  L.  SN.  L 1766, 314,  n.  3  (from  Cardinalis  canadensis  Briss.  iii.  48,  pi.  2,  £  5).— 
Bodd.  TabL  PE.  1783, 10,  pi.  156,  f.  1.— Gm.  SK  i.  pt  ii.  1788, 889,  n.  3.— Lath.  IO.  i.  1790, 
420,  n.  3.— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  545.— Wife.  AO.  ii.  1810, 42,  pi.  11,  f.  3, 4.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila. 
Acad.  iv.  1824,  53.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ii.  1826,  105.— Fox,  Newc.  Mus.  1827, 158.— 
Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831, 465.-  Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 465.— And.  OB.  iv.  1838,  388,  pi.  354,  f.  3. 4.— 
Peak.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  319.— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  App.  24.— Read,  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  vi.  1853. 400. 

Pyranga  rubra,  7.  "OAS.  i.  1807,  p.  iv.  pi.  1,  f.  12  (head)".— S.  <&E.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  273, 
fig.—  Jard.  ed.  Wils.  i.  1832, 192.— Bp.  CGL.  1838, 35.— D'Orb.  Ois.  Cuba,  1839,  78.—  And. 
Syn.  1839, 136.— Aud.  B.  Amer.  iii.  1841,  226,  pi.  209.— Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847,  235.— Gir. 
BLL  1844,135.— Bp.C A.  i.  1850, 241.— Woodh.  Rep.  Zufii  R.  1853,  82.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  vi.  1853, 383  (Wisconsin).— Jennie.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.i.  1855,  585.— Pratten, 
ibid.  605.— /SW.  PZS.  1855,  156  (Bogota) ;  1856,  123  (synonymy,  &c.).— Putn.  Pr.  Ess. 
Inst  i  1856, 212.—  Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1856, 292  (Indiana).— Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  vi. 
1858,  270— ScL  PZS.  1858,  73  (Rio  Napo,  Ecuador). -Bd.  BNA.  1858,  30.— Willis, 


SYNONYMY  OF  PYRANGA  RUBRA         351 

and  tail  as  black  as  night,  makes  him  only  too  conspicuous  an 
object,  the  never-failing  bait  to  the  greed  of  the  mere  collector 

Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859, 233(Nova  Scotia).—  Martens,  J.  f.  0. 1859,  215  (Bermudas).— 
Brew.  Pr.  Boat  Soc.  vii.  1860,  307  (Cuba).— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,436.— 
Lawr.  Ann.  Lyc.N.Y.  vii.  1861,  331  (New  Granada).— Gundl.  J.  f.O.  1861,  328.—  Scl 
CAB.  1862,80  (Bogota).— Vcrr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862,  148.— AlbrecJit,  J.  f.  0. 1862, 197 
(Jamaica).— Tayl  Ibis,  iv.  1862,  128  (F.'orida).— Boardm.  Pr.  Bost,  Soc.  ix.  1862,  125 
(Maine).— March,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xv.  1863,  296  (Jamaica).— Scl  PZS.  1864,  350 
(Panama).— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  lust.  iv.  1864,  65.— Roy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  438 
(Missouri).— Dress.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  18C5,  479  (El  Paso,  Tex  ).— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v. 
1866,  86  (Canada  West).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  1ST.  T.  viii.  1866,  286;  ix.  1868,  99  (Costa 
Rica).— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst,  v.  1868,  275.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868, 113  (South 
Carolina).— Jackson,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  490.— Sumich.  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869,  550  (Vera 
Cruz).— v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  O.  1869,  229  (Costa  Rica).— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  26  ;  Phila.  ed. 
19.— Salv.  PZS.  1870,  187  (Veragua).— Bruhin,  Zool.  Gart.  1871,  17  (Wisconsin).— 
Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst,  vi.  1871,117  (Minnesota).— Salv.  Ibis,  3d  ser.  ii.  1872,  316  (Chon- 
tales).— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1872,  421  (Cuba)  —Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  370.— Scott. 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  223.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  111.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  175 
(Eastern  Kansas).— Snow,  B.  Kans.  1873,  2.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  235.— 
Packard,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  271.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  82.—!?.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 
435,  pi.  20,  f.  7, 8.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  441.— Gentry,  Life-Hist.  i.  1876, 177.- 
Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877,  W.-Minot,  B.  N.  Engl.  1677, 134. 

Piranga  rubra,  Gray,  Handlist,  ii.  1870, 60,  n.  6835. 

Pyrouga  rubra,  Bruhin,  Zool.  Gart.  xii.  1872, 221. 

Pfaoenisoma  rubra,  Sw.  Class.  B.  ii.  1837, 284. 

Phoenicosoma  rubra,  Cab.  HH.  i.  1850, 24.— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1855, 477;  1861, 409  (Cuba). 

Phoenicosoina  rubrum,  Gieb.  Nomenc.  Av.  iii.  1876, 110. 

?  Tanagra  olivacea,  6m.  SN.  i.  1788,  889,  n.  6  (in  part,  perhaps.  Based  on  the  Olivet  of 
Buff.  iv.  269,  and  the  Olive  Tanager  of  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  i.  218,  n.  4,  and  Penn.  AZ.ii. 
1785, 369,  n.  238.  "  Cayenne  and  New  York  "). 

Pyranga  erythromelas,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  2d  ed.  xxviii.  1819, 293. 

Pyranga  etythromelas,  V.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823, 800. 

Cardinal  de  Canada,  Cardinalis  canadensis,  Briss.  Orn.  iii.  17CO,  48,  pi.  2,  f.  5  (sole  baeis 
of  Tanagra  rubra  L.). 

Tangara  du  Canada,  Buff.  "  vii.  350  " ;  PE.  156,  f.  1.— Less.  Man.  i.  1828,  164.  [Compare 
PE.127,f.l.] 

Scarlet  Sparrow,  Edw.  pi.  343. 

Bed  Tanager,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  i.  1783, 217,  n.  3. 

Canada  Tanager,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 369,  n.  237. 

?  Olive  Tanager,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  i.  1783,  218,  n.  4.— Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1765,  369,  n.  238.  ("  New 
York."  A  basis  of  T.  olivacea  Gm. ;  may  be  ?  of  this  or  T.  (estiva.) 

Fyranga  rouge  et  nolr,  V.  1. c.  1823.— D'Orb. I.e. 

Scarlet  Black-winged  Tanager,  S.  &  K.  1.  c. 

Scarlet  Tanager  or  Black-winged  Red-bird,  Aud.  1.  c. 

Tangara  ecarlate,  Le  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 278. 

HAB. — Eastern  Province  of  North  America,  strictly.  United  States  and 
adjoining  border  of  the  British  Provinces  (Lake  Huron,  lat.  49°  N.— not  59°, 
as  misprinted  in  my  BNW.).  West  to  the  borders  of  the  Plains  (Kansas 
and  Indian  Territory ;  El  Paso,  Heermanri).  Cuba.  Jamaica.  Mexico.  Cen- 
tral America  and  South  America  to  Ecuador.  Breeds  throughout  its  United 
States  range.  Winters  extralimital.  Not  common  north  of  Massachusetts. 

NOTE,— There  is  a  hitch  in  the  nomenclature  of  our  two  Eastern  Tanagers,  if  we  must 
take  Linnaeus  at  1758.  He  applied  the  name  rubra  to  each  of  them  in  1766,  calling  the 
Scarlet  Tanager  Tanagra  rubra  on  p.  314,  and  the  Summer  Redbird  Muscicapa  rubra  on 
p.  326.  This  would  leave  the  term  rubra  as  it  stands  now,  for  the  Scarlet  Tanager ;  but 
he  had  before  called  the  Summer  Redbird  Fringilla  rubra,  in  1758,  p.  181.  In  strictness, 
therefore,  the  name  rubra  should  stand  in  place  of  cestiva,  for  the  Summer  ttedbird.  But 
this  is  a  case  in  which  it  seems  desirable  to  relax  the  stringency  of  a  rule  which,  if  hero 
put  in  force,  would  result  in  a  confusing  change  of  nomenclature. 


352  SYNONYMY   OF   PYRANGA    JESTIVA 

and  dealer  in  bird-skins.  I  hold  this  bird  in  particular,  almost 
superstitious,  recollection,  as  the  very  first  of  all  the  feathered 
tribe  to  stir  within  me  those  emotions  that  have  never  ceased 
to  stimulate  and  gratify  my  love  for  birds.  More  years  have 
passed  than  I  care  to  remember  since  a  little  child  was  strolling 
through  an  orchard  one  bright  morning  in  June,  filled  with 
mute  wonder  at  beauties  felt,  but  neither  questioned  nor  under- 
stood. A  shout  from  an  older  companion — "There  goes  a 
Scarlet  Tanager!" — and  the  child  was  straining  eager,  wistful 
eyes  after  something  that  had  flashed  upon  his  senses  for  a  mo- 
ment as  if  from  another  world,  it  seemed  so  bright,  so  beauti- 
ful, so  strange.  "What  is  a  Scarlet  Tanagerf  mused  the 
child,  whose  consciousness  had  flown  with  the  wonderful  appa- 
rition on  wings  of  ecstasy  5  but  the  bees  hummed  on,  the  scent 
of  flowers  floated  by,  the  sunbeam  passed  across  the  green- 
sward, and  there  was  no  reply — nothing  but  the  echo  of  a  mute 
appeal  to  Nature,  stirring  the  very  depths  with  an  inward  thrill. 
That  night  the  vision  came  again  in  dreamland,  where  the 
strangest  things  are  truest  and  known  the  best;  the  child 
was  startled  by  a  ball  of  fire,  and  fanned  to  rest  again  by  a 
sable  wing.  The  wax  was  soft  then,  and  the  impress  grew  in- 
delible. Nor  would  I  blur  it  if  I  could — not  though  the  flight 
of  years  has  borne  sad  answers  to  reiterated  questionings — not 
though  the  wings  of  hope  are  tipped  with  lead  and  brush 
the  very  earth,  instead  of  soaring  in  scented  sunlight.  .  .  . 

The  Summer  Eedbird,  Pyranga  cestiva,  though  chiefly  East- 
ern in  its  distribution  within  the  United  States,  is  represented 
in  the  Colorado  Basin  by  a  variety  recently  discriminated  by 
Mr.  Ridgway ;  and  the  same  region  affords  two  other  species  of 
this  brilliant  genus,  the  histories  of  which  I  hope  to  give  with 
precision  and  sufficient  detail. 

Western  Summer  Redbird 

Pyranga  {estiva  cooper! 

a.  cestiva 

Fringilla  rubra !,  L.  SN.  i.  10th  ed.  1758, 181,  n.  13  (from  Gates,  i.  56). 

Mnsclcapa  rubra,  L.  SK  i.  12th  ed.  1766, 326,  n.  8  (Gates,  i.  56 ;  Edw.  63,  pi.  239,  f.  2 ;  Briss. 

ii.  432). 
Tanagra  testiva  \or  aestiva],  Gm.  SS.  i.  1788, 889,  n.  25.— Lath.  10.  ii.  1790, 422,  n.  7.— Turt. 

SJSf.  i.  1806,  545.— Wife.  AO.  i.  95,  pi.  6,  f.  3.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  1824,  53.—  Bp.  Ann. 

Lye.  IS".  T.  ii.  1826, 105.— Licht.  "Preis-Verz.  Mex.  Vog.  1830, 2"  ;  J.  f.  0. 1863, 56.—  Nutt. 

Man.  i.  1832,  469.— Aud.  OB.  i.  1831,  232 ;  v.  1839, 518 ;  pi.  44.— Read,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad. 

vi.  1853, 400.— Gosse,  Alabama,  1859,  36. 


SYNONYMY   OF    PYRANGA   JESTIVA  353 

Pyranga  jestiva  [or  aestiva],  V.  N.  D.d'H.  N.  2d  ed.  xxviii.  1819,  291;  Ency.  Meth.  ii. 
1823,  799.— Bp.  PZS.  1837,  117  (Guatemala).— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  35.— D'Orb.  Ois.  Cuba, 
1839,  76.— And.  Syn.  1839, 136.— And.  BA.  iii.  1841, 222,  pi.  2Q8.-Linsley,  Am.  Journ.  Sci. 
xliv.  1843, 261  (Connecticut).— Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1848,  90  (Xalapa).—  Bp.  CA. 
i.  1850,  241  (includes  hepatica)  .—Burnett,  Pr.  Eost.  Soc.  iv.  1851,  11C.—  Wailes,  Rep. 
Missis.  1854,  319.— Scl.  PZS.  1855, 156  (Bogota).— Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 
585.— Pratten,  ibid.  605.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,  224.— Scl.  PZS.  1856,  123  (syno- 
nymy, &c.) ;  142  (Chiriqni) ;  303  (Cordova) ;  1858,  73  (Ecuador) ;  358  (Honduras) ;  1859, 
364  (Xalapa) ;  377  (Oaxaca).— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  301.-S.  <&  S.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  15  (Guate- 
mala).— Martens,  J.  f.  O.  1859,  215  (Bermudas).— Scl.  PZS.  18GO,  65  (Pallatanga) ;  293 
(Esmereldas).— Taylor,  Ibis,  ii.  1860,  111  (Honduras)  -Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xii.  18CO, 
140  (Isthmus  Darien).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860, 307  (Cuba).— Oundl  J.  f.  0. 1861, 
328  (Cuba).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vii.  1861,  297  (New  Granada).— Scl.  CAB.  1861, 
80.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  436  (Pennsylvania).— Ooues  &  Prent.  Smiths. 
Rep.  for  1861, 1862,  409.— Scl.  PZS.  1864, 350  (Panama).— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864, 
83.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  438  (Missouri).— Dress.  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865,  479 
(San  Antonio)  —Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  1ST.  Y.  viii.  1865, 175  (Chiriqui) ;  viii.  1866, 286  (New 
York).— Scl.  PZS.  1867, 139  (Veragua) ;  278  (Mosquito  Coast).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. 
ix.  1868, 99  (Costa  Rica).— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  18C8, 113  (South  Carolina).— Coues, 
Pr.  Ess.  Inst,  v.  1868,  275  (New  England).— Butch.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xx.  1868,  149 
(Laredo,  Tex.).— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1569,  518—Ridgw.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxi.  1869, 130 
(critical;  "N.  to  Nova  Scotia").—  v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  O.  1869,  299  (Costa  ~Rica).-Tumb. 
B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  26  ;  Phila.  ed.  19.— Coop.  Am.  Nat  iii.  18C9,  478  —Sumich.  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  i.  1869, 548  (Vera  Cruz)  —  Mayn.  Guide,  1870,  109  (Massachusetts)  —  S.  &  S.  PZS. 
1870,  836  (Honduras).— Salv.  PZS.  1870,  187  (Veragua).—  Abbott,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870. 
536.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  56.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxiii.  1871, 21  (North  Caro- 
lina).— Wyatt,  Ibis,  3d  ser.  i.  1871,  326  (Colombia).— Gundl.  J.f.O.  1872,421  (Cuba).— 
Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  223.— Salv.  Ibis,  3d  ser.  ii.  1872,  316  (Chontales).— Coues, 
Key,  1872,  111,  fig.  52%  pi.  2,  f.  19, 20.— Snow,  B.  Kans.  1873,  5.— Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii. 
1873, 199  ;  viii.  1874,  201.— Merr.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  87.— Coues,  B3fW.  1874,  82.— Merr. 
Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877,  27  (Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island).— McCauley,  Bull.  U.  S. 
.  Geol.  Surv.  iii.  1877,  662  (Wolf  and  Canadian  Rivers,  Texas).— Minot,  B.  N.  Engl. 
1877,  136. 

Pyranga  aestiva  var.  aestiva,  B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  xvii.  1875, 441,  pi.  20,  f.  5, 6. 

Piranga  {estiva,  Gray,  Handlist,  ii.  1870,  €0,  n.  6836. 

Pboenisoma  aestiva,  Sw.  Class.  B.  ii.  1837, 284.— Cab.  J.  f.  0. 1860, 329  (Costa  R\ca).  . 

Phoenicosoma  aestiva,  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  i.  1850,  25  —  Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1855, 477  (Cuba) ;  1861, 
409  (Cuba). 

Phoenicosoma  aestivnm,  Gieb.  Nomencl.  Av.  iii.  1876, 109. 

Tanagra  rudis,  Sparrm.  "Mus. Carls.  178-,  pi. 94". 

Tanagra  coccinea,  Bodd.  Tabl.  PE.  1783, 46  (name  based  on  PE.  741). 

Pyranga  coccinea,  Gray,  "  G.  of  B.  ii.  184-,  363  ". 

loxia  virginica,  <3m.  SN.  i.  1788,  849,  n.  58  (based  on  the  Yellow-bellied  Grosbeak  of  Lath, 
and  Penn.,  male  changing).— Daudin,  Tr.  Orn.  ii.  1800,  383.—  Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  518. 

Tanagra  mississipensis,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,889,  n.  23  (based  on  Buff,  "iv.252";  PE.741).— 
Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  545.— Licht.  "  Verz.  Doubl.  30  ".—  Brehai,  Hdbh.  Stub.  ti.  Hausvog. 
1832,  392. 

Pyranga  missisipensis,  Maxim.  J.  f.  0. 1858, 272. 

Tanagra  variegita,  Lath.  10.  ii.  1790, 421,  n.  6  (male  changing). 

Meruln  marilandica,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1791, 290  bis. 

?  Fyranga  livida,  Sw.  "  Philos.  Mag.  i.  1827, 438,  n.  70  "  (fide  Gray  and  Cabanis). 

Summer  Redbird,  Edw.  "  Gl.  — ,  60,  chap.  29,  pi.  239,  f.  2  ".—And  of  authors. 

Summer  Red-bird,  Muscicapa  rubra,  Catesby,  Car.  i.  1771, 56,  pi.  56. 

Gobe-mouche  rouge  de  la  Caroline,  Muscicapa  Carolinensis  rubra,  Briss.  Orn.  ii.  1760, 
432.  (Quotes  Fringilla  rubra  Klein.  Av.  97,  n.  9.) 

Tangara  du  Mississipi,  Buff.  "iv.  252";  or,  "v.  63";  or,  "vii. 353"  (PE.741). 

Mlssissipi  Tanager,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  i.  1783,  218,  n.  5. 

Summer  Tanager,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 369,  n.  236. 

Yellow-bellied  Grosbeak,  Lath.  Syn.ii.pt.  i.  1783, 125,  n.22.— Perw.AZ.ii.  1785,  351,  n. 215. 

Variegated  Tanager,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  i.  1783, 219,  n.  5,  pi.  46. 
*3  B  C 


354        CHARACTERS    OF   PYRANGA   ESTIVA   COOPERI 

Red  Bird,  Carver,  Trav.  ed.  of  1796, 315. 

Pyranga  rouge,  V.  1.  c.— D  Orb.  1.  c. 

Mississipi  merle,  Brehm,  1.  c. 

Tangara  vermilion,  Le  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 280. 

HAB. — Eastern  Province  of  the  United  States.  West  only  to  Kansas,  the 
Indian  Territory,  and  Texas,  being  replaced  beyond  by  var.  cooperi.  North 
regularly  to  the  Connecticut  Valley  (Limley,  Merriam),  casually  to  Massa- 
chusetts (Jillson,  as  quoted  by  various  authors),  and  even  Nova  Scotia  (auct. 
Bidgway,  spec,  in  Nat.  Mus.).  Cuba.  Jamaica.  Eastern  Mexico.  Central 
America,  and  South  America  to  Ecuador  and  Peru.  Breeds  throughout  its 
United  States  range.  Winters  wholly  extralimital. 

6.  cooperi 

Pyranga  jcstiva,  f  Woodh.  Eep.  Zufii  R.  1853, 82  (probably,  in  part  at  least).—?  Henry,  Pr. 

Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1855, 312  (New  Mexico) ;  xi.  1859,  106  (New  Mexico).— Coop.  Pr.  Cal. 

Acad.  1861, 162  (Arizona).— Coues,  Ibis,  2d  ser.  i.  1865, 159  (New  Mexico).— Ooues,  Pr. 

Cal.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  71  (Arizona,  in  part). 
Pyranga  hepatica,  Ooues,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  xviii.  1866, 71  (excl.  syns.    In  part.    Intended 

for  true  hepatica,  but  wrongly  includes  the  type-specimens  of  var.  cooperi). 
Pyranga  cooperi,  Ridgw.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xxi.  1869,  130,  fig.  (New  Mexico  and  Southern 

Kocky  Mountains).— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870, 142. 
Piranga  cooperi,  Gray,  Handlist,  ii.  1870, 61,  n.  6847. 
Pyranga  {estiva  var.  cooperii,  Coues,  Key,  1872,  iii.  fig.  52  b. 
Pyranga  lestiva  b.  cooperi,  Coues,  BN~W.  1874, 82. 
Pyranga  {estiva  var.  cooperi,  B.  B.  <&  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 444,  pi.  20,  f.  1,  2.— Hensh.  Rep.  Orn. 

Specs.  1874,  60  (Colorado) ;  108  (Arizona).— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  157.— Hensh. 

Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  "  1875  "  =  1876,  239,  pis.  2  (d1)  and  3  ( $ ). 

HAB. — Southern  portion  of  the  Middle  Province  of  the  United  States,  and 
southward  through  Western  Mexico. 

CH.  SP. —  $  Rubra,  dorso  aliquantulum  obscuriore,  remigibus 
intus  fuseis.  9  Flavo-olivacea,  subtus  ochraceo-flava,  remigibus 
intus  fuseis.  A  $  Major  P.  cestivd,  rostro  robustiore,  alis  cauda- 
que  longioribus. 

J ,  adult :  Red,  more  rosy  or  more  vermilion  according  to  age,  season,  or 
vigor,  paler  below  than  above,  the  back  rather  darker  than  the  head.  Tail- 
feathers  about  like  the  back.  Inner  webs  of  the  wing-quills  and  ends  of 
the  longer  ones  fuscous.  Rather  larger  than  typical  cestiva,  the  wings  and 
tail  longer,  the  bill  rather  larger  and  inclining  to  be  of  a  darker  color. 
Length,  8-8$;  extent,  13-13$;  wing  about  4;  tail  about  3£ ;  bill,  f-f; 
tarsus,  f . 

9 ,  adult :  Yellowish-olive  above,  buffy-yellow  below ;  tail  nearly  like  the 
back ;  wings  fuscous,  edged  with  the  color  of  the  back.  Rather  less  than 
the  male. 

The  young  male  resembles  the  female.  Males  changing  are  irregularly 
patched  with  the  colors  of  the  two  sexes. 

This  form  is  extremely  near  true  cestiva,  and  some  of  the  diagnoses  which 
have  been  prepared  seem  to  rather  force  the  distinguishing  marks.  These 
consist  in  the  rather  superior  size,  seen  chiefly  in  the  dimensions  of  length 
and  extent,  the  tail  being  on  an  average  about  half  an  inch  longer  than  that 
of  P.  cestiva.  and  the  wing  differing  not  quite  so  much.  The  bill  is  rather 
larger,  and  especially  longer,  nearly  or  quite  equalling  the  length  of  the 
tarsus,  instead  of  decidedly  less.  Specimens  from  Texas  and  Middle  Mexico 
are  conceded  to  be  intermediate. 


SYNONYMY    OF   PYRANGA   HEPATICA  355 


Tanager  had  been  noticed  by  several  observers 
who  considered  it  identical  with  the  common  Summer 
Redbird,  before  its  peculiarities  were  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Ridg- 
way.  The  basis  of  his  original  description  was  a  pair  of  adult 
birds,  male  and  female,  which  I  collected  on  the  Rio  Grande, 
near  Albuquerque,  in  June,  1864:  and  from  the  same  specimens 
the  handsome  plates  which  illustrate  Mr.  Henshaw's  report  above 
quoted  were  prepared.  Dr.  Cooper  had  previously  foand  the 
bird  to  be  u  quite  common"  at  Fort  Mojave  after  the  latter  part 
of  April,  among  the  tall  cottonwoods  along  the  Colorado  River. 
It  has  also  been  noticed  in  Arizona  by  Mr.  Henshaw,  who  found 
it  on  the  Gila  River,  and  among  the  San  Francisco  Mountains. 
The  bird  unquestionably  breeds  in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico, 
and  in  fact  these  Territories  represent  nearly  its  northern  limit  ; 
Mr.  Henshaw,  however,  records  a  specimen  procured  at  Denver, 
Colorado.  Southward,  the  bird  is  said  to  extend  along  the  west 
coast  of  Mexico  to  Colima.  The  notes  that  we  possess  respect- 
ing its  habits  are  fragmentary  5  and,  as  far  as  they  go,  indicate 
no  difference  in  such  regard  from  the  ordinary  Summer 
Redbird. 

The  Hepatic  Tanager 

Pyrang-a  hepatica 

Pyranga  bepatica,  Sw,  "Philos.  Mag.  i.  1827,  438,  n.71  ".-Scl.  PZS.  1856,  124  (synonymy, 
&c.)  ;  1857,  213  (Orizaba)  ;  1858,  303  (Parada)  ;  1859,  364  (Xalapa)  ;  377  (Oaxaca).— 
Bd.  BNA.  1858,  302  ;  atlas  to  ed.  of  1860,  pi.  —  .-Kenn.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  Whipple's  Route, 
Birds,  30,  pi.  31  (San  Francisco  Mountains,  Arizona).—  Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859, 
106  (New  Mexico).—  8.  &  8.  Ibis,  1859,  15  (Guatemala).  —Sel.  PZS.  1864,  173  (City  of 
Mexico).—  Ooues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  71  (Fort  Whipple,  Arizona.  In  part;  in- 
cludes cooperi).—  Salv.  PZS.  1867,  139  (Veragua).—  Ridgw.  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1869,  132 
(monographic).—  Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  144,  figs.—  Coues,  Key,  1872,  112,  fig.  53.—  Brew. 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvi.  1873,  108  (eggs?).—  B.  B.  dk  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  440,  pi.  20,  f.  9,  10  ;  iii. 
1874,  508  (eggs?).—  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  108  (Southern  Arizona).—  Hensh. 
List  R  Ariz.  1875,  157.—  Hensh.  Zool.  ExpL  W.  100  Merid.  "  1875  "  =  1876,  237. 

Piranga  hepatica,  Gray,  Handlist,  ii.  1870,  60,  n.  6838. 

Phoenicosoma  hepatica,  Cab.  Mns.  Hem.  i.  1850,  25. 

Phocn  icosoma  hepaticum,  Qieb.  Nomencl.  Av.  iii.  1876,  110. 

Pyranga  azarae,  Woodh.  Rep.  Zufii  R.  1853,  82  (San  Francisco  Mountains,  Arizona  ;  first 
introduced  to  U.  S.  fauna.  Not  of  authors). 

Tanagra  dentata,  Licht.  "  Mus.  Berol." 

Liver-colored  Tanager,  Coop.  1.  c. 

Hepatic  Tanager,  Coues,  1.  c. 

HAB.  —  Southern  Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the  United  States  (New  Mexico 
and  Arizona).  Southward  through  Mexico  to  Guatemala. 

CH.  SP.  —  $  2  Rostro  nigro-plumbeo,  tomio  maxillari  dentato. 
$  Dorso  griseo-fusco  rubricate,  pileo  brunneo-rubro,  alls  caudd- 
que  fuscis  rftbro-limbatis  ;  infrct  rubra,  lateribus  obscurioribus. 


356      CHARACTERS  OF  PYRANGA  HEPATICA 

?  Griseo  olivacea,  alls  cauddque  fuscis,  pileo,  uropygio,  margini- 
busque  alarum  et  caudce  flamcantibus  ;  infra  flavicam,  lateraliter 
obscurior. 

$,  adult:  Upper  parts  brownish-ashy,  intimately  mixed  with  dull  red; 
top  of  the  head,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  edgings  of  the  wings  and  tail 

brighter  brownish-red.     Inner  webs 
and  endb  of  the  wing-quills  dusky; 
tail-feathers    throughout     decidedly 
tinged  with  red.     Sides  of  the  head 
like  the  back;    edges  of  eyelids  red. 
Below  bright  red,  the  sides  and  flanks 
shaded   with  the  color  of  the  back, 
many  feathers  often  also  with  ashy 
FIG.  45.-Hepatic  Tanager,  nat  size.        skirting.    Bill  and  feet  blackish-plum- 
beous, the  cutting  edge  of  the  upper  mandible  furnished  with  a  tooth  more 
prominent  than  in  most  species.    Length  about  8  inches ;  wing,  4  ;  tail,  3£ ; 
bill,  £ ;  tarsus,  f . 

$ ,  adult :  Bill  and  feet  as  in  the  $ .  Upper  parts  greenish-olive,  with  an 
ashy-gray  tinge,  the  crown  and  rump  clearer  and  more  yellowish-olive.  Sides 
of  the  head  like  the  back.  Beneath  yellow,  clear  and  nearly  pure  medially, 
shaded  on  the  sides  with  the  color  of  the  back,  sometimes  brightening  almost 
into  orange  on  the  throat.  Quills  and  tail  fuscous,  with  olivaceous-yellow 
edgings,  the  former  darker  than  the  latter. 

Y,pnng  $  :  Like  the  $ ;  in  males  changing,  the  characters  of  the  two  sexes 
are  confused. 

Very  young  :  There  is  an  earlier  streaky  stage,  before  the  assumption  of  a 
plumage  like  that  of  the  female.  The  upper  parts  are  grayish-brown  with 
an  olive  tinge,  the  lower  parts  grayish- white  with  a  yellowish  shade,  both 
everywhere  streaked  with  dusky.  Wings  and  tail  like  those  of  the  adult  $  , 
but  the  former  with  ochraceous  bands  across  the  ends  of  the  greater  and 
middle  coverts. 

DURING  Capt.  L.  Sitgreaves's  expedition  down  the  Zuni  and 
Colorado  Elvers — an  excursion  well  known  to  ornitholo- 
gists through  the  important  article  on  birds  which  forms  part 
of  the  published  report — Dr.  S.  W.  Woodhouse  observed  this 
beautiful  Tanager  in  the  San  Francisco  Mountains,  and  secured 
a  full-plumaged  male,  adding  to  the  then  recognized  fauna  of 
the  United  States  a  species  long  before  described  by  Mr.  Swain- 
son  as  a  bird  of  Mexico.  In  1858,  Baird  recorded  a  second 
specimen  from  Fort  Thorn,  New  Mexico ;  and,  in  1866, 1  wrote 
of  the  bird  as  a  summer  resident  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Whip- 
pie,  Arizona,  where  it  arrives  during  the  latter  part  of  April. 
In  1874,  Dr.  Brewer  spoke  of  Woodhouse's  original  as  the  only 
specimen  known  at  that  time  to  have  been  found  within  the 
limits  of  the  United  States,  adding,  by  a  still  more  curious  lapse, 


HABITS  OF  THE  HEPATIC  TANAGER       357 

that  the  species  "probably"  extends  into  the  mountainous  por- 
tions of  the  United  States. 

Meanwhile,  however,  in  1873,  Mr.  Henshaw  had  been  busy 
with  birds  in  Arizona,  and  had  taken  a  female  specimen  at 
Camp  Apache,  Arizona,  as  noted  by  Mr.  Ridgway  in  the  appen- 
dix of  the  work  last  mentioned.  There  this  Tanager  was  not 
rare ;  perhaps  half  a  dozen  individuals  were  seen  in  the  course 
of  one  afternoon,  in  a  grove  of  oaks  that  skirted  some  pine 
woods.  The  birds  were  very  shy,  and  seemed  to  be  gleaning 
insects  amidst  the  foliage  of  the  oaks.  The  following  year, 
when  Mr.  Henshaw  was  again  upon  the  spot,  he  made  the  Tan- 
ager out  to  be  an  abundant  inhabitant  of  the  pineries,  and  his 
observations  represent  nearly  all  that  we  know  of  its  habits. 
At  the  date  of  his  enquiries  into  its  mode  of  life,  July  12,  it  was 
doubtless  nesting;  but  he  was  not  successful,  after  a  Jong 
search,  in  discovering  the  nest,  though  he  carefully  watched 
the  birds  as  they  moved  about  the  tops  of  the  pines  in  their 
search  for  insects,  occasionally  sallying  out  to  capture  them  on 
the  wing.  He  heard  no  song,  nor  indeed  any  notes  whatever, 
excepting  the  call-note  of  both  sexes,  resembling  a  repetition 
of  the  syllables  chuck,  cliuck.  On  the  21st  of  the  same  month, 
young  just  from  the  nest  were  taken,  in  oak  woods  near  Rock 
Canon;  and  the  Tauagers  were  seen  at  short  intervals  along  his 
line  of  travel  from  Camp  Apache  to  Camp  Crittenden,  near  the 
Mexican  line,  during  the  rest  of  July  and  the  whole  of  August. 
These  Tanagers  showed  affectionate  solicitude  for  their  unfor- 
tunate brood;  after  an  angry  remonstrance  against  his  sum- 
mary proceedings,  during  which  they  flew  close  to  him  amongst 
the  lower  branches,  they  led  the  survivors  tenderly  away  to  a 
place  of  safety.  Some  old  nests  which  Mr.  Heushaw  found  at 
Bock  Canon  closely  resembled  those  of  the  Scarlet  Tanager  in 
their  situation  and  structure,  being  composed  mainly  of  coarse 
rootlets  and  dried  plant-stems,  with  lining  of  similar  but  finer 
materials;  and  the  rather  slight  unsubstantial  fabrics  were 
placed  at  the  end  of  low  horizontal  branches  of  oaks.  During 
the  latter  part  of  August,  the  birds  seemed  to  leave  the  pine 
woods  and  to  become  more  generally  dispersed,  some  among 
the  deciduous  trees  along  the  streams,  but  the  majority  amidst 
groves  of  oaks.  They  all  appeared  to  have  left  for  the  South 
by  the  end  of  September;  but  Mr.  Henshaw  had  improved  the 
occasion  by  securing  some  twenty  specimens. 

The  known  range  of  the  Hepatic  Tanager  in  the  United 


358  SYNONYMY   OF   PYEANGA    LUDOVICIANA 

States  is  thus  limited  to  a  small  portion  of  our  Western  terri- 
tory, in  the  Colorado  Basin,  and  near  the  Mexican  boundary 
line.  In  the  opposite  direction,  the  record  I  have  compiled 
shows  that  the  bird  has  been  found  as  far  south  as  Guatemala, 
and  in  various  Mexican  localities,  as  Orizaba,  Xalapa,  Oaxaca, 
and  elsewhere. 

In  the  Boston  Society's  "Proceedings"  for  May  21,  1873,  p. 
108,  Dr.  Brewer  describes  two  eggs  from  Captain  Bendire's 
collection,  attributed  to  Pyranga  hepatica.  These  are  noted  as 
being  of  "an  oblong  oval  shape,  rounded  and  nearly  equal  at 
either  end",  one  measuring  1.02  by  0,67,  the  other  0.95  by  0.70; 
the  ground-color  pale  light  green ;  in  one  case  sparingly  marked 
all  over  with  distinct  and  conspicuous  blotches  of  purplish- 
brown,  in  the  other  instance  covered  with  finer  dottings  of  the 
same  color,  so  numerous  as  to  obscure  the  green.  So  runs  the 
ostensible  record;  but  in  the  Appendix  to  the  "History  of 
North  American  Birds"  (iii.  1874, 508),  the  resemblance  of  these 
eggs,  as  well  as  of  the  nest,  to  those  of  P.  cestiva  is  noted ;  and, 
as  no  skins  of  the  parent  were  preserved,  it  is  not  improbable 
that  the  specimens  may  have  really  appertained  to  P.  cooperi, 
and  have  been  wrongly  identified  as  those  of  P.  hepatica. 

Crimson-headed   Tanager 

Pyranga  ludoviciana 

Tanagra  ludoviciana,  Wils.  AO.  iii.  1811,  27,  pi.  20,  f.  1.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 
54  (critical).— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1326,  105  (subg.  Pyranga) .—Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 
471.— Ornith.  Comm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii  1837,  193  (Columbia  Hi ver).— Attd.  OB. 
iv.  1838,  385 ;  v.  1839,  90  ;  pi.  354,  figs.  1,  2,  400,  f.  4.— Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii. 
1839, 154. 

Pyranga  ludoviciana,  Rich.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836,  1837,  175.—  Bp.  PZS. 
1837,  116  (Guatemala).—  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  35.— Aud.  Syn.  1839, 137.— And.  BA.  iii.  1841, 
231,  pi.  210.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  241.— Scl.  PZS.  1856,  124  (synonymy,  &c.) ;  1857,  213 
(Orizaba) ;  1859,  377  (Oaxaca).— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  303.— Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859, 
191.— 8.  &  8.  Ibis,  i.  1859,  15  (Guatemala).— Heerm.  PEER.  x.  1859,  52.— Coop.  &  SucTcL 
NHWT.  1860,  182.— Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862,  161.— Scl.  PZS.  1862,  19 
(Parada).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  xviii.  1866,  71  (Fort  Whipple) ;  1868,  83  — Brown, 
Ibis,  2d  ser.  iv.  1868,  420  (Vancover).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  33.— Sumich.  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869,  550  (Vera  Cruz).— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  145,  fig.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ. 
iii.  1872,  175.—  Goucs,  Key,  1872, 112.— Aiken,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 198.—  Merr.  U.  S. 
Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872, 1873,  678,  712,  714.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874, 17.— Comstock, 
Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  76.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  83, 232.— .B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  ii.  1874,  437,  pi. 
20,  f.  3, 4.— Tarr.  <&  Hensh.  Eep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874, 13.—  Hensh.  Eep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  43, 
60, 78, 107.— Nels.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875, 357  (California).— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875, 
157.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876,  235. 

Piranga  ludoviciana,  Gray,  Handlist,  ii.  1870, 60,  n.  6839. 

Phoenicosoma  ludovicianum,  Gieb.  Nomencl.  Av.  iii.  1876, 110. 

Pyranga  erythropis,  Vieill.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  2d  ed.  xxviii.  1819,  291.— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii 
1823, 799. 


CHARACTERS  OF  PYRANGA  LUDOVICIANA     359 

Tanagra  columbiana,  Jard.  "  ed.  Wils.  i.  317  "  (Me  Scl.). 

Tanagra  columbianus,  Brewer's  ed.  Wils.  12nio.  Boston,  1840,  p.  207,  flg.  93. 

Louisiana  Tanager,  And. 

Pyranga  a  face  rouge,  V.  1.  c.  1823. 

HAD.— Upper  Missouri  region  and  eastern  foot-hills  of  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains to  the  Pacific.  South  through  Mexico  to  Guatemala.  Scarcely  observed 
north  of  the  United  States  (Vancouver,  Brown).  Breeds  in  its  United  States 
range.  Winters  extralimital. 

CH.  SP. —  $  Flava;  dorso  medio,  caudd  alisque  nigris,  alls 
flavo  bifasciatis;  capiterubro.  $  Olivacea,  infra  flava  later aliter 
obscurior,  caudd  alisque  fuscis  oUvaceo-limbatis,  alis  albo-notatis. 

$ ,  adult :  Middle  of  the  back,  wings,  and  tail  black,  the  wings  crossed 
by  two  yellow  or  yellowish-white  bars  on  the  ends  of  the  greater  and  middle 
coverts,  and  the  inner  secondaries  marked  with  white  or  yellowish.  Head  all 
around  scarlet  or  even  crimson,  the  color  extending  diluted  on  the  breast. 
Other  parts  bright  yellow,  generally  purest  on  the  rump.  Iris  brown  ;  bill 
horn-color;  legs  livid  bluish.  Length  about  7  inches;  wing,  3^-4;  tail, 
2|_3£ ;  bill,  £ ;  tarsus,  £ . 

9  ,  adult :  Above  olive,  darker  and  somewhat  ashy-shaded  on  the  middle 
of  the  back,  clearer  and  brighter  on  the  rump  and  crown.  Below  greenish- 
yellow,  shaded  with  olive  on  the  sides.  Wings  and  tail  fuscous,  with  edg- 
ings of  the  color  of  the  upper  parts,  the  greater  and  median  coverts  tipped 
with  white  or  yellowish,  and  the  inner  secondaries  edged  with  the  same. 
Averaging  rather  less  than  the  $ .  The  bird  lacks  the  buffy  shades  charac- 
teristic of  the  $>  of  the  P.  cestiva  group,  besides  being  decidedly  smaller. 
The  general  coloration,  in  its  clear  olive  and  yellow,  is  exactly  that  of  P. 
rubra  9 ,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  the  conspicuous  white  or  yellow 
markings  on  the  wings,  EO  trace  of  which  occurs  in  P.  rubra,  though  the 
latter  not  seldom  has  red  bars  across  the  ends  of  the  coverts. 

The  $  at  first  resembles  the  9 ,  and  in  the  progress  toward  maturity  every 
possible  gradation  between  the  two  is  presented.  The  distinctive  dark  dorsal 
area,  and  traces  at  least  of  the  red  of  the  head,  soon  appear.  In  a  usual 
condition  of  incomplete  dress,  the  black  of  the  back  is  mixed  with  gray  or 
olive,  the  yellow  of  the  back  of  the  neck  is  obscured,  that  of  the  under  parts 
is  shaded  with  olive,  and  the  head  is  only  partly  red.  The  adult  9  differs 
less  ;  but  some  dull  summer  specimens  are  found  with  the  back  quite  gray, 
and  the  pale  yellowish  of  the  under  parts  overlaid  with  gray.  It  does  not 
appear  that  the  9  ever  acquires  a  trace  of  red  on  the  head. 

LONG  before  Nuttall  and  Townsend's  journey  to  the  Colum- 
bia had  contributed  so  many  new  species  of  birds  to  the 
respective  publications  of  these  authors  and  of  Audubon,  the 
still  more  venturesome  and  memorable  travels  of  Lewis  and 
Clarke  had  resulted  in  enriching  Wilson's  Ornithology  with 
three  remarkable  novelties — Clarke's  Crow,  Lewis's  Wood- 
pecker, and  the  Louisiana  Tanager.  These  birds,  Wilson  says, 
"were  discovered  in  the  remote  regions  of  Louisiana  "j  that  is, 


360      DISTRIBUTION   OF   CRIMSON-HEADED   TANAGER 

"the  extensive  plains  or  prairies  of  the  Missouri,  between  the 
Osage  and  the  Mandan  nations",  and  were  given  a  "distin- 
guished place"  in  his  work,  ''both  as  being,  until  now,  alto- 
gether unknown  to  naturalists,  and  as  natives  of  what  is,  or  at 
least  icill  be,  and  that  at  no  distant  period,  part  of  the  western 
territory  of  the  United  States".  Wilson  seems  to  have  handled 
three  specimens  of  the  Tanager,  one  of  which  has  gone  on  record 
as  "Peale's  Museum,  No.  6236".  With  the  mutations  of  poli- 
tics, and  the  shifting  of  political  boundaries,  the  name  of  the 
Louisiana  Tauager,  like  that  of  some  other  animals  called  ludo- 
viciana,  has  become  inappropriate;  but  in  maps  of  the  period, 
the  letters  "Louisiana"  stretched  clear  across  the  present 
northern  boundary  of  the  United  States  into  British  America. 

Wilson  had  no  information  to  the  point,  respecting  the  habits 
of  this  Tanager,  nor  does  the  locality  in  which  Lewis  and  Clarke 
discovered  it  appear  to  be  known  with  precision.  It  was  prob- 
ably farther  west  than  Wilson  indicated ;  for  the  bird  is  not 
known  to  extend  eastward  beyond  the  extreme  foot-hills  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  being  a  woodland  inhabitant  to  which  the 
prairie  stretches  offer  a  barrier  not  likely  to  be  surpassed. 
While  connected  with  Lieutenant  (now  General)  G.  K.  Warren's 
Exploration,  Dr.  F.  Y.  Hay  den  took  the  bird  in  the  Black  Hills 
of  Dakota  and  at  Laramie  Peak ;  these  points  representing  its 
easternmost  extension,  for  all  that  we  know  to  the  contrary. 
Westward  it  stretches  to  the  Pacific,  at  least  in  all  suitable 
localities ;  but  its  attachment  to  mountainous  tracts  is  wit- 
nessed in  its  apparent  absence  from  large  areas  within  the  gen- 
eral limits  of  its  distribution.  It  has  not  been  ascertained  to 
penetrate  much,  if  any,  beyond  the  northern  borders  of  the 
United  States ;  but  in  the  other  direction  it  extends  through 
Mexico,  in  suitable  tracts  of  country,  and  into  Central  America, 
where  Mr.  Salvin  has  found  it  at  elevations  of  some  five 
thousand  feet. 

It  is  migratory,  like  all  the  other  Tanagers  of  this  country, 
and  withdraws  altogether  from  our  territory  in  the  autumn, 
probably  during  the  latter  part  of  September  and  early  in  the 
following  month,  to  reenter  the  United  States  in  the  month  of 
April.  Its  summer  home  or  breeding  range  is  coextensive  with 
the  whole  of  our  country,  as  far  as  latitude  alone  is  concerned, 
and  its  winter  resorts  include  a  considerable  portion  of  Mexico, 
as  well  as  of  regions  farther  south.  I  do  not  know  whether  or 
not  any  of  the  birds  nestle  in  Mexico,  but  presume  that  some 


DISTRIBUTION   OP   CRIMSON-HEADED   TANAGER      361 

may  do  so,  in  higher  or  northerly  portions  at  least.  The  gen- 
eral tide  of  the  spring  migration,  however,  brings  the  species 
over  our  border,  and  distributes  the  individuals  composing  it 
from  the  mountainous  portions  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to 
latitude  49°  north  at  least,  if  not  a  little  farther  in  slightly  ele- 
vated districts  near  the  Pacific  coast. 

We  had  no  news  of  this  Tanager  for  a  long  while  after  Wilson 
figured  and  described  it  from  the  "frail  remains"  that  Lewis 
and  Clarke  furnished  him.  In  editing  Wilson's  work,  Sir 
William  Jardiue  found  it  "impossible  to  decide  the  generic 
station  of  this  bird";  and  thought  it  probable  that  British  col- 
lections possessed  no  example  of  the  rare  species.  In  fact,  the 
first  additional  specimens  known  to  naturalists  appear  to  have 
been  those  brought  in  by  Nuttall  and  Townsend  j  while  the 
accounts  which  these  naturalists  gave  are  nearly  the  whole  basis 
of  Audubou's  article  upon  "the  subject.  In  later  times,  Drs. 
Cooper  and  Suckley  came  to  be  our  principal  authorities  on  the 
habits  and  distribution  of  the  species;  their  observations  were 
published  in  full  in  the  twelfth  volume  of  the  Pacific  Railroad 
Eeports,  or  the  "Natural  History  of  Washington  Territory", 
and  the  first-named  of  these  authors  also  gave  a  supplement- 
ary notice  in  the  "Ornithology  of  California".  I  extracted 
the  gist  of  these  accounts  for  the  "Birds  of  the  Northwest", 
having  very  little  information  of  my  own  to  offer,  and  would 
refer  to  that  publication  for  the  details  in  question. 

The  records  just  mentioned,  to  which  that  left  by  the  late  Mr. 
J.  K.  Lord,  from  observations  in  the  extreme  Northwest,  may  be 
added,  represent  nearly  all  the  written  history  of  the  beautiful 
bird — one  conspicuous  even  among  this  brilliant  family  for  the 
striking  color-contrasts  which  the  rich  yellow,  intense  crimson, 
and  jet-black  afford — down  to  a  most  recent  period.  Within 
the  past  few  years,  Mr.  Allen,  Mr.  Ridgway,  Mr.  Henshaw,  and 
Mr.  Trippe  are  among  those  who  have  contributed  to  the  full 
exposition  of  the  economy  of  the  species.  The  memoranda  of 
both  the  first  and  last-named  of  these  gentlemen  already  enrich 
the  pages  of  the  "Birds  of  the  Northwest",  through  the  per- 
sonal attentions  of  these  valued  correspondents  of  mine. 

In  Southern  Colorado,  Mr.  Henshaw  found  the  Louisiana 
Tanager  in  small  numbers  among  cottonwoods  along  the 
streams,  at  an  elevation  of  about  7,500  feet,  and  much  more 
abundantly  among  the  pines,  up  to  9,000  and  even  10,000  feet 
above  sea-level.  He  afterward  observed  that  it  was  common  in 


362        HABITS    OF   THE   CRIMSON-HEADED    TANAGER 

Southern  Arizona,  and  found  it  lingering  along  the  Gila  Kiver 
even  so  late  as  the  middle  of  October,  at  which  time  nearly  all 
these  birds  had  migrated  southward.  As  others  had  done,  he 
noted  the  close  similarity  that  obtains  between  this  and  the 
Scarlet  Tanager : — "  It  is  busy  the  whole  time  gleaning  from 
among  the  pines  and  spruces  the  larger  beetles  and  insects  which 
infest  them,  and  generally  keeps  well  up  among  the  higher 
branches,  whence  it  makes  its  presence  known  by  occasional 
bursts  of  melody." 

Mr.  Eidgway's  interesting  observations,  made  during  his  con- 
nection with  the  important  survey  of  the  40th  parallel,  conducted 
by  Clarence  King,  esq.,  were  communicated  to  Dr.  Brewer.  The 
sweet  song  of  the  Western  Tanager,  which  sounded  quite  like 
that  of  the  Scarlet  Tanager,  attracted  his  attention  whilst  he 
was  amidst  the  pines  of  the  Sierras  Nevadas,  and  he  constantly 
met  with  the  bird  in  wooded  districts,  whether  among  the  wil- 
lows and  cottonwoods  of  the  river  valleys,  or  the  cedars  and 
pinones  of  mountain  ranges.  It  was  abundant  in  May  among 
the  thickets  of  Salix  and  "buffalo-berries"  of  the  Truckee 
Valley,  near  Pyramid  Lake,  where  it  feeds  upon  the  buds  of 
the  "grease- wood"  (a  species  of  Obione,  perhaps  0.  canescens), 
with  the  Black-headed  Grosbeak  and  Bullock's  Oriole.  Later 
in  the  summer,  the  peculiar  querulous  notes  of  young  birds  were 
heard  in  the  coniferous  woods  of  the  East  Humboldt  Mountains; 
and  in  September  the  birds  were  noticed  in  the  thickets  along 
the  tributaries  of  the  Humboldt  Eiver,  where  they  were  feed- 
ing upon  the  pulpy  fruit  of  a  kind  of  haw  (Cratcegus),  which 
grows  plentifully  in  that  region,  in  company  with  Picus  gaird- 
nerij  Colaptes  mexicanus,  Cedarbirds,  both  kinds  of  Crossbills, 
and  various  other  species.  The  close  correspondence  in  habits 
and  manners  which  exists  between  this  Tanager  and  P.  rubra 
was  noted,  as  was  also  the  similarity  of  the  songs  of  the  two 
species;  but,  regarding  the  call-notes  of  P.  ludoviciana,  Mr.  Eidg- 
way  observes  that  "its  usual  note  of  plit-it  is  quite  different 
from  the  chip  a-ra'-ree  of  the  P.  rubra". 

The  same  ornithologist  found  a  nest  and  eggs  of  the  Louis- 
iana Tanager  in  Parley's  Park,  Utah,  on  the  9th  of  June,  1869. 
This  nest,  says  Dr.  Brewer,  "  was  on  the  extreme  end  of  a  hor- 
izontal branch  of  a  pine,  in  a  grove,  flat,  and  with  only  a  slight 
depression  having  a  diameter  of  four  and  a  half  inches,  with  a 
height  of  only  an  inch.  It  was  composed  externally  of  only  a 
few  twigs  and  dry  wiry  sterns,  and  lined  almost  entirely  with 


HABITS    OF   THE    CRIMSON-HEADED    TANAGER        363 

fine  vegetable  rootlets ".  Such  description  of  the  nidification 
shows  that  the  nesting  is  quite  the  same  as  that  of  the  Scarlet 
Tanager.  A  set  of  eggs  collected  by  Mr.  Eidgway,  and  exam- 
ined by  me  in  the  National  Museum,  differs  noticeably  from  those 
of  other  Tanagers  of  this  genus,  the  ground-color  being  much 
clearer  green,  and  more  sparingly  marked  by  mere  dots  of  very 
dark  purplish-brown.  A  few  points  appear  over  the  whole  sur- 
face, but  the  tendency  of  the  markings  is  to  aggregate  at  the 
larger  end,  where  the  spots  nevertheless  remain  perfectly  dis- 
tinct, though  so  numerous.  In  size  and  shape,  these  eggs  are 
not  very  different  from  those  of  P.  rubra,  though  appearing 
rather  more  rounded  if  not  actually  larger.  Dr.  Brewer's  mea- 
surements give  a  length  of  0.95,  with  a  greatest  breadth  of 
0.66  j  eggs  of  P.  rubra,  he  states^  range  from  0.90  to  1.00  in 
length,  with  an  average  diameter  of  0.65.  The  number  of  eggs 
laid  by  the  Louisiana  Tanager  is  said  by  the  same  author  to 
be  usually  three ;  but  as  the  number  of  instances  from  which 
this  average  is  deduced  is  not  stated,  we  are  free  to  infer  that 
the  clutch  may  ordinarily  consist  of  four  or  five  eggs,  as  is  the 
cape  with  the  Scarlet  Tanager. 

Thus  it  seems  to  be  established  that  the  habits  and  manners 
of  the  Louisiana  Tanager  differ  in  no  wise  from  those  of  the 
Scarlet  Tanager,  and  that  its  singing  and  nesting  are  much  the 
same,  though  there  may  be  some  peculiarity  of  its  call-note, 
and  though  the  eggs,  to  judge  from  the  few  that  have  fallen 
under  the  notice  of  naturalists,  are  recognizably  different.  It 
is  scarcely  necessary,  therefore,  to  add  my  own  experiences  with 
this  bird :  these  would  only  confirm  the  conclusions  drawn  from 
what  has  gone  before.  But  in  closing  another  chapter  of  the 
" Birds  of  the  Colorado  Basin" — a  work  that  has  haunted  and 
besought  me  for  a  decade  of  years,  since  the  destruction  of  my 
old  Arizona  manuscripts,  as  a  spirit  that  would  not  be  laid,  and 
is  now  become  embodied — I  am  happy  to  recall,  with  something 
of  its  early  freshness,  the  picture  of  this  brilliant  bird,  set  in 
the  sad-hued  foliage  of  the  pine  trees,  just  as  a  sunny  spot 
breaks  here  and  there  amongst  the  closely-crowded  memories 
of  a  sombre  past. 


CHAPTElt    XIV.— SWALLOWS 


EAM. 

CHARS. — Swallows  are  Jissirostral  Oscine  Passeres  with  nine 
primaries. — Bill  short,  broad,  flat,  somewhat  triangular,  deeply 
cleft,  the  gape  wide  and  about  twice  as  long  as  the  culmen,  the 
mouth  thus  opening  to  about  beneath  the  eyes.  This  is  the 
strongest  character  of  the  family  in  comparison  with  its  Oscine 
allies,  and  one  perfectly  distinctive,  though  some  genera  of 
Hirundines,  especially  Progne,  approch  the  Ampelidce  in  the 
form  of  the  bill.  The  bill  narrows  rapidly  to  the  compressed 
acute  tip.  Nasal  fossa3  short  and  wide ;  nostrils  directed  later- 
ally or  upward,  sometimes  circular  and  completely  exposed, 
sometimes  scaled  over.  Culmen  convex,  scarcely  a  third  as 
long  as  the  head  ;  tip  of  upper  mandible  overhanging,  usually 
nicked.  Eictus  smooth  (or  with  a  few  inconspicuous  bristles?). 
Wings  extremely  long  and  strong,  the  pinion  bearing  only  nine 
primaries,  the  first  of  which  equals  or  exceeds  the  second  in 
length,  the  rest  being  so  rapidly  graduated  that  the  ninth  is 
scarcely  or  not  half  as  long  as  the  first ;  secondaries  and 
their  coverts  also  very  short ;  all  these  quill-feathers  broad  and 
stout.  An  acute,  thin-bladed,  and  somewhat  falcate  wing,  of 
surpassing  volatorial  power,  results  from  these  modifications. 
Tail  of  12  rectrices,  perhaps  abnormally  only  10,  usually  forked, 
or  at  least  emarginate,  and  often  deeply  forficate,  the  outer- 
most feathers  being  in  this  latter  case  narrowly  linear  in  shape 
for  a  considerable  distance.  Feet  short,  small,  and  weak,  ill- 
adapted  to  secure  foothold,  and  very  badly  formed  for  walking 
— Swallows  scarcely  use  their  feet  for  locomotion,  relying 
mainly  upon  their  prowess  of  pinion.  The  tarsal  envelope 
thoroughly  Oscine  in  structure,  being  scutellate  in  front  and 
laminate  behind ;  it  is  sometimes  partially,  or  almost  entirely 
feathered  j  the  tarsi  are  commonly  shorter  than  the  lateral 

364 


CHARACTERS    OF    HIRUNDINID^E  365 

toes.  The  digits  possess  the  normal  number  of  phalanges  5 
the  basal  phalanx  of  the  middle  digit  is  commonly  coherent 
with  one  or  both  lateral  toes  5  the  hallux  is  ordinary,  and  not 
reversible.  The  digits  are  commonly  naked  and  scutellate, 
rarely  feathered  to  the  claws.  The  claws  are  comparatively 
strong,  compressed,  well-curved,  and  acute,  apt  for  clinging. 
The  plumage  is  soft,  smooth,  and  blended,  most  frequently 
glossy  or  even  iridescent,  but  sometimes  lustreless.  Head 
short,  broad,  and  depressed ;  neck  short.  Mouth  capacious, 
its  greatest  width  equalling  that  of  the  head.  The  tongue  is 
short  and  not  extensible.  The  pharynx  and  O3sophagus  are 
large,  the  latter  having  no  crop.  The  syrinx  or  lower  larynx 
is  perfectly  Oscine,  and  said  to  possess  four  pairs  of  muscles. 
The  voice  is  sharp  and  rather  thin,  though  melodious  and  sus- 
ceptible of  rapid  and  various  modulation.  The  stomach  is 
elliptical  or  roundish,  moderately  muscular,  and  lined  with 
thick  rugose  epithelium  ;  the  co3ca  are  very  small. 

Such  characters  distinguish  the  Hirundinidce  as  a  perfectly 
natural  family  of  Oscines,  which  may,  indeed,  be  recognized 
on  sight  by  the  combination  of  fissured  bill,  lengthened  wings, 
and  weakened  feet.  The  group  scarcely  inosculates  with  any 
other,  so  perfectly  is  the  Swallow  type  circumscribed.  Its  re- 
lationships appear  to  be,  on  the  one  hand,  with  the  Old  World 
Muscicapidce,  and  on  the  other,  through  Progne,  with  the  Am- 
pelidce.  Within  the  family,  the  extremes  of  modification  are 
seen  in  the  genus  Hirundo,  of  which  the  Barn  Swallow  is 
typical,  and  in  Progne,  which  includes  the  Purple  Martin  and 
its  allies.  The  minor  characters  have  been  made  by  some 
ornithologists  the  basis  for  separating  the  species  into  twenty 
or  thirty  different  genera,  while  other  writers  retain  them  all 
under  the  single  genus  Hirundo.  Between  these  extremes 
there  seems  to  be  a  more  judicious  middle  course,  following 
which  the  hundred  or  more  Swallows  which  have  been  de- 
scribed may  be  thrown  into  a  few  generic  or  subgeneric  groups, 
founded  on  certain  ulterior  modifications  of  structure. 

As  pertinent  to  this  portion  of  the  subject,  I  here  introduce 
SundevalPs  method  of  arranging  the  Swallows,  which  will 
give  a  good  idea  of  the  leading  modifications  of  structure 
throughout  the  family.  The  schedule  is  abridged  from  the 
famous  Methodi  Naturalis  Avium  Disponendarum  Tentamen 
(8vo,  Holmiae,  1872,  pp.  51-53). 


366    SUNDEVALL'S  ARRANGEMENT  OF  HIRUNDINID.E 

Cohere  6.  CHELIDONOMORPH^. 
Fam.  HIRUNDININJE. 
Genus  Hirundo  L. 

1.  Hir undines  genuinoe,  or  furcicaudw,  with  the  tail  deeply  forficate, 

and  its  lateral  feathers  linear,  the  bill  at  a  minimum,  the 
nostrils  valvate,  placed  low  down,  and  opening  laterally ; 
the  dorsal  feathers  white  below  the  surface.  (This  group 
comprehends  the  true  "  Barn  Swallows  "  and  their  immediate 
allies,  and  is  subdivided  according  to  pattern  of  coloration.) 

2.  Hirundines  variiformes.    Bill  and  dorsal  plumage  as  before.    Nostrils 

low  down,  opening  laterally;  tail  either  forked  (but  with- 
out narrowly  elongate  lateral  feathers),  or  else  nearly  even. 
*Valvinare8;  the  nostrils  partly  closed  with  a  soft  scale, 
t  Highly-colored  species  with  the  belly  white,  and  the  lateral  tail- 
feathers  acute. 

a)  &)  Tarsi  naked.     Tachycineta  Cab. 
c)  Tarsi  feathered.     Chclidon  Boie. 
tt  Opaque  grayish  species, 
a)  Tail  emarginate,  unspotted  [  ;  a  tuft  of  feathers  at  base  of 

tarsus].     Cotyle  Boie. 

6)  Rectrices  obtuse,  spotted.    Ptyonoprogne  Reich, 
c)  Tail  rounded,  unspotted  (R.  dncta  Scop.), 
ttt  Black-bellied  species,  with  unspotted,  scarcely  forked  tail. 

Hypurolepsis  Gould. 

**di)e!rlinare8  ;  the  nostrils  rounded,  with  an  imperfect  scale,  or  none, 
t  Species  black  above ;  tail  deeply  forked,  with  acute  feathers, 
a)  Dark  above  and  below,  the  first  primary  serrate.    Psalido- 

proene  Cab. 
Z>)  Glossy  blue-black  above  and  below.    Atticora  Boie. 

c)  Black  above,  white  below.    Pygochelidon  Bd. 

tt  Species  dark  colored ;  tail  little  forked,  with  acute  feathers. 

d)  Uniform  dark  gray,  the  first  primary  serrate.    Stelgidopteryx 
Bd. 

e)  With  variegated  dark  colors,  the  rump  rufous.     Petrochelidon 
Cab. 

/)  Grayish  above  and  below,  streaked,  the    rump  concolor. 
Phedina  Bp. 

3.  Hirundines  fortirostres,  with  the  bill  comparatively  stout  and  high, 

rather  compressed  from  the  middle,  the  whole  gape  curved ; 

nostrils  rounded,  not  valvular,  placed  high,  opening  upward, 
a)  Blue-black  species  with  moderately  forked  tail.  Progne  Boie. 
6)  Gray  species,  with  little  forked  tail.  Phceoprogne  Bd. 

The  American  forms  of  Hirundinidce  have  been  closely 
studied  by  Baird,  who,  in  1865  (Bev.  AB.  pp.  267  seq.),  gave  a 
careful  analysis  of  the  genera  and  subgenera.  The  following 
is  his  synopsis,  somewhat  abridged,  expressing  very  clearly 
the  minor  modifications  of  structure,  although,  as  he  observes, 
the  succession  is  not  strictly  natural : — 


BAIRD'S  ANALYSIS  OF  AMERICAN  HIRUNDINID^;  367 

Nostrils  broadly  oval,  or  circular,  opening  upwards  and  forwards,  and  with- 
out overhanging  membrane. 
Edge  of  wing  smooth.    Tarsus  short,  stout,  equal  to  middle  toe  without 

claw,  feathered  on  inner  side  above. 

Bill  stout;  culmen  and    commissure  much  curved;    frontal  feathers 
without  bristles;  tail  deeply  forked;   color  lustrous  blue-black, 

sometimes  with  belly  and  crissum  white Progne. 

Like  the  last ;  culmen  straight  to  near  tip  ;  fork  of  tail  shallow ;  color 

mouse-brown  above,  white  beneath Pkceoprogne. 

Bill  weaker;  culmen  and  commissure    above  straight    to    near  tip. 
Frontal  feathers  bristly;    tail    nearly  even;    throat,  rump,   and 

crissum  rufous ;  belly  white Petrochelidon. 

Edge  of  wing  smooth ;  tarsus  longer  than  in  the  last,  equalling  middle 
toe  and  half  its  claw ;  nostrils  bordered  posteriorly  with  membrane, 
but  not  overhung  internally ;  bill  very  small;  tail  forked. 
Basal  and  whole  of  next  joint  of  middle  toe  adherent  to  outer  toe ;  tail 
very  deeply  forked;  tarsus  feathered  above  on  inner  side  ..Atlicora. 
Basal  and  half  the  next  joint  of  middle  toe  adherent  to  outer  toe. 

Tarsus  entirely  bare Notiochelidon. 

Tarsus  feathered  above  internally Neochelidon. 

Basal  joint  only  of  middle  toe  to  outer  toe Pygochelidon. 

Edge  of  wing  armed  with  stiff,  recurved  hooks Stelgidopteryx. 

Nostrils  lateral;  bordered  behind  and  inside,  or  overhung, by  membrane, 
the  outer  edge  of  which  is  straight,  parallel  with  or  diverging  from 
axis  of  bill. 

Tarsus  about  equal  to  middle  toe  without  claw;  tibio-tarsal  joint  feath- 
ered, the  feathers  extending  on  tarsus  along  inner  side. 
Tarsus  bare  below ;  lateral  claws  reaching  only  to  base  of  middle  claw. 
Tail  longer  than  wings,  very  deeply  forked,  with  linear  lateral  feath- 
ers   Hirundo. 

Tail  shorter  than  wings,  lightly  forked Tachycineta. 

Tarsus  with  a  tuft  of  feathers  at  lower  end;  lateral  claws  reaching 
beyond  base  of  middle  claw  ;  tail  lightly  forked ;  color  dull  brown 

above,  white  below  Cotyle. 

Tarsus  equal  to  middle  toe  and  half  its  claw,  entirely  bare.  Tail  deeply 
forked,  about  equal  to  the  wing;  color  green  above,  white 
beneath Callichelidon. 

Of  the  groups  thus  established,  Phceoprogne  is  ranked  by 
Baird  as  a  subgenus  of  Progne;  Notiochelidon,  Neochelidon, 
and  Pygoclielidon  are  considered  as  subgenera  of  Atticora, 
while  Tachycineta  and  Callichelidon  are  placed  under  Hirundo 
proper. 

In  handling  the  North  American  sections  in  1872,  I  only 
differed  from  Baird  in  restricting  Hirundo  to  the  species  with 
deeply  forked  tail  not  shorter  than  the  wings,  which  required 
the  raising  of  Tachycineta  to  generic  rank.  This  left  each 
North  American  species  in  a  genus  by  itself,  excepting  the 


368  ANALYSIS    OF    GENERA    AND    SPECIES 

White-bellied  and  Violet-green  Swallows,  which  I  ranged 
together  under  Tachycineta.  Though  this  may  seem  exces- 
sive subdivision,  it  is  difficult  to  get  along  with  fewer  genera, 
if  we  are  to  accept  even  such  as  Cotyle  and  Petrochelidon  ;  for 
the  ultimate  modifications  of  structure  and  details  of  form  are 
as  appreciable  here  as  in  the  cases  in  which,  in  other  families, 
generic  groups  are  established.  Eespecting  the  extralimital 
forms,  I  may  remark,  that  CallicheUdon  includes  two  beautiful 
velvety  or  lustrous  greenish  and  golden  species,  white  below, 
C.  cyaneiviridis  and  C.  euchrysea,  allied  to  our  T.  bicolor  and 
T.  thalassina;  Atticora  and  its  subdivisions  embrace  a  number 
of  diminutive  and  very  plainly  colored  species,  somewhat  re- 
sembling Swifts;  while  Pliceoprogne  includes  some  large  South 
American  Martins,  like  Cotyle  in  dullness  of  coloration,  but 
near  Progne  in  form. 

The  seven  established  North  American  species  all  occur  in 
the  Colorado  Basin.  They  may  readily  be  determined  by  the 

following 

Analysis  of  North  American  Genera  and  Species 

1.  Tail  deeply  forficate,  with  linear  lateral  feathers;  lustrous  steel-blue 

above,  rufous  below Hirundo  erythrogastra. 

2.  Tail  simply  emarginate ;  lustrous  green  ;  beneath  white. 

Tachycineta  bicolor. 

3.  Tail  simply  emarginate  ;  opaque  velvety-green ;  beneath  white. 

Tachycineta  thalassina. 

4.  Tail  nearly  even ;  lustrous  steel-blue ;  rump  rufous. 

Petrochelidon  lunifrons. 

5.  Tarsus  with  tuft  of  feathers  below;  lustreless  gray;  below  white. 

Cotyle  riparia. 

6.  Outer  edge  of  first  primary  serrate ;  lustreless  brownish ;  paler  below. 

Stelgidopteryx  serripennis. 

7.  Bill  very  stout,  curved ;  male  entirely  lustrous  blue-black. 

Progne  purpurea. 

Now  that  the  thoroughly  unnatural  order  "Fissirostres" 
has  been  abolished  by  nearly  universal  consent,  after  enduring 
long  in  the  teeth  of  frequent  protests  from  scientific  ornithol- 
ogists, it  is  unnecessary  to  more  than  allude  to  the  prepos- 
terous notions  of  classification  which  caused  these  strictly 
Oscine  Passeres  to  be  classed  with  the  Swifts  and  Goatsuckers 
(Cypselidce  and  Caprimulgidce).  What  little  resemblance  may 
be  traced  between  the  strictly  Passerine  Hirundinidce  and  the 
Picarian  families  just  named,  results  from  purely  adaptive 
modification,  the  respective  types  of  structure  being  radically 
diverse. 


EXCURSUS    ON   THE    NAMES    OF    SWALLOWS          369 

Names  of  Swallows 

There  are  two  common  English  names  of  birds  of  this  family, 
"  Swallow  "  and  "  Martin  "  or  "  Marten  ",  the  derivation  of 
neither  of  which  is  obvious.  The  latter  of  these,  "  Martin  ",  is 
undoubtedly  the  same  as  the  name  of  certain  quadrupeds  of 
the  family  Mustelidw,  which  runs  through  many  languages  in 
various  forms,  and  which  has  occasioned  much  discussion.  A 
criticism  of  this  subject  will  be  found  in  my  "Fur-bearing 
Animals  ",  pp.  23,  24,  translated  from  von  Martens.  Swallow 
appears,  with  no  more  than  the  usual  variation  as  to  either 
consonants  or  vowels,  in  many  North  European  languages,  as 
the  Anglo-Saxon  swalewe,  swealvce,  swalwe,  the  Danish  svale, 
Swedish  svala,  Dutch  zwaluw,  modern  German  schwalbe — 
some  earlier  forms  of  the  latter  being  identical  with  the  Anglo- 
Saxon.  We  may  seek  to  establish  a  connection  between 
swalewe  and  the  Anglo-Saxon  verb  swcelan,  which  signifies  to 
ascend,  to  fly  upward,  the  flight  of  Swallows  being  a  notorious 
characteristic  of  these  birds.  There  is  another  relation  which 
may  be  suggested,  and  which  seems  plausible  at  least,  be- 
tween stcalewe  and  the  Anglo-Saxon  verb  swelgan,  to  swallow 
(take  into  the  throat)  ;  this,  if  substantiable,  would  show  that 
there  is  really  a  connection  between  swallow,  the  name  of  the 
bird,  and  the  verb  to  swallow — words  now  literally  identical  in 
English,  though  seemingly  without  the  slightest  connection.* 

Such  relation  of  the  words  will  appear  less  strained,  and  in 
fact  strengthened,  if  not  confirmed,  on  examination  of  the 
entirely  different  set  of  words  which  mean  Swallow  in  the 
South  European  languages:  Greek,  %shd<I>v ;  Latin,  hirundo; 
Italian,  rondin ;  Spanish,  golondrina ;  Portuguese,  ando- 
rinha;  French,  hirondelle.  It  is  admitted  by  the  highest 
authorities,  as  for  example  Curtius,  that  the  Latin  hirundo  is 
the  same  as  the  Greek  %£h5<bv,  an  earlier  Greek  form  %£psvdo» 
being  supposed  to  render  more  evident  the  relation  between 
hir-undo  and  xe^-tdwv.  In  carrying  out  the  etymology  of  these 
two  words,  Corssen  refers  them  to  the  Sanscrit  root  liar,  ghar, 
to  take,  whence  comes  the  Greek  %iip,  the  hand,  considered  as 
a  thing  that  takes,  and  the  archaic  Latin  Mr,  hand.  On  this 
supposition,  £sAc<5<uv,  hirundo,  hirondelle^  and  the  other  similar 
names  of  the  Swallow,  signify  a  bird  that  takes  insects ;  and 
the  act  of  seizing  is  with  them  followed  by  deglutition.  It  is 
plausible,  then,  that  the  two  sets  of  names  by  which  these 

*  Bensen,  Vocab.  Aug.  Sax.    Ozonise,  1701. 
24  B  0 


370          EXCURSUS    ON   THE   NAMES    OF    SWALLOWS 

birds  are  known  in  so  many  different  languages,  are  both 
rooted  in  the  idea  of  capturing  insects,  as  these  birds  do  on 
the  wing.* 

Most  of  the  late  technical  names  of  genera  of  Swallows,  like 
Tacliycineta,  Petrochelidon,  and  Stelgidopteryx,  are  of  course  com- 
pounds derived  from  the  Greek,  invented  by  writers.  Tachy- 
cineta,  for  instance,  is  simply  ra^iv^ro<;,  a  swift  runner  ;  Petro- 
chelidon  is  rock-swallow  (irirpa,  a  rock ) ;  and  Stelgidopteryx 
means  rough-wing  (ffretyfc,  a  scraper;  T:T^OU£,  wing).  The 
Greek  generic  name  for  the  Swallows,  first  revived  in  technical 
nomenclature  by  Boie  (1826?  Isis,  1828,  316),  for  the  European 
House  Martin,  was  Chelidon  (%shdd)v),  of  probably  the  same 
etymology  with,  and  having  precisely  the  same  signification 
as,  the  Latin  Hirundo,  which  latter  was  established  as  a  genus 
by  Linnaeus  in  1766  or  earlier.  Xehddn  was  used  by  Aristotle 
for  the  Swallows  in  general,  with  special  reference  to  the  two 
mud-builders,  Hirundo  rustica  and  Chelidon  urbica,  the  best- 
known  European  species.  Aristotle  also  knew  the  Bank  Swal- 
low, but  confounded  it  with  certain  Swifts,  Cypselidce.  The 
Greek  xorbty,  or  Latin  cotula  or  cotyla,  signified  a  cavity,  such 
as  the  hollow  of  the  hand  or  a  vessel  or  measure ;  it  is  an  old 
anatomical  term  for  the  socket  of  the  thigh-bone,  as  is  the 
Latin  acetabulum  (a  vinegar -cruet),  but  was  probably  not  used 
for  birds  until  1822,  when  Boie  established  his  genus  Cotile 
(Isis,  1822,  550),  afterward  more  correctly  written  Cotyle  (Isis, 
1844,  170).  The  obvious  application  here  is  to  the  holes  in  the 
ground  in  which  these  birds  nest.  Procne  or  Progne,  Boie's 
genus  established  for  our  Purple  Martins,  is  a  classical  proper 
name,  also  used  by  Ovid  and  Virgil  for  some  kind  of  Swallow, 
and,  like  Chelidon,  Herse,  and  Cecrops,  is  found  in  some  of  the 
myths  of  the  ancients.  Boie's  genus  Cecropis  is  obviously  the 
same  as  Cecrops  or  K4xpanf>,  who  was  the  founder  and  most 
ancient  king  of  Attica.  After  the  probably  imaginary  person- 
age known  as  Ogyges,  Cecrops  was  the  autochthon  to  whom 
the  Attics  traced  their  origin,  though  popularly  represented  as 
half  man,  half  serpent.  Herse  was  one  of  his  daughters, 
beloved  by  Mercury,  and  mother  of  Cephalus.  Chelidonia  was 
a  festival  at  Ehodes,  in  which  persons  went  begging,  and  sing- 
ing a  song  called  Chelidonisma,t  which  began  with  an  allusion 

*  Littre*,  Diet.  Fran?.    Paris,  1863. 

t  According  to  other  authority,  the  beggars  went  about  having  swallows 
perched  upon  their  fingers.  Chelidonias  (x&tdoviafi  was  the  west  wind  of 
early  spring,  which  brought  Swallows. 


GENERAL   DISTRIBUTION    OF    SWALLOWS  371 


to  swallows,  and  the  approach  of  spring:  "7/A0', 

xaXaq  upas  ayouaa.)  xat  xa&obs  iviaurooq  •     u  Venit,  venit   hirundo 

pulcras  ducens  horas  et  annos  pulcros." 

The  story  of  Procne  is  very  differently  told  by  writers. 
Procne  was  sister  of  Philomela,  daughter  of  Pandion,  king  of 
Athens,  and  wife  of  Tereus,  king  of  Thrace.  Procne  became 
by  Tereus  mother  of  a  son,  Itys.  After  living  some  time  in 
Thrace,  she  wished  to  see  her  sister,  and  induced  Tereus  to  go 
to  Athens  and  prevail  upon  Pandion  to  allow  him  to  bring 
Philomela.  On  the  way,  Tereus  violated  Philomela,  cut  out 
her  tongue  that  she  might  not  betray  him,  and  then  came  to 
Procne  with  the  story  that  her  sister  had  died  on  the  way. 
But  Philomela  contrived  to  communicate  to  Procne  the  story 
of  the  outrage  ;  and  Procue  thereupon  killed  her  son  Itys, 
and  served  up  his  flesh  to  his  father.  Then  the  two  sisters 
fled,  pursued  by  Tereus  with  an  axe,  and  finding  themselves 
about  to  be  overtaken,  they  prayed  to  the  gods  to  change  them 
into  birds.  Philomela  thereupon  became  a  nightingale  (efy<?<wv), 
and  Procne  a  swallow  (%£hd<bv).  Tereus  himself  was  turned 
into  a  hoopoo  (snay).  Authorities  reverse  the  respective  situa- 
tions of  the  sisters,  before  and  after  their  transformation  ;  but 
this  account  accords  best  with  the  signification  of  the  words. 
"  The  legend  we  have  been  giving  is  one  of  those  invented  to 
account  mythically  for  the  habits  and  properties  of  animals. 
The  twitter  cf  the  swallow  sounds  like  itys,  itys  ;  the  note  of 
the  nightingale  was  regarded  as  lugubrious,  and  the  hoopoo 
chases  these  birds."* 

General  Distribution  of  Swallows 

Swallows  are  thoroughly  cosmopolitan.  Their  range  north- 
ward carries  them  beyond  the  arctic  circle,  both  in  America 
and  in  Europe,  and  they  straggle  toward  the  pole  as  far  as  any 
birds  are  known  to  go.  The  Bank  Swallow  has  been  observed 
in  the  Parry  Islands,  while  the  common  European  Barn  Swal- 
low has  been  seen  both  in  Spitzbergeu  and  Nova  Zembla. 
Cotyle  riparia  and  Chelidon  urlica  both  breed  in  numbers  in 
Lapland,  up  to  latitude  70°  N.  Many  of  the  species,  likewise, 
have  an  enormous  range  ;  thus,  Hirundo  rustica  inhabits 
Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  from  Lapland  to  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  and  the  Moluccas. 

*This  is  simply  the  outline  of  the  myth,  abridged  from  Anthon,  Class. 
Diet.  1041.  [New  York,  1876.]  The  classic  story  is  told  at  great  length  and 
with  profuse  embellishment  by  some,  €.  g.  Geener,  De  Avibus,  1617,  pp.  503-505, 


372  MIGRATION   OF    SWALLOWS 

The  species  of  the  Old  and  New  World,  with  probably  the 
single  exception  of  Cotyle  riparia,  are  distinct  from  each  other. 
Species  of  the  genus  Hirundo  and  its  immediate  allies  have 
the  range  of  the  entire  family,  and  Cotyle  is  also  of  very  exten- 
sive distribution,  inhabiting  all  the  great  continental  areas, 
unless  Australia  is  to  be  excepted,  as  well  as  the  Antilles. 
Progne  and  Stelgidopteryx  are  confined  to  America ;  Petroche- 
lidon  and  Atticora  are  also  characteristic  of  the  Western  Hem- 
isphere, though  both  are  said  to  occur  in  the  Old  World  ;  Che- 
lidon  is  exclusively  Old  World  ;  Psalidoprogne  is  confined  to 
Africa ;  and  the  single  species  of  Phedina  inhabits  Madagascar 
and  the  Mascarene  Islands.* 

Migration  of  Swallows 

Being  insectivorous  birds  that  take  their  prey  on  the  wing, 
Swallows  necessarily  migrate  through  the  cold  and  temperate 
zones  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Their  recession  from  the 
north  is  urged  as  well  by  the  delicacy  of  their  organization 
and  their  susceptibility  to  cold  as  by  the  periodical  failure  of 
the  sources  of  their  food-supply.  The  prowess  of  their  pinion 
is  equal  to  the  emergency  of  the  longest  journeys — no  birds 
whatsoever  fly  better  or  farther  than  some  of  the  Swallows  do  ; 
and  their  movements  are  pre-eminent  in  the  qualities  of  ease, 
of  speed,  and  of  regularity.  These  facts  are  matters  of  com- 
mon knowledge ;  the  comings  of  Swallows  have  passed  into 
proverb,  and  their  leave-takings  been  rehearsed  in  folk-lore 
among  the  signs  of  the  waning  times.  Swallows  have  long 
been  held  for  weather-prophets;  and  with  reason  enough  in 
the  quick  response  of  their  organization  to  the  influence  of 
atmospheric  changes.  Swallows  have  figured  in  augury ;  their 
appearance  has  been  noted  among  auspicia ;  and  truly  their 
flight  is  barometric,  for  they  soar  on  clear  warm  days,  and 
skim  the  surface  of  the  ground  in  heavy  falling  weather,  per- 
haps neither  always  nor  entirely  in  the  wake  of  winged  insects 
on  which  they  prey.  These  mercurial  birds  are  also  thermome- 
tric ;  they  are  gauges  of  temperature,  if  less  precise  than  the 
column  of  the  fluid  metal  itself.  It  takes  but  a  few  warm 
days,  even  in  our  midwinters,  to  send  Swallows  trooping  north- 
ward from  the  orange  and  the  cypress  of  the  South;  and  the 
uncertain  days,  when  capricious  young  spring  pours  delicious 
balm  on  the  wounds  of  winter,  are  sure  to  lure  some  Swallows 

*  Wallace,  Geogr.  Dist.  Anim.  ii.  281. 


MIGRATION    OF    SWALLOWS  373 

on  beyond  their  usual  bounds,  like  skirmishers  thrown  out  be- 
fore the  oncome  of  the  host  of  occupation. 

There  is  concert,  too,  in  the  campaigns  of  the  Swallows ; 
they  act  as  if  by  consultation,  and  carry  out  agreement  under 
leadership.  One  may  witness,  in  the  autumn  more  particularly, 
before  the  Swallows  leave  us,  that  they  gather  in  noisy  thou- 
sand, still  uncertain  of  their  future  movements,  eager  for  the 
council  to  determine  their  line  of  march.  Great  throngs  fly 
aimlessly  about,  with  incessant  twittering,  or  string  along  the 
lines  of  telegraph,  the  eaves  of  houses,  or  the  combs  of  clifits. 
In  all  their  talk  and  argument,  their  restlessness  and  great  con- 
cern, we  see  how  weighty  is  the  subject  that  occupies  their  minds ; 
we  may  fancy  all  the  levity  and  impulse  of  the  younger  heads, 
their  lack  of  sober  judgment,  the  incessant  flippancy  with 
which  they  urge  their  novel  schemes,  and  we  may  well  believe 
their  departure  is  delayed  by  wiser  tongues  of  those  taught  by 
experience  to  make  haste  slowly.  Days  pass,  sometimes,  in 
animated  debate,  till  delay  becomes  dangerous.  The  gather- 
ing dissolves,  the  sinews  are  strung,  no  breath  is  wasted  now 
— the  coming  storm  may  work  its  will  now,  the  Swallows  have 
escaped  its  wrath,  and  are  gone  to  a  winter's  revelry  in  the 
land  where  winter's  hand  is  weakened  till  its  touch  is  scarcely 
felt. 

All  this,  and  more  that  might  be  written,  is  no  news.  Keck- 
less  of  space,  these  animated  time-slaying  wings,  these  mer- 
curial embodiments  of  buoyancy,  have  long  been  favored 
objects  of  the  ornithologist's  speculation.  Conspicuous,  notori- 
ous, familiar  as  they  are  among  all  feather- bearers,  in  the  ex- 
tension of  their  flights,  in  the  multitudes  of  individuals  that 
twice  a  year  fly  past  our  very  face  and  eyes  in  going  to  and 
from  the  winter  quarters  we  have  learned  as  well  as  we  have 
their  summer  sojourn  in  our  midst — with  all  these  attributes,  I 
say,  Swallows  are  prodigies,  phenomenal  and  problematical 
still.  Their  flights  have  been  closely  watched  and  studied, 
furnishing  large  basis  for  our  general  inductions  respecting  the 
whole  subject  of  the  migrations  of  birds.  Swallows  are  taken 
as  the  typical  migrants,  whose  dates  of  arrival  and  departure 
are  fixed  points  in  the  ornithologist's  calendar,  and  known 
factors  in  the  great  equation  of  birds'  movements.  In  short, 
no  birds  are  better  known  in  all  that  pertains  to  their  regular 
and  normal  migrations. 

Thus,  the  competent  observer  in  each  locality  in  the  United 


374  DO    SWALLOWS   HIBERNATE? 

States  knows  exactly  when  to  expect  the  Swallows,  and  can 
predicate  their  arrival  within  a  few  days — the  probable  error 
being  due  to  advance  or  retardation  of  the  season.  This  local 
observer  knows  as  well  how  long  the  birds  will  stay.  Then, 
those  of  us  who  make  a  business  of  the  matter,  and  supple- 
ment our  individual  observations  with  the  recorded  experiences 
of  all  the  rest,  in  all  other  countries,  trace  the  movements  of 
the  birds  into  warmer  parts  of  America ;  we  map  the  distribu- 
tion of  each  species,  and  account  for  every  day  in  the  lives  of 
Swallows  during  the  period  of  their  absence  from  our  midst. 
We  know  just  where  they  go  and  what  they  do.  We  know, 
for  instance,  that  countless  thousands  of  White-bellied  Swal- 
lows disport  all  winter  long  in  Florida,  as  bright  and  active 
then  and  there  as  during  their  summer  sojourn  in  New  Eng- 
land. We  know  that  myriads  of  Swallows  are  then  at  play  in 
the  air  in  Mexico,  in  the  West  Indies,  and  in  Central  America, 
just  the  same  as  at  any  other  season  of  the  year. 

Yet  it  was  gravely  asserted  centuries  ago,  and  it  has  been 
steadily  reiterated  at  intervals  ever  since,  that  Swallows  plunge 
into  the  mud,  become  torpid,  and  hibernate  like  frogs.  Learned 
bodies  like  the  French  Academy  in  Paris  and  the  Eoyal 
Society  of  London  have  discussed  this  matter,  printed  the 
evidence  in  their  official  publications,  and  looked  as  wise  after 
as  before  their  meditations  on  the  subject.  Ornithologists  in 
general  fight  shy  of  the  thing;  it  savors  too  much  of  the 
marvellous,  the  mythical  and  supernatural,  and  seems  too  in- 
credible to  be  entertained  for  a  moment.  It  is  as  much  as  a 
virtuous  ornithologist's  name  is  worth  to  whisper  hibernation, 
torpidity,  and  mud.  "  Pooh !  Nonsense !  We  know  all  about 
the  migrations  of  Swallows.  Don't  we  know  exactly  where 
they  go,  and  how  they  get  there,  and  how  they  get  back  f 
Haven't  we  accounted  for  every  day  of  their  absence  ?  Be- 
sides, no  Swallow  could  live  in  the  mud — the  thing  is  prepos- 
terous— can't  be  done,  you  know  ! " 

The  orthodoxy  of  the  subject  is,  that  Swallows  never  fly  into 
the  mud  and  lie  there  torpid,  because  they  cannot  do  so.  But 
it  is  always  unsafe  to  ignore  the  cumulative  wisdom  of  the 
past,  and  it  is  never  wise  to  speak  of  the  impossible  outside  of 
mathematics.  The  most  difficult  point  to  accept,  or  to  attempt 
to  explain,  is  the  suddenness  of  the  alleged  transition  from  a 
high  state  of  animation  to  a  degree  of  lethargy,  and  the 
abruptness  with  which  the  activity  of  vital  functions  is  said  to 


DO    SWALLOWS    HIBERNATE!  375 

be  arrested.  For  the  rests  I  see  no  reason  why  a  Swallow- 
should  not  stay  a  while  in  the  mud  in  a  state  of  suspended 
animation,  or  greatly  lowered  degree  of  vital  activity.  The 
thing  is  physically  and  physiologically  feasible  5  it  is  in  strict 
analogy  with  observed  phenomena  in  the  cases  of  many  other 
animals;  and  it  is  not  more  marvelous  than  catalepsy,  trance, 
and  several  other  conditions  of  life,  the  rationale  of  which  is 
still  obscure.  Finally,  it  is  attested  by  the  most  positive, 
direct,  and  explicit  testimony  of  eye-witnesses,  whose  veracity 
is  unimpeached,  whose  competency  is  unchallenged,  and  who, 
being  neither  knaves  nor  dupes,  have  reiterated  the  evidence 
for  a  period  of  several  centuries.  The  rebutting  testimony  is 
necessarily  negative  and  inconclusive,  for  it  consists,  in  effect, 
of  mere  denial,  or  statement  of  disbelief,  on  the  ground  that  the 
allegations  of  fact  are  improbable  or  impossible.  The  evidence 
has  never  been  successfully  refuted  or  satisfactorily  explained 
away  ;  *  and  the  witnesses,  nothing  bullied  nor  disconcerted, 
continue  to  tell  what  they  have  seen. 

They  say,  that  they  have  seen  hundreds  of  Swallows,  in  full 
flight,  suddenly  dive  under  water  and  disappear  beneath 
the  surface.  They  say,  that  they  have  dug  Swallows  out  of 
the  mud,  found  them  lethargic,  and  seen  them  revive  and  fly 
away.  They  say,  they  have  found  torpid  Swallows  in.  holes, 
in  caves,  in  various  odd  nooks,  sometimes  singly,  sometimes 
clustered  like  bees  swarming,  and  have  picked  them  up  appar- 
ently dead,  and  have  reanimated  them  by  the  warmth  of  the 
hunds.  They  say  much  more  to  the  same  effect,  and  give  full 
particulars. 

I  have  never  seen  anything  of  the  sort,  nor  have  I  ever 
known  one  who  had  seen  it ;  consequently,  I  know  nothing  of 
the  case  but  what  I  have  read  about  it.  But  I  have  no  means 
of  refuting  the  evidence,  and  consequently  cannot  refuse  to 
recognize  its  validity.  Nor  have  I  aught  to  urge  against  it, 
beyond  the  degree  of  incredibility  that  attaches  to  highly  ex- 
ceptional and  improbable  allegations  in  general,  and  in  partic- 

*  In  his  critical  commentary  on  Aristotle,  iSuudevall  remarks  that  the  north- 
ern stories  of  the  subaqueous  hibernation  of  Swallows  find  no  place,  but 
that,  instead,  the  author  speaks  of  their  retiring  to  holes,  probably,  says 
Sundevall,  confounding  them  with  bats.  Sundevall  brings  in  the  Dipper  to 
account  for  the  alUged  phenomena: — ,,Es ist  gezeigt worden  dassdie  erstere 
Sage  dadurch  eutstanden  sei,  dass  Cinclus  aquaticus  zuweilen  beim  Zuge 
mit  dem  Eisnetze  gefangtn  \vurde "  (p.  123  of  the  German  translation, 
Stockholm,  1863). 


376  DO    SWALLOWS   HIBERNATE? 

ular  the  difficulty  of  understanding  the  alleged  abruptness 
of  the  transition  from  activity  to  torpor.  I  cannot  consider 
the  evidence  as  inadmissible,  and  must  admit  that  the  alleged 
facts  .are  as  well  attested,  according  to  ordinary  rules  of  evi- 
dence, as  any  in  ornithology.  It  is  useless  as  well  as  unscien- 
tific to  pooh-pooh  the  notion.  The  asserted  facts  are  nearly 
identical  with  the  known  cases  of  many  reptiles  and  batra- 
chians.  They  are  strikingly  like  the  known  cases  of  many  bats. 
They  accord  in  general  with  the  recognized  conditions  of 
hibernation  in  many  mammals. 

It  is  well  to  remember  that  this  thing  was  started  in  very 
early  times,  before  there  was  such  a  thing  as  a  science  of  orni- 
thology, and  before  anything  was  fully  explained  respecting 
the  migrations  of  birds.  Swallows  were  among  the  first  birds 
whose  movements  were  noted  with  particularity.  Their  abund- 
ance rendered  them  favorable  as  well  as  familiar  objects  of 
study  in  this  regard  ;  and  the  regularity  of  their  movements, 
as  well  as  the  suddenness  of  their  disappearance  and  reappear- 
ance, gave  rise  to  the  wildest  speculation.  This  was  at  a  time 
when  nothing  was  too  absurd  or  too  preposterous  to  be  counte- 
nanced by  the  best  science  that  the  times  afforded.  I  can  lay 
jiy  hand,  for  instance,  on  papers  of  the  period  discussing  the 
migration  of  birds  to  the  moon — the  falling  of  the  little  quad- 
rupeds called  lemmings  in  showers  from  the  clouds — the  origin 
of  Brant  Geese  from  barnacles  that  grew  on  trees — el  id  genus 
omne.  Some  people  still  argued  that  the  earth  was  flat,  still 
sought  perpetual  motion  and  the  square  of  the  circle.  Just 
as  soon,  then,  as  the  actual  and  normal  migration  of  Swallows 
was  determined,  the  alleged  accounts  of  the  torpidity  and 
hibernation  of  Swallows  were  naturally  consigned  to  the  same 
limbo  that  held  the  barnacle-geese  and  the  cloudy  lemmings, 
and  the  mud-theorists  were  hooted  out  of  court.  But  one 
swallow  does  not  make  a  summer ;  *  nor  does  the  migration  of  a 
million  Swallows  into  Africa  or  South  America  prove  that  some 
other  Swallows  cannot  hibernate  in  the  mud.  This,  however, 

*  This  familiar  saying  has  an  application  far  beyond  its  literal  and  most 
obvious  signification.  "  Vna  hirundo  non  faclt  ver,  Mia  #e/U<5wv  lap  ov  noiel  • 
hoc  est,  vntis  dies  non  sat  est  ad  parandam  virtutem  aut  eruditionem  :  aut 
non  vnum  aliquod  benefactum,  benedictumve  dufiScit  ad  hoc,  vt  viri  boni, 
aut  boni  oratoris  cognome  promearis :  plurimis  enim  virtutib.  ea  res  costat. 
Aut  vt  certum  aliquid  cognoscas,  non  satis  est  vnica  couiectura.  Siquidem 
fieri  potest  vt  vna  quapiani  hirundo  casu  maturius  appareat.  Sumptum  ab 
hirundinis  natura  quse  veris  est  nuncia."  GESN.,  De  Avilus,  ed.  1617,  p.  506. 


DO   SWALLOWS   HIBERNATE!  377 

is  the  gist  of  the  whole  counter  argument.  I  repeat,  that  it  is 
not  scientific  to  deny  the  alleged  hibernation  ^  priori;  and 
that  the  testimony,  so  far  from  ceasing  with  the  irresponsible 
infancy  of  science,  is  reiterated  to-day  with  the  full  voice  of 
mature  science,  in  terms  that  have  not  been  successfully  re- 
futed. We  may  always  suspend  judgment,  and  such  tentative 
attitude  is  worthy  of  respect ;  but  it  is  not  permitted  us,  in  the 
present  aspect  of  the  case,  to  rule  out  the  evidence. 

Swallows,  moreover,  are  not  the  only  birds  that  are  alleged, 
on  equally  good  grounds,  to  swarm  in  close  retreats,  become 
torpid,  lethargic,  and  so  hibernate.  In  fact,  precisely  the  same 
allegations  are  current  in  the  cases  of  Swifts  (Gypselidce). 
These  birds,  so  similar  to  Swallows  in  many  respects,  physical 
and  physiological,  are  perfectly  well  known  and  admitted  to 
nest  habitually  in  close  retreats — to  nightly  gather  by  thousands 
in  similar  places,  streaming  in  at  dusk,  and  streaming  out  at 
daylight— to  swarm  in  myriads  in  hollow  trees,  and  perish  there 
in  such  numbers  that  in  time  their  remains  form  solid  masses 
of  bones,  feathers,  excrement,  and  decayed  soft  tissues  several 
feet  in  thickness  at  the  bottom.  Again :  the  winter  retreats  of 
some  of  the  commonest  Swifts  are  unknown.  Our  ordinary 
Chimney  Swift  (ChcRtura  pelagica),  unless  I  am  greatly  mistaken, 
is  not  recorded  as  occurring  anywhere  beyond  the  United 
States  in  winter.  Nor  is  it  a  recognized  inhabitant  of  any  por- 
tion of  the  United  States  in  winter,  except  possibly  along  our 
extreme  southern  border.  Where  does  this  bird  go  and  stay  in 
winter?  I  suppose  that  it  hibernates  in  hollow  trees,  and 
could  give  reasons  for  the  supposition. 

As  equally  pertinent  to  this  exceptional  subject,  I  may  allude 
to  the  popular  belief  that  the  Common  Eail,  Sora,  or  so-called 
Ortolan,  Porzana  Carolina,  sinks  in  the  mud  and  hibernates 
with  the  frogs.  So  far  as  I  am  aware,  this  is  a  popular  delu- 
sion, taking  its  origin  in  the  silence  and  celerity  of  the  bird's 
regular  migrations,  and  the  suddenness  of  its  appearance  and 
disappearance.  It  seems  to  be  a  very  weak- winged  bird  ;  one 
day  it  throngs  the  marshes,  and  the  next  there  are  none  to 
be  found  j  the  hasty  assumptions  of  ignorant  and  credulous 
persons  rest  upon  these  premises ;  and  some  visionaries  go  so 
far  as  to  assert,  that  the  rails  turn  into  frogs.  As  already 
said,  in  this  case  I  do  not  know  that  there  is  any  acceptable 
testimony  on  scientific  record. 

The  literature  of  the  migrations  and  alleged  hibernations  of 


378       THE  LITERATURE  OP  THIS  SUBJECT 

Swallows  is  extensive,  and  some  of  it  is  very  curious.  In  order 
that  the  reader  may  avail  himself  of  all  the  sources  of  infor- 
mation I  possess,  and  form  his  own  conclusions,  I  present  him 
with  such  portion  of  the  bibliography  of  the  subject  as  I  happen 
to  have  already  compiled.  Having  at  present  writing  only 
about  half  finished  my  "  Bibliography  of  Ornithology  ",  I  sup- 
pose there  may  be  extant  about  twice  as  many  articles  on  the 
subject  as  are  here  given.  Most  of  these  titles  relate  merely  to 
irregularities  observed  in  the  ordinary  migrations  of  Swallows 
in  England  ;  but  there  is  a  fair  sprinkling  of  references  to  the 
particular  crux  of  hibernation.  The  most  wary  or  the  most 
timid  student  may  be  assured  that  he  will  find  himself  in  per- 
fectly respectable  company  whichever  side  of  the  fence  he  may 
fall  on.  The  notes  which  I  have  appended  in  many  cases  sup- 
port  my  assertions  regarding  the  character  of  the  evidence  we 
possess,  and  warrant  my  statement  that  the  allegations,  respect- 
ing which  ornithologists  must  sooner  or  later  come  to  some 
understanding,  are  well  attested.  For  the  rest,  I  may  add, 
that  I  will  not  ignore,  do  not  deny,  and  can  not  vouch  for  the 
statements  of  authors. 

1630.  SCHWALBACH,  J.  G.   "  Dissertatio  de  Ciconiis,  Gruibus,  et  Hirundinibus, 
eorumque  Hybernaculis.    Spirae,  1630.    4to.    pp.  23." 
Not  seen— others  quote  the  title  differently. 

1658.  THOMASIUS,  J.     Dissertatio  de  Hibernaculis  Hirundinuin.    Thoma- 
sius,  J.,  prses.  resp.  Chr.  Schmidichen.    4to.    Lipsiae,  1658;    1671; 
1702,  pp.  32.— Deutsche  Uebers..  Von  der  Schwalben  Winterquartier. 
8vo.    Dresden,  1702. 
Not  seen— Bohm,  Bibl.  ii.  i.  p.  521.    Title  compiled  from  different  sources. 

1666.  SCHEFFERUS,  J.  ["That  it  is  most  certain,  that  Swallows  sink  them- 
selves towards  Autumne  into  Lakes,  no  otherwise  than  Frogs ; "  etc.] 
<  Philos.  Trans,  i.  1660,  p.  350. 

1702.  GOEDING,  A.     "Diss.  phil.   brevem   exhibens  descriptionem  Abitus 
Domiciliique  hibernalis  Hirundinuin ;  Praes.  And.  Goeding,  Resp.  E. 
Aurelius,  Dalek.     Upsaliae,  1702.    8vo.    pp.  4,  52." 
Not  seen — title  taken  from  v.  Friesen. 

1761.  COLLINSON,  P.    A  Letter  to  the  Honourable  J.  Th.  Klein,  Secretary  to 
the  City  of  Dantzick,  from  Mr.  Peter  Collinson,  F.  R.  S.  concerning 
the  Migration  of  Swallows.    <  Philos.  Trans,  for  1760,  li.  pt.  ii.  1761, 
pp.  459-464. 
Refuting  the  notion  of  torpid  hibernation. 

1764.  ACHAHD,  F.  C.  Remarks  on  Swallows  on  the  Rhine.  <  Philos. 
Trans,  for  1763,  liii.  1764,  pp.  101, 102. 

Statement  of  their  being  found  in  holes  in  a  eandy  cliff;  they  "seemed  8tiff 
and  lifeless  ",  but  subsequently  revived. 


THE   LITERATURE    OF    THIS    SUBJECT  379 

1764.  LECHE,  J.     "Diss.  Acad.  de  Coinmemoratione  hybernali  et  peregrina- 
tionibus  Hirundinum.    Press.  Job.  Leche,  Resp.  Job.   Grysselius, 
Neric.    Aboae,  1764.     4to.    pp.  34." 
Not  seen— title  from  v.  Friesen. 

1772.  HARRINGTON,  D.  An  Essay  on  tbe  periodical  Appearing  and  Disap- 
pearing of  certain  Birds,  at  different  Times  of  tbe  Year.  In  a  Letter 
from  the  Honourable  Daines  Barriugton,  Vice-Pres.  R.  S.  to  William 
Watson,  M.  D.  F.  R.  S.  <  Philos.  Trans.  Ixii.  1772,  art.  xx.  pp. 
265-326. 

Eeprinted,  considerably  augmented,  in  Barrington's  Miscellanies,  p.  174. 
Refers  especially  to  Swallows.  Quotes  Harl.  Misc.  ii.  561,  for  supposed  migra- 
tion of  birds  to  the  moon.  Quotes  Shaw,  Phys.  Obs.  Algiers,  chap.  2.  Quotes 
Martin,  Edinb.  1771,  12mo,  for  thermometrical  experiments.  Adanson,  Voy. 
Senegal,  pp.  13, 15, 67.  Forster's  Translation  of  Kalm.  Translation  of  Osbeck. 
Burch's  Hist,  of  the  Roy.  Soc.  iii.  189.  Edwards,  Essays,  p.  197  (migration  of  sea 
fowl). 

1774.  WAHRMUND,  C.  W.    "  Ueber  den  Winteraufentbalt  der  Scbwalben, 

Storcbe  und  andere  Vogel.    <^Neues  Hambgr.  Magaz.  Ixxxi.  1774, 
p.  195." 
Not  seen— source  of  title  not  remembered. 

1775.  CORNISH,  J.     Of  the  Torpidity  of  Swallows  and  Martins.     <  Philos. 

Trans.  Ixv.  pt.  ii.  1775,  pp.  343-352. 
Affirmed  and  discussed. 

1785.  DEXTER,  S.    A  Letter  on  the  Retreat  of  House-Swallows  in  Winter, 
from   the  Honourable    Samuel    Dexter,   Esq;    to  the  Honourable 
James  Bowdoin,  Esq ;  Pres.  A.  A.    <  Mem.  Amer.  Acad.  Arts  and 
Sci.  i.  pt,  ii.  1785,  pp.  494-496. 
Asserting  the  subaqueous  torpid  hibernation  as  a  fact. 

1789.  CARLSON,  G.  v.      •'  Anmarkningar  om,    Svalor.    <^Kongl.    Fetensk.- 
Akad.  Nya  Handl.  1789,  x.  pp.  315-317." 
Not  seen— title  from  v.  Friesen,  Ofv.  Sver.  Orn.  Litt.  1860,  31. 

1793.  PACKARD,  A.    A    Letter    on    the    Retreat   of  Swallows  in  Winter. 
<  Mem.  Amer.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.  ii.  pt.  i.  1793,  pp.  93-95. 
Letter  to  S.  Dexter,  confirming  his  statements  by  additional  observations. 

1799.  COLE,  P.  On  the  Disappearance  of  Swallows  in  Autumn  j  in  a  Letter 
irom  Mr.  Peter  Cole  to  Dr.  Mitchill,  dated  New- York,  September  25, 
1798.  <  Tilloch'a  Philos.  Mag.  iv.  1799,  pp.  414-417. 

Article  taken  from  the  American  Medical  Repository.    Original  not  seen. 

"Some  of  these  birds"  (Cotyle riparia)  "appeared  to  run  on  the  surface  of  the 
water  with  great  rapidity,  and,  in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye,  disappeared  under  the 

water  and  rose  no  more I  am  now  become  a  proselyte  to  the  swallows 

remaining  in  a  torpid  state  during  the  winter,  not  only  from  speculative  re- 
searches but  from  ocular  demonstration."  Quotes  also  passages  to  the  same  effect 
from  p.  735,  vol.  ii.  of  the  "Christian's,  Scholar's  and  Farmer's  Magazine",  and 
from  a  letter  from  Mr.  Josiah  Blakeley  to  Mr.  Carey,  dated  Baltimore,  Jan.  7, 
1788,  in  "American  Museum  ",  iii.  pp.  451, 452. 

18—.  S.  O— N.  [ODMANN,  S.]    "  Om  S  valors  drankning."    <  Lak.  o.  Naturf. 
ix.  Bd.  pp.  178, 179. 
Not  seen— title  from  v.  Friesen,  p.  30. 


380       THE  LITERATURE  OF  THIS  SUBJECT 

1800.  POLLOCK,  H.  On  the  Submersion  of  Swallows  in  Autumn.  <  Til- 
loch's  Philos.  Mag.  viii.  1800,  pp.  107-109. 

Testimony  of  eye-witness  to  the  fact  that  "  they  plunged  into  the  water  and 
disappeared  ",  to  the  number  of  about  200,  within  30  yards  of  the  observer. 

1804.  ANTES,  P.     On  the  Hybernation  of  Swallows,  by  the  late  Colonel 

Antes.    Communicated  by  Dr.  Barton.    <  Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  tioc. 
vi.  pt.  i.  1804,  pp.  59, 60. 

1805.  BARTON,  B.  S.    Letter  to  M.  Lacepede,  of  Paris,  on  the  Natural  His- 

tory of  North  America.    <Tilloch's  Philos.  Mag.  xxii.  1805,  pp. 
204-211. 
Asserts  the  torpid  hibernation  of  Swallows  as  a  fact. 

Prior  to  1810.  REEVE,  H.  "  An  Essay  on  the  Torpidity  of  Animals.  By 
Henry  Reeve,  M.  D." 

Not  seen— cf.  Philos.  Mag.  xxxv.  1810,  p.  241,  whenco  the  above  imperfect  title 
is  extracted.  Said  to  relate  in  part  to  migration  and  torpidity  of  various  birds. 

1810.  BARTON,  B.  S.  On  the  Torpidity  of  Animals.  <  Tilloch's  Philos.  Mag. 
xxxv.  1810,  pp.  241-247. 

Discussing  the  matter  chiefly  in  the  cases  of  Swallows  and  Hummingbirds. 
"There  is  no  fact  in  ornithology  better  established  than  the  fact  of  the  occasional 
torpidity  of"  Ootyle  riparia  and  Ohcetura  pelasgia. 

1813.  FORSTER,  T.  "  Observations  on  the  brumal  retreat  of  the  Swallow 
[etc.].  8vo.  London,  1813." 

Not  seen.— The  same  or  another  tract  by  the  same  author  is  said  to  have 
reached  its  6th  ed.  in  J  817.— See  also  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xii.  pt.  ii.  p.  590. 

1824.  AUDUBON,  J.  J.    Facts  and  Observations  connected  with  the  perma- 
nent residence  of  Swallows  in  the  United  States.    <^  Ann.  Lye.  Nat. 
Hist.  New  York,  i.  pt.  i.  1824,  pp.  166-168.    (Read  Aug.  11,  1824.) 
H.  lunifrons,  Say,  is  heYe  renamed  H.  respublicana,  sp.  n. 

1824.  CLINTON,  DE  W.    On  the  Hirundo  fulva  of  Vieillot,  with  some  gen- 
eral remarks  on  the  birds  of  this  genus.     <^  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist. 
New  York,  i.  pt.  i.  1824,  pp.  156-166.     (Read  Aug.  9,  1824.) 
"H. fulva  Vieill.",  i.  e.  H.  lunifrons,  Say;  here  renamed  H.  opifex,  sp.  n. 

1827.  SMITH,  COLIN.  Facts  in  regard  to  the  Hybernation  of  the  Chimney 
Swallow,  (Hirundo  rustica).  <^  Edinb.  New  Philos.  Journ.  iii.  1827, 
pp.  231-234. 

Five  individuals  captured  in  torpid  state  on  rafters  of  an  out-house.  They 
revived  and  flew  away.  Supposition  that  Ootyle  riparia  might  be  found  dor- 
mant in  its  holes. 

1829.  BREE,  W.  T.  On  the  Arrival  and  Retreat  of  the  British  Hirundines, 
with  a  Table  of  Arrivals  and  Departures,  from  1800  to  1828.  <  Lou- 
don's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ii.  1829,  pp.  16-20. 

1829.  "  L.  E.  O."  Swallows  remaining  in  this  Country  [England]  during 
the  Winter.  <  London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ii.  1829,  p.  458. 

1839.  SWEET,  R.  A  Swallow  in  November  [near  Fulham,  Engl.]. 
^London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ii.  1829,  p.  101. 


THE   LITERATURE    OF    THIS    SUBJECT  331 

1830.  BREE,  W.  T.  Dates  of  the  first  and  last  Appearances  of  the  Hirun- 
dines  in  the  Neighbourhood  of  Allesley  Rectory  [England],  for  the 
Year  1829,  with  Remarks.  <  London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  iii.  1830,  pp. 
130-132. 

1830.  "  J.  H.  N."    Migration  and  Breeding  of  Swallows ;  in  answer  to  W.  H. 

White  (p.  194).    <  London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  iii.  1830,  p.  474. 

1831.  COUCH,  J.    Notes  on  the  Chimney  Swallow  (Hirundo  rustica),  and  on 

the  Window  Swallow,  or  Marten  (Hirundo  urbica).    <  London's 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  iv.  1831,  pp.  520-523. 
Migrations  and  habits. 

1831.  LOEFFLER,  H.    "  Ueber  den  Winterschlaf  der  Schwalben.    <  Preus- 

sisch.  Provinzialbl.  v.  1831,  p.  63." 

Not  seen — scarce  of  title  forgotten. 

1832.  AUDUBON,  J.  J.    Ueber  das  Verbleiben  der  Schwalben.     <  Oken's  Isis, 

Bd.  xxv.  1832,  p.  1071. 
Aus  d.  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  i.  1824,  p.  166. 

1832.  CLINTON,  DEWITT.    Ueber  Hirundo  fulva  Vieill.  [i.  e.  H.  lunifrons 
Say].    <  Oken's  Isis,  Bd.  xxv.  1832,  p.  1071. 
Aus  d.  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  i.  1821,  p.  156. 

1832.  SMITH,   C.    Ueberwinterung    der    Rauchschwalbe,  Hirundo  rustica. 

<  Oken's  Isis,  Bd.  xxv.  1832,  p.  693. 

Auszug  aus  d.  Edinb.  New  Philos.  Journ.  Bd.  ii.  1827,  Heft  vi.  p.  231. 

1833.  "LL.    CON."     The    Swallow   near   the    Conway,    Caernarvonshire. 

<  London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  vi.  1833,  p.  72. 

1833.  TATEM,  J.  G.  The  Departure  of  the  Swallow.  <  London's  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.  vi.  1833,  p.  72. 

1833.  WOODRUFF,  S.    On  Hyberna'ion  and  other  topics  of  Natural  History. 

<  Sillim.  Am.  Journ.  xxiv.  1833,  pp.  363-369. 

Toncbes  on  supposed  hibernation  of  tbe  Swallow,  in  separate  sub-heads,  pp. 


1834.  .    "Svalans  [Hirundo]  flyttning.    <  Tidsk.  f.  Jagare  o.  Naturf. 

iii.  1834,  pp.  881-885." 
Not  seen— title  from  v.  Friesen. 

1838.  DUTROCHET,   H.    Hibernation    des  hirondelles.    <  Compt.  Eend.  de 
I'Acad.  Sci.  vi.  1838,  p.  673. 

Extrait  d'uno  lettre.  "  Un  fait  dont  j'ai  6t6  temoin  :  Au  milieu  de  1'hiver  deux 
hirondelles  ont  6te  trouv6es  engourdies  dans  un  enfoncement  qui  existait  dans 
une  muraille  et  dans  1'interieur  d'nn  batiment.  Entre  les  mains  de  ceux  qni 
1'avaient  prises,  elles  ne  tarderent  pas  a  se  rechauffer  et  elles  s'en  volerent." 

1838.  DUTROCHET,  H.  [Lettre  adresse'e  a  M.  Is.  Geoffrey  St.  Hilaire,  relative 
&  1'hibernation  des  Hirondelles.]    <  Revue  Zoologique,  i.  1838,  p.  66. 
Extrait  du  Compt.  Rend.  vi.  1838,  p.  673. 


382       THE  LITERATURE  OF  THIS  SUBJECT 

1838.  LARREY,  Baron.  Hibernation  des  Hirondelles.  <  Compt.  Rend,  de 
I'Acad.  Sci.  vi.  1838,  p.  703. 

"H  raconte  dans  sa  Campagne  d'ltalie  (tome  I"),  qne,  passant  a  la  fin  de 
1'hiver  de  1792  dans  la  val!6e  de  Maurienne,  il  avait  d6couvert  dans  nne  grotte 
profonde  d'une  montagne,  nomro6e  VHirondellUre,  une  grande  quantit6  de  ces 
oiseaux  suspendns  comme  nn  essaim  d'abeilles  dans  1'un  des  coins  de  la  voute 
de  cette  grotte." 

1838.  GEOFFROY  SAINT-HILAIRE,  ISIDORE.     [Reflexions   a   1'occasion   de 

cette  communication.  ]    <  Compt.  Rend,  de  I'Acad.  Sci.  vi.  1838,  p.  703. 

1839.  DUTROCHET,  H.    Ueberwinterung  der  Schwalben.     <  Oken's  Isis,  Bd. 

xxxii.  1839,  pp.  367,  368. 
L'Institut,  Nr.  229, 1838,  p.  157. 

1839.  PELLETERIE,  H.  DE  LA.  [Sur  la  pr^tendue  hibernation  des  Hiron- 
delles.] <  Revue  Zoologique,  ii.  1839,  p.  344. 

1843.  ATKINSON,  J.  C.  Note  on  the  migration  of  Martins  [Chelidon  urbica] 
and  Sand-martins  [Cotyle  riparia].  <  Zoologist,  i.  1843,  pp.  354, 355. 

1843.  BREE,  W.  T.  Note  on  the  late  departure  [from  Dover]  of  the  Swallow 
[H.  rustica]  in  1842.  <  Zoologist,  i.  1843,  pp.  101, 102. 

1843.  JORDAN,  R.  C.  R.  Note  on  the  late  departure  [from  Teigninouth]  of 
Swallows,  &c.  in  1842.  <  Zoologist,  i.  1843,  p.  76. 

1843.  NEWMAN,  E.  Note  on  the  late  departure  [from  Peckham]  of  the  Swal- 
low in  1842.  <  Zoologist,  i.  1843,  p.  77. 

1843.  NORMAN,  G.  Note  on  the  late  departure  of  the  Swallow  [H.  rustica, 
from  Hull]  in  1841.  <  Zoologist,  i.  1843,  p.  102. 

1843.  TRATHAN,  J.  T.  Note  on  the  late  departure  [from  Falmouth]  of  Swal- 
lows in  1842.  <  Zoologist,  i.  1843,  p.  76. 

1843.  WILCOX,  W.    Note  on  the  early  arrival  of  Martins  [Chelidon  urbica, 

at  Devon]  in  1843.     <.  Zoologist,  i.  1843.  pp.  145, 146. 

1844.  BELL,  R.  J.    Note  on  the  late  occurrence  of  the  Swallow  at  Goole  in 

December.    <  Zoologist,  ii.  1844,  p.  565. 

1844.  CLIFFE,  H.  F.    Note    on    the    Swallow's    course    over   the    Atlantic. 

<  Zoologist,  ii.  1844,  p.  565. 

1844.  GURNEY,  S.,  JR.    Note  on  the  early  arrival  of  the  Swallow  or  Martin. 

<  Zoologist,  ii.  1844,  p.  565. 

1844.  HUSSEY,  A.  Enquiry  as  to  the  arrival  of  the  Swallow,  &c.  <.  Zoologist, 
ii.  1844,  p.  650. 

1844.  SLADEN,  E.  H.  M.    Note  on  the  Migration  of  the  Swallow.    <  Zoologist, 

ii.  1844,  pp.  762, 763. 

1845.  HUSSEY,  A.    Migration  of  House   Martins  [Chelidon   urbica]  about 

Brighton.    <  Zoologist,  iii.  1845,  p.  870. 

1845.  "  J.  A.  S."    Swallows.    A  fact  in  Ornithology.    <  Lit.  Rcc.  and  Journ. 
Linn.  Assoc.  of  Penna.  College,  i.  1845,  pp.  269, 270. 
Their  gathering  iu  multitudes  at  times. 


THE  LITERATURE  OF  THIS  SUBJECT       383 

1845.  SLADEN,  E.  H.  M.    Flight  of  the  Swallow.    <  Zoologist,  iii.  1845,  p.  939. 

1845.  WEBSTER,  T.    Partial  Migration  of  [Hirundine]  Birds.    <  Zoologist, 

iii.  1845,  pp.  1191, 1192. 

1846.  DAWSOX,  J.    Swallows  never  seen  at  the  Carron  Iron-works  in  Winter. 

<  Zoologist,  iv.  1846,  pp.  1297, 1298. 
Compare  seventh  title  following. 

1846.  FORSTER,  T.    "  On  the  Migration  of  the  Swallows.     <Proc.  Linn.  Soc. 
i.  1846,  p  296 ;  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xviii.  18—,  p.  195." 
Not  aeon— title  derived  from  Agassiz  and  Strickland. 

1846.  RICHARDSON,  F.    Migration  of    the  Swallow.    <  Zoologist,  iv.  1846, 
p.  1211. 

1846.  ROOD,  E.  H.    Late  stay  of  the  Swallow  at  Penzance.    <  Zoologist,  iv. 

1846,  p. 1247. 

1846.  RODD,  E.  H.    Early  arrival  of  the  Swallow  in  Cornwall.    <  Zoologist, 
iv.  1846,  p.  1368. 

1846.  RUDD,  T.  S.    Late  departure  of  the  Swallow  at  Redcar.    <  Zoologist, 
iv.  1846,  p,  1368. 

1846.  SMITH,  H.E.    Late  stay  of  the  House-martin  [Chelidon  urhica]  at 
Alton.    <  Zoologist,  iv.  1846,  p.  1247. 

1846.  SMITH,  S.    Swallows  at  the  Carron  Iron- works  in  winter.    -^Zoologist, 

iv.  1846,  p.  1247. 
From  Sydney  Smith's  "Principles  of  Phrenology  ". 

1847.  BIRD,  W.  F.  W.    Early  Arrival  of  the  Sand-Martin  [Cotyle  riparia]. 

<  Zoologist,  v.  1847,  p.  1777. 

1847.  BREE,  W.    Late  stay  of  Swallows  and  Martins  at  Springfield,  War- 
wickshire.    <  Zoologist,  v.  1847,  pp.  1638, 1639. 

1847.  JOHNSON,  J.,  jr.    Swallows  in  January  [in  England].    <  Zoologist,  v. 

1847,  p.  1639. 

1847.  ROOD,  E.  H.    Early  appearance  of  the  Sand  Martin  [Cotyle  riparia] 

near  Penzance.    <  Zoologist,  v.  1847,  p.  1696. 

1848.  BOSWELL,  J.    Scientific  dictum   of  Dr.   Johnson   respecting  [torpid 

subaqueous  hibernation  of]  Swallows.    <  Zoologist,  vi.  1848,  p.  2064. 
From  Boswell's  Life  of  Johnson. 

1848.  ELLMAN,  J.  B.    Swallows  (Hirurdo  rustica)  dug  out  of  Hedge-banks 
[in  winter].    <  Zoologist,  vi.  1848,  pp.  2302, 2303. 

1848.  HARDY,  J.    Disappearance  of  Swallows  at  Penmanshiel,  Berwickshire. 

<  Zoologist,  vi.  1848,  p.  1968. 

1849.  BREE,  C.  R.    Late  appearance  of  the  Swallow  (1  Firundo  rusiica)  in 

1848  [at  Slowmarket].    <  Zoologist,  vii.  1849,  p.  2455. 

1849.  BREE,  W.  T.    Remarks    on    the    Migration    of    Swallows    (Hirundo 
rustica).    <  Zoologist,  vii.  1849,  pp.  2391, 2392. 


384       THE  LITERATURE  OF  THIS  SUBJECT 

1849.  COLMAN,  J.  F.    Late  stay  of  the  Martin  (Hirundo  urbica)  in  Suffolk. 

<  Zoologist,  vii.  1849,  p.  2392. 

1849.  ELLMAN.J.  B.    Late  stay  of   Swallows    (Hirundo   rustica)  at  Rye. 

<  Zoologist,  vii.  1849,  p.  2352. 

1849.  FITTON,  E.  B.    Swallows  [?  Swifts]  Hibernating  in  the  Cliff  at  Hast- 
ings.    <  Zoologist,  vii.  1849,  p.  2590. 

1849.  HULKE,  J.  W.    Late  appearance  of  the  House  Martin  (Hirundo  urbica) 
near  Deal.     <  Zoologist,  vii.  1849,  p.  2392. 

1849.  SUNDEVALL,  C.  J.   "  Svalornas  [Hirundo]  hibernation.    <^6fv.E.  Vet.- 

Akad.  Fork.  1849,  pp.  181-185." 
Not  seen— cf.  v.  Friesen,  Ofv.  Sver.  Orn.  Litt.  1860, 31. 

1850.  BREE,  W.  T.    On  the  Autumnal  Stay  of  Martins  [Chelidon  urbica]. 

<  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2800. 

1850.  NORMAN,  G.    Early  Appearance  of  the  Martin  (Hirundo  urbica)  near 

Hull.    <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2800. 

1850-54.  SUNDEVALL,  C.  J.  "Om  Svalans  [Hirundo]  hibernation.    <  Offers. 
E.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  1850,  pp.  6-11 ;  1854,  pp.  135-140." 
Not  seen— cf.  v.  Friesen,  Ofv.  Sver.  Orn.  Litt.  1860,  31. 

1851.  HARPER,  J.    Observations  on  the  Arrival  of  HirundinidaB  in  Norfolk 

this  [1851]  Spring.    <  Zoologist,  ix.  1851,  p.  3173. 

1852.  BREE,  W.  T.  Arrival  of  Hirundines  [in  England]  in  1852.    <  Zoologist, 

x.  1852,  p.  351 2. 

1852.  BRYANT,  G.    Late  appearance  of  the  Swallow  [in  Britain].    <  Ann. 

Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  2d  ser.  x.  1852,  p.  465. 

1853.  HEWITSON,  W.  C.    Swallows  in  November  [in  England].    <  Zoologist, 

xi.  1853,  p.  3753. 

1853.  WAKEFIELD,  R.  Swallows  [Chelidon  urbica]  in  November.  <  Zoologist, 
xi.  1853,  p.  3806. 

1853.  WOLLEY,  J.     Supposed  occurrence  of  a  specimen  of  the  Severn  Swal- 

low (Hirundo  bicolor,  Vieill.),  at  Derby,  in  1850.     <  Zoologift,  xi. 
1853,  pp.  3806,  3807. 

1854.  GLOGER,  C.  W.  L.     Das  lange  Verspaten  der    Schwalben  [Hirundo 

rustica]  im  jetzigen  Herbste  (1853)  [u.  s.  w.].    <J.f>  0.  ii.  1854, 
pp.  284, 285. 
Cf.  torn.  cit.  190. 

1854.  HOMEYER,  E.  VON.    Hirundo  rufula  Temm.,  die  rothhalsige  Gebirgs- 

schwalbe  als  europaischer  Brutvogel.    <  J.f.  0.  ii.  1854,  pp.  174, 175. 

1855.  BRIGGS,  J.  J.    Note  on  the  congregation  of  Swallows.     <  Zoologist, 

xiii.  1855,  pp.  4558,  4559. 

1856.  GUYON,  G.    Late  stay  of  Swallows  [in  the  Isle  of  Wight]  in  1855. 

Zoologist,  xiv.  1856,  p.  4943. 

1856.  HADFIELD,  H.  W.    Late  stay  of  the  Swallow  Tribe  [in  Isle  of  Wight]. 

<  Zoologist,  xiv.  1856,  pp.  4994, 4995. 


THE  LITERATURE  OF  THIS  SUBJECT       385 

185C.  HADFIELD,  H.  W.    Migration  of  the  Swallow  Tribe  [in  Isle  of  Wight]. 

<  Zoologist,  xiv.  1856,  pp.  5060,  5061. 

1856.  HARCOURT,  E.  V.     Late  Stay    of   Swallows    and   Martins  in   1855 

[Hastings].    <  Zoologist,  xiv.  1856,  p.  4945. 
1856.  LOGAN,  R.  F.    Note  on  the  Late  Stay  of  Swallows  [Hirundo  rustica, 

urbica,  in  Scotland]  in  1855.    <  Edirib.  New  Philos.  Journ.  new  ser. 

iii.  1856,  p.  350. 
1856.  LOWE,  E.  J.    Singular  Mortality  amongst  the  Swallow  Tribe.     <  Eep. 

Brit.  Ass.  Adv.  Sci.for  1855, 1856,  (Misc.  Comm.),  pp.  112, 113. 
Due  to  cold  weather,  occasioning  the  death  of  thousands.    Meteorological  data 

furnished. 

1856.  RODD,  E.  H.    Late  Appearance  of  the  Swallow  Tribe  at  Penzance, 

Dec.  1855.     <  Zoologist,  xiv.  1856,  p.  4945. 

1857.  HADFIELD,  H.  W.    Migration  of  the  Swallow  Tribe.    <  Zoologist,  xv. 

1857,  p.  5364. 

1857.  HADFIELD,  H.  W.    Note  on  the  Migration  of  the  Swallow  Tribe  [in 

the  Isle  of  Wight].    <  Zoologist,  xv.  1857,  pp.  5751,  5752. 

1858.  FORSTKR,  T.    "  On  the  irregularity  in  the  return  of  the  Swallows  and 

other  vernal  migratorial  birds  in  the  season  1857.    <  Journ.  Proc. 
Linn.  Soc.  ii.  1858,  p.  40." 
Not  seen— title  from  Giebel,  and  doubtless  literally  incorrect. 

1859.  GURNEY,  S.    Swallows  in  November  [at  Carshalton].     <^Zoologist, 

xvii.  1859,  p.  6328. 

1859.  HENSMAN,  A.  Late  Swallows  [Northampton,  November  13].  <  Zool- 
ogist, xvii.  1859,  p.  6492. 

1859.  NEWMAN,  H.  W.    Disappearance  of  Swallows  and  Martins  [from  Chel- 

tenham.]    ^Zoologist,  xvii.  1859,  p.  6779. 

1860.  CLARK,  T.    Late  Stay  of  Martins  [near  Bridgwater].     <  Zoologist, 

xviii.  1860,  p.  6808. 
1860.  COUCH,  J.    Martins  [Chelidon  urbica,  in  Cornwall]  near  Christmas. 

<  Zoologist,  xviii.  1860,  p.  6891. 

1860.  NEWTON,  A.    Note  on  the  supposed  occurrence  of  the  Hirundo  bicolor 

of  North  America  in  England.    <  P.  Z.  S.  xxviii.  1860,  pp.  131, 132. 
1860.  NEWTON,  A.    Note  on  the  supposed  Occurrence  of  the  Hirundo  bicolor 

of  North  America  in  England.    <  Zoologist,  xviii.  1860,  pp.  7145, 7146. 
1860.  NEWTON,  A.    Note  on  the  supposed  occurrence  of  the  Hirundo  bicolor 

of  North  America  in  England.    <  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  ser.  vi. 

1860,  pp.  130,  131. 
From  P.  Z.  S.  Feb.  28,  1860,  pp.  131, 132 ;  cf.  Zoologist,  1860,  p.  7145. 

1860.  SAVILLE,  S.  P.  Disappearance  of  Swallows  and  Martins  [from  Cam- 
bridgeshire]. <  Zoologist,  xviii.  1860,  p.  6808. 

1862.  HADFIELD,  H.  Migration  of  Swallows.  <  Zoologist,  xx.  1862,  pp. 
7937,  7938. 

1362.  HADFIELD,  H.  Migration  of  Swallows,  &c.  <  Zoologist,  xs.  1862, 
p.  8162. 

1862.  PARKE,  G.  H.  Early  Appearance  of  the  Swallow  [in  Yorkshire]. 

<  Zoologist,  xx.  1862,  p.  7938. 
25  B  0 


386  THE    LITERATURE    OF    THIS    SUBJECT 

18G2.  RANSOM,  J.    Appearauce  of  the  Swallow  [at  York]  in  1862.    <  Zool- 
ogist, xx.  1862,  p.  8035. 
1863.  ATKINSON,  J.   C.     Early  Occurrence  of  the  Swallow  fin   Britain]. 

<  Zoologist,  xxi.  1863,  p.  8524. 

1863.  GIGLIOTJ,  H.  H.  [Letter  on  Cotyle  rupestris  as  a  migrant.]  <  Ibis, 
v.  1863,  p.  474. 

1863.  NBWMAN,  H.  W.  Scarcity  of  Swallows  [in  Cheltenham].  <  Zool- 
ogist, xxi.  1863,  pp.  8824,  8825. 

1863.  RANSON,  J.    Irregular  Appearance  of  the  Swallow  [at  York].    <  Zool- 

ogist, xxi.  1863,  pp.  8681,  8682. 

1864.  DELAHARPE,  J.    "  Renseignements  sur  la  migration  des  hirondelles. 

<  Bull.  Soc.  Vaud.  1864,  pp.  111-126,  and  1865,  p.  168." 
Not  seen— title  from  Zool.  Rec.  for  1865,  p.  105. 

1864.  FRAUENFELD,    G.  v.    "Ueber   Wanderung    und    Flug    der  Vogel. 

<  Jo-urn,  f.  Ornith.  pp.  101  Ms— 108  Us  (potius  pp.  101-108) ;  and  Verb. 
Zool.-Bot.  Gesellsch.  Wien,  1864,  pp.  156, 157." 

Not  seen— title  from  Zool.  Rec.  for  1864,  p.  40.— "  The  author  sets  himself  to 
answer  three  sets  of  questions  respecting  the  direction  taken  by  migrating 
Swallows,  put  by  Dr.  J.  de  la  Harpe."  See  preceding  title. 

1864.  HADFIELD,  H.    Martins  congregating  in  August  [in  the  Isle  of  Wight]. 

<  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  p.  9329. 

1864.  HADFIELD,  H.    Scarcity  of  Swallows.    <  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  p.  8886. 

1864.  HEWITSON,  W.  C.  Late  Stay  of  the  Swallows.  <  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864, 
p.  8886. 

18C4.  HUTCHINSON,  M.  Arrival  of  Swallows,  Martins  and  Sand  Martins  at 
Blackheath.  ^Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  pp.  9112,  9113. 

1864.  MATHEWS,  G.  F.  Extraordinary  Flight  ["many  thousands"]  of  Swal- 
lows. <  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  p.  9112. 

1864.  MONCREAFF,  H.    Immense  Flight  of  Swallows  [over  island  of  Portsea]. 

<  Zoologist,  xxiii.  1864,  p.  9112. 

1864.  RAKE,  T.  B.    Notes  on  the  Swallow  Tribe,  their  Stay  and  Departure. 

<  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  p.  8955. 

1864.  RANSON,  J.    Swallows  [at  York].    <  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  p.  9328. 

1864.  SAUNDERS,  W.  C.  Arrival  of  the  Willow  Wren  and  Swallow  [in 
Great  Britain].  <  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  p.  9108. 

1864.  VERRILL,  A.  E.  [Observations  on  the  supposed  eastward  migration 
of  the  Cliff  Swallow  (Hirundo  lunifrons).]  <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.  ix.  1864,  pp.  276-278. 

1864.  WHARTON,  C.  B.  Martins  congregating  in  August.  <  Zoologist,  xxii. 
1864,  p.  9282. 

1864.  WHEELER,  A.    The  late  Stay  of  Swallows  [at  Torquay].    <  Zoologist, 

xxii.  1864,  p.  8955. 

1865.  BUTTON,  J.    Late  Stay  of  Swallows  [at  Hammersmith].    <  Zoologist, 

xxiii.  1865,  p.  9418. 


THE  LITERATURE  OF  THIS  SUBJECT       387 

1865.  HADFIELD,  H.    Migration  of  the  Swallow  and  Martin  [in  the  Isle  of 
Wight].    <  Zoologist,  xxiii.  1865,  p.  9434. 

1865.  HAMEL,  E.  D.     Late  Swallow  [at  Bole  Hall].    <  Zoologist,  xxiii. 
1865,  p.  9418. 

1865.  HUTCHINSON,  M.    Arrival  of  Hirundine  Immigrants  at  Blackheath. 

<  Zoologist,  xxiii.  1865,  p.  9617. 

1866.  CLOGG,  S.    Martins  inDecember  [at  Millandreath,  near Looe].    <  Zool- 

ogist, 2d  ser.  i.  1866,  p.  33. 

1866.  CLOGG,  S.    Arrival  of  Hirundines  at  Looe,  Cornwall.    <  Zoologist,  2d 
ser.  i.  1866,  pp.  309,  310. 

1866.  CLOGG,  S.    Martins  at  Christmas  [East  Looe,  Liskeard].    <  Zoologist, 
2d  ser.  i.  1866,  p.  96. 

1866.  DOUBLEDAY,  H.    Late  Stay  of  Martins  [at  Epping].    < Zoologist,  2d 

ser.  i.  1866,  p.  523. 

1867.  CLARK-KENNEDY,  A.    Early  Arrival  of  Swallows  and  Martins.    <  Zool- 

ogist, 2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  p.  827. 

1867.  PLANT,  J.    Swallows  at  Salford.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  p.  1015. 

1868.  .     [Fable  of  the  subaqueous  Hibernation  of]  Swallows.    -^Zool- 
ogist, 2d  ser.  iii.  1868,  pp.  1219,  1220. 

From  the  "Morning  Advertiser  ",  Feb.  4,  1868. 

1868.  BELL,  T.    Scarcity  of  Hirundines  [in  Hants].    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  iii. 
1868,  p.  1378. 

1868.  CLARK-KENNEDY,    A.      Swallows    in    November    [near    Windsor]. 
<  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  iii.  1868,  p.  1058. 

1868.  CLERMONT,  Lord.     Scarcity    of  the    House    Martin   [at  Eatington 
Park].     <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  iii.  1868,  p.  1343. 

1868.  DUTTON,  J.    Late  Stay  of  Martins  [Nov.  28;  Eastbourne].    <  Zool- 
ogist, 2d  ser.  iii.  1868,  p.  1097. 

1868.  GURNEY,  J.  H.    On  the  Departure  of  the  Swallows  from  Devonshire 
in  1868.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  iii.  1868,  p.  1479. 

1868.  RANSON,  J.    Scarcity  of  Hirundines  [in  York].    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser. 
iii.  1868,  p.  1422. 

1868.  SMITH,  C.    Late  Appearance  of  the  Swallow  [Taunton].    ^Zoologist, 

2d  ser.  iii.  1868,  p.  1058. 

1869.  BRIGGS,  T.  R.  A.    Late  stay  of  Martins.     <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  iv.  1869, 

p.  1516. 

1869.  CLOGG,  S.    Scarcity  of  Martins  in  1868  in  the  Neighbourhood  of  East 
Love.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  iv.  1869,  p.  1516. 

1869.  EDELEN,  — .    "  Aus  dem  Wanderleben  einer  Schwalbe.    <  Bhein.  Ferh. 
Correspondenzll.  xxvi.  1869,  p.  78." 
Not  seen. 

1869.  MATHEWS,  G.  F.    Late  stay  of  Swallows.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  iv.  1869, 
p.  1516. 


388       THE  LITERATURE  OF  THIS  SUBJECT 

1869.  PAPILLON,  P.    O.     Late  Swallows.    <  Zoologist,  2d.  ser.  iv.  1869,  p. 
1562. 

1869.  WALSH,  W.  H.    Martins  and  Swallows.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  iv.  1869, 

p.  1802. 

1870.  BLAKE-KNOX,  H.     Migration  of  Swallows.      <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  v. 

1870,  p.  2182. 

1870.  SMEE,  A.  H.     Note  on  the  Migration  of  Swallows.     <  Zoologist,  2d 

ser.  v.  1870,  pp.  2140,  2141. 

1871.  BOND,  F.    Late-staying  Hirundines  [at  Brighton].    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser. 

vi.  1871,  p.  2440. 
1871.  GOEBEL,  H.    Curiosa.    <J.f.  0.  xix.  1871,  pp.  26,  27. 

Notices  statements  which  had  been  made  respecting  the  breeding  of  Ostriches 
and  the  movements  of  Swallows. 

1871.  LABOUCHERE,  H.  M.    Arrival  of  the  Martin  and  Swallow  [at  Hamp- 
stead].    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  vi.  1871,  p.  2609. 

1871.  MOOR,  E.  C.    Late  Swallows  [in  Ipswich].    ^Zoologist,  2d  ser.  vi. 

1871,  p.  2440. 

1872.  MEYER,  R.    Ankunft  und  Abzug  der  Schwalbenarten  [in  Deutsch- 

land]  in  diesem  Jahre.    <  ZooL  Gart.  xiii.  1872,  pp.  337-339. 
1872.  RODD,  E.  H.    Arrival  of  Swallows  [at  Land's  End].    <  Zoologist,  2d 
ser.  vii.  1872,  p.  3064. 

1872.  WAYNE,  W.  H.    Swallow  and  Martin,  or  Chimney  Swallow  and  Eave 

Swallow.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  vii.  1872,  p.  3234. 
Note  on  their  vernacular  names  and  on  their  appearances,  &c. 

1873.  THOMASSON,  J.  P.    Late  Swallows  [Oct.  29;  Lancashire].    <  Zoologist, 

2d  ser.  viii.  1873,  p.  3369. 

1874.  CLOGG,  S.    Early  Congregation  of  Martins.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ix. 

1874,  p.  4157. 

1874.  BELL,  T.    Scarcity  and  Late  Stay  of  Martins  and  Swallows  at  Sel- 
borue.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ix.  1874,  pp.  3833,  3834. 

1874.  CAMBRIDGE,  O.  P.    Late  Stay  of  House  Martins  [Nov.  22d,  in  Great 
Britain].    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ix.  1874,  p.  3833. 

1874.  CLOGG,  S.    Martins  and  Swallows;  is  their  Late  Stay  dependent  on 
the  Wind  ?    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ix.  1874,  p.  3834. 

1874.  CREWE,  H.  H.    House  Martin  near  Aylesbury  on  the  5th  of  Decem- 
ber.   <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ix.  1874,  p.  3833. 

1874.  CROSFIELD,  A.  J.    Late  Martins  and    Swallows  [Nov.  2,  Reigate]. 
<  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ix.  1874,  p.  3881. 

1877.  ANON.    Palme"n  on  the  Migration  of  Birds     <^  Nature,  xv.  no.  387, 
Mar.  29,  1877,  pp.  465-467. 

Review  of  Ueber  die  Zugstrassen  der  Vogel  von  J.  A.  Palm6n,  Leipzig,  1876.— 
Handles  without  gloves  those  "  who  still  hanker  after  the  ancient  faith  in  'hiber- 
nation.' It  may  be  said  that  it  is  but  lost  labour  to  attempt  to  bring  such  people 
to  reason,  and  so,  possibly,  it  is.  Still,  the  apparent  gravity  with  which  this 
absurd  notion  is  from  time  to  time  propounded,  renders  it  necessary  that  its  folly 
should  be  as  often  exposed,  .  .  .  ." 


THE  LITEBATUEE  OF  THIS  SUBJECT       389 

1877.  ARGYLL,  Duke  of.  Hibernation  of  Birds  <  Nature,  xv.  no.  390,  Apr. 
19,  1877,  pp.  527,  528. 

Transmits  letter  from  Sir  John  McNeill,  who  says :— "  I  have  stated  and  I  now 
repeat  that  I  have  seen  swallows  in  large  numbers  hibernating."  Then  he  gives 
the  particulars. 

1877.  McLEOD,  K.  E.  Correspondence.  <  Field  and  Forest,  iii.  no.  2,  Aug. 
1877,  pp.  35, 36. 

2.  propos  of  some  pleasantries  lately  published  in  Nature  against  the  idea  that 
birds  hibernate,  the  writer,  whom  the  well-known  Mr.  G.  A.  Boardman,  of  Calais, 
Me.,  represents  to  me  as  a  proper  person,  sends  the  editor  the  following,  in 
substance  :— 

Mr.  John  T.  Gross,  "  a  gentleman  of  intelligence  and  veracity  ",  informed  him 
that  when  lumbering  in  the  woods  in  New  Brunswick,  in  winter,  with  a  great 
depth  of  snow,  his  cook,  who  was  digging  out  a  spring  of  black  mud,  came  upon 
"two  bank  Swallows  apparently  dead,  but  dry  ".  These  birds  were  handled  by 
several  men  full  of  curiosity ;  they  soon  began  to  revive  in  the  warmth  of  the 
camp,  and  after  a  little  while  one  of  them  flew  out  of  the  smoke -hole  and  fell 
upon  the  snow ;  the  other  was  reburied  in  the  mud  by  the  cook. 

The  writer  encloses  a  letter  from  A.  S.  Freeman,  of  Presque  Isle,  detailing 
circumstances  of  finding  birds,  said  to  be  Bank  Swallows  (but  which  may  have 
been  Swifts),  "  frozen  stiff"  in  the  hollow  of  a  felled  maple-tree  ;  some  of  which 
birds,  taken  to  a  warm  room,  revived  and  flew  about,  but  were  found  dead  next 
morning.  "  They  were  of  a  brownish  color  with  white  or  light  bellies,  such  as 
we  find  around  holes  in  the  sand  banks  in  the  summer." 

1877.  "THE  EEVIEWER  OF  PALMEN'S  WORK."  The  "Hibernation"  of 
Birds  <  Nature,  xvi.  no.  395,  May  24, 1877,  p.  61. 

Regards  the  incident  Sir  John  McNeill  relates  as  "  miraculous  ",  without  im- 
pugning the  relator's  veracity  ;  dismisses  Herr  Rohweder's  account  to  the 
"  limbo  of  legends ",  and  still  appears  pleased  with  himself — O  fortunatos 
nimiuml 

1877.  SPALDING,  D.  A.  The  First  Swallow  at  Menton  [France]  <  Nature, 
xv.  no.  388,  Apr.  5,  1877,  p.  488. 

1877.  SPALDING,  D.  A.  The  Swallows  and  Cnckoo  at  Menton  [France] 
<  Nature,  xv.  no.  390,  Apr.  19,  1877,  p.  528. 

1877.  «  X."  The  Hibernation  of  Swallows  <  Nature,  xvi.  no.  394,  May  17, 
1877,  p.  43. 

Cites  note  in  Ornithologisches  Centralblatt  of  May  1,  1877,  from  J.  Eohweder, 
who  certifies  to  the  competency  and  trustworthiness  of  the  observer  who  com- 
municated to  him  the  facts  here  given.  Many  hibernating  Swallows  were  found 
and  handled. 

The  foregoing  titles,  it  will  be  observed,  are  only  of  special  papers  on  the 
subject — the  bulk  of  the  literature  being  found  in  works  or  tracts  of  more 
general  character.  I  will  give  two  instances  of  the  style  in  which  the  sub- 
ject appears  in  literature.  Peter  Kalm,  the  celebrated  traveller,  wrote  from 
New  Jersey  in  1750,  that  he  had  observed  Barn  Swallows  on  the  10th  of 
April  (new  style),  sitting  on  planks  and  posts,  as  wet  as  if  they  had  just 
come  out  of  the  sea ;  and  the  famous  John  Eeinhold  Forster,  editor  and 
translator  of  Kalra,  adds  very  explicit  testimony  of  his  own,  ho  being  an 
eye-witness.  Dr.  Wallerius,  the  distinguished  Swedish  chemist,  wrote  in 
1748,  that  he  had  more  than  once  seen  Swallows  assembling  on  a  reed,  till 
they  were  all  immersed ;  and  that  he  had  likewise  seen  a  Swallow  caught 


390       THE  LITERATURE  OF  THIS  SUBJECT 

in  a  net  under  water,  revived  in  a  warm  room,  where  it  fluttered  about 
and  then  died.  Mr.  Klein,  secretary  of  Dantzick,  procured  many  sworn 
affidavits  of  such  occurences.  The  mother  of  the  Countess  Lehndorf  said 
she  had  seen  a  bundle  of  Swallows  brought  from  Lake  Frith- Haff,  which 
were  revived  in  a  room  and  flew  about.  Count  Schlieben  gave  a  stamped 
instrument  importing  that  he  had  seen  Swallows  caught  in  a  net,  had  taken 
one  of  them  in  hand,  brought  it  into  a  warm  room,  where  it  lay  about  an 
hour,  when  it  began  to  stir,  and  soon  after  flew  about.  Fermier-G6ne*ral 
Witkowski  made  affidavit  that  in  1740  three  Swallows  had  been  netted  in  a 
pond  at  Didlaeken,  and  that  in  1741  he  got  two  Swallows  from  this  pond, 
where  they  were  caught  in  his  presence,  and  took  them  home,  where  they 
revived,  fluttered  about,  and  died  three  hours  after.  Aintmanii  Bonke  saw 
nine  Swallows  brought  up  in  a  net  from  under  the  ice,  and  distinctly  ob- 
served their  reanimation.  Forster  rehearses  more  testimony  to  the  same 
effect,  and  continues : — "  7thly,  I  can  reckon  myself  among  the  eye-witnesses 
of  this  paradoxon  of  natural  history.  In  the  year  1735,  being  a  little  boy,  I 
saw  several  Swallows  brought  in  winter  by  fishermen,  from  the  river  Vistula 
to  my  father's  house,  where  two  of  them  were  brought  into  a  warm  room, 
revived  and  flew  about.  I  saw  them  several  times  settling  on  the  warm 
stone,  (which  the  Northern  nations  have  in  their  rooms)  and  I  recollect  well 
that  the  same  forenoon  they  died,  and  I  had  them,  when  dead  in  my  band. 
...  In  January  [1754]  the  lake  of  Lybshau,  belonging  to  these  estates, 
being  covered  with  ice,  I  ordered  the  fishermen  to  fish  therein,  and  in  my 
presence  several  Swallows  were  taken ;  which  the  fishermen  threw  in  again ; 
but  one  I  took  up  myself,  brought  it  home,  which  was  five  miles  from  thence, 
and  it  revived,  but  died  about  an  hour  after  its  reviving."  * 

Williams,  writing  of  the  Swallows  of  Vermont  in  1794,  says  that  at  Danby 
in  that  State,  there  were  reports  that  some  of  these  birds  had  been  taken 
out  of  a  pond  in  that  town  some  years  previously.  A  man  in  digging  up  roots 
of  the  pond  lily  found  several  Swallows  "  enclosed  in  the  mud  j  alive,  but  in 
a  torpid  state".  He  continues  : — "  I  saw  an  instance  which  puts  the  possi- 
bility of  the  fact  beyond  all  room  for  doubt.  About  the  year  1760,  two  men 
were  digging  in  the  Salt  marsh,  at  Cambridge,  in  Massachusetts,  on  the 
bank  of  the  Charles  River,  about  two  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
they  dug  up  a  Swallow,  wholly  surrounded  and  covered  with  mud.  The 
Swallow  was  in  a  torpid  state,  but  being  held  in  their  hands,  it  revived  in 
about  half  an  hour.  The  place  where  this  Swallow  was  dug  up  was  every 
day  covered  with  the  salt  water,  which  at  every  high  tide,  was  four  or  five 
feet  deep.  The  time  when  this  Swallow  was  found  was  the  latter  part  of 
the  month  of  February."! 

I  might  go  on  almost  indefinitely  with  this  sort  of  thing,  but  I  have  ad- 
duced enough  to  show  the  character  of  the  evidence  we  possess,  and  this  is 
my  only  object. 

*  Peter  Kalm's  Travels  into  North  America,  Forster's  Ed.,  vol.  ii.  pp. 
140-144,  1771.  [Quoted  at  second  hand  and  abridged  from  Merriam,  Trans. 
Conn.  Acad.  i.  1877,  pp.  28,  29.] 

tThe  Natural  and  Civil  History  of  Vermont.  By  Samuel  Williams.  Wai- 
pole,  N.  H.  1794.  pp.  115, 116.  [Quoted  after  Merriam,  I.  c.] 


THE   ARCHITECTURE    OF    SWALLOWS  391 

Architecture  of  Swallows 

Next  after  the  migration,  the  nidification  of  Swallows  is  the 
best-known  point  in  their  natural  history.  The  nesting  and 
the  eggs  of  all  the  "North  American  species  have  become  per- 
fectly well  known,  such  is  the  abundance  of  the  birds,  such 
their  familiarity  with  man.  Their  buildings  illustrate  two 
striking  propositions: — 

1.  The  versatility  of  architectural  genius  within  the  limits  of 
a  small  and  perfectly  natural  group  of  birds. 

2.  The  influence  of  man  in  modifying  the  architectural  cus- 
toms of  birds. 

Every  one  of  the  North  American  species  nests  in  a  way 
peculiar  to  itself,  even  those  which  are  most  alike  being  dis- 
tinguished by  some  circumstance,  either  of  the  nest  itself,  or 
of  the  freight  it  bears ;  and  all  the  species,  with  a  single  prob- 
able exception,  have  successively  yielded  to  the  modifying 
influences  of  the  gradual  settlement  of  the  country  by  man. 
The  Violet-green  Swallow  has  held  out  the  longest,  and  it  is 
only  very  recently,  in  fact,  that  we  have  learned  of  its  accept- 
ance of  the  new  order  of  things.  The  time  when  the  Barn 
Swallow  forsook  its  primitive  custom  of  building  has  passed 
out  of  mind ;  the  modification  is  so  profound,  that  this  bird 
now  very  rarely  nests  elsewhere  than  in  artificial  resorts  which 
man  presents  to  its  choice.  In  some  cases,  the  change  is  com- 
plete in  settled  portions  of  the  country,  while  elsewhere  the 
same  species  retains  its  primitive  habits.  Thus  the  Cliff  or 
Eave  Swallow  now  nests  habitually  on  buildings  in  the  East- 
ern United  States,  though  it  still  glues  its  curious  rnud  fabrics 
to  the  faces  of  cliffs  in  the  West  5  and  the  Purple  Martin  nests 
indifferently  in  boxes  set  up  for  its  use,  and  in  holes  in  trees. 
In  the  case  of  the  Cliff  Swallow,  another  curious  result  of  the 
settlement  of  the  country  is  seen  in  the  gradual  extension  of 
the  range  of  the  species.  Formerly  restricted  to  regions 
abounding  in  natural  nesting-sites,  it  has  spread  into  populous 
districts,  where  the  eaves  of  buildings  afford  a  convenient 
substitute  for  the  original  breeding-places.  The  Rough-winged 
Swallow  originally  nested,  and  generally  still  nests,  like  the 
Bank,  in  holes  dug  by  itself  in  the  ground ;  but  it  now  often 
avails  itself  of  the  nooks  afforded  by  bridges,  piers,  and  other 
contrivances  of  man.  I  should  not  be  surprised  if  this  bird 
were  an  immigrant,  into  some  parts  at  least  of  North  America, 


392  THE   ARCHITECTURE    OF    SWALLOWS 

of  comparatively  recent  naturalization  among  us,  attracted  at 
length  by  conveniences  for  nesting.  The  Bank  Swallow,  the 
most  cosmopolitan  species  of  the  whole  family,  seems  to  retain 
its  wonted  ways  most  sturdily  of  any — a  fact  perhaps  explained 
by  the  highly  exceptional  character  of  its  nidification. 

To  all  this  there  is  no  parallel  among  our  birds.  Various 
species,  indeed,  now  regularly  accept  the  artificial  nesting- 
places  man  provides,  whether  by  design  or  otherwise.  Such  is 
notably  the  case  with  several  kinds  of  Wrens,  with  at  least  one 
kind  of  Owl,  with  the  Bluebird,  the  Pewit  Flycatcher,  and 
especially  the  House  Spai  cow.  Various  other  birds  occasion- 
ally avail  themselves  of  like  privileges,  still  retaining  in  the 
main  their  original  habits.  But  in  no  other  case  than  that  of 
Swallows  is  the  modification  of  habit  so  profound,  or  so  nearly 
without  exception  throughout  an  entire  family.  Next  alter 
the  Swallows,  the  Wrens  appear  to  yield  the  most  readily,  and 
all  of  our  species  will  probably  become  modified  in  due  time 
after  the  fashion  of  the  House  Wren.  But  the  geographical 
distribution  of  no  other  birds  than  Swallows  has  been  thus 
far  affected  by  increased  facilities  for  nesting. 

As  architects,  our  Swallows  are  separable  into  several  cate- 
gories, according  to  the  order  of  the  structures  they  build.  It 
will  be  remembered  that  they  are  weak-billed,  feeble-footed 
birds,  without  the  instruments  required  for  the  weaving  of 
intricate  fabrics,  or  the  elaboration  of  ornate  and  highly 
finished  dwelling-places.  So  varied  is  their  workmanship,  so 
curious  are  some  specimens  of  their  art,  that  we  can  hardly 
refer  their  structures  to  any  single  plan ;  yet,  in  general,  we 
may  discern  in  their  nesting  the  tendency,  usually  seen  in  weak- 
footed  birds,  to  retire  into  holes,  into  which  are  brought,  and 
artlessly  arranged,  the  materials  that  are  to  receive  the  eggs. 
At  least,  such  seems  to  betheprimitivecustom  ;  and  it  is  still  the 
wont  of  the  Purple  Martin  and  of  the  Violet-green  and  Rough- 
winged  and  Bank  Swallows.  A  modification  of  this  is  wit- 
nessed in  the  Barn  Swallow,  which  builds  by  preference  in 
corners,  in  any  angle  between  converging  plane  surfaces. 
The  most  remarkable  extreme  is  that  the  Cliff  Swallow  fur- 
nishes, where  we  can  trace  the  most  elaborate  retort-shaped 
mud  receptacles,  back  through  less  perfected  purse-like  struc- 
tures, to  the  early  idea  of  the  bird,  which  was  simply  the  wall- 
ing-up  of  chinks  and  crannies  on  the  face  of  cliffs,  or  the 
formation  of  a  cup  like  projection.  In  the  material  employed, 


THE   ARCHITECTURE    OF   SWALLOWS  393 

we  likewise  see  the  progressive  steps  by  which,  from  the  mere 
deposit  of  soft  material  in  a  natural  hollow,  the  Swallows  began 
to  project  their  fabrics  out  beyond  the  base  of  support;  secur- 
ing the  required  coherence  of  the  materials,  not  by  weaving, 
which  to  them  was  impracticable,  but  by  plastering  with  mud. 
Thus  we  gradually  reach  those  wonderful  structures  which  the 
Cliff  Swallow  builds  entirely  of  mud,  with  only  a  little  hay  or 
a  few  feathers  for  a  lining.  The  case  of  the  Bank  Swallows 
(Cotylesiud  Stelgidopteryx)  is  peculiar.  It  is  the  rule  with  weak- 
billed  and  small-footed  hole-in habiters  that  they  accept  natu- 
ral cavities  ready-made  to  their  purposes.  Yet  some  of  the 
feeblest  of  the  Swallow  tribe  dig  their  own  holes  in  the  ground, 
exactly  as  the  Kingfisher  excavates  its  gallery,  or  the  Wood- 
peckers chisel  out  their  nesting-places  in  trees.  The  fact,  then, 
that  Swallows  are  naturally  hole- breeders,  taking  possession 
of  such  cavities  as  come  to  hand,  serves  to  explain  (heir  readi- 
ness to  accept  the  convenient  artificial  nesting-sites  that  man 
provides.  Even  the  Cliff  Swallow,  when  nesting  on  buildings, 
selects  a  site  under  eaves,  and  thus  in  a  quasi  cavity.  The 
fact  that  the  Bank  Swallow  habitually  excavates  a  hole  for 
itself,  instead  of  accepting  a  ready-made  retreat,  renders  intel- 
ligible the  fact  that  it  still  maintains  its  primitive  ways, 
instead  of  yielding,  like  the  others,  to  modifying  surroundings. 
But  the  Bough-winged  Swallow,  which  normally  breeds  quite 
like  the  Bank  Swallow,  is  already  yielding  to  the  times,  and  in 
the  East  now  generally  nests  in  or  about  buildings,  such  as 
bridges  and  piers;  and  we  may  confidently  anticipate  the  time 
when  the  Bank  Swallow  shall  go  and  do  likewise. 

The  nesting  of  our  Swallows  now  presents  the  following 
categories  of  method  : — 

1.  Holes  in  the  ground,  dug  by  the  bird  itself,  slightly  fur- 
nished with  soft  material :  Cotyle  riparia,  Stelgidopteryx  serri- 
pennis. 

2.  Holes  in  trees  or  rocks  not  made  by  the  birds,  fairly  fur- 
nished with  soft  material:  Progne  subis,  Tachycineta  bicolor, 
Tachycineta  thalassina. 

3.  Holes,  or  their  equivalents,  not  made  by  the  birds,  but 
secured  through  human  agency,  and  more  or  less  fully  fur- 
nished with  soft  material,  according  to  the  shallowness  or 
depth  of  the  retreat.     (Formerly,  no  species  ;  now,  all  the  species 
excepting  Cotyle  riparia.) 

4.  Holes  constructed  by  the  birds,  of  mud,  plastered  to  sur- 


394  THE   ARCHITECTURE    OF   SWALLOWS 

faces,  whether  artificial  or  natural,  and  loosely  furnished  with 
soft  material.  This  is  seen  in  perfection  in  the  nesting  of 
Petrochelidon  lunifrons,  and  is  imperfectly  illustrated  by  the 
nidification  of  Hirundo  horreorum.  It  has  every  appearance  of 
an  acquired  trick,  by  which  these  hole-breeders  carry  out  their 
original  instincts  on  a  greatly  improved  plan. 

It  should  be  observed  that  all  of  our  Swallows  have  been 
modified  by  human  agency  excepting  the  Bank  Swallow,  nest- 
ing differently  at  successive  periods;  that  some  of  them,  like 
the  Purple  Martin  and  the  Violet-green  Swallow,  are  still 
serving  their  apprenticeship  under  the  new  regime  which  the 
settlement  of  the  country  has  brought  about ;  and  that  even 
the  Barn  Swallow,  which  seems  so  thoroughly  changed,  still 
sometimes  nests  in  the  West  in  its  primitive  fashion.  Those 
whose  acquired  habits  have  become  thoroughly  ingrained  are 
now  pretty  constant  in  their  adherence  to  a  single  plan  of 
architecture;  but  the  Violet-green  Swallow,  for  instance,  at 
present  nests  in  a  very  loose  fashion,  according  to  circum- 
stances. 

There  is  no  question  of  the  fact,  that  some  of  the  Swallows 
which  in  the  East  now  invariably  avail  themselves  of  the 
accommodations  man  furnishes,  in  the  West  live  still  in  holes 
in  trees,  rocks,  or  the  ground.  Thus  I  have  found  Purple 
Martins  breeding  in  Arizona  nowhere  but  in  the  hollows  of 
trees,  chiefly  deserted  Woodpeckers'  holes ;  and  I  have  known 
Barn  Swallows  to  nest  on  embankments  of  earth.  In  the 
West,  again,  where  the  Cliff  Swallows  habitually  affix  their 
nests  to  the  irregular  surfaces  of  cliffs,  retort-shaped  structures 
are  not  so  often  perfected  as  when  the  birds  build  against  the 
smooth  sides  of  houses.  In  this  case,  however,  it  may  be  a 
question  which  is  the  original  method,  which  the  later  modifi- 
cation. For  in  many  special  cases,  the  Eave  Swallows  have 
been  known  to  build  mere  open  cup  shaped  nests  affixed  to 
buildings,  quite  like  the  rafter-nests  of  the  Barn  Swallow, 
when  they  had  similar  bases  of  support  to  work  upon. 

There  is  another  curious  fact,  which  shows  that  the  nidifica- 
tion of  Swallows  may  be  changed  and  improved,  without  any 
variation  in  the  character  of  the  site  selected,  but  apparently 
as  the  result  of  reflection  and  some  degree  of  ratiocination. 
This  is  the  case  with  the  common  House  Martin,  Chelidon  urbica. 
1  quote  the  words  of  Dr.  Brewer  (Am.  Nat.  xii.  1878, 36) : — "  A 
few  years  ago  it  was  discovered  by  accident  that  within  fifty 


THE    ARCHITECTURE    OF   SWALLOWS  395 

years  there  has  been  a  wonderful  change  in  the  manner  in 
which  the  common  house  martin  of  Europe  builds  its  nest. 
Formerly  their  nests  were  globular  in  shape,  with  a  small 
rounded  opening  hardly  large  enough  to  admit  the  parent 
birds  comfortably.  Such  are  all  the  old  nests  in  museums, 
such  the  descriptions  of  all  writers,  half  a  century  ago.  These 
nests  were  inconvenient,  only  one  bird  could  come  at  a  time 
to  the  opening  to  be  fed.  Long  before  the  young  could  leave 
their  nest  they  must  have  been  uncomfortably  crowded  in 
their  ill- ventilated  and  close  quarters.  Some  time  within  the 
half  century  this  entire  species  has  made  a  great  advance  and 
wonderful  changes  in  the  whole  style  of  their  nest.  Instead  of 
a  sphere,  the  nest  is  simply  hollow,  semi-oval,  roomy,  airy,  and 
comfortable,  stronger  in  its  attachments,  with  increased  facili- 
ties for  access,  better  protected,  both  from  the  rain  and  from 
enemies.  Unfortunately,  no  one  observed  just  when  this 
remarkable  change  in  their  architecture  took  place.  We  know 
not  if  it  was  gradual  or  sudden,  or  how  long  it  was  in  becom- 
ing general.  But  surely  no  one  can  pretend  that  all  this  was 
the  result  of  mere  instinct  I" 

Connected  both  with  the  migration  and  nidification  of  Swal- 
lows are  some  remarkable  facts  relating  to  the  return  of  the 
same  pair  of  birds  to  the  same  nest  year  after  year.  In  the 
nature  of  the  case,  this  is  difficult  to  determine  with  cer- 
tainty; but  observations  which  have  not  seldom  been  made 
on  birds  that  were  marked  by  some  recognizable  peculiarity 
have  established  the  fact  beyond  question.  Far  from  being 
singular,  however,  it  accords  with  many  observations  made 
upon  birds  of  other  families.  How  marvellous,  how  admirable, 
how  complex  and  subtile,  must  be  the  mental  faculties  of  such 
humble  creatures,  who  can  find  their  homes  again  with  unerr- 
ing precision,  after  journeying  for  thousands  of  miles ! 

The  eggs  of  Swallows  differ  as  much  as  their  modes  of  nest- 
ing. As  might  be  expected  from  consideration  of  the  slender- 
bodied  form  of  the  birds,  the  eggs  are  rather  narrow,  elongate, 
and  pointed.  In  the  typical  hole  diggers,  who  retain  their 
original  habits  most  tenaciously,  the  eggs  are  pure  white,  as 
in  the  case  of  the  Bank  Swallow,  and  as  the  rule  is  with  birds 
which,  like  Owls,  Kingfishers,  Woodpeckers,  and  many  others, 
lay  in  holes.  Many  Swallows'  eggs,  however,  are  colored,  and, 
in  fact,  profusely  speckled  with  reddish  and  brown  shades.  I 
presume,  without  the  slightest  proof,  but  judging  by  reason- 


396          LITERATURE    OF   SWALLOW   ARCHITECTURE 

able  analogy,  that  Swallows'  eggs  were  originally  or  primitively 
white,  and  that  they  became  colored  somewhat  according  to 
increasing  degree  of  exposure  to  which  they  may  have  been 
subjected  during  the  long  time  in  which  the  nesting  habits  of 
the  birds  have  undergone  modification. 

1.  Eggs  pure  white,  unmarked :     Tachycineta  bicolor,  T.  tha- 
lassina,  Cotyle  riparia,  Stelgidopteryx  serripennis,  Prague  pur- 
purea. 

2.  Eggs  thickly  speckled :    Hirundo  horreorum,  Petrochelidon 
lunifrons. 

I  have  at  hand  the  following  titles  of  articles  relating  to  the 
habits  of  Swallows,  with  special  reference  to  their  nidification : — 

1774.  WHITE,  G.    Account  of  the  House  Martin,  or  Martlet.     <  Philos. 

Trans.  Ixiv.  pt.  i.  1774,  pp.  196-201. 
Habits  of  Chelidon  urbica. 

1775.  WHITE,  G.    Of  the  House-Swallow,  Swift,  and  Sand-Martin.    <PMlo8. 

Trans.  Ixv.  pt.  ii.  1775,  pp.  258-276. 
Habits. 

1831.  STEEL,  J.  W.    Swallows.    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  xix.  1831,  pp.  356, 357. 
Nidification  of  Hirundo  lunifrons. 

1831.  WOODRUFF,  S.    Notice  of  a  Barn  Swallow  in  a  letter  to  the  Editor 

dated  Windsor,  Turky  [sic]  Hill,  June  7th,  1830,  from  Samuel  Wood- 
ruff.   <  Sillim.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  xix.  1831,  pp.  172, 173. 
Description  and  nidification  of  Hirundo  lunifrons. 

1832.  CARMICHAEL,  Capt.    Capitain  Carmichael  iiber  Schwalben.    <  Oken's 

Ms,  Bd.  xxv.  1832,  p.  589. 
Auszug  aus  d.  Edinb.  Philos.  Journ.  1819,  p.  421. 

1832.  COUCH,  J.    Nests  of  the  Swallow  and  Martin.     <  London's  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.  v.  1832,  pp.  735, 736. 

1832.  "H.  B."    Eemarks  on  [habits  of]  Swallows.    <  London's  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.  v.  1832,  pp.  285-287. 

1832.  "H.  B."    Instinct  in  the  Martin  (Hirundo  urbica).    < London's  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.  v.  1832,  p.  735. 

1832.  NORMAN,  A.  "  Strodda  Underattelser.   [OmSvalorsparning.]  <Tidsk. 

f.  Jagare  o.  Naturf.  i.  1832,  p.  320." 
Not  seen— title  from  von  Friesen,  O'fv.  Sver.  Orn.  Litt 

1833.  "  A  FRIEND  OF  C.  P.'s."    The  Swallow,  a  capricious  Architect.   <  Lou- 

don's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  vi.  1833,  pp.  454-456. 

1833.  BREE,  W.  T.    A  late  Brood  of  young  Martins.    <  London's  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.  vi.  1833,  pp.  70-72. 

1833.  CLARKE,  W.  B.    Birds'  Nests  in  singular  Places.    <^Loudon's  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.  vi.  1833,  pp.  523, 524. 
Swallow's  nest  in  heel  of  a  shoe  in  an  inhabited  apartment. 


LITERATURE    OF    SWALLOW    ARCHITECTURE         397 

1833.  "J.  D."    On  Martins  and  Swallows.    <Loudon's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  vi. 
1833,  p.  524. 
Swallow's  nest  in  crunk  of  a  bell-wire,  in  passage  of  an  inhabited  house. 

1833.  "  R.  Y."  Pertinacious  Perseverance  in  the  Martin  (Hirundo  urbica  L.) 
in  renewing  its  Nest  in  one  Place.  <^  London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  vi. 
1833,  p.  153. 

1833.  WHIDDON,  W.    By  what  harmless  Means  can  Martins  and  Swallows 

be  induced  to  cease  building  and  breeding  in  the  Places  in  which 
they  have  been  long  allowed  to  build  and  breed  ?  <  London's  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.  vi.  1833,  p.  456. 

1834.  FENNELL,  J.    To  prevent  Martins  and  Swallows  affixing  their  Nests. 

<  London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  vii.  1834,  p.  82. 
Soap  the  place. 

1836.  Moss,  S.  Martin's  Nest  occupied  by  a  House  Sparrow.  ^London's 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ix.  1836,  p.  545. 

1836.  TAYLOR,  S.    What  is  the  Most  Effectual  Method  of  Preventing  the 
House  Martin  (Hirundo  urbica  Lin.)  from  Building  in  Particular 
Spots?    <  London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ix.  1836,  p.  484. 
Soap,  says  the  editor. 

1840.  BREWER,  T.  M.    [On  the  habits  of  Hirundo  fulva  (i.  c.,  of  Petroche- 

lidon  lunifrons).]   <  Sillim.  Am.  J&nrn.  Sci.  xxxviii.  1840,  pp.  392, 393. 

1841.  ROBERT,  E.    [Note  sur  les  nids   des  Hirondelles  a  rivage  (Cotyle 

riparia).]     <  Compt.  Rend,  de  VAcad.  Sci.  xiii.  1841,  p.  1034. 

1842.  ROBERT,  E.    Nests  of  the  Hirundo  riparia.    <  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist. 

viii.  1842,  p.  476. 

1843.  ATKINSON,  J.  C.    Note  on  tho  Nests  of  Martins  [Chelidon  urbica]  on 

Sand-stone  Rocks.    <  Zoologist,  i.  1843,  pp.  246, 247. 

1843.  ATKINSON,.!.  C.  Note  on  certain  Nests  of  the  Swallow  [Hirundo 
rustica]  at  Kelvedon.  <  Zoologist,  i.  1843,  p.  354. 

1843.  ATKINSON,  J.  C.  Note  on  the  Nesting-place  of  the  Swallow.  <  Zoolo- 
gist, i.  1843,  p.  354. 

1843.  HEPBURN,  A.    Notes  on  the  Swallow  [ ;  its  breeding  in  chimneys]. 

<  Zoologist,  i.  1843,  p.  147. 

1843.  HEPBURN,  A.    Note  on  [the  nests  of]  the  Sand-martin  [Cotyle  riparia]. 

<  Zoologist,  i.  1843,  pp.  146, 147. 

1843.  HEWETT,  W.  Note  on  the  Nesting-place  of  Swallows.  <  Zoologist,  i. 
1843,  pp.  353, 354. 

1843.  TARRAGON,  L.  DE      Note  sur  les  mreurs  de  1'Hirondelle  de  fenetre 

[Chelidon  urbica].    <  Revue  Zoologique,  vi.  1843,  pp.  323-325. 

1844.  "  ANON."    "  Curious  Locality  for  a  Nest "  [of  the  Swallow].    <  Zool- 

ogist, ii.  1844,  p.  657. 
From  the  Hampshire  Advertiser,  July  13, 1844. 

1844.  BARTLETT,  J.  P.  Note  on  the  Nesting-places  of  the  Swallow.  <  Zool- 
ogist, ii.  1844,  pp.  446, 447. 


398          LITERATURE    OF    SWALLOW    ARCHITECTURE 

1844.  DUNCAN,  R.  D.    Note  on  the  Swallow.    <  Zoologist,  ii.  1844,  p.  447. 

1844.  SLADEN,  E.  H.  M.    Note  on  the  Martin  (Hirundo  urbica).    <  Zoologist, 

ii.  1844,  p.  763. 

1845.  BOLD,  T.  J.    Nidification  of  the  Swallows.    <  Zoologist,  in.  1845,  pp. 

939.940. 

1845.  HARDY,  J.    Nesting  of  the  Swallow.    <  Zoologist,  iii.  1845,  pp.  868-870. 
1845.  HUSSEY,  A.    Nesting  of  the  House  Martin.    <  Zoologist,  iii.  1845.  p.  870. 

1851.  HAZARD,   J.    P.     [On  the  habits  of  the  Rocky  Mountain   Swallow 

(Petrochelidon  lunifrons).]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  v.  1851, 
pp.  141, 142. 

1852.  BREWER,  T.  M.    [On  the  Distribution  and  Habits  of  the  Cliff  Swallow, 

Hirundo  lunifrons.]    <  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  iv.  1852,  pp.  270,271. 

1853.  JAECKEL,  — .      Ein  vereinzelt  nistendes  Uferschwalben-Paar  [Cotyle 

riparia].     Zusatz  vom  Herausgeber.    <  J.  f.  0. 1853,  i.  pp.  367, 368. 

1854.  RINDFLEISCH,  A.    Ein  Brutplatz  der  Hirundo  rupestris  in  Deutsch- 

land.    <  Naumannia,  iv.  1854,  pp.  191, 192. 

1857.  PASSLER,  W.    Zur  Naturgeschichte  der  Sylvia  cisticola  und  Hirundo 
rufula.    <  J.f.  0. 1857,  v.  pp.  115-118,  Taf .  i.  Fig.  A  und  B. 
The  plate  represents  the  nests  of  H.  rufula. 

1857.  ROHNERT,  — ,  Dr.    Nistkolonie  von  Hirundo  rupeatris.    <  Naumannia, 
vii.  1867,  Hft.  i.  pp.  78, 79. 

1857.  SLANEY,  W.  H.    [Habits  of]  Swallows.    <  Zoologist,  xv.  1857,  pp.  5755, 
5756. 

1857.  SMITH,  R.  B.     Swallows  building  against  a  House.    <  Zoologist,  xv. 
1857,  p.  5790. 

1857.  WEIR,  J.  J.    Note  on  the  Nidification  of  the  Swallow  (Hirundo  rustica). 

<  Zoologist,  xv.  1857,  p.  5832. 

1858.  HADFIELD,  H.  W.    Nidification  of  Swallows.    <  Zoologist,  xvi.  1858. 

pp.  6241, 6242. 

1858.  HEWITSON,  W.  C.    Notes  on  the  [habits  of  the]  Swallow.    <  Zoologist, 

xvi.  1858,  p.  5921. 

1859.  COUCH, J.    Nidification  of  Birds:   the  Common   Martin    [Chelidon 

urbica].    <  Zoologist,  xvii.  1859,  p.  6535. 

1860.  KKUPER,  T.    Die  Schwalben  Griechenlands.    <«7.  /.  0.  1860,  viii.pp. 

271-2d4. 

Extended  account  of  the  habits  of  H.  rufula,  H.  rustica,  H.  baitsonneaui,  H. 
urbica,  H.  rupestris,  H.  riparia. 

1862.  D  ALTON,  J.    Sand  Martins'   [Cotyle  riparia]  Nests  in  the  Walls  of 
an  Old  Priory.     <  Zoologist,  xx.  1862,  pp.  7844, 7845. 

1862.  RANSON,  J.    Nesting  of   the  Chimney  Swallow   [Hirundo  rustica]. 

<  Zoologist,  xx.  1862,  p.  7937. 

1863.  CARTER,  S.     Late  Breeding  of  the  House  Martin  [Chelidon  urbica]. 

<  Zoologist,  xxi.  18C3,  p.  8846. 


LITERATURE    OF    SWALLOW   ARCHITECTURE          399 

1867.  CLARK-KENNEDY,  A.    Martins  "  building-in  "  a  Sparrow.    <  Zoologist, 
2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  p.  915. 

1867.  CLIFTON,  Lord.      A    strange    Trap    for    Swallows    [weathercocks]. 

<  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  p.  990. 

1867.  CLIFTON,  Lord.    Martins  and  Wagtails  [their  antipathy].     <  Zool- 
ogist, 2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  p.  990. 

1867.  KING,  S.    Late  [latter  part  of  November]  Swallow's  nest.    <  Zoologist, 
2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  pp.  606, 607. 

1867.  SCHACHT,H.    Merkwilrdiges   Schwalbennest     [H.  urbica.]    <ZooZ. 

Gart.  viii.  1867,  p.  444. 

1868.  MEYER,  R.    Doppelehe  einer  mannlichen  Rauchschwalbe  (Cecropis 

rustica  L.)    <  Zool.  Gart.  ix.  1868,  pp.  77, 78. 
A  case  of  bigamy. 

1869.  FOWLER,  A.    The  Sand  Martin.    <  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  pp.  116-119. 

Account  of  the  habits  of  Cotyle  riparia. 

1869.  HOY,  P.  R.    [On  the  Habits  of  Cotyle  serripennis  and  Empidonax 
flaviventris.]    <  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  xii.  1869,  p.  400. 

1869.  NICHOLLS,  H.j/r.    Cuckoo  in  a  Swallow's  Nest.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser. 

iv.  1869,  p.  1866. 

1870.  BEHN,  — .    [Ueber  eine   abweichende  Form  von  Nestern  der   Fen- 

sterschwalbe  (Hirundo  urbica,  L.).]    <^Zool.  Gart.  xi.  1870, pp.  160, 
161. 
Auszug  aus  d.  Comptes  Rendits,  Ixx.  1870,  p.  492. 

1870.  NOULET,  J.  B.    Our  two  Swallows  and  their  Nests.    <  Ann.  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.  (4),  vi.  1870,  pp.  270, 271. 

1870.  POUCHET,  A.    On  the  Transformation  of  the  Nests  of  the  House-Mar- 
tin (Hirundo  urbica,  Linn.).     <  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  4th  ser.  v.  1870, 
pp.  307, 308. 
From  Comptes  Rendus,  Ixx.  1870,  pp.  492-496. 

1870.  SHARPE,  R.  B.,  and  DRESSER,  H.  E.    On  some  new  or  little-known 
points  in  the  Economy  of  the  Common  Swallow  (Hirundo  rustica). 

<  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  xxxviii.  1870,  pp.  244-249. 

1870.  WHARTON,C.B.    Sand  Martin  [Cotyle  riparia]  Nesting  in  a  Tree. 

<  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  v.  1870,  p.  2344. 

1872.  HUDSON,  W.  H.    On  the  Habits  of  the  Swallows  of  the  Genus  Progne 
met  with  in  the  Argentine  Republic.    With  notes  by  P.  L.  Sclater. 

<  Proc.  Zool  Soc.  Lond.  1872,  pp.  605-609. 

Allows  only  four  American  spp.,  P.  purpurea,  P.  chalybea,  P.  dominicensia,  P. 
taper  a. 

1872.  HUDSON,  W.  H.    Further  Observations  on  the  Swallows  of  Buenos 
Ayres.    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1872,  pp.  844-846. 

Of.  P.  Z.  S.  1871, 326  5  1872,  605. 


400  ABNORMAL    COLORATION    OF    SWALLOWS 

Abnormal  Coloration  of  Swallows 

These  birds  are  so  constantly  under  observation,  that  it  is 
no  wonder  that  many  instances  of  albinism  have  been  observed 
and  recorded,  without  indicating,  however,  that  Swallows  are 
susceptible  of  this  abnormality  to  any  unusual  extent.  The 
only  white  Swallow  that  ever  fell  under  my  own  observation 
was  a  specimen  of  Cotyle  riparia,  shot  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
by  my  brother,  Louis  D.  Coues,  on  the  23d  of  August,  1859,  as 
recorded  by  me  in  the  American  Naturalist,  ii.  1868,  p.  161.  This 
individual  was  not  pure  white,  however,  merely  presenting  an 
extremely  faded  or  bleached-out  appearance,  the  normal  pattern 
of  coloration  being  still  discernible.  This  bird  was  flying  in 
company  with  hundreds  of  others,  of  several  species,  who  seemed 
to  be  pursuing  and  harassing  it,  on  account  of  its  unenviable 
distinction.  This  was  a  very  human  occurrence — for  singu- 
larity of  dress  is  always  the  signal  for  attack,  and  distinction 
of  any  kind  usually  invites  target- practice, 

Mr.  Kuthven  Deane,  in  a  paper  (Bull.  Nutt.  Club,  i.  1876,  21) 
on  a  Albinism  and  Melanism  among  North  American  Birds", 
remarks  that  albinism  among  the  Hirundinidce  is  generally  of 
a  pure  white,  or  a  strong  yellowish  cast,  and  instances  albinotic 
specimens  he  has  seen  of  Hirundo  horreorum,  Tachycineta 
bicolor,  Petrochelidon  lunifrons,  and  Progne  purpurea. 

The  following  are  titles  of  a  few  papers  specially  bearing  on 
the  subject  of  albinism  among  Swallows: — 

1731.  WALLIN,  G.    "  De  Hirundine  alba,  Regi  nostro  Friderico  I  oblata  anno 
1727,  brevis  dissertatio.    Auctore  G.  Wallin,  Fil.    <  Acta.  Liter,  et 
Sclent.  Svecice,  1731,  pp.  98-111." 
Atven  S&som  Disput.  Upsaliae,  1733.  4to.  pp.  15,  enl.  Warmholtz.— (v.  Friesen.) 

1820.  TRAILL,  T.  S.  White  Swallow  [Hirundo  rustica].  <Edirib.  Philos. 
Journ.  ii.  1820,  p. 391. 

1846.  ANON.    Note  on  a  White  Swallow.    <  Zoologist,  iv.  1846,  p.  1500. 

1848.  ELLMAN,  J.  B.  White  Variety  of  the  Swallow  (Hirundo  rustica)  and 
Pale  Variety  of  the  Martin  (H.  urbica).  <  Zoologist,  vi.  1848,  p. 
2021. 

1848.  WOLLEY,  G.    A  Martin  (Hirundo  urbica)  with  the  Middle  Tail-feather 

white.     <  Zoologist,  vi.  1848,  p.  2303. 

1849.  COLMAN,  J.  F.    White  Variety  of  the  Swallow.    ^Zoologist,  vii.  1849, 

p.  2392. 

1849.  GARTH,  J.  C.  Albino  Variety  of  the  Swallow  (Hirundo  rustica). 
<  Zoologist,  vii.  1849,  p.  2568. 


GENERAL   HABITS    AND    TRAITS    OF   SWALLOWS      401 

1850.  CURTLEU,  M.    [  Albinotic]  Variety  of  the  Swallow  (Hirundo  rustica). 

<  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2700. 

1855.  DOUBLKDAY,H.    White  Swallow.    <  Zoologist,  xiii,  1855,  p.  4871. 

1855.  HUSSEY,  A.    A  White  Swallow  obtained  in  East  Kent.    <  Zoologist, 
xi  .1.1855,  p.  4559. 

1863.  SAVILLE,S.  P.    Slate-coloured   Variety   of   the    Chimney    Swallow. 

<  Zoologist,  xxi.  1863,  p.  8824. 

1864.  ANON.    Weissb  Schwalben.    <  Zool.  Gart.  v.  1864,  p.  269. 
1864.  ANON.    A  White  Swallow.    <  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  p.  8887. 

1864.  BOULTON,W.W.    White  Swallow  (Hirundo  rustica)  near  Beverley. 

<  Zoologist,  xxi.  1863,  p.  8825. 

1866.  CLOGG,  S.  White  Martin.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  i.  1866,  p.  33. 

1866.  WATKINS,  C.    White  Swallows.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  i.  1866,  pp.  455, 

456. 

1867.  HESSE,  B.    Creaincoloured  Sand  Martin.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ii.  1867, 

p.  561. 

1868.  CORNALIA,  E.     Sopra  due  casi  di  Albinismo  negli  Uccelli.     <  Atti 

della  Soc.  Ital.  di  Sc.  Nat.  x.  pp.  449-458. 
Not  seen—  title  from  Zool.  Rec.    Passer  montanut  and  Ohelidon  urbica. 

1868.  SMITH,  C.    Curious  Variety  of  the  House  Martin.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser. 

iii.  1868,  p.  1058. 

1869.  BARRINGTON,  R.  M.    Albino  Sand  Martin.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  iv. 

1869,  pp.  1847,  1848. 

1870.  ATKINSON,  F.  P.    Albino  Barn  Swallow  [Hiruudo  horreorum  J.    <  Am. 

Nat.  iv.  1870,  p.  127. 

1871.  BHOOKE,  A.  B.    White  Hand  Martin.    ^Zoologist,  2d  ser.  vi.  1871,  p. 

2440. 

1871.  WALSH,  W.  H.    White  House  Martin.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  vi.  1871,  p. 
2806. 


1872.  WniTAKERjJ.jyww.    White  Swallow.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  vii.  1872,  p. 
3314. 

1874.   WHITAKER,  J.    White    Swallow  in  Nottinghamshire.    <  Zoologist, 
2d  ser.  ix.  1874,  pp.  4238,  4239. 

General  Habits  and  Traits  of  Swallows 

Having  already  spoken  at  some  length  of  tho  two  most 
noticeable  points  in  the  economy  of  Swallows  —  their  migra- 
tions and  their  architecture  —  I  may  continue  with  some  of  the 
other  habits  which  birds  of  this  family  possess  in  common  ;  for 
the  group  is  so  homogeneous  that  much  of  the  material  we  have 
acquired  for  separate  biographies  of  the  species  furnishes  the 
occasion  for  remarks  applicable  to  all. 
26  B  c 


402       GENERAL   HABITS    AND    TRAITS    OF    SWALLOWS 

The  flight  of  Swallows  might  bo  inferred  from  inspection  of 
the  perfected  wing-structure,  not  only  as  to  the  lengths  to 
which  the  act  can  be  sustained  without  fatigue  or  injury,  but 
to  the  peculiar  ease,  grace,  and  buoyancy  of  the  aerial  evolu- 
tions so  characteristic  of  Swallows.  The  birds  of  no  other 
group  of  Passeres  fly  quite  like  Swallows,  but  the  Swifts 
(Cypselidce)  are  nearly  identical  with  Swallows  in  this  respect, 
and  so  are  the  Terns,  or  Sternince,  which,  indeed,  are  com- 
monly called  u  Sea  Swallows "  from  this  very  circumstance. 
The  Hummingbirds  have  wings  constructed  on  much  the  same 
plan  as  those  of  Swallows,  and  are  among  the  few  birds,  if 
they  be  not  the  only  ones,  that  surpass  Swallows  in  volatorial 
exploits.  The  type  of  the  wing  is  quite  different  from  that  fur- 
nished by  the  great  ocean  wanderers  like  the  Procellarlidce,  or 
Petrels,  the  flight  of  which  is  practically  limitless  in  duration. 
The  wing  of  such  birds — especially  of  the  Albatrosses — is  inordi- 
nately lengthened  in  all  its  segments — the  upper  arm  and  fore- 
arm as  well  as  in  the  pinion  or  hand ;  a  conformation  which 
results  in  long,  strong,  measured  wing-beats,  as  the  end  of  the 
wing  traverses  the  arc  of  too  large  a  circle  to  move  with  great 
celerity.  The  upper  segment  of  the  Swallows'  wing,  on  the 
contrary,  is  shortened,  the  development  of  wing  being  in- 
creased in  the  terminal  segment,  or  pinion,  and  the  large 
leathers  it  bears.  Such  a  wing  is  more  deftly  handled,  and 
wonderful  power  of  arresting  or  directing  as  well  as  of  accelera- 
ting the  bird's  course,  is  assured  by  this  means.  The  most 
graceful  flyers  among  the  Swallows  are  the  lashing-tailed 
species  of  Hirundo  proper,  like  the  Barn  Swallow,  which  glides, 
soars,  and  sweeps  with  extraordinary  facility,  and  instantane- 
ously arrests  or  diverts  its  flight  at  a  touch  of  the  guiding 
helm.  The  motion  of  the  Swallow  skimming  the  ground,  and 
u  quartering"  in  zigzag  after  its  prey,  has  been  aptly  compared 
to  the  coursing  of  the  greyhound.  No  one  who  has  attentively 
observed  the  flight  of  Swallows  can  have  failed  to  notice  their 
peculiar  "  towering",  when  they  rise  abruptly  with  few  vigor- 
ous strokes,  and  seem  to  hang  suspended  for  a  moment,  before 
falling  with  great  velocity  through  the  beautiful  curve  of  the 
cycloid — with  half-gathered  wings,  and  at  such  little  loss  of 
impetus  by  friction  that  they  avail  themselves  of  this  peculiar 
line  to  rise  nearly  to  their  former  level  without  muscular 
effort.  Sometimes  their  course  is  as  straight  as  an  arrow's, 
and  only  less  swift — sometimes  they  hover  and  flutter  at  seem- 


GENERAL   HABITS   AND   TRAITS    OF    SWALLOWS      403 

ing  random,  and  not  the  least  marvellous  of  their  feats  is  the 
spirited  dash  they  make,  with  unerring  aim,  to  enter  the 
narrow  window  or  belfry,  and  settle,  as  light  as  a  feather,  with 
joyous  twittering,  on  the  nest. 

The  feeding  of  Swallows  is  almost  an  inference  from  the 
structure  of  the  bill,  wings,  and  feet.  These  delicate  birds  have 
very  weak  bills,  but  very  capacious  mouths,  and  seem  not  very 
dainty  in  their  choice  of  food.  They  would  soon  be  starved  if 
forced  to  gather  food  on  foot — on  the  wing,  no  one  of  the 
smaller  flying  insects  is  safe  from  that  gaping  bill,  split  to  the 
very  eyes,  propelled  with  enormous  velocity  into  their  ranks, 
and  capable  of  following  after,  to  close  on  the  most  agile  and 
devious  bug.  Swallows  feed  on  the  wing,  and  this  prime  point 
in  the  economy  of  these  indefatigable  insect-hunters  is  signal- 
ized in  the  very  names  the  birds  have  acquired  in  various  lan- 
guages. Not  only  the  mode  of  flight,  but  its  direction,  whether 
high  or  low,  and  the  entire  migrations  of  the  birds,  turn  upon 
the  prime  point  of  food-supply;  and  upon  this  hinges,  second 
arily,  the  recognized  relation  between  the  movements  of  Swal- 
lows and  the  weather  and  seasons.  The  numbers  of  insects 
that  Swa.llows  destroy  in  the  aggregate  is  simply  incalcu- 
lable— in  fact,  beyond  the  reach  of  our  usual  notions  of  numer- 
ation— and  the  holocaust  includes  a  large  proportion  of  annoy- 
ing or  injurious  kinds.  The  loquacity  of  the  birds,  and  the 
unseemly  hours  they  keep,  babbling  to  an  unaired  world, 
together  with  the  litter  they  make  about  the  premises,  some- 
times brings  them  into  disfavor,  or  even  causes  them  to  be 
summarily  dispossessed.  The  tempting  targets  they  offer 
when  in  flight,  taxing  the  skill  of  the  most  expert  marksman, 
is  another  cause  of  their  wanton  and  cruel  destruction.  But 
the  most  determined  and  calculating  utilitarian  should  be 
brought  to  see  the  impolicy  of  killing  Swallows,  and  the  sports- 
man be  besought  to  consider  its  inhumanity.  Needless  taking 
of  any  life  is  a  crime  against  nature — we  may  well  pause  at  this, 
even  if  no  spark  of  sentiment  should  kindle  indignation  at  the 
thought  of  cutting  short  such  useful,  bright,  and  joyous  life. 
Things  both  useful  and  beautiful  are  not  so  common  that  we 
can  afford  to  sacrifice  them  in  vain.  The  rowdy  boys  and  all 
the  crew  of  tramps  and  potters  of  the  gun  who  shoot  Swallows 
for  sport  may  be  seriously  admonished  that  these  birds  are 
worth  more  to  society  than  their  idle,  vicious  selves. 

The  song  of  Swallows  strikes  a  single  key-note — the  theme 


404      GENERAL    HABITS   AND   TRAITS    OF    SWALLOWS 

runs  through  the  entire  fugue — the  fry?,  fro?,  of  the  Greek 
mythology  is  reiterated  forever.  Among  our  species,  at  any 
rate — and  I  presume  the  exotics  are  much  the  same  in  this 
respect — the  Swallow's  voice  is  unmistakable.  The  tone  is 
rather  thin  and  sharp,  and  the  pitch  is  high;  the  method  of 
delivery  is  quick,  nervous,  and  even  jerky — it  is  mere  twitter- 
ing, indeed,  as  always  called,  rather  than  any  higher  art  of 
singing.  But  the  pieces  are  given  with  such  volubility,  vigor, 
and  verve — they  are  so  earnest,  artless,  and  spontaneous,  ani- 
mated with  such  a  bright  and  joyous  spirit,  that  we  forget  to 
criticise,  and  even  own  the  Swallow  has  a  sympathetic  voice. 
The  simple  notes  are  susceptible  of  much  modulation,  and 
capable  of  intoning  the  varied  passions  that  these  sanguine 
birds  experience  momentarily;  while  the  different  species, 
moreover,  have  each  their  own  tone  and  inflections,  easily  dis- 
criminated by  the  accustomed  ear.  If  I  may  add,  that  our 
Swallow  medley  touches  a  very  secret  chord  of  home  associa- 
tions, there  is  no  wonder  that  it  often  moves  us  when  more 
ambitious  music  fails  to  please. 

Among  the  leading  traits  of  the  Swallow  tribe,  no  one  can 
fail  to  recognize  their  sociability.  "  Troops  of  Swallows  r>  is  a 
familiar  phrase.  The  birds  are  not  gregarious,  in  one  sense, — 
not  like  Blackbirds  for  example,  or  Bobolinks  in  the  autumn, 
flying  in  compact  flocks,  as  if  animated  by  a  common  impulse, 
— for  no  two  Swallows  bend  their  flight  alike.  But  in  places 
where,  for  any  reason,  the  attraction  is  common,  Swallows 
swarm.  In  foraging  for  insects  on  their  "happy  hunting 
ground  ",  thousands  eddy  and  whirl  inextricably  confused  in 
flying  currents,  each  one  the  vortex  of  a  tiny  maelstrom.  In 
the  consultation  over  a  projected  journey,  thousands  seek 
each  others7  countenance,  perching  in  long  lines  upon  the 
ridge-pole,  the  telegraph,  the  picket-fence.  On  warm  dry  days, 
the  Swallows  flock  to  the  pools  by  the  wayside,  enclosing  the 
grateful  water  with  a  pretty  frame,  or  dallying  over  the  sur- 
face with  the  yellow  butterflies.  But  in  nothing  is  the  strength 
of  social  instincts  more  apparent — in  nothing  is  the  amiability 
of  these  cheery,  genial  birds  displayed  to  more  advantage — 
than  in  their  nesting.  Every  rafter  of  the  barn  may  possess 
its  pair  in  peace,  and  every  box  beneath  the  eaves  its  contented, 
orderly  inmates.  The  stretch  of  river-bank,  the  loamy  crest  of 
the  quarry,  may  be  honey-combed  with  burrows,  and  never  a 
sign  of  strife  in  the  settlement.  Nay,  more  :  among  the  Swal- 


GENERAL   HABITS   AND    TRAITS    OF    SWALLOWS       405 

lows,  perhaps  alone  of  our  birds,  do  we  find  that  rare  climax 
of  sociability  which  the  actual  clustering  of  nests  betokens; 
and  a  colony  of  Cliff  Swallows  shows  that  a  high  degree  of 
communism  is  not  incompatible  with  perfect  decency  and 
decorum.  Such  free,  impatient,  and  impulsive  birds  as  Swal- 
lows, one  might  fear,  could  not  sustain  too  close  relations  with- 
out at  least  occasional  breaches  of  the  peace ;  but  the  harmony 
remains  unbroken.  This  surely  speaks  well  for  the  disposition 
of  the  birds,  arguing  many  a  good  quality  beyond  mere  amia- 
bility j  it  indicates  forbearance,  self-respect,  fidelity  in  all  re- 
lations, and  regard  for  another's  rights ;  it  reasserts  that  liberty 
does  not  mean  license,  and  that  freedom  is  to  will  to  do  right. 

Some  who  may  be  less  interested  in  Swallows  than  I  admit 
myself  to  be,  or  lack  a  sentiment  I  am  willing  to  betray,  may 
think  the  picture  overdrawn,  and  ask  for  the  other  side  of  a 
shield  that  seems  to  me  golden.  If  by  this  is  meant,  What  are 
the  bad  qualities  of  Swallows  !  I  must  admit  my  incompeteucy 
to  reply.  These  birds  are  said  by  some  to  be  irascible  and 
pugnacious.  But  quarrelsome  they  certainly  are  not,  and  their 
quickness  of  temper  is  resolvable  into  the  admirable  spirit 
they  display  in  defence  of  their  home  and  family.  They  are 
said  to  show  special  animosity  against  cats — quite  an  antipathy, 
in  fact.  Who  wouldn't,  under  the  circumstances?  Which 
one  of  us,  being  a  Swallow,  could  be  expected  to  be  fond  of 
cats !  These  timid  and  delicate  birds  sometimes  make  Puss 
retire  discomfited,  such  are  the  spirit  and  the  vigor  of  their 
onset  against  this  prowling  enemy.  Their  courage  is  nowadays 
often  called  into  action  in  defence  of  their  homes  against  those 
wretched  interlopers,  the  European  Sparrows.  There  is  a  dead- 
lock here,  and  the  feud  is  both  bitter  and  relentless,  in  natural 
consequence  of  the  Sparrows'  total  depravity.  The  Purple 
Martins,  as  I  know,  defend  themselves  against  spoliation  of 
their  homes  with  success,  and  I  hear  that  even  the  much  weaker 
White-bellied  Swallows;  whose  action  in  protecting  themselves 
against  outrage  I  have  had  no  opportunity  of  studying,  have 
proven  no  less  valiant.  I  wish  that  the  same  could  be  said  of 
some  other  birds  which  the  Sparrows  attack,  harass,  and  turn 
out  of  doors  j  and  to  the  Swallows  in  particular,— to  every  pair 
of  these  lovable  birds  that  may  nestle  with  us, — I  wish  success 
in  resisting  invasion,  peace,  plenty,  and  every  joy  that  can  fill 
their  gentle  breasts. 


406  CHARACTERS    OF   THE    GENUS   HIRUNDO 

Genus  HIRUNDO  Linnaeus 

Hirundo,  L.  SN.  1735-1766.    (Included  originally  all  the  family,  and  some  birds  of  another 

order.) 
Cecropis,  partly,  Boie,  Isis,  1826. 

As  here  restricted  to  include  only  species  like  the  European 
and  American  "  Barn  "  Swallows,  Hirundo  is  distinguished  by 
the  deeply  forflcate  tail,  which  is  nearly  or  about  as  long  as  the 
wings,  and  has  the  lateral  feather  on  each  side  linear-attenuate 
and  about  twice  as  long  as  the  middle  feather.  The  tail- 
feathers  are  spotted.  The  tarsi  are  shorter  than  the  middle 
toe  and  claw,  covered  above  by  feathers  for  a  little  distance. 
The  basal  joint  of  the  middle  toe  is  partly  adherent  to  both 
the  lateral  toes.  The  bill  is  of  moderate  size  for  this  family, 
of  the  usual  shape,  with  straight  commissure ;  and  the  nostrils 
are  lateral  and  overarched  by  a  membranous  scale.  The  upper 
parts  are  glossy  and  dark-colored.  There  is  a  dark  pectoral 
collar.  The  forehead  and  under  parts  are  rufous.  The  tail  is 
spotted  with  white.  The  eggs  are  colored. 

The  single  North  American  species  of  Hirundo  is  distinct 
from  H.  rustica  of  Europe,  but  not  from  the  Barn  Swallow  of 
Middle  and  South  America.  The  relationships  of  the  latter 
have  been  in  question.  Baird,  in  1865,  was  u  much  inclined  to 
doubt  whether  there  is  any  specific  difference  ",  at  a  time,  too, 
when  he  pushed  distinctions  further  than  is  now  usually  done. 
In  1872,  I  admitted  Barton's  name  horreorum,  which  had  been 
current  since  Baird  adopted  it  in  1858,  and  in  1874  I  suggested 
the  term  erythrogaster  var.  horreorum,  "  though  even  the  varietal 
distinctions  are  very  slight " ;  but  I  have  now  no  confidence  that 
the  implied  distinction  from  erythrogaster  Bodd.  (=rufa  Gm. 
auct.)  will  hold.  Mr.  Ridgway  appears  to  be  of  the  same  mind, 
to  judge  from  his  latest  publication  on  the  subject.* 

*  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Fortieth  Parallel  (Clarence  King),  vol.  iv.  pt.  iii.  Orni- 
thology. By  Robert  Ridgway.  pp.  303-669.  Washington:  Government 
Printing  Office.  1877. — This  important  work,  long  announced,  and  occa- 
sionally cited  during  the  past  few  years,  has  at  length  appeared.  The  orni- 
thological fascicle,  being  pt.  iii.  of  vol.  iv.,  issued  separately,  bears  no  date, 
but  was  published  late  in  1877.  I  received  my  copy  Feb.  25,  1878. — See 
an  important  bibliographical  note  on  p.  392.  It  appears  that  the  work, 
as  originally  prepared,  was  stereotyped  in  1871-72  (not  1870,  as  the  note 
states),  but  never  published,  the  citation  of  the  work  having  been  made 
meanwhile  by  Mr.  Ridgway,  myself,  and  others  from  proof-impressions. 
The  original  was  suppressed,  and  the  stereotype  plates  were  melted  in  1876. 
A  single,  much-mutilated  set  of  proofs,  now  (Feb.  28,  1878)  in  my  posses- 
sion, is  the  only  evidence  in  existence  of  the  original  report. 


SYNONYMY  OF  HIRUNDO  ERYTHROGA8TRA     407 

The  American   Barn   Swalflow 

Hirnndo  erytbrogastra 

lllrundn  erythrogaster,  Bodd.  Tabl.  PE.  1783, 45 ;  PE.  724,  f.  1  (South  America).— Sd.  Cat. 
AB.  1862,  39.— Bd.  Eev.  AB.  1865, 295.— Sd.  PZS.  1870,  340. 

Hirundo  erythrogaster  var.  horreorum,  Coues,  BNW.  1874, 85  (in  text). 

Hirundo  erythrogaster,  ff.  horreorum,  Ridgw.  Eep.  Surv.  40tb  Par.  iv.  1877, 441. 

Hirundo  rufa,  Ghn.  SN.  i.  1788,  1018,  D.  18  (=  PE.  724,  f.  1  =  erythrogaster  Bodd.  "  Cayenne 
to  New  York").— Lath.  IO.  i.  1790,  574,  n.  5  (=  Gm.  1018).— F.  OAS.  i.  1807,  60, 
pi.  30.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  88.— F.  Ency.  Metb.  ii.  1823,  529,  n.  44.— Bp.  Journ. 
Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1825, 257.— .Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  64.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  601.— 
Bp.  CGL.  1838, 9.— Towns.  Journ.  Phila,  Acad.  viii.  1839,  155.— £p.  CA.  i.  1850, 339.— 
McCall,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1851,  215.— Cabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heft  iii.  1852,  65.—  Woodh.  Eep. 
Zuui  and  Colo.  K.  1853,  M.—Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  97,  fig.— Read,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  vi. 
1833,  401.  -Bp.  Compt  Eend.  xxxviii.  1854,  651.— Wailes,  Eep.  Mississippi,  1854,  318.— 
Reinh.  J.  f.  0. 1854,  438  (Greenland).— Cass.  Illust.  1855,  243.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
1855,  308.— Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1856,  288.-Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1856,  3  (Cnba).— Kneel. 
Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  vi.  1857, 233.-5ry.  Pr.  Boat  Soc.  vi.  1857, 115  (Nova  Scotia).— Brew.  N. 
Am.  Ool.  1857,  91,  pi.  5,  f.  63-67.—  Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  1858,  101.— Brew.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  vii. 
1860,  306  (Cuba).— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1861,  328,  411  (Cuba).— Reinh.  Ibis,  1861,  5  (Green- 
land).— Kirtland,  Pr.  Cleveland  Acad.  i.  1874, 265. 

Cecropis  rufa,  Bole,  Isis,  1844, 175. 

Hirnndo  horreorum,  Barton,  "  Fiagm.  Nat.  Hist.  Penna.  1799, 17".— Bd.  BNA.  1858, 308.— 
Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859, 106.— S.  <&  S.  Ibis,  1859, 13  (Guatemala).— A.  <&  E.  Newt. 
Ibis,  1859,  66  (Saint  Croix).—  Coop.  &  Suck.  N.  H.  Wash.  Terr.  1860, 184.—  Wheat.  Ohio 
Agric.  Eep.  for  1860, 1861, 364.— Barn.  Smiths.  Eep.  for  I860, 1861, 436.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye. 

N.  T.  vii.  1861,  317  (New  Granada).— Coues  &  Prent.  Smiths.  Eep. for  1801, 1862,  409 

Hayd.  Tr.  Amor.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862, 161.—  Vcrr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862, 148.—  Boardm. 
Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  ix.  1862, 125.— Blak.  Ibis,  1863,  63  (British  America).— ScZ.  PZS.  1864, 173 
(City  of  Mexico).— S.  <&  S.  PZS.  1864, 347  (Panama).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1864, 
97  (Sombrero).— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst,  iv.  1864, 65.— Bd.  Eev.  AB.  1865, 294.— Dress.  Ibis, 
1865,  479.— Coues,  Ibis,  1865, 159.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1666,  72  (Arizona).— Lawr. 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  285.— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst,  v.  1866,  86  (Canada  West).— 
Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  275.—  Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  111.— Brown,  Ibis, 
1863,  420  (Vancouver).— Sumich.  Mem.  Bost  Soc.  i.  1869,  547  (Vera  Cruz).— Doll  & 
Bann.  Tr.  Chic.  Acad.  i.  1869, 279  (Alaska).  -Turrib.  B.  E.  Pa,  1869, 19  ;  Phila.  ed.  12.— 
Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 33  (Montana).— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870, 103.— Atkinson,  Am.  Nat. 
iv.  1870, 127.— Salv.  PZS.  1870, 184  (Veragua).— Coues,  Pr.  Pbila,  Acad.  1871,  21— Coop. 
Am.  Nat  iv.  1871,  758.— Coues,  Key,  1872, 113,  f.  54.— Finsch,  Abb.  Nat  Ver.  Bremen, 
iii.  1872,28  (Alaska).— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  176  (Colorado,  up  to  timber-line).— 
Woodh.  Am.  Natvi.  1872,173  (albino). -Gundl.  J.  f.  0.  1872,  431  (Cuba)  — Aiken,  Pr. 
Bost.  Soc,  xv.  1872, 198.— Scott,  Pr.  Bost,  Soc.  xv.  1872,  223.— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv. 
1872,  369.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  235.— Snow,  B.  Kans.  1873,  5.— Sears,  Am. 
Nat.  vii.  1873,  751  —  Merr.  Am:  Eep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  676,  713.— 
Coues,  BN  W.  1874, 85.— Merr.  Am.  Nat  viii.  1874, 87, 361.— Ridgw.  Am.  Nat  viii.  1874, 
200.— Allen,  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  53.— Dall,  Pr.  Cal.  Acad.  1874,  —  (Aleutian 
Islands).— B.  B.  dk  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  339,  pi.  16,  f.  9.— Tarr.  &  Hensh.  Eep.  Orn.  Specs. 
1874, 11.— Hensh.  Eep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  42,  60, 76, 104.— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875, 156.— 
Henih.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1875, 216.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440.— Nels. 
Pr.  Boat  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  353,  357.— Bailey,  Bull.  Nutt,  Club,  1876,  25.— Lawr.  Bull.  Nat. 
Mus.  n.  4, 1876, 17  (Tehuantepec).— Gentry,  Life-Hiat  1876, 184.— Minot,  BNE.  1877, 142. 

Hirundo  rustica,  in  part,  of  some  early  authors.— Aud.  OB.  ii.  1834, 413,  pi.  173.—  And.  Syn. 
1839,  35.— Aud.  BA.  i.  1840,  181,  pi.  48.— Giraud,  BLI.  1844,  35.—Pratten,  Tr.  Illinois 
Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  600.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  lust  i.  1856, 205.— Jones,  "Nat  Bermuda,  1859, 
34  ".—Martens,  J.  f.  O.  1859,  216  (Bermudas).— Bland,  Smiths.  Eep.  for  1858,  1859,  287 
(Bermudas).— Willis,  Smiths.  Eep.  for  1858, 1859, 281  (Nova  Scotia).— Fowler,  Am.  Nat. 
iii.  1869, 12. 


408        CHARACTERS   OF   ITIRUNDO   ERYTHROGASTRA 


Hirundo  amerieana,  Wils.  "  AO.  i.  1812,  34,  pi.  38,  f.  l,  2".— DeWitt  Clint.  Ann.  Lyc.N.  Y. 
i.  1824,  159.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1825,  256.— Sw.  <£  Rich.  FBA.  ii.  1831, 329.— 
Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  344.— Lcmbeye,  Av.  Cuba,  1850,  44,  pi.  7,  f.  2  —Hoy,  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  1853,  307.— Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 581.— Bry.  Pi\  Boat.  Soc. 
vL  1857, 115  (Nova  Scotia).— Gieb.  Vog.  1860,  73,  f.  13:.. 

Cecropis  amerieana,  l>oie,  isis,  1844, 174. 

Hirundo  cyanopyrrba,  7.  "N. D. d'H. N. xiv.  1817, 510 ",-  Ency. M6th. ii.  1823, 528, n. 41. 

? Hirundo  fumaria,  ? Licht.  "Preis-Verz.  Mex.  V6g.  1830,2";  J.  f.  O.  1863,  58  (quotes 
"ameriana  "Wils."). 

Chimney  Swallow,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 429,  n.  330  (in  part ;  excl.  refs.  to  Eur.  sp.). 

Hirondelle  u  ventre  roux  de  Cayenne,  Buf.  "Hist.  Nat.  Ois.  vi.  607";  PE.  704,  f.  1. 
(Basis  of  H.  erythrogaster.) 

Rufous-bellied  Swallow,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  566  (based  on  Buff.  PE.  704,  f.  1).  (Cay- 
enne and  New  York.) 

Hirondelle  rousse,  Le  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 142. 

Barn  Swallow,  of  authors. 

HAB.— America.  The  North  American  bird  inhabits  in  summer  more  par- 
ticularly the  United  States  and  adjoining  portions  of  British  America,  strag- 
gling far  north,  however,  to  Alaska  and  Greenland ;  in  winter,  Middle  Amer- 
ica, including  the  West  Indies.  Breeds  at  large  in  its  United  States  range, 
in  Mexico,  and  doubtless  elsewhere. 

OH.  SP. —  $  9  Chalybea,  infra  rufa,pectore  semitorquato  ;  f  route 
rufa;  caudd  forficata,  albo-notatd. 

£ ,  adult :  Deep  lustrous  steel- 
blue  ;  the  forehead  and  entire 
under  parts  rufous,  generally 
deepest  on  the  forehead  and 
throat ;  an  imperfect  steel-blue 
collar.  Wings  and  tail  blackish, 
with  steel-blue  or  somewhat 
greenish  gloss ;  the  lateral  pair 
of  tail-feathers  much  length- 
ened and  filiform  at  the  end, 
all  but  the  central  pair  with  a 
white  spot.  Length,  6-7  inches, 
very  variable,  according  to  the 
development  of  the  tail ;  extent, 
12£-13i ;  wing,  4f-5 ;  tail,  3  to 
5  inches,  the  fork  2-3  inches 
deep. 

9 ,  adult :  Quite  like  the  $ , 
but  the  colors  rather  less  intense 
and  lustrous. 

Young:  Lacking  in  great 
measure  the  elongation  and 

FIG.  46.— Details  of  structure  of  Barn  Swallow,  attenuation  of  the  lateral  tail- 
natural  size.  feathers,  the  fork  being  an  inch 
or  lees  in  depth.  Similar  to  the  adults,  but  much  duller,  and  with  rather  a 
greenish  than  steel-blue  lustre — at  an  early  age  quite  brown,  with  scarcely 
any  lustre,  and  the  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  skirted  with  rusty.  Front- 
let obscurely  marked,  or  reduced  to  a  mere  tawny  line,  and  under  parts, 
especially  behind  the  dark  collar,  very  pale,  even  brownish-white. 


HABITS  OF  THE  BARN  SWALLOW        409 

IN  tbe  case  of  this  Swallow,  whose  name  is  a  u  household 
word  "  alike  with  the  learned  and  the  ignorant  of  ornithol- 
ogy, it  is  unnecessary  to  rehearse  the  items  which  have 
formed  staples  of  biography  since  Wilson  wrote  truly  "  that 
the  light  of  heaven  itself,  the  sky,  the  trees  or  any  other 
common  objects  of  Nature,  are  not  better  known  than  the 
Swallows.  We  welcome  their  first  appearance  with  delight, 
as  the  faithful  harbingers  of  flowery  spring  and  ruddy  sum- 
mer; and  when,  after  a  long,  frost-bound,  and  boisterous 
winter,  we  hear  it  announced,  that  'the  Swallows  are  come,7 
what  a  train  of  charming  ideas  are  associated  with  the 
simple  tidings!"  But  almost  all  the  written  history  of  the 
bird  has  the  savor  of  home ;  we  think  of  Swallows  and 
the  city  street,  the  farm -yard,  the  bursting  barn,  the  new- 
mown  hay,  the  flocks  and  herds,  and  all  the  changes  of 
the  seasons  that  come  to  us  when  comfortably  housed — for- 
getting, perhaps,  the  trackless  waste  of  the  West,  where  Swal- 
lows are  still  as  wild  and  primitive  as  any  birds,  bounden 
by  no  human  ties,  and  no  associates  of  civilization.  Let  us 
see  the  Swallow  as  he  was  before  there  were  houses  in  this 
country — as  he  still  remains  in  some  parts  of  the  world  :  we 
shall  find  him  living  in  caverns,  like  the  primitive  cave-dwell- 
ers of  our  race ;  in  holes  in  the  ground  like  the  foxes  of 
Scripture ;  in  hollow  trees,  like  the  hamadryads  of  mythology 
— so  lowly  is  the  habitation  of  this  winged  messenger  of  the 
changeful  seasons.  And  yet,  no  sooner  does  the  sound  of  the 
woodsman's  axe  in  the  clearing  foretell  the  new  day,  than  the 
twitter  of  the  Swallow  responds  like  an  echo,  and  the  glad 
bird  hastens  to  fold  his  wings  beneath  a  sheltering  roof. 

Along  the  parallel  of  49°  I  occasionally  observed  Barn  Swal- 
lows at  various  places  from  the  Red  Kiver  of  the  North  to  the 
Eocky  Mountains,  during  July  and  August  of  1873-74.  Except- 
ing at  Pernbina,  Dakota,  where,  however,  I  do  not  think  that  any 
of  these  Swallows  were  breeding  among  the  numbers  of  Eave 
and  White- bellied  that  I  saw  during  my  visit,  there  were  no  hu- 
man habitations  for  the  birds  to  occupy :  and  as  eligible  breeding- 
places  were  few  and  far  between,  Barn  Swallows  were  compara- 
tively rare.  A  small  colony  which  had  settled  along  a  stream 
near  the  Sweetgrass  Hills,  gave  the  opportunity  of  observing 
one  of  the  many  modifications  of  their  breeding  habits.  Here 
the  nests  were  built  on  the  ground,  in  little  holes  and  crevasses 
in  the  perpendicular  face  of  a  cut-bank.  I  could  not  satisfy 


410  HABITS    OF   THE   BARN    SWALLOW 

myself  that  the  holes  were  dug  by  the  birds,  though  my  as- 
sistant thought  so ;  but  they  were  probably  refitted  for  the 
reception  of  the  nests. 

In  New  Mexico,  I  once  saw  large  numbers  of  Barn  Swallows 
near  Albuquerque,  on  the  Rio  Grande ;  and  at,  Los  Pinos,  a 
little  further  along  the  same  mighty  river,  these  ubiquitous 
birds  were  breeding  about  the  town,  in  close  association  with 
the  gay  and  familiar  little  Burions  (Carpodacus  frontalis). 
The  adobe  buildings  furnished  both  these  birds  with  inviting 
homesteads,  and  there  was  a  good  deal  of  argument  at  times 
between  them,  going  to  prove  that  no  house  is  large  enough 
for  two  families.  I  never  saw  Barn  Swallows  at  Fort  Whipple, 
where  were  plenty  of  White-bellies  and  Violet-greens  and 
Purple  Martins  among  the  pineries ;  but  those  were  days  in 
the  infancy  of  the  Territory,  and  things  may  have  since 
changed.  Dr.  Cooper  relates  that  he  saw  many  Barn  Swallows 
migrating  past  Fort  Mojave  on  the  Colorado  Eiver  in  May, 
1861;  and  he  observed  their  arrival  at  San  Diego  and  Santa 
Cruz,  California,  late  in  March.  He  remarks  that  in  this  State 
they  frequent  the  sea-coast  rather  than  inland  localities,  prob- 
ably for  their  well-known  delight  in  skimming  the  surface  for 
insects ;  and  that  in  wild  districts  they  build  in  caves,  which 
abound  along  the  sea-shore  from  San  Diego  to  the  Columbia 
Eiver.  Henshaw  speaks  of  the  very  general  distribution  of 
the  species  in  the  Middle  Province.  Eidgway  found  it  most 
abundant  about  Pyramid  Lake,  Nevada,  where  it  nested  among 
the  tufa-domes,  each  nest  being  attached  to  the  ceiling  of  a 
cave  among  the  rocks,  and  each  cave  having  generally  but  a 
single  pair.  He  also  found  nests  in  caverns  of  the  limestone 
cliffs  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Euby  Mountains ;  and  others 
elsewhere,  attached  as  usual  in  the  East  to  rafters  of  buildings. 
These  "  tufa-domes",  as  described  by  the  same  writer,  are  rocks 
of  remarkable  form  and  structure,  usually  having  rounded  or 
domed  tops,  being  thickly  incrusted  with  calcareous  tufa,  and 
honey-combed  beneath  with  winding  passages  and  deep  grot- 
toes, in  which  various  birds  nested,  such  as  the  Burion,  Say's 
Pewee,  and  the  Barn  Swallow.  Various  other  advices  we  have 
from  the  West,  particulary  from  the  Pacific  coast,  attest  that 
this  Swallow  is  primitively  a  troglodyte,  or  cave-dweller ;  and 
even  in  the  East  we  have  similar  evidence  in  the  "Swallow. 
Cave  "  at  Nahant,  which  Dr.  Brewer  mentions  as  once  a  favorite 
resort.  In  thus  rehearsing  the  nestings  of  the  Barn  Swallow, 


NESTING   OP   THE   BARN   SWALLOW  411 

aside  from  its  DOW  habitual  choice  of  rafters,  I  may  finally 
note  that  it  sometimes  takes  forcible  possession  of  the  nests  of 
other  species,  for  Mr.  Allen  has  known  a  pair  to  turn  Cliff  Swal- 
lows out  of  doors,  and  occupy  the  premises. 

I  suppose  I  hardly  need  describe  the  nest  itself — an  object 
as  familiar  to  most  persons  as  a  cobweb  or  a  pitch-fork, — an 
untidy  mass  of  raw  material,  fresh  from  the  bosom  of  mother 
earth,  with  "  hay  seed  in  the  hair",  and  a  smell  of  the  stable, 
like  the  typical  Granger  himself.  These  nests  are  composed 
ordinarily  of  little  pellets  of  mud  stuck  together  in  layers,  with 
hay  intervening ;  for  these  birds  have  never  learned,  it  seems, 
to  make  "  bricks  without  straw ",  like  their  more  ingenious 
cousins  of  the  eaves.  Outside,  the  hay  hangs  unkempt ;  in- 
side these  stout  adobe  walls,  there  is  a  good  soft  stuffing  of  fine 
grasses,  and  a  thick  warm  bed  of  feathers.  The  nests  vary 
endlessly  in  size,  shape,  and  degree  of  finish,  according  to  the 
character  of  the  site  selected,  the  kind  of  materials  most 
available,  the  facility  of  gathering  them,  and  doubtless  also 
the  stress  of  impregnation  under  which  the  female  may  be 
laboring. 

One  point  about  this  Swallow's  nest-building,  however,  may 
not  be  generally  known.  I  give  it  in  the  words  of  my  respected 
friend  Dr.  Brewer,  with  whose  life- long  observation  of  our 
birds  I  have  too  frequent  occasion  to  differ: — UA  striking 
peculiarity  of  these  nests  is  frequently  an  extra  platform  built 
against,  but  distinct  from  the  nest  itself,  designed  as  a  roosting- 
place  for  the  parents,  used  by  one  during  incubation  at  night 
or  when  not  engaged  in  procuring  food,  and  by  both  when  the 
young  are  large  enough  to  occupy  the  whole  nest.  One  of  these 
I  found  to  be  a  separate  structure  from  the  nest,  but  of  similar 
materials,  three  inches  in  length  and  one  and  a  half  in  breadth. 
The  nest  had  been  for  several  years  occupied  by  the  same  pair, 
though  none  of  their  offspring  ever  returned  to  the  same  roof  to 
breed  in  their  turn.  Yet  in  some  instances  as  many  as  fifty 
pairs  have  been  known  to  occupy  the  rafters  of  the  same  barn." 

Under  ordinary  circumstances,  these  Swallows  raise  more 
than  one  brood  each  year,  and  usually  four,  five,  or  six  are  a 
nestful.  Notwithstanding  the  notorious  regularity  of  their 
migration,  their  breeding  is  rather  an  arbitrary  matter,  and  it 
is  not  uncommon  to  find  at  the  same  time  nests  containing 
fresh  eggs  and  others  with  fledglings.  At  this  season,  the 
activity  of  the  parents  is  at  its  maximum,  and  their  energy  is 


412        CHARACTERS   OF    THE    GENUS   TACHYCINETA 

taxed  to  supply  voracious  throats  with  insects  captured  on 
tireless  wing.  The  rate  of  speed  in  flying,  the  distances  tra- 
versed in  a  given  period,  and  the  numbers  of  insects  destroyed, 
have  all  been  the  subjects  of  some  curious  calculations, — or 
rather  speculations,  for  these  matters  scarcely  admit  of  mathe- 
matics. Wilson  supposed  a  Swallow  to  fly  about  a  mile  a 
minute,  for  ten  hours  a  day,  for  ten  years, — equivalent  to  more 
than  eighty-seven  times  around  the  world !  However  this  may 
be,  let  us  trust  that  these  matchless  wings  may  bring  the  Swal- 
lows again  next  year,  as  they  have  this ;  and  let  us  look  leni- 
ently, even  encouragingly,  upon  the  various  superstitions  of 
folk-lore,  which  tend  to  protect  and  foster  these  amiable,  these 
charming  and  useful  creatures — even  though  we  may  not  fear 
that  to  kill  them  is  to  make  the  cows  give  bloody  milk ! 

Genus  TACHYCINETA  Cab. 

HirundO,  p.,  of  authors. 

Chelidon,  Boie,  Isis,  1826,  nee  1822  (originally  applied  to  H.  urbica). 

Tachycineta,  Oo.b.  Mus.  Hein.  i.  1850,  48  (type  H.  thalassina,). 

This  group  was  established  in  1850  by  Cabanis  upon  R. 
thalassina  of  Swainson,  and  is  now  commonly  allowed  to 
include  H.  bicolor.  These  species  agree  closely  with  each  other, 
both  in  form  and  pattern  of  coloration,  and  differ  from  Hirundo 
proper  chiefly  in  lacking  the  disproportionate  length,  attenua- 
tion and  forfication  of  the  tail,  this  member  being  much  shorter 
than  the  wings,  and  simply  einarginate  or  with  shallow  fork. 
All  the  species  are  entirely  white  below,  and  the  extraliinital 
ones,  of  which  there  are  several,  have  the  rump  white.  The 
eggs  of  our  species  are  pure  white,  unmarked.  H.  thalassina 
stands  alone  in  the  soft  velvety  plumage  of  the  upper  parts, 
without  metallic  gloss,  and  much  variegated  in  color.  The 
other  species,  including  T.  bicolor,  have  more  compact,  silky 
plumage,  with  rich  metallic  sheen.  A  difference  was  noticed 
by  Cabauis,  who  speaks  of  T.  bicolor  „  als  2te,  jedoch  vom 
Typus  mehrfach  abweichende  Art."  None  of  the  many 
generic  names  bestowed  of  late  upon  Swallows  have  been 
based  upon  T.  bicolor,  which  seems  at  least  as  worthy  as  some 
others  to  stand  as  type  of  a  subgenus  (!BIDOPROCNE).  This 
includes,  besides  /.  bicolor,  the  extralimital  species  J.  albiven- 
tris,  I  meyeni,  I.  leucorrhoa,  I.  albilinea,  and  probably  some 
others.  The  whole  group  is  confined  to  America.  Both  of  the 
North  American  species  occur  in  the  Colorado  Basin. 


SYNONYMY   OF   TACHYCINETA   BICOLOR  413 


White-bellied  Swallow 

Tachycineta  bicolor 

Hirundo  bicolor,  V.  OAS.  i.  1807, 61,  pi.  31.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 105.— V.  Ency.  M6th. 
ii.  1823,  520  —  Bp.  Journ.  Phila,  Acad.  iv.  1825,  257.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ii.  1826, 65.— 
And.  OB.  i.  1831,  491,  pi.  m.-Sw.  dRich.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  328.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  605.— 
Pcab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  346.— Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839, 155.— Aud.  Syn. 
1839,  35.— Aud.  BA.  i.  1840,  175,  pi.  46.— Giraud,  BLI.  1844,  36.—Lembeye,  Av.Caba, 
1850,  46.— Cabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heft  iii.  1853,  65  (Lake  Superior).—  Wottey,  Zoologist,  xi. 
1853,  3806  (Derby,  England).— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  98.—  Woodh.  Rep.  Zufii  and 
Colo.  R.  1853,  65.-  Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  401.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  308.— 
Eennic  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 581.— Pratten, ibid.  600.— Cats.  Illust.  B.  Cul.and 
Tex.  1855, 244.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1855,  308  (New  Mexico).— Haym.  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  1856, 288  —  Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856, 205.— Bry.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  vi.  1857, 115  (Nov* 
Scotia).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost,  Soc.  vi.  1857, 148  (California).— Kneel.  Pr.  Boet.  Soc.  vi.  1857, 
233.— Brew.  N.  A.  Ool.  1857, 100,  pi.  4  (egg).—  Newb.  PRRR.  vi.  1857, 78.— Wolley,  Zool- 
ogist, 1858,  3806.— M axim.  J.  f.  O.  1858,  102.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  310.—  Xant.  Pr.  Phila. 
Aead.  1859, 191  (California).— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859, 106  (New  Mexico).— Willis, 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  185',  1859,  281  (Nova  Scotia).— Bland,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859, 
287  (Bermudas).— Martens,  J.  f.  O.  1859,  316  (Bermudas).— Jones,  "Nat.  Bermuda, 
34".— Coop.  <6  Suck.  NHWT.  1860,  185.— Newton,  Zoologist,  xviii.  1860,  7145  (Derby, 
England).— Newton,  PZS.  1860,  131  (England).—  Newt.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat,  Hist.3dser. 
vi.  I860, 130  (same).— Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Hep.  for  I860, 1861,  364.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep. 
for  1860,  1861,  436.— Coues  <6  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  409.— Verr.  Pr.  Ess. 
Inst.  iii.  1862,148.— Verr.  Pr.  Bos*.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  138  (Anticosti).— Boardm.  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  ix.  1862, 125.— Blak.  Ibis,  1862, 4 ;  1863,  64  (Saskatchewan).— Lord,  Pr.  Roy.  Arty. 
Inst.  iv.  1864, 115  (British  Columbia).— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  65.— Bd.  Rev.  AB. 
1865, 297.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 285.— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  £6 
(Canada  West).— Brown,  Ibis,  1868,  420  (Vancouver).— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868, 
111  (South  Carolina).— Doll  <&  Bann.  Tr.  Chic.  Acad.  i.  1869,  279  (Alaska)  —Fowler, 
Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  116.— Coop.  Am.  Nat  iii.  1869,  33,  474.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870, 106.— 
Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi  1871,  114.— Cones,  Pr.  Phila.  Acnd.  1871,  21  (Fort  Macon, 
N.  C.  January).— Harting,  Man.  Brit.  B.  1872,  125  (England).— AUen,  Bnll.  MCZ. 
iii.  1872,  176  (Colorado,  up  to  timber-line).— Finsch,  Abh.  Nat.  Ver.  Bremen,  iii.  1872, 
29  (Alaska).— Snow,  B.  Kans.  1873,  5.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873. 235.— Kirtl.  Pr. 
Cleveland  Acad.  i.  1874, 267.— B.  B.  <£•  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 344,  pL  16,  f.  8.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440.— Rensh.  List.  B.  Ariz.  1875, 156. 

Chelidon  bicolor,  "Lesson".— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  8.— Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1846,  110.— 
Oamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1847, 31.—  McCall,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1851, 215. 

Herse  bicolor,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 341. 

Tachyclneta  bicolor,  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  i.  1850,  48.— Bp.  Compt.  Rend,  xxxviii.  1854, 651.— 
Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1856,  4  (Cuba).— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1861,  330  (Cuba).— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  lust. 
v.  1868,  27fi.— Sumich.  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869,  547  (Mexico,  plateau).— A  lien,  Bull. 
MCZ.  ii.  1871,  269  (Florid*,  in  winter).— Coues,  Key,  1872, 113.—  Mayn.  Pr.  Bost,  Soc. 
xiy.  1872, 369.—  Merr.  Ann.  Rep.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  for  1872, 1873, 112,-Ridgw.  Am.  Nat. 
viii.  1874,  199.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  86.— Tarr.  <£  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  11.— 
Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  42, 76.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1875,  217.— 
Gentry,  Life-Hist.  1876, 188.— Minot  BNE.  1877, 146.-Btd.qrw;.  Rep.  Surv.  40th  P*r.  iv. 
1877,  441. 

Petrocbelidoil  bicolor,  Scl.  PZS.  1857, 201  (Xalapa);  1859,  364  (Xalapa).— S.  d-  S.  Ibis,  1859, 
13  (Guatemala).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  18CO,  306  (Cuba).— Scl.  Cat.  AB.  1862, 40. 

Hirundo  Viridis,  W;ls.  AO.  v.  1812,  49,  pi.  38,  f.3.— DeWitt  Clint.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.i.  1824, 
159.— Aud.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  1824, 161.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1825,  257.— Bruhin, 
Zool.  Gart.  1871, 15. 

Chelidon  viridis,  Boie,  "— ,  1826,  —  ".-^Bofe,  Isis.1828,  316. 

Hirundo  leucogaster,  Steph.  "Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 106"  (based  on  Wilson 

Chelidon  leucogastra,  Boie,  Isis,  1844, 171. 


414          CHARACTERS    OF    WHITE-BELLIED    SWALLOW 
Hirundo  prasina,  Licht.  "Preie-Verz.  Mex.  Vog.1830,2";  J.  f.  0.  1863,  58  (quotes  "viridte 


Hirondelle  bicolore,  V.  1.  c. 

Black  and  White  Swallow,  fiteph.  1.  c.  (=  bicolor  V.). 

Green-blue  Swallow,  Steph.  1.  c.—  S.  &  R.  1.  c. 

Hironde  le  bicolore  ou  a  ventre  blanc,  Le  Maine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861,  143. 

White-bellied  Swallow,  of  authors. 

HAB.—  Temperate  America.  In  North  America,  north  to  Great  Slave 
Lake  and  Alaska.  Breeds  indifferently  in  its  United  States  and  British 
American  range  and  on  the  highlands  of  Mexico.  Winters  abundantly  in 
the  southernmost  United  States,  Bermuda,  Cuba,  Mexico,  and  south  to  Cen- 
tral America  at  least.  Accidental  in  England. 

Cn.  SP.  —  9  J  Viridi-nitens,  infra  alia  ;  alls  cauddque  fusco- 
nitentibuSj  loris  nigris. 

$  ,  adult  :  Entire  upper  parts  lustrous  dark  green  ;  wings  and  tail  black- 
ish, lustrous  ;  lores  black.  Entire  under  parts  pure  white.  Bill  black  ;  feet 
dark.  Length  about  6  inches;  extent,  13;  wing,  4$-5;  tail,  2£,  slightly 
forked. 

9  :  Similar,  the  colors  rather  less  intense  and  lustrous. 

Young  :  Birds  of  the  year  slowly  acquire  a  plumage  differing  only  in  the 
less  lustre  and  intensity  from  that  of  the  adults  ;  but,  on  leaving  the  nest, 
they  are  dark  mouse-gray  or  slate-color  above,  including  the  wings  and  tail, 
the  interscapulars  and  inner  quills  tipped  with  rusty;  and  white  below, 
dightly  shaded  with  ashy;  thus  curiously  similar  to  Cotyle  riparia.  The 
feet  yellow.  According  to  Mr.  Brewster's  observations,  the  first  plumage  is 
worn  longer  than  usual,  the  autumnal  dress  being  slowly  gained  —  one  or 
two  of  the  metallic-tinted  feathers  at  a  time.  The  quills  of  the  wing  are 
moulted  by  the  young  as  well  as  by  the  adult,  and  in  both,  in  autumn,  the 
inner  secondaries  are  white-tipped. 

SWALLOWS  are  not  seldom  seen  at  sea,  being  among  the 
birds  that  most  frequently  alight  on  the  rigging  of  vessels, 

beyond  sight  of  land,  to  rest 
and  recruit  before  pushing 
on  their  trackless  way.  The 
pretty  White-bellied  Swallow, 
in  dress-suit  of  snowy  vest 
and  literal  "  swallow-tail'7  —  for 
have  we  not  such  &  name  for  a 
particular  garment?  —  has  been 
known  to  accomplish  a  trail  s- 
Atlantic  voyage  successfully, 
and  reach  the  shores  of  the  old 
country  only  to  be  captured  and  made  a  paragraph  of.  This 
shows  what  he  can  do  when  he  really  tries  to  fly  ;  his  move- 
ments over  the  land  are  the  veriest  sauntering  in  comparison. 


HABITS    OF    THE    WHITE-BELLIED    SWALLOW         415 

The  White-belly  seems,  from  another  circumstance,  to  be  one 
of  the  hardiest  of  our  Swallows;  for  it  is  conspicuous  among 
the  winter  birds  of  Florida,  and  doubtless  other  parts  of  the 
Gulf  coast.  Mr.  Boardimm  tells  me,  viva  voce,  that  countless 
thousands  enjoy  the  serenity  of  the  Floridan  winters;  and,  like 
the  Bluebird,  the  White-belly  is  not  seldom  tempted  by  the 
treachery  of  the  "  January  thaw"  to  come  unguardedly  north- 
ward, being  the  species  which,  perhaps  oftener  than  tiny  other 
of  the  family,  is  noted  as  occurring  unexpectedly  beyond  its 
usual  range  in  winter,  and  thus  by  no  means  making  a  summer. 
A  case  of  this  sort  came  within  my  experience  at  Fort  Macon, 
North  Carolina,  where  numbers  of  these  Swallows  appeared 
one  warm  day  early  in  January,  though  there  had  been  a  smart 
freeze  just  before.  The  flock  played  about  the  fort,  but  were 
soon  driven  off  by  bad  weather;  they  were  next  seen  again  on 
the  20th  of  the  mouth,  and  occasionally  from  that  time  until 
the  regular  migration.  From  their  winter-homes,  not  only  in 
the  Gulf  States  and  in  Southern  California,  but  iu  Mexico, 
the  West  Indies,  and  Central  America,  these  birds  spread 
northward  in  March  and  April,  from  one  side  of  the  continent 
to  the  other,  and  some  proceed  to  the  Arctic  regions.  They 
breed  independently  of  latitude,  some  on  the  highlands  of 
Mexico,  and  anywhere  in  the  West ;  but  in  the  East,  their 
usual  breeding-range  is  said  to  be  north  of  the  parallel  of  38°. 
How  unexceptionally  this  may  hold  I  do  not  know ;  but  these 
Swallows  are  especially  recognized  as  summer  visitors  in 
northerly  parts  of  the  United  States,  as  New  England  for 
example,  and  in  the  British  Provinces. 

Unlike  the  Barn  and  Eave  Swallows,  the  glossy  viridis  of 
Wilson  is  a  confirmed  hole-breeder,  rather  jealous  of  the  ancient 
customs  of  its  family,  and  slow  to  yield  to  the  allurements 
of  civilization,  even  though  the  most  tempting  boxes  be  pre- 
sented to  its  choice.  When  it  will,  it  will,  and  when  it  won't, 
the  Purple  Martins  must  be  depended  on  to  fill  the  neat  little 
houses  that  we  build  to  entice  the  Swallows.  In  Eastern 
Massachusetts,  says  Dr.  Brewer,  the  change  of  habit  is  con- 
firmed. In  parts  of  Maine  and  New  Brunswick,  Mr.  Board- 
man  tells  me,  the  experiment  is  far  from  successful,  as,  ten 
to  one,  Swallows  still  nest  in  holes  in  trees  and  stumps.  The 
hollow  tree  is  the  natural  and  still  the  usual  resort,  as  we  see 
clearly  from  study  of  these  birds  in  the  West. 

I  do  not  think  that  I  ever  saw  Mcolor  in  Arizona,  where 


416        HABITS    OF    THE    WHITE-BELLIED    SWALLOW 

thalassina  is  not  uncommon.  Others,  however,  have  found  it 
in  that  Territory.  Captain  Bendire  speaks  of  its  breeding 
about  Tucson.  In  Southern  Colorado,  Mr.  Henshaw  found  it 
"not  uncommon,  though  perhaps  the  rarest  of  the  Swallows". 
It  is  rarer  in  the  Missouri  region  than  the  other  Swallows  are, 
because  most  of  that  country,  like  the  rest  of  the  Great 
Plateau,  does  not  furnish  many  good  breeding-places.  In  Cali- 
fornia, Cooper  found  the  Blue-greens  on  the  summit  of  the 
Coast  Kange,  replacing  the  Barn  and  Cliff  Swallows,  and  saw 
what  he  supposed  were  these  birds  flying  over  the  Sierra 
Nevada  at  an  elevation  of  9,000  feet.  He  speaks  of  their 
wintering  in  some  parts  of  the  State,  and  this  is  confirmed  by 
the  observations  of  Mr.  Hepburn,  who  states  a  few  reside  dur- 
ing the  winter,  being  reinforced  toward  the  close  of  February 
and  growing  abundant  by  the  end  of  March.  They  are  a 
month  later  still  in  British  Columbia.  I  found  them  breeding 
at  Pembiuaearly  in  June,  with  great  numbers  of  Cliff  Swallows. 

Mr.  Eidgway  has  lately  published  some  interesting  observa- 
tions on  White-bellied  Swallows,  which  he  found  more  numer- 
ous in  certain  portions  of  Nevada  than  these  birds  have  usually 
been  supposed  to  be  anywhere  in  the  West.  They  abounded 
among  the  cottonwoods  of  the  Lower  Truckee  Eiver,  near 
Pyramid  Lake,  in  May,  and  every  knot-hole  seemed  to  be  pos- 
sessed by  a  pair.  They  were  just  then  building,  and  used  to  come 
daily  to  the  door-yard  of  the  Reservation-house  to  gather  mate- 
rials. The  object  selected  was  usually  a  feather,  but  occasionally 
a  scrap  of  paper,  or  rag  of  cloth,  or  a  piece  of  string  was 
picked  up  and  borne  to  the  nest,  such  conspicuous  prizes  being 
generally  the  occasion  of  much  twittering  contention,  as  the 
little  laborer  struggled  off  to  the  nest  with  his  burden.  But 
the  birds  were  not  confined  to  the  wooded  river-valleys,  being 
equally  numerous  high  up  in  the  Wahsatch  Mountains,  among 
the  aspens,  at  an  elevation  of  8,000  or  9,000  feet.  He  also 
found  them  in  the  Sacramento  Valley,  a  few  feet  above  sea- 
level,  among  the  oak-trees  on  the  plains.  At  Carson  City,  he 
observed  that  their  manners  had  been  already  modified,  for 
they  built  their  nests  under  eaves,  behind  the  weather-board- 
ing, or  about  the  porches,  and  were  quite  familiar.  In  making 
his  collections,  he  observed  that  when  one  was  brought  down, 
the  survivors  showed  great  concern,  circling,  with  plaintive 
twittering,  above  their  dead  or  dying  comrade. 

I  find  no  record  of  the  nestling  of  this  species  in  caves  or 


HABITS    OF    THE    WHITE-BELLIED   SWALLOW         417 

holes  in  rocks,  though  thalassina  sometimes  does  so.  Agree- 
ably to  its  choice  of  nesting-site,  which  renders  plastering  need- 
less, it  uses  no  mud  in  building  its  nest,  the  fabric  being  loosely 
constructed  of  fine  soft  hay,  with  a  copious  warm  lining  of 
feathers.  The  latter  are  often  so  disposed  as  to  curl  prettily 
over  the  treasure  within,  like  the  Acanthus  that  suggested  the 
Corinthian  capital ;  and  the  eggs  are  sometimes  almost  entirely 
thus  covered.  It  is  attested  that  the  same  pair  will  reoccupy 
their  premises  year  after  year;  and  Dr.  Brewer  witnesses  that 
they  may  come  to  such  familiar  terms  with  persons  from  whom 
they  are  accustomed  to  receive  materials  for  nest-building,  as 
to  watch  for  him  and  fly  toward  him.  "A  pair  which  had 
thus,  year  after  year,  received  supplies  of  feathers  for  their 
nests  from  the  younger  members  of  the  family  in  whose  yard 
their  nest  was  built,  would  almost  take  them  from  the  hands 
of  their  providers.  This  pair  sat  so  close  as  to  permit  them- 
selves to  be  taken  from  their  nest,  and  when  released  would  at 
once  fly  back  to  their  brood.'7 

There  are  some  points  in  the  earlier  history  of  this  Swallow 
that  I  wish  to  rehearse  here.  I  may  premise,  that  though  the 
species  was  named  by  Wilson  viridis,  it  had  before  been  called 
bicolor  by  Vieillot;  but  that  this  even  is  not  the  root  of  the 
matter ;  for  it  was  known  to  Latham  and  Gmelin  as  a  variety 
of  the  European  House  Martin,  Chelidon  urbica  of  Boie  and 
late  naturalists.  Next,  this  species  is  said  to  depart  from  the 
insectivorous  customs  of  its  family  so  far  as  to  feed  at  times 
principally  on  the  berries  of  the  myrtle  (Myrica  cerifera).  The 
fact  is  attested  by  Wilson,  and  Audubon  speaks  of  Mcolor  as 
roosting  by  night  on  the  drier,  as  the  French  Louisianians 
call  this  plant.  Thirdly,  in  connection  with  the  well-known 
fact  that  these  Swallows  spend  the  winter  in  great  numbers  in 
Florida  and  the  Gulf  States,  some  items  respecting  their  enor- 
mous congregations  have  been  noted.  I  have  already  spoken 
of  the  vast  assemblages  of  Swallows  of  various  kinds  which 
may  be  witnessed  during  the  season  of  migration ;  the  books 
are  full  of  instances,  and  it  seems  that  the  present  species  is 
no  whit  behind  its  better-known  congeners  in  this  respect. 
Wilson  saw  hundreds  of  White-bellies  on  the  sandy  beach  of 
Great  Egg  Harbor.  They  "  completely  covered  "  the  myrtle- 
bushes  of  the  low  islands  thereabouts;  a  man  told  him  he  had 
seen  a  hundred  and  two  killed  at  a  shot,  and  we  need  not  pre- 
27  B  c 


418         HABITS    OF    THE    WHITE-BELLIED    SWALLOW 

sume  tbat  a  person  would  prevaricate,  just  for  two  Swallows. 
ID  recording  his  observations  made  on  these  birds  in  Louisiana, 
in  winter,  Audubon  speaks  of  "  thousands  flying  in  different 
flocks",  but  only  mentions  fourteen  killed  at  a  shot.  During 
the  winter,  he  says,  many  were  sheltered  in  holes  about  the 
houses,  but  the  greater  number  resorted  to  the  lakes,  to  spend 
the  night  among  the  myrtles.  "About  sunset,"  he  continues, 
u  they  began  to  flock  together,  calling  to  each  other  for  that 
purpose,  and  in  a  short  time  presented  the  appearance  of 
clouds  moving  towards  the  lakes,  or  the  mouth  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, as  the  weather  and  wind  suited.  Their  aerial  evolutions 
before  they  alight,  are  truly  beautiful.  They  appear  at  first  as 
if  reconnoitering  the  place  5  when,  suddenly  throwing  them- 
selves into  a  vortex  of  apparent  confusion,  they  descend 
spirally  with  astonishing  quickness,  and  very  much  resemble 
a  trombe  or  water-spout.  When  within  a  few  feet  of  the  driers, 
they  disperse  in  all  directions,  and  settle  in  a  few  moments. 
Their  twitterings,  and  the  motion  of  their  wings,  are,  however, 
heard  during  the  whole  night.  .  .  .  The  hunters  who 
resort  to  these  places  destroy  great  numbers  of  them,  by  knock- 
ing them  down  with  light  paddles,  used  in  propelling  their 
canoes."  In  another  place,  Audubon  prints  a  note  from  Bach- 
man,  who  states  that  on  the  16th  of  October,  1833,  in  company 
with  Dr.  Wilson  and  Mr.  J.  W.  Audubon,  he  "saw  euch  an 
immense  quantity  of  this  species  of  birds  that  the  air  was  posi- 
tively darkened.  As  far  as  the  eye  could  reach,  there  were 
Swallows  crowded  thickly  together,  and  winging  their  way 
southward  ;  there  must  have  been  many  millions!" 

In  conclusion  of  this  subject,  and  to  give  further  idea  of  the 
current  accounts,  I  quote  (at  second-hand)  the  following  pas- 
sages from  Henderson's  Honduras,  London,  1809,  p.  119, 
though  I  should  add  that  the  writer  does  not  refer  to  any  par- 
ticular species  : — "Myriads  of  Swallows  are  also  the  occasional 
inhabitants  of  Honduras.  The  time  of  their  residence  is  gener- 
ally confined  to  the  period  of  the  rains,  after  which  they  totally 
disappear.  There  is  something  remarkably  curious  and  deserv- 
ing of  notice  in  the  ascent  of  these  birds.  As  soon  as  the  dawn 
appears,  they  quit  their  place  of  rest,  which  is  usually  chosen 
amid  the  rushes  of  some  watery  savannah,  and  invariably  rise 
to  a  certain  height,  in  a  compact  spiral  form,  and  which  at  a 
distance  often  occasions  them  to  be  taken  for  an  immense 
column  of  smoke.  This  attained,  they  are  then  seen  separ- 


SYNONYMY   OF   TACHYCINETA   THALAS8INA  419 

ately  to  disperse  in  search  of  food,  the  occupation  of  their  day. 
To  those  who  may  have  had  an  opportunity  of  observing  the 
phenomenon  of  a  waterspout,  the  similarity  of  evolution,  in  the 
ascent  of  these  birds,  will  be  thought  surprisingly  striking. 
The  descent,  which  regularly  takes  place  at  sunset,  is  con- 
ducted in  much  the  same  way,  but  with  inconceivable  rapidity. 
And  the  noise  which  accompanies  this  can  only  be  compared 
to  the  falling  of  an  immense  torrent,  or  the  rushing  of  a  violent 
gust  of  wind.  Indeed,  to  an  observer,  it  seems  wonderful,  that 
thousands  of  these  birds  are  not  destroyed,  in  being  thus 
propelled  to  the  earth  with  such  irresistible  force."  The  nar- 
rative does  not  state  whether  or  not  it  was  a  good  day  for 
Swallows. 

The  Violet-green  Swallow 

Tachycineta   thalassina 

HirundO  thalassinus,  Sw.  Philos.  Mag.  i.'l827, 366  (Mexico).—  Sw.  Isis,  1834,  783.— Denny, 
PZS.  1847,  38  (wrongly  attributed  to  Cuba  and  Jamaica). 

HirundO  thalassina,  OrmU.Comm.  Journ. Phila.Acad.vii.  1837, 193  ("Columbia  River").— 
And.  OB.  iv.  1838,  597,  pi.  385,  f.  4,  5.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  9.— And.  Syn.  1839,  36.— And. 
BA.  i.  1840, 186,  pi.  41).— Woodh.Rep.  Zufiiand  Colo.  R.  1853,  64.— Coss.Illust.  B.  Cal.  and 
Tex.  1855, 245.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1855,  308  (New  Mexico). -Brew.  N.  A.  O61.  i. 
1857,  102  (not  the  alleged  figure!— pi.  5,  f.  74) — Newb.  PRRR.  vi.  1857,  78.— Bd.  BNA. 
1858, 311.— Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  1858,  101  (Upper  Missouri  R.).— Bd.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859, 
303.— Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859,  191.— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859, IW.-Scl.  PZS. 
1859, 235.— Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  36.— Bd.F.S.Mex.  B.  Surv.  ii.pt.  ii.  1859,  Birds,  11.— 
Coop.  <&  Suck.  NHWT.  1860,  185.— Lord,  Pr.  Roy.  Arty.  Inst.  Woolwich,  iv.  1864,  115 
(British  Columbia).— Bd.  Rev.  A  B.  1865,  299.— Brew.  Am.  Nat.  i.  1867, 122  (correction 
of  error  in  N.  A.  061.).— Brown,  Ibis,  1868,  421  (Vancouver).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 
33.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870, 107.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872, 149  (Colorado,  up  to  8,000ft.).— 
Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872, 274.- Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874, 17.— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 
347,  pi.  16,  f.  11. 

Hi  run  do  thallassina,  Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839, 155.— Gamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad. 
i.  1847, 31.— Oamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1846, 110. 

Hnrindo  thalassina,  Bd.  Ives's  Rep.  Colorado,  1861,  pt.  v.  5. 

Cecropis  thalassina,  "Less." 

Chelidon  thalassina,  Boie,  Isis,  1844,  171. 

Herse  t.;alassina,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 341.— Coues,  Ibis,  1865, 159, 163  (N.  Mex.,  Arizona). 

Tacbycineta  thalassina,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,  4£.— Bp.  Compt.  Rend,  xxxviii.  1854,  €51.— 
Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  72  (Fort  Whipple,  Arizona).— Sumich.  Man.  Bost.  Soc.  i. 
1869,  547  (Vera  Cruz,  breeding).— Coues,  Key,  1872,  113.—  Ridgw.  Bull.  Ess.  Inat.  v. 
1873,  181  (Colorado).— Merr.  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  713.— 
Coues,  BNW.  1874,  86.— Allen,  Pr.  Bost.  Sbc.  xvii.  1874,  53  (habits).— Ridgw.  Am.  Nat. 
viii.  1874, 199.— Nels.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xvii.  1875, 339,  343  (Utah).— Ridgw.  Rep.  Surv.  40th 
Par.  iv.  1877, 443. 

Tachycincta  thalassina,  Merr.  Ann.  Rep.  IT.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  for  1872, 1873, 676. 

Petrochelldon  thalassina,  S.  &  S.  Ibis,  1859, 13  (Guatemala).— £c/.  PZS.  1864,  173  (City  of 
Mexico). 

Violet-green  Swallow,  of  Authors. 

HAB. — Middle  and  Western  Provinces  of  the  United  States  and  adjoining 
portions  of  British  America.     Eastward  to  the  Upper  Missouri.    South 


420        CHARACTERS    OF    TACHYCINETA    THALASStNA 

through  Mexico  to  Guatemala  at  least.  Breeds  in  its  United  States  and 
British  American  range  and  in  higher  portions  of  Mexico.  Winters  beyond 
the  United  States. 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Violaceomridis,  pileo  magis  purpurescente, 
torque  cervicali  et  tectricibus  caudalibus  superioribus  purpureo- 
molaceis  ;  alis  cauddque  violaceofuscis  ;  infra  sericeo-alba. 

$ ,  adult :  Entire  tinder  parts,  including  the  sides  of  the  head  to  just  above 
the  eyes,  and  an  enlarged  fluffy  tuft  on  the  flanks  tending  to  join  its  fellow 
over  the  rump,  pure  silky  white.  Upper  parts  rich,  soft,  velvety -green, 
mixed  with  a  little  violet-purple  ;  the  crown  of  the  head  similar,  but  rather 
greenish-brown,  with  a  purplish  tinge.  Cervical  region,  in  some  cases  a 
well-defined  though  narrow  cervical  collar,  and  the  upper  tail-coverts  violet- 
purple.  These  rich  colors  without  gloss  or  sheen ;  wings  and  tail  blackish, 
with  violet  and  purplish  gloss.  Bill  black ;  feet  brownish-black,  small ; 
iris  brown  ;  mouth  pale  yellow.  Length,  4^-5  inches ;  extent,  11£-12^ ;  wing, 
4^ ;  tail,  2,  lightly  forked ;  bill,  i ;  tarsus,  f . 

The  9 ,  and  immature  birds  in  general,  differ  simply  in  the  less  purity  and 
intensity  of  the  colors  of  the  upper  parts.  In  the  very  highest  plumaged 
specimens,  the  back  is  nearly  pure  green,  the  cervical  collar  distinct,  and 
the  several  contrasts  of  crown,  collar,  back,  and  upper  tail-coverts  are 
strong ;  in  general,  the  back  has  a  brownish-purple  shade,  more  like  that  of 
the  crown. 

Very  young  birds,  just  from  the  nest,  are  exactly  like  those  of  T.  bicolor, 
though  smaller,  being  dark  mouse-gray  above  and  white  below.  But  traces 
at  least  of  the  special  tints  ppeedily  appear.  Young  or  perhaps  autumnal 
birds  usually  have  the  inner  secondaries  white-tipped,  as  in  T.  Ucolor. 

MR.  BULLOCK  appears  to  have  discovered  this  bird  in 
Mexico  prior  to  1827,  when  Swaiuson  published  a  syn- 
opsis of  the  collection  made  by  the  Bullocks,  sr.  and  jr.,  in  the 
Philosophical  Magazine — an  article  famous  for  the  number  of 
its  new  genera  and  species,  among  them  many  now  well  known, 
the  Swainsonian  names  of  which  are  very  familiar  to  us. 
Among  the  genera  are  Setopliaga,  Seiurus,  Sialidj  Sylvicola, 
AmmodramuSi  Chondesles,  Dolichonyx,  Agelceus  (originally  writ- 
ten Agelaus],  Guiraca.  For  all  these  new  genera,  and  others 
(none  being  here  characterized),  reference  is  made  to  the  then 
still  unpublished  no.  10  of  vol.  iii.  of  the  Zoological  Journal, 
April-Sept.,  1827,  and  the  latter  is  generally  cited  as  the  source 
of  the  names ;  but  this  article  in  the  Phil.  Mag.  has  actual 
priority  by  a  short  time.  The  real  student  of  ornithology  will 
find  it  necessary,  sooner  or  later,  to  consult  this  paper,  and  I 
advise  all  who  have  not  done  so  to  lay  hands  on  the  book,  in- 
stead of  stealing  their  quotations  from  Bd.  BNA.,  as  most  have 
done  for  twenty  years. 


ACCOUNTS   OF    THE    VIOLET-GREEN    SWALLOW       421 

Who  may  have  been  the  first  to  find  it  in  the  United  States 
I  do  not  know  5  but  Townsend  and  Nuttall  furnished  tho 
whole  of  Audubon's  account,  published  in  1838,  about  vthe  time 
Towusend  communicated  his  discoveries  to  the  Philadelphia 
Academy,  as  recorded  in  their  "  Journal  "  for  1837  and  1839. 
These  writers  both  speak  of  finding  it  on  some  tributaries 
of  the  Colorado  River,  and  the  first  named  says  that  it  builds 
a  nest  of  mud  and  hay  on  clay  bluffs,  and  lays  four  eggs,  "of  a 
dark  clay  colour,  with  a  few  spots  of  reddish- brown";  and 
adds  that  on  the  Columbia  Eiver  it  breeds  in  hollow  trees. 
The  latter  statement  is  correct ;  in  making  the  former,  Town- 
send  seems  to  have  got  the  species  mixed  with  the  Cliff  Swal- 
low. Nuttall  says  that  they  appeared  to  occupy  nests  of  the 
Cliff  Swallow,  instead  of  building  for  themselves,  and  sup- 
poses them  to  sometimes  breed  in  trees.  Audubon  supplied 
Dr.  Brewer  with  a  drawing  of  an  egg  of  this  species,  got  by 
Nuttall  in  Oregon,  which  Dr.  Brewer  says  was  the  first  knowl- 
edge he  acquired  of  the  "  markings  "  of  the  egg.  The  error 
about  the  egg  and  nidification  flourished  beyond  1857,  when 
Dr.  Brewer  elaborated  it  with  care,  describing  and  figuring 
the  speckled  egg  of  the  Cliff  or  Barn  Swallow  as  that  of  the 
Violet-green,  and  discrediting  Nuttall's  observation  respect- 
ing the  probable  nesting  of  the  species  in  trees.  The  fact  is, 
that  the  Violet-green  Swallow  nests  in  holes  in  trees  and 
elsewhere,  and  lays  a  pure  white  egg,  exactly  like  T.  bicolor. 

Meanwhile,  in  1846-47,  Dr.  William  Gambel  published  the 
species  from  his  observations  in  California  ;  and  in  1853  Dr.  S. 
W.  Woodhouse  spoke  of  it  as  abundant  in  New  Mexico.  Then 
came  the  period  of  the  observers  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  and 
Mexican  Boundary  Surveys,  who  severally  added  to  the  his- 
tory of  the  bird,  and  enabled  Professor  Baird  to  place  it  on  the 
well-known  footing  of  1858.  Drs.  A.  L.  Heerinann  and  T.  C. 
Henry  found  it  at  Fort  Thorne  on  the  Rio  Grande— the  former 
also  at  Tejon  Pass  in  California.  Drs.  Cooper  and  Suckley 
noted  its  arrival  at  Puget  Sound  early  in  May,  about  the  10th, 
and  observed  its  building  in  knot-holes  of  trees,  especially 
oaks,  and  in  deserted  woodpeckers'  boles.  Shortly  afterward, 
Dr.  Hayden  collected  many  specimens  in  the  Wind  River 
Mountains,  in  the  present  Territory  of  Wyoming,  furnishing 
one  of  the  most  northeasterly  records  we  possess — for  some 
writers  of  repute,  who  say  that  the  bird  u  has  been  found  as 


422      DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  VIOLET-GREEN  SWALLOW 

far  east  as  Nebraska",  may  be  reminded  that  the  Territories  of 
Dakota,  Montana,  Idaho,  and  Wyoming,  and  some  others,  have 
since  been  formed  at  the  expense  of  what  was  once  "  Nebraska  " 
and  "  Oregon  ".  In  an  article  printed  in  1864,  Mr.  J.  K.  Lord  de- 
tailed some  observations  of  his  made  a  few  years  before  along 
the  parallel  of  49°  N.  from  the  Eocky  Mountains  west.  These 
birds  were  among  the  earliest  visitors  at  Colville.  arriving  in 
small  flocks  in  March,  increasing  in  May,  and  building  in  June 
in  holes  in  trees,  laying  four  or  five  eggs.  This  writer  sur- 
mised that  the  birds  dug  these  holes  for  themselves  in  soft 
wood  5  but  this  seems  scarcely  credible,  though  it  is  not  un- 
likely that  they  may  do  more  or  less  refitting  of  knot-holes  and 
woodpeckers'  nests.  The  Violet-green  Swallow  has  been  ob- 
served little,  if  any,  north  of  the  scene  of  Mr.  Lord's  opera- 
tions, and  the  very  border  of  British  America  must,  for  the 
present  at  least,  be  considered  its  limit  of  distribution  in  this 
direction.  The  Great  Plains  seem  to  present  an  impassable 
barrier  to  the  eastward  dispersion  of  even  so  excellent  a  flyer 
as  this ;  but  it  does  come  a  little  beyond  even  the  foothills 
of  the  Eockies.  Thus,  on  the  26th  of  June,  1874,  being  then 
on  the  Upper  Missouri,  above  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone, 
near  the  Quaking  Ash  Eiver,  I  observed  a  few  individuals ; 
though  no  specimens  were  secured  to  attest  the  fact,  1  could 
not  have  been  mistaken,  as  I  had  long  been  familiar  with  the 
lovely  birds  from  my  studies  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

In  general  terms,  as  far  as  the  United  States  is  concerned, 
the  Violet-green  inhabits  wooded  regions  from  the  Eocky 
Mountains  to  the  Pacific,  spreading  over  all  our  territory  dur- 
ing March  ;  it  is  liable  to  be  found  breeding  wherever  suitable 
trees  occur,  but,  like  other  Swallows,  is  more  or  less  locally 
distributed.  During  September  it  retires  southward,  probably 
none  wintering  amongst  us.  It  is  resident  in  Mexico,  as  Mr. 
Sumichrast  informs  us,  at  almost  all  elevations,  and  is  very 
common.  Mr.  Salvin  witnesses  its  abundance  in  Guatemala 
during  a  portion  of  the  year. 

I  am  uncertain  to  whom  we  owe  the  discovery  of  the  fact 
that  the  eggs  of  the  Violet-green  Swallow  are  white  and  un- 
marked. The  information  was  long  delayed  in  coming,  partly 
owing,  no  doubt,  to  the  difficulty  of  getting  at  the  eggs,  even 
when  the  artfully-hidden  retreat  is  discovered.  The  nest  may 
be  in  honey-combed  rocks,  entirely  out  of  reach  ;  or  in  the  top 
of  a  blasted  tree,  too  rotten  to  be  scaled  with  safety  ;  or  out  of 


HABITS    OF   THE   VIOLET-GREEN   SWALLOW          423 

reach  in  a  knot  hole  in  strong  sound  wood.  After  they  were 
found  out,  and  the  hole-breeding  character  of  the  species  was 
established,  it  was  natural  that  the  subsequent  accounts  of 
cliff  and  rock  nests  should  be  received  with  caution  or  mistrust ; 
and  so  much  has  been  said  one  way  and  an  other,  that  it  will 
tend  to  put  the  history  of  the  species  in  the  best  light  to  review 
the  testimony  on  the  subject. 

When  in  New  Mexico,  in  1864, 1  found  the  Violet-green  Swal- 
lows to  be  very  common  in  the  Katon  Mountains.  This  was  in 
June,  and  1  have  no  doubt  that  the  birds  were  then  nesting, 
though  I  had  no  chance  of  observing  them  closely.  I  noticed 
their  close  resemblance  to  White-bellied  Swallows  in  general 
appearance,  and  particularly  in  mode  of  flight  ;  and  I  ob- 
served, then  as  subsequently,  the  curiously  misleading  circum- 
stance that  the  birds  appeared  to  have  white  rumps.  In  fact, 
as  is  well  known,  the  rump  is  like  the  rest  of  the  upper  parts  in 
color,  but  the  fluffy  white  feathers  of  the  flanks  lie  over  the 
part  during  flight,  sometimes  meeting  over  the  root  of  the  tail, 
thus  causing  the  appearance  oberved.  This  .appearance  of 
tricoloration — violet,  green,  and  white — is  striking.  The  fol- 
lowing year,  at  Fort  Whipple,  in  Arizona,  I  made  quite  a  study 
of  these  birds,  whose  exquisite  beauty  could  hardly  fail  to  touch 
even  the  most  insensible  observer.  They  nestled  in  considera- 
ble numbers  in  the  pine  woods  about  the  fort,  usually  preferring 
the  edges  of  the  timber,  and  constructed  their  nests  of  hay  and 
feathers  in  the  natural  cavities  of  trees,  or  in  old  woodpecker- 
holes.  Sometimes  isolated  pairs  occupied  the  deciduous  trees 
in  the  vicinity,  as  the  cottonwoods  along  the  creek  and  the 
oaks  of  the  open  hillsides  5  but  most  of  the  birds  gathered  in 
little  colonies  in  clumps  of  pine-trees.  The  birds  reached 
this  elevated  locality  the  second  or  third  week  in  March,  and 
remained  until  late  in  September.  I  considered  them  the 
commonest  of  their  tribe,  quite  characteristic,  in  fact,  of  the 
Arizona  pine-belt. 

In  Utah,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico,  agrees  Mr.  Henshaw, 
this  Swallow  inhabits  the  higher  regions,  abundantly  in  all 
suitable  localities,  preferring  the  open  spaces  or  edges  of  the 
pineries  and  groves  of  oaks,  where  it  breeds  in  old  wood- 
pecker-holes. In  Southern  Colorado,  he  found  it  in  large  col- 
onies at  the  great  altitude  of  10,000  feet,  early  in  June,  when 
these  ambitious  little  beauties  were  preparing  to  nest  on  high 
pine-stubs.  In  the  same  Territory,  Allen  met  with  them  at  cor- 


424         NESTING    OF  THE   VIOLET-GREEN    SWALLOW 

responding  altitudes,  generally  nesting  in  the  wonted  wood- 
pecker-holes, but  sometimes  also  in  holes  in  rocks,  in  company 
with  White-throated  Swifts.  Kidgway  has  given  us  our  best 
accounts  of  this  rock-building,  which  I  have  myself  never 
witnessed.  The  birds,  he  says,  were  abundant  during  May  at 
Pyramid  Lake,  Nevada,  where  they  were  observed  to  enter  the 
fissures  of  the  calcareous  tufa  cliffs,  where  they  doubtless  had 
nests.  In  July  he  saw  them  again  in  the  limestone  canons  of 
the  Euby  Mountains,  associated  with  Cliff  Swallows  and  the 
Swifts  just  mentioned.  Here  their  nests  were  in  horizontal 
fissures  of  the  rock,  and  mostly  iuaccessibe.  Two,  however, 
were  in  places  admitting  the  hand  ;  and  these  were  found  to  be 
masses  of  sticks  and  straws,  lined  with  feathers.  One  of  these 
contained  five  eggs ;  the  other,  three  broken  eggs  and  the  dead 
parent.  The  writer  continues  with  a  pertinent  remark  on  the 
general  subject : — "  Although  other  observers,  whose  statements 
we  do  not  in  the  least  doubt,  have  described  the  habits  of  this 
bird  as  arboreal,  like  those  of  the  White-bellied  Swallow 
(T.  Mcolor)  and  the  Purple  Martin,  we  never  found  it  so  in  any 
locality  during  our  trip,  it  being  everywhere  a  strictly  Saxi- 
coline  species,  and  an  associate  of  Panyptila  saxatilis,  Petro- 
chelidon  lunifrons,  and  Hirundo  horreorum  rather  than  of  the 
species  named,  and  to  be  found  only  where  precipitous  rocks, 
affording  suitable  fissures,  occurred." 

This  is  enough  to  settle  the  question  we  asked  each  other 
for  some  years,  Where  does  the  Violet-green  breed  ?  We  havei 
here  simply  a  hole-breeder,  indifferent  whether  the  cavity  it 
occupies  be  tree  or  rock  ;  and  we  need  not  be  surprised  to  learn 
any  day  that  it  has  been  found  nestling  in  a  bank  of  earth,  in 
a  natural  excavation,  or  even  in  a  Kingfisher's  or  Bank  or 
Bough-winged  Swallow's  hole.  One  thing,  however:  it  has 
never  learned  the  plasterer's  trade,  at  which  the  Cliff  and  Barn 
Swallows  are  such  clever  artisans  ;  and  yet  it  has  been  stated 
by  me,  in  the  "Birds  of  the  Northwest ",  p.  88,  on  the  authority 
of  Mr.  T.  M.  Trippe,  to  have  been  found  "nesting  under  the  eaves 
of  houses,  like  the  Cliff  Swallow  ",  the  fact  being  adduced  to 
show  that,  like  most  others  of  its  tribe,  this  bird  had  at  length 
paid  its  compliments  to  human  civilization.  The  details  of 
the  circumstance  had  not  been  communicated  to  me  in  1874; 
but  Mr.  Trippe  yesterday  (March  17,  1878)  visited  my  study, 
and  we  had  some  conversation  on  the  subject.  He  described 
the  nests,  in  which  Violet-green  Swallows  certainly  had  their 


CHARACTERS  OF  THE  GENUS  PETROCHELIDON   425 

eggs,  as  bulky  structures  of  mud,  and  like  those  of  Cliff  Swal- 
lows. Being  perfectly  familiar  with  the  birds,  he  could  not 
have  been  mistaken  in  identifying  the  species  ;  and  he  agreed 
with  me  that  the  birds  must  have  occupied  in  these  instances 
the  deserted  nests  of  other  Swallows.  This  brings  up  NuttalPs 
early  testimony  to  the  same  effect,  and  makes  it  seem  much 
more  probable — if  it  may  not  indeed  be  regarded  as  confirma- 
tory— though  he  or  Towusend  certainly  got  hold  of  the  wrong 
egg,  a  drawing  of  which  subsequently  came  into  Dr.  Brewer's 
possession  through  Audubon.  We  should  expect  the  Violet- 
greens,  on  yielding  to  civilization,  to  come  to  terms  in  the 
same  way  the  Martins  and  White-bellies  have,  by  occupying 
boxes  set  up  for  their  use,  or  else  to  enter  knot-holes  or  the 
crevices  behind  weatherboards,  as  the  Wrens ;  but  that  their 
habits  will  be  modified  in  some  way,  and  at  no  distant  day, 
there  is  no  reasonable  doubt.  With  which  understanding,  I 
leave  the  wilful  and  capricious  little  creatures  to  enjoy  their 
hermitages,  whether  of  tree  or  rock,  as  long  as  they  please. 

Genus  PETROCHELIDON  Cabanis 

Hirundo,  p.,  of  Authors. 

Petrochelidon,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 47  (type  H.  melanogaster  Sw.  =  P.  swainsoni  Scl.). 

This  is  one  of  the  better-marked  groups  which  have  been 
established  as  generically  distinct  from  Hirundo.  In  some  re- 
spects, it  rather  approaches  Progne.  The  bill  is  quite  stout  and 
deep  (for  this  family),  and  the  nostrils  are  superior,  opening 
without  nasal  scale.  The  tail  is  unusually  short,  ths  tips  of 
the  folded  wings  reaching  beyond  it,  and  is  about  even,  or  only 
slightly  emarginate,  with  the  feathers  broad  to  their  ends. 
The  feet  are  much  as  in  Hirundo  ;  the  tarsi  are  feathered  above, 
and  the  toes  are  extensively  adherent  at  base.  There  is  a 
certain  bristly  appearance  of  the  front  and  chin,  different  from 
what  is  seen  in  other  groups.  The  tuft  of  crissal  feathers  is 
full,  reaching  nearly  to  the  end  of  the  tail.  The  species  agree 
well  in  a  special  pattern  of  coloration,  being  steel-blue  above, 
with  rufous  rump  and  nuchal  band,  and  usually  a  frontlet  of 
different  color  from  the  rest  of  the  upper  parts;  the  under 
parts  are  not  continuously  white,  as  in  Tachycineta.  The  nidi- 
fication  of  some,  if  not  all,  of  the  species,  is  peculiar.  The  eggs 
are  colored,  as  in  Hirundo. 

The  species  are  characteristically  American,  though  one  has 
been  described  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  An  Australian 
species  referred  to  Petrochelidon  by  Cabauis  is  by  Gray  ranged 


426          SYNONYMY    OF    PETROCHELIDON    LUNIFRONS 

in  the  different  genus  Hylochelidon  Gould.  Several  species  of 
true  Petrochelidon  occur  in  Central  and  South  America  and  the 
West  Indies,  the  actual  number  being  in  question.  Pending 
satisfactory  answer,  I  continue  to  present  our  Cliff  or  Eave 
Swallow,  lunifrons  of  Say,  as  distinct  from  the  West  Indian 
fulva  of  Vieillot,  though  not  quite  satisfied  of  specific  distinc- 
tion in  this  case  5  but  I  have  little  hesitation  in  assigning  the 
Mexican  P.  swainsoni  Scl.  (=  melanogaster  Sw.)  as  a  synonym. 
P.pceciloma  of  Jamaica  and  P.  ruficollaris  of  Peru  are  closely 
related. 

The  Eave,  Cliff;  or  Crescent  Swafllow 

Pe trochel idon  luiii Irons* 

HlrnndO,  35,  Forst.  Philos.  Trans.  Ixii.  1772,  408  (Severn  Eiver). 

Hirundo  lunifrons,  Say,  "Long's  Exped.  R.  Mts.  ii.  18-23,  47  ".-Su>.  <&  Rich.  FBA.  ii.  1831, 
331.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  1852, 270  (habits).— Woodh.  Eep.  Zuni  &  Colo.  E.  1853, 64.— 
Cass.  Illust  B.  Gal.  and  Tex.  1855, 243.— Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1856,  287  (Indiana).— 
Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  148.— Brew.  IS.  A.  Ool.  1857,  94,  pi.  5,  f..  68-73.— Newb. 
PERR.  vi.  1857, 78.— Bd.  BNA.  1858, 309.— Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859, 191  (California).— 
Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859, 106  (New  Mexico).— Coop.  &  Suck.  NHWT.  1860, 124.— 
Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Eep.  for  1860,  1861,  374.— Barn.  Smiths.  Eep.  for  1860,  1861,  436 
(Pennsylvania).— Coues  <6  Prent.  Smiths.  Eep.  for  1861,  1862,  409.—  Hayd.  Tr.  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862, 161.— Boar  dm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862, 125  (Maine).—  Verr.  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.ix.  1862, 137  (Anticosti).— Ferr.Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862, 148  (Maine).— Terr.  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  ix.  1863,  276  (on  the  migrations,  &c.).— Blak.  Ibis,  1863,  64  (Saskatchewan).— 
Lord,  Pr.  Eoy.  Arty.  Inst.  "Woolwich,  iv.  1864, 116  (British  Columbia).— Allen,  Pr.  Ess. 
Inst  iv.  1864, 65.— Coues,  Ibis,  1865,  159,  163  (New  Mexico  and  Arizona).— Drew.  Ibis, 

1865,  479  (Texas).— Coues,  Ibis,  1866,  263  (Colorado  Eiver).— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.Tnst.  v. 

1866,  86  (Canada  West).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N".  Y.  viii.  1866,  285—  Layard,  Birds  of 
South  Africa,  1867,  55  (Africa!  spec,  identified  by  Hartlanb).— Brew.  Am.  Nat.  i. 

1867,  122.— Haym.  Cox's  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana,  1869,218  (abundant  since  1849).— Coop. 
Am.  Nat  iii.  1869,  33  (Missouri  Eiver,  "in  swarms").— Turrib.  B.  E.  Pa,  1869,  19; 
Phila.  ed.  12.— Dall  &  Bann.  Tr.  Chic.  Acad.  i.  1869, 279  (Alaska).— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870, 
104.— Stev.  Ann.  Eep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  for  1870,  1871,  463.— Coop.  Am.  Nat  iv.  1871, 
758.—  Woodh.  Am.  Nat  vi.  1872,  173  (albino).— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  M4.—AUen, 
Bull  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  176  (Colorado,  up  to  timber-line).— Scott,  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xv.  1872, 
223.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,  235.— .Herricfc,  Bull.  Ess.  Inst,  v.  1873,  —  (Grand 
Menan).— Snow,  B.  Kans.  1873,  5.— Merr.  Ann.  Eep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  TetT.  for*1872, 
1873,  706.— Coop.  Am.  Nat  viii.  1874,  17.— Coues,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  599.— Kirtl.  Pr. 
Cleveland  Acad.  1874, 268  (Ohio). 

*Some  references  to  the  "  fnlva"  of  the  West  Indies,  a  form  scarcely  if 
at  all  different,  are  as  follows  : — 

Ilil-undo  fulva,  Vieill.  "  OAS.  i.  1807, 62,  pi.  32  "  (San  Domingo).— F.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xiv.  1817, 
521.- F.  EM.  ii.  1823,  527,  n.  Vt.—Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  VZQ.-Thienem.  J.  f.  0. 1857, 
149  (Cuba  ;  egg).— Gieb.  Vog.  1860,  74,  f.  126  (in  part).— ? March,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1863, 
295  (Jamaica).— Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  x.  1866, 222  (Porto  Eico). 

Cecropis  fulva,  Boie,  Isis,  1844, 175. 

Petrochelidon  fulva,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850,  47.— Gundl.J.  f.O.1856,3  (Cuba).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  vii.  1860,  306  (Cuba).— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1861,  328  (Cuba).— ? Scl.  Cat  AB.  1861,  40 
(.Jamaica). —? Scl.  PZS.  1861,  72.—  Bd.  Eev.  AB.  1865, 291  (Cuba). 

?  Hirundo  pceciloma,  Oosse,  B.  Jam.  1847, 64. 

?  Petrochelidon  pceciloma,  Bd.  Eev.  AB.  1864, 292. 


CHARACTERS    OF   PETROCHELIDON    LUNIF5ONS       427 

Cecropis  lunifrons,  Boie,  Isis,  1828,315;  1844,175. 

Petrochelidon  lunifrons,  —1—Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vii.  1861,  317  (New  Grenada).— 
S.I.  Cat.  AB.  1862,  40.—  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  288.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  72 
(Arizona)  —Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  last,  v.  1868, 276  (Now  England).— Cones,  Key,  1872, 114.— 
Trippe,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  48.—  Aiken  &  Holden,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  IW.-Hayn. 
Pr.  Boit.  Soc.  xiv.  1872, 369  (New  England).— Merr.  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr, 
for  1872,  1873,  676,  713.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  SS.—Ridgw.  Am.  Nat  viii.  1874,  200.— 
B.  B.  &  It,  NAB.  i.  1874,  334,  pi.  16,  f.  13.—  Brew.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440.— Nels. 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875, 339  (Utah).— Yarr.  &  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874, 11.— Hensh. 
List  B.  Adz.  1875, 156.— Hensh.  Zeol.  Expl.  TV.  100  Merid.  Ib75,  215.—  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn. 
Specs.  1874,  42,  60,  75,  104.— Gentry,  Life-Hist.  1876,  190.—  Minot,  BNE.  1877,  144.— 
HcCaulty,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  iii.  n.  3,  1877,  662  (Texas).— Eidgw.  Rep.  Surv.  40th 
Par.  iv.  1877,  440. 

Hirundo  opifex,  De  Witt  Clint.  Ann.  Lyc.N.T.i.  1824,161. 

Ilirumlo  respublicana,  And.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  1824, 164. 

Hirundo  fulva,  De  Witt  Clint.  Aun.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  1824, 156.— Bp.  AO.  i.  1825,  63,  pi.  7,  f.  1.— 
Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  I82ti,  64.— Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  270.— Aud.  OB.  i.  1831,  353,  pi.  58.— 
Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  603.— Ornith.  Comm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1837,  193  (Columbia, 
River). -Bp.  CGL.  1838,  9.-Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  345—  Towns.  Journ.  Phila. 
Acad.  viii.  1839,  155.— Aud.  BA.  i.  1840, 177,  pi.  41.—Giraud,  BLT.  1844,  38.— Gamb.  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1846,  110  (California).— Denny,  PZS.  1847,  31.—Thomps.  Vermont, 
1853,  97.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  Wl.-Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  401.—  Henry, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1855,  308  (New Mexico). —Jennie.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 581.— 
Pratten,  ibid.  600.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  i.  1856, 205.— Maxim.  J.  f.  0. 1858, 100.— Heerm. 
PRRR.  x.  1859. 36. 

Hirundo  fulvus,  Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 1859, 281  (Nova  Scotia). 

Herse  fulva,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  341  (in  part  at  least). 

Petrochelidon  fulva,  Bp.  Compt.  Rend,  xxxviii.  1854, 650  (in  part  at  least). 

Hirundo  melanogaster,  Sw.  Philos.  Mag.  i.  1827, 366 ;  Isis,  1834, 783  (name  inept). 

Petrocbelidon  melanogastra,  Cab.  MH.  i.  1850, 47. 

Hirundo  swainsoni,  S.I.  PZS.  1858,  296  (Oaxaca) ;  1859,  376  (Oaxaca.  Mere  change  of 
name  from  melanogaster).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  290.— Salv.  Ibis,  1866, 192  (Guatemala). 

Petrochelidon  swainsonii,  8el.  Cat.  AB.  1862, 40. 

Petrochelidon  swainsoni,  Lawr.  Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  n.  4, 1876, 17  (Tehuantepec). 

Hirundo  coronata,  Licht.  "  Mus.  Berol." 

White-fronted  Swallow,  Sw.  &  Rich.  1.  c. 

Republican  or  Cliff  Swallow,  Aud.  1.  c. 

Rocky  Mountain  Swallow,  Hazard,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1851, 141  (habits). 

Cliff  Swallow,  Eave  Swallow,  Authors. 

HAB — North  America,  at  large,  breeding  in  suitable  localities.  North  to 
Severn  River  (Forster,  1772)  and  the  Arctic  Ocean;  northeast  to  Nova 
Scotia  ( Vieillot,  1823) ;  northwest  to  the  Yukon.  Wrongly  supposed  to  have 
lately  migrated  into  the  Eastern  United  States.  South  through  Mexico  to 
Panama  at  least  (resident  Mexican  birds  =  swainsoni^  ?  Not  West  Indies 
(=fulva  Vieillot). 

CH.  SP. — $  9  Dorso,  pileo,  et  macula  gulari  chalybeis  ;  f  route 
albicante  ;  gula,  lateribus  capitis,  tectricibus  caudalibus  superiori- 
bus  rufis  ;  infra  brunneo-grisea,  abdomine  albicante. 

<?  $ ,  adult :  Back  and  top  of  head,  with  a  spot  on  the  throat,  deep  lus- 
trous steel-blue,  that  of  the  crown  and  back  separated  by  a  grayish  nuchal 
collar.  Frotitlet  white  or  brownish-white.  Shorter  upper  tail-coverts 
rufous.  Chin,  throat,  and  sides  of  head  intense  rufous,  sometimes  purplish- 
chestnuf,  prolonged  around  the  side  of  the  nape.  Under  parts  dull  grayish- 
brown,  with  usually  a  rufous  tinge  (rusty-gray),  and  dusky  shaft-lines, 


428  HISTORY    OF    THE    CRESCENT    SWALLOW 

whitening  on  the  belly,  the  under  tail-coverts  gray,  whitish-edged  and 
tinged  with  rnfous.  Wings  and  tail  blackish,  with  flight  gloss.  Bill  black; 
feet  brown.  Length,  5-5 J;  extent,  12  or  more ;  wing,  4J-4|;  tail,  2£,  nearly 
square. 

The  sexes  are  not  distinguishable.  Both  vary  much  in  the  tone  of  color- 
ation, especially  of  the  rufous  parts,  though  the  pattern  is  much  the  same. 
The  forehead  is  sometimes  white,  sometimes  quite  brown.  In  young  birds, 
the  frontlet  may  be  altogether  wanting ;  the  upper  parts  are  lustreless  dark 
brown,  most  of  the  feathers  being  skirted  with  whitish ;  the  rufous  of  the 
throat  and  rump  a  mere  tinge,  the  spot  on  the  throat  wanting,  and  the 
parts  often  speckled  with  white. 

DISCOVER Y  of  this  notable  Swallow,  commonly  attributed 
to  Say,  was  made  long  before  Long's  expedition  to  the 
Eocky  Mountains,  though  the  species  was  first  named  in  the 
book  which  treats  of  that  interesting  journey.  The  bird  may 
have  been  discovered  by  the  celebrated  John  Eeinhold  Forster ; 
at  any  rate,  the  earliest  note  I  have  in  hand  respecting  the  Cliff 
Swallow  is  Forster's,  dating  1772,  when  this  naturalist  pub- 
lished in  the  Philosophical  Transactions  "An  Account  of  the 
Birds  sent  from  Hudson's  Bay  ;  with  Observations  relative  to 
their  Natural  History;  and  Latin  Descriptions  of  some  of  the 
most  uncommon " — a  rather  noted  paper,  in  which  seven  new 
species,  viz,  Falco  spadiceus,  Strix  nebulosa,  Emberiza  [i.  e. 
Zonotrichia]  leucophrys,  Fringilla  [i.  e.  Junco]  hudsonias,  Mus- 
cicapa  [i.  v.  Dendrceca]  striata,  Parus  hudsonicus,  and  Scolopax 
[i.  e.  Numenias]  borealis,  are  described,  with  references  to  various 
other  new  birds  by  number,  such  as  "  Turdus  no.  22",  which  is 
Scolecophagus  ferruginous,  and  "Hirundo  no.  35",  which  is 
Petrochelidon  lunifrona.  The  next  observer — in  fact,  a  redis- 
coverer — was,  perhaps,  Audubon,  who  says  that  he  saw  Republi- 
can or  Cliff  Swallows  for  the  first  time  in  1815  at  Henderson, 
on  the  Ohio ;  that  he  drew  up  a  description  at  the  time,  nam- 
ing the  species  Hirundo  republicana  [sic] ;  and  that  he  again 
saw  the  same  bird  in  1819  at  Newport,  Ky.,  where  they  usually 
appeared  about  the  10th  of  April,  and  had  that  year  finished 
about  fifty  nests  by  the  20th  of  the  same  month.  The  next 
year,  namely,  1820,  Major  Long  and  Sir  John  Franklin  found 
these  birds  again,  in  widely  remote  regions, — the  first  named 
during  his  expedition  to  the  Eocky  Mountains,  and  the  latter 
on  the  journey  from  Cumberland  House  to  Fort  Enterprise, 
and  on  the  banks  of  Point  Lake,  in  latitude  65°,  where  its 
earliest  arrival  was  noted  the  following  year  on  the  12th  of 
June.  Dr.  Eichardson  says  that  their  clustered  nests  are  of 


MOVEMENTS    OF    THE    CRESCENT    SWALLOW         429 

frequent  occurrence  on  the  faces  of  cliffs  of  tbe  Barren  Grounds, 
and  not  uncommon  throughout  the  course  of  the  Slave  and 
Mackenzie's  Rivers ;  and  that  their  first  appearance  at  Fort 
Chipewyan  was  on  the  25th  of  June,  1825.  Major  Long's  dis- 
covery was  named  Hirundo  lunifrohs  by  Say  in  18-3 ;  and  the 
following  year  Audubon  published  his  hitherto  MS.  name 
respublicana  in  the  Annals  of  the  New  York  Lyceum  of  Natural 
History,  with  some  remarks  on  the  species,  in  connection  with 
some  observations  of  Governor  DeWitt  Clinton,  who  called 
the  bird  Hirundo  opifex.  Meanwhile,  Yieillot  had  described 
the  West  Indian  conspecies  as  Hirundo  fulva ;  and  the  future 
Prince  Bonaparte  adopted  this  name  for  our  species  in  1825. 
Thus,  in  the  short  space  of  two  years,  1823-25,  the  interesting 
Anonyma,  "No.  35",  before  known  only  by  number,  like  the 
striped  inmates  of  some  of  our  penal  establishments,  suddenly 
became  quite  a  lion,  with  titles  galore  in  the  binomial  /taut  ton, 
But  it  was  not  till  1850  that  it  was  actually  raised  to  the  sub 
lime  degree  of  Petrochelidon,  though  it  had  long  been  taken 
and  held  to  be  a  master-mason. 

The  Cliff  Swallow  has  been  supposed  by  some  to  be  an 
immigrant  of  comparatively  recent  date  in  the  Eastern  United 
States  ;  but  it  does  not  appear  that  any  broad  theory  of  a  gen- 
eral progressive  eastward  extension  is  fairly  deducible  from  the 
evidence  we  possess.  On  the  contrary,  much  of  the  testimony 
is  merely  indicative  of  the  dates,  when,  in  various  parts  of  the 
country,  the  birds  began  to  build  under  eaves,  and  so  estab- 
lished colonies  where  none  existed  before  j  and  some  of  the 
evidence  opposes  tl;e  view  just  mentioned.  The  Swallows,  as 
a  rule,  are  birds  of  local  distribution  in  the  breeding  season, 
notwithstanding  their  pre-eminent  migratory  abilities ;  they 
tend  to  settle  in  particular  places,  and  return  year  after  year ; 
and  nothing  is  better  known  than  that  one  town  may  be  full  of 
Swallows  of  several  kinds  unknown  in  another  town  hard  by. 
1  suppose  the  real  meaning  of  the  record  is  "  only  this  and 
nothing  more".  Nevertheless,  these  accounts  are  interesting, 
and  all  have  their  bearing  on  the  natural  history  of  this  re- 
markable bird.  It  was  unknown  to  Wilson.  In  1817,  between 
Audubon's  times  of  observation  in  Kentucky,  Clinton  says  he 
first  saw  Eave  Swallows  at  Whitehall,  New  York,  at  the  south- 
ern end  of  Lake  Champlain.  Zadock  Thompson  found  them  at 
Randolph,  Vt.,  about  the  same  time.  Mr.  G.  A.  Boardman 
tells  me  that  they  were  no  novelty  at  St.  Stephens,  New  Bruns- 


430          MOVEMENTS    OF    THE    CRESCENT    SWALLOW 

wick,  in  1828.  Dr.  Brewer  received  their  eggs  from  Coventry, 
Vt.,  in  1837,  when  they  were  new  to  him  5  but  the  date  of  their 
appearance  there  was  not  determined.  They  are  said  by  the 
same  writer  to  have  appeared  at  Jaffrey,  N.  H.,  in  1838  ;  o.t 
Carlisle,  Pa.,  in  1841 ;  and  the  appearance  of  a  large  colony 
which  he  observed  at  Attleborough,  Mass.,  in  1842,  indicated 
that  they  had  been  there  for  several  years.  During  the  last- 
mentioned  year,  they  were  present,  apparently  for  the  first 
time,  in  Boston  and  neighboring  metastatic  foci  of  the  globe. 
The  record  also  teaches  that  these  birds  do  not  necessarily 
change  from  "Cliff"  to  uEave"  Swallows  in  the  East,  for  in 
1861  Professor  Yerrill  discovered  a  large  colony  breeding  on 
limestone  cliffs  of  Anticosti,  remote  from  man,  and  in  their 
primitive  fashion.  That  the  settlement  of  the  country  has  con- 
duced to  the  general  dispersion  of  the  birds  during  the  breed- 
ing season  in  places  that  knew  them  not  before  is  undoubted ; 
but  that  any  general  eastward  migration  ever  occurred,  or  that 
there  has  been  in  recent  times  a  progressive  spread  of  the 
birds  across  successive  meridians,  is  less  than  doubtful — is 
almost  disproven.  Birds  that  can  fly  like  Swallows,  and  go 
from  South  America  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  are  not  likely  to  cut 
around  via  the  Mississippi  or  the  Eocky  Mountains,  houses  or 
no  houses.  Moreover,  the  scarcity  or  apparent  absence  of 
these  birds  in  the  Southern  States,  or  most  portions  thereof, 
may  be  simply  due  to  the  iueligibility  of  the  country,  and  only 
true  for  a  part  of  the  year.  It  cannot  be  that  the  breeding 
birds  of  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and  New  England  come  and 
go  by  other  than  a  direct  route ;  and  if  not  detected  in  the 
Southern  States,  it  must  be  because  they  fly  over  the  country  in 
their  migrations,  and  do  not  stop  to  breed.  It  is  authenticated 
that  they  nest  at  least  as  far  south  as  Washington,  D.  C., 
where  Drs.  Coues  and  Prentiss  found  them  some  twenty  years 
ago  to  be  summer  residents,  arriving  late  in  April  and  remain- 
ing until  the  middle  of  September,  though  they  were  not  as 
abundant  as  some  of  the  other  Swallows. 

It  may  be  remembered  in  this  connection  that  a  happy  con- 
junction of  circumstances  is  required  to  satisfy  these  birds. 
Not  only  are  cliffs  or  their  substitutes  necessary,  but  these  must 
be  situated  where  clayey  mud,  possessing  some  degree  of  adhe- 
siveness and  plasticity,  can  be  procured.  The  indication  is 
met  at  large  in  the  West,  along  unnumbered  streams,  where 
the  birds  most  do  congregate;  and  their  very  general  dispersion 


MASONRY    OF    THE    CRESCENT    SWALLOW  431 

in  the  West,  as  compared  with  their  rather  sporadic  distribu- 
tion in  the  East,  is  thus  readily  explained.  The  great  veins  of 
the  West — the  Missouri,  the  Columbia,  and  the  Colorado, — 
and  most  of  their  venous  tributaries,  returning  the  humors 
from  the  clouds  to  their  home  in  the  sea,  are  supplied  in  pro- 
fusion with  animated  congregations  of  the  Swallows,  often 
vastly  more  extensive  than  those  gatherings  of  the  feathered 
Sons  of  Temperance  beneath  our  eaves,  where  the  sign  of  the 
order, — a  bottle,  neck  downward, — is  set  for  our  edification. 

All  are  familiar,  doubtless,  with  the  architecture  of  these 
masons — if  any  be  not.  the  books  will  remove  their  ignorance. 
But  there  are  many  interesting  details,  perhaps  insufficiently 
elucidated  in  our  standard  treatises.  It  is  generally  under- 
stood that  the  most  perfect  nest,  that  is,  a  nest  fully  finished 
and  furnished  with  a  neck,  resembling  a  decanter  tilted  over, — 
that  such  a  "  bottle-nosed "  or  "  retort-shaped "  nest,  is  the 
typical  one,  indicating  the  primitive  fashion  of  building.  But 
I  am  by  no  means  satisfied  of  this.  Eemembering  that  the 
Swallows  are  all  natural  hole-breeders,  we  may  infer  that  their 
early  order  of  architecture  was  a  wall,  rampart,  or  breastwork, 
which  defended  and  perhaps  enlarged  a  natural  cavity  on 
the  face  of  a  cliff.  Traces  of  such  work  are  still  evident 
enough  in  those  frequent  instances  in  which  they  take  a  hole 
in  a  wall,  such  as  one  left  by  a  missing  brick,  and  cover  it  in 
eicher  with  a  regular  domed  vestibule  or  a  mere  cup-like  rim 
of  mud.  It  was  probably  not  until  they  had  served  a  long 
apprenticeship  that  they  acquired  the  sufficient  skill  to  stick  a 
nest  against  a  perfectly  smooth,  vertical  support.  Some  kind 
of  domed  nest  was  still  requisite,  to  carry  out  the  idea  of  hole- 
breeding,  a  trait  so  thoroughly  ingrained  in  Hirundine  nature, 
and  implying  perfect  covering  for  the  eggs;  and  the  indication 
is  fully  met  in  one  of  the  very  commonest  forms  of  nest, 
namely,  a  hemispherical  affair,  quite  a  " breastwork"  in  fact, 
with  a  hole  at  the  most  protuberant  part,  or  just  below  it.  The 
running  on  of  a  neck  to  the  nest,  as  seen  in  those  nests  we 
consider  the  most  elaborate,  seems  to  merely  represent  a  sur- 
plusage of  building  energy,  like  that  which  induces  a  House 
Wren,  for  example,  to  accumulate  a  preposterous  quantity  of 
trash  in  its  cubby-holes.  Such  architecture  reminds  me  of  the 
Irishman's  notion  of  how  cannon  are  made — by  taking  a  hole 
and  pouring  the  melted  metal  around  it.  It  is  the  rule,  when 
the  nest  is  built  in  any  exposed  situation.  But  since  the  Swal- 


432  OBSTINACY    OF    THE    CRESCENT   SWALLOW 

lows  have  taken  to  building  under  eaves,  or  other  projections 
affording  a  degree  of  shelter,  the  bottle-necked,  even  the 
simply  globular  nests,  seem  to  be  going  out  of  fashion  ;  and 
thousands  of  nests  are  now  built  as  open  as  those  of  the  Barn 
Swallow,  being  simply  half-cups  attached  to  the  wall,  and  in 
fact  chiefly  distinguished  from  those  of  Bam  Swallows  by 
containing  little  or  no  hay.  1  suppose  this  to  be  a  piece  of 
atavism — a  reversion  to  primitive  ways.  The  Barn  and  Eave 
Swallows  are  our  only  kinds  that  do  not  go  into  a  hole  or  its 
equivalent;  and  the  indication  of  shelter  or  covering,  in  all 
cases  indispensable,  being  secured  by  the  roof  itself  beneath 
which  they  nestle,  the  special  roofing  of  each  nest  becomes 
superfluous.  Hence  the  open  cups  these  Swallows  now  con- 
struct. 

Considering  how  sedulously  most  birds  strive  to  hide  their 
nests,  and  screen  themselves  during  incubation,  it  becomes  a 
matter  of  curious  speculation  why  these  Swallows  should  ever 
build  beneath  our  eaves,  in  the  most  conspicuous  manner,  and 
literally  fly  in  the  face  of  danger.  Kichardson  comments  on 
this  singular  and  excessive  confidence  in  man,  too  often 
betrayed,  and  which  cannot,  on  the  whole,  be  conducive  to  the 
best  interests  of  their  tribe.  He  speaks  of  a  colony  that  per- 
sisted in  nesting  just  over  a  frequented  promenade,  where  they 
had  actually  to  graze  people's  heads  in  passing  to  and  from 
their  nests,  and  were  exposed  to  the  curiosity  and  depredations 
of  the  children;  yet  they  stuck  to  their  first  choice,  even 
though  there  were  equally  eligible  and  far  safer  locations  just 
at  hand.  Sir  John  wonders  what  cause  could  have  thus  sud- 
denly called  into  action  such  confidence  in  the  human  race, 
and  queries  what  peculiarity  of  economy  leads  some  birds  to 
put  their  offspring  in  the  most  exposed  situation  they  can  find. 
We  have  all  seen  the  same  thing,  and  noted  the  pertinacity 
with  which  these  and  other  Swallows  will  cling  to  their 
caprices,  though  subjected  to  every  annoyance,  and  repeat- 
edly ejected  from  the  premises  by  destruction  of  their  nests. 
I  have  two  notable  cases  in  mind.  At  Fort  Pembiua,  Dakota, 
a  colony  insisted  on  building  beneath  the  low  portico  of  the 
soldiers'  barracks,  almost  within  arm's  reach.  Being  noisy  and 
untidy,  they  were  voted  a  nuisance,  to  be  abated,  but  it  was 
uno  use";  they  stuck,  and  so  did  their  nests.  In  the  adjoining 
British  province  of  Manitoba,  at  one  of  the  trading-posts  I 
visited,  it  was  the  same  thing  over  again;  their  nests  were 


THE   CRESCENT    SWALLOW   AT    WORK  433 

repeatedly  demolished,  on  account  of  the  racket  and  clutter 
they  made,  till  the  irate  lord  of  the  manor  found  it  cheaper  in 
the  end  to  let  the  birds  alone,  and  take  his  chances  of  the  morn- 
ing nap.  I  think  such  obstinacy  is  due  to  the  bird's  reluctance 
to  give  up  the  much-needed  shelter  which  the  eaves  provide 
against  the  weather — indeed,  this  may  have  had  something  to 
do  with  the  change  of  habit  in  the  beginning.  The  Cliff  Swal- 
low's nest  is  built  entirely  of  mud,  whick,  when  sun  baked  into 
*  adobe',  is  secure  enough  in  dry  weather,  but  liable  to  be  loos- 
ened or  washed  away  during  a  storm.  In  fact,  this  accident 
is  of  continual  occurrence,  just  as  it  is  in  the  cases  of  the  Chim- 
ney Swifts.  The  birds'  instinct — whatever  that  may  mean  ;  I 
despise  the  word  as  a  label  of  our  ignorance  and  conceit — 
say  rather,  their  reason,  teaches  them  to  come  in  out  of  the 
rain.  This  may  also  have  something  to  do  with  the  clustering 
of  nests,  commonly  observed  when  the  birds  build  on  the 
faces  of  cliffs,  for  obviously  such  a  mass  would  withstand 
the  weather  better  than  a  single  edifice. 

It  is  pleasant  to  watch  the  establishment  and  progress  of  a 
colony  of  these  birds.  Suddenly  they  appear — quite  animated 
and  enthusiastic,  but  undecided  as  yet;  an  impromptu  debat- 
ing society  on  the  fly,  with  a  good  deal  of  sawing  the  air  to 
accomplish,  before  final  resolutions  are  passed.  The  plot  thick- 
ens ;  some  Swallows  are  seen  clinging  to  the  slightest  inequal- 
ities beneath  the  eaves,  others  are  couriers  to  and  from  the 
nearest  mud-puddle ;  others  again  alight  like  feathers  by  the 
water's  side,  and  all  are  in  a  twitter  of  excitement.  Watching 
closely  these  curious  sons  and  daughters  of  Israel  at  their  inge- 
nious trade  of  making  bricks,  we  may  chance  to  see  a  circle  of 
them  gathered  around  the  margin  of  the  pool,  insecurely  bal- 
anced on  their  tiny  feet,  tilting  their  tails  and  ducking  their 
heads  to  pick  lip  little  "  gobs"  of  mud.  These  are  rolled  round 
in  their  mouths  till  tempered,  and  made  like  a  quid  into  glob- 
ular form,  with  a  curious  working  of  their  jaws;  then  off  go 
the  birds,  and  stick  the  pellet  against  the  wall,  as  carefully  as 
ever  a  sailor,  about  to  spin  a  yarn,  deposited  his  chew  on  the 
mantel-piece.  The  birds  work  indefatigably ;  they  are  busy  as 
bees,  and  a  steady  stream  flows  back  and  forth  for  several  hours 
a  day,  with  intervals  for  rest  and  refreshment,  when  the  Swal- 
lows swarm  about  promiscuously  a-flycatching.  In  an  incredi- 
bly short  time,  the  basement  of  the  nest  is  laid,  and  the  whole 
form  becomes  clearly  outlined ;  the  mud  diies  quickly,  and 
28  B  c 


434      RESULT   OF   THE    CRESCENT    SWALLOW7S   WORK 

there  is  a  standing  place.  This  is  soon  occupied  by  one  of  the 
pair,  probably  the  female,  who  now  stays  at  home  to  welcome 
her  mate  with  redoubled  cries  of  joy  and  ecstatic  quivering  of 
the  wings,  as  he  brings  fresh  pellets,  which  the  pair  in  closest 
consultation  dispose  to  their  entire  satisfaction.  In  three  or 
four  days,  perhaps,  the  deed  is  done ;  the  house  is  built,  and 
nothing  remains  but  to  furnish  it.  The  poultry-yard  is  visited, 
and  laid  under  contribution  of  feathers ;  hay,  leaves,  rags, 
paper,  string—Swallows  are  not  very  particular — may  be 
added  ;  and  then  the  female  does  the  rest  of  the  "furnishing" 
by  her  own  particular  self.  Fot  impossibly,  just  at  this  period, 
a  man  comes  with  a  pole,  and  demolishes  the  whole  affair  ;  or 
the  enfant  terrible  of  the  premises  appears,  and  removes  the 
eggs  to  enrich  his  sanded  tray  of  like  treasures ;  or  a  tom-cat 
reaches  for  his  supper.  But  more  probably  matters  are  so 
propitious  that  in  due  season  the  nest  decants  a  full  brood  of 
Swallows — and  I  wish  that  nothing  more  harmful  ever  came 
out  of  the  bottle. 

Seeing  how  these  birds  work  the  mud  in  their  mouths,  some 
have  supposed  that  the  nests  are  agglutinated,  to  some  extent 
at  least,  by  the  saliva  of  the  birds.  It  is  far  from  an  unreason- 
able idea — the  Chimney  Swift  sticks  her  bits  of  twigs  together, 
and  glues  the  frail  cup  to  the  wall  with  viscid  saliva  j  and 
some  of  the  Old  World  Swifts  build  nests  of  gummy  spittle, 
which  cakes  on  drying,  not  unlike  gelatine.  Undoubtedly 
some  saliva  is  mingled  with  the  natural  moisture  of  the  mud  j 
but  the  readiness  with  which  these  Swallows7  nests  crumble 
on  drying  shows  that  saliva  enters  slightly  into  their  composi- 
tion— practically  not  at  all — and  that  this  fluid  possesses  no 
special  viscosity.  Much  more  probably,  the  moisture  of  the 
birds'  mouths  helps  to  soften  and  temper  the  pellets,  rather 
than  to  agglutinate  the  dried  edifice  itself. 

In  various  parts  of  the  West,  especially  along  the  Missouri 
and  the  Colorado,  where  I  have  never  failed  to  find  clustering 
nests  of  the  Cliff  Swallow,  I  have  occasionally  witnessed  some 
curious  associates  of  these  birds.  In  some  of  the  navigable 
canons  of  the  Colorado,  I  have  seen  the  bulky  nests  of  the 
Great  Blue  Heron  on  flat  ledges  of  rock,  the  faces  of  which 
were  stuccoed  with  -  Swallow-nests.  How  these  frolicsome 
creatures  must  have  swarmed  around  the  sedate  and  impertur- 
bable Herodias,  when  she  folded  up  her  legs  and  closed  her 
eyes,  and  went  off  into  the  dreamland  of  incubation,  undis- 


THE  GENUS  COTYLE — COTYLE  R1PARIA     435 

turbed,  iu  a  very  Babel!  Again,  I  have  found  a  colony  of 
Swallows  in  what  would  seem  to  be  a  very  dangerous  neigh- 
borhood— all  about  the  nest  of  a  Falcon,  no  other  than  the 
valiant  and  merciless  Falco  potyagrus,  on  the  very  minarets 
and  buttresses  of  whose  awe-inspiring  castle,  on  the  scowling 
face  of  a  precipice,  a  colony  of  Swallows  was  established  in 
apparent  security.  The  big  birds  seemed  to  be  very  comforta- 
ble ogres,  with  whom  the  multitude  of  hop-o'-my-thumbs  had 
evidently  some  sort  of  understanding,  perhaps  like  that  which 
the  Purple  Grackles  may  be  supposed  to  have  with  the  Fish- 
hawks  when  they  set  up  housekeeping  in  the  cellar  of  King 
Pandion's  palace.  If  it  had  only  been  a  Fish-hawk  in  this 
case  instead  Falco  polyagrus,  we  could  understand  such  amica- 
ble relations  better — for  Cliff  Swallows  are  cousins  of  Purple 
Martins,  and,  if  half  we  hear  be  true,  Progne  was  Pandion's 
daughter. 

Genus  COTYLE  Boie 

II  ir  undo,  p.,  of  Authors. 

Cotile,  Boie.,  Isis,  1822  (type  H.  riparia). 

Cotyle,  Boie,  Isis,  1826. 

Biblis,  Less.  "1837". 

Tarsus  with  a  tuft  of  feathers  at  the  base  below,  near  inser- 
tion of  the  hind  toe.  Edge  of  wing  not  rough.  Claws  little 
curved,  the  lateral  reaching  beyond  the  base  of  the  middle  one. 
Bill  very  small,  the  nostrils  opening  laterally  and  overhung  by 
a  membrane.  Tail  much  shorter  than  wings,  emarginate. 
Coloration  dull  and  simple — iu  the  type  of  the  genus  lustreless 
brown  above  and  across  breast,  white  below.  Eggs  uncol- 
ored,  laid  in  holes  in  the  ground  excavated  by  the  bird. 

There  is  a  single  American  species  of  this  particular  group, 
not  different  from  that  of  Europe,  and  one  of  the  most  nearly 
cosmopolitan  of  Passerine  birds,  inhabiting  Europe,  Asia, 
Africa,  and  America. 

Bank  Swallow,  or  Sand  Martin 

Cotyle  riparia 

HI  run do  riparia,  of  many  pro-Linnaean  writers,  as  Gesner,  Jonst.,  Charlet.,  Willugby,  Ray, 
etc.— L,  SK  i.  10th  ed.  1758,  192,  n.  4  (exFn.  Svec.  n.  247,  etc.  ).—  Briinn,  OB.  1764, 
74,  D.  291.— L.  SN.  i.  12th  ed.  1766,  344,  n.  4.—  Bodd.  iabl.  PE.  1783,  32;  pi.  543,  f.  2.— 
Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  1019,  n.  4.—Schaeff.  Mus.  Orn.  1789,  23,  n.  75.- Lath.  IO.  i.  1790, 575, 
n.  10.— Wili.  A  O.  v.  1812, 46,  pi. 38,  f.  — .— V.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  517,  n.  2.— De  Witt  Glint. 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  1824,  159.— Bp.  Journ.  Phil.i.  Acad.  iv.  18C5, 258.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye. 
X.  Y.il.  18-26,  t>5.—  Less.  Tr.  Qrn.  1831,  2C9.— 8.  &  R.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  333.—  Nutt.  Man.  i 


436  SYNONYMY    OF    COTYLE    RIPAR1A 

1832,  607.— Temm.  Man.  i.  — ,  — ;  iii.  1835, 300.— Kaup,  Thierr.  ii.  pt.  i.  1836, 114.- And. 
OB.  iv.  1838,  584,  pL  385.— Towns.  Jonrn.  Phila.Acad.viii.  1839, 155.— Peab.  Rf  p.  Orn. 
Mass.  1839, 346.— Aud.  Syn.  1839,  36.— And.  BA.  i.  1840,  187  pi.  50.— M*cg.  Man.  Brit. 
Orn.  i.  1840,  16,—Blyth,  PZ3. 1842,93  (Europe  and  India).— Sieih.  Stubenv.  Deutsch. 
1845, 358.— Gir.  BLI.  1844, 37.— Lemb.  AT.  Cuba,  1850, 47,  pi.  7,  f.  3.— Jones,  "Nat,  Berm. 

1859,  34".— Brandt,  Anim.  Vert.  Siberie, ,  27.— Totias,  Naum.  i.  1851,  67  (Oberlau- 

site).— Lilj.  Nanm.  ii.  Heft  ii.  1852,  94  (Northern  Russia;.— P&ssl.  J.  f.  0.  1853,  258.- 
Jackal,  J.  f.  O.  1853,  367.— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853.  88.— Head,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853, 
401.— Radde,  J.  f.  0. 1854, 59  (Southern  Russia).— Vangerow.  J.  f.  0. 1854, 190.— Pratten, 
Tr.  lUinoia  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  600.— H*nry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1855,  308.— Haym.  Pr. 
Phila.  Acad.  1856,  288.— Pufn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,  306.— Matter,  J.  f.  O.  1856,  226 
(Provence).— PassL  J.  f.  0. 1856,  41  (Anhalt).— Martens,  J.  f.  0. 1859, 216  (Bermudas).— 
Finsch,  J.  f.  O.  1859,  384  (Bulgaria).— Bland,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  387  (Ber- 
muda).— Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 1859,281  (Nora  Scotia).— Powys,  Ibis,  1860,  234 
(Epirus).— Gieb.  Vog.  1860,  73,  f.  134.— Kniper,  J.  f.  O.  I860,  S84  (Greece).— Hintz  I. 
J.  f.  0. 1861, 224, 228  (migrations,  &o.).—  Zand.  Arch.  Mecklenb.  xv.  1861,  60.— Hintz  I. 
J.  f.  0.  1863,  424;  1864,  182;  1865,  933;  1866,  148;  1867,  166;  1868,  394  (Pomerauia).— 
Nordm.  J.  f.O.  1864,  368  (Scandinavia).— Sperl.  Ibis,  1864,  283  (Malta).-  Wright,  Ibis. 
1864,  57  (Malta).— Pdssl.  J.  f.  O.  1865,  32  (Anhalt).— Weiz,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  x.  1866,  267 
(Labrador).— HoUz,  J.  f.  0. 1868, 156  (Gottska-Sando).— Brown,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1869, 
207  (Madeira).— Fowler,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,116  (biography).— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi. 
1871, 114.^-Rey,  J.  f.  0. 1872, 143  (Portugal).— Harting,  Man.  Br.  B.  1872,  35. 

11  ir undo  (Cotyle)  rlparSa,  Schrmck,  Amurl.  1860, 389.— Radde,  Reisen,  1863,281. 

Cotlle  rlparla,  Boie,  Isis,  1822,  550. 

Cotyle  rlparla, Boie,  Isis,  1826,  —.—Brehm,  Handb.  Stub.  Hausvog.  1832, 278.— Pp.  CGL.  1838, 
9.— Boie,  Isis,  1844,  170.— Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1846,  111  (Cuba).— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 
342.— Burnett,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  iv.  1851, 116.— MeCatt,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1851, 215.— Cabot, 
Naum.  ii.  Heft  iii.  1852,  66.— Woodh.  Rep.  Zufii  and  Colo.  R.  1853, 65. -.Hoy,  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  1853, 308.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  iv.  1854, 325.— Jackal,  J.  f.  0. 1854,  496  (Bavaria).— 
Mutter,  J.  f.  0. 1855,  5  (Northern  Afiica).— Goes.  Illust  1855, 247.— Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois 
Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  582.—  Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1856,  5  (Cuba).— Newb.  PRRR.  vi.  1857,78.— 
Brew.  N.  A.  O6L  1857, 105,  pi.  4,  f.  49.— Adams,  PZS.  1858, 495  (India).— Bd.  BNA.  1858, 
313.— Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  36.—  Henry,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1859, 106.— Tristran,  Ibis, 
1859,  27  (Palestine) ;  434  (Northern  Africa)  —Salv.  Ibis,  1859,  302  (Eastern  Atlas).— 
Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  viii.  1860, 306  (Cuba).— Cab.  J.  f.  0. 1861, 93  (Costa  Rica).— Gundl. 
J.  f.  O.  1861,  330  (Cuba).— Bam.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  436.— Gouts  A  Prent. 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862.— Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862,  162.— Homeyer, 
J.  £  0. 1862, 254  (Balearics).— Verr.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862, 138  (Anticotti).— Verr.  Pr. 
Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862, 148.— Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862, 125.-£Jafc.  Ibis,  1862, 4 ;  1863, 
65  (Saskatchewan).— R.  Bias.  Beigabe  J.  f.  O.  It63,  46  (Braunbchweig).— Swinh.  PZS. 
1863,  287  (China).— March,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1863,  296  ( Jamaica). -Tristr.  PZS.  1864,  443 
(Palestine).— v.  Droste,  J.  f.  0. 1864, 423  (Borkum).— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inet.iv.  1864,65.— 
Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864, 1865,  437.— Dress.  Ibis,  1865, 479  (Texas).—  M ore,  Ibis,  1865, 
139  (Great  Britain).— Salvad.  J.  f.  O.  1865, 131  (Sardinia).— -Bd.  Rt  v.  AB.  1865,  319.— 
Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  v.  1866,  86.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866, 72  (Ariaona).— Lawr. 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  285.— v.  Droste,  J.  f.  O.  18C6,  390  (Borkum).— Salv.  Ibis,  1866, 
192  (Guatemala).— Drake,  Ibis,  18(57,  425  (Northern  Africa).— Tristr.  Ibis,  1867,  359 
(Palestine).— Tayl.  Ibis,  1867,  57  (Egypt).— Dcgl.-Gerbe,  OE.  i.  1867, 596.— Lawr.  Ann. 
Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1868,  96  (Costa  Rica).— Coues,  Am.  Nat  ii.  1868,  161.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess. 
Inst.  v.  1868,  276.— Coues,  Pr.  Bos*.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  111  (South  Carolina).— Turnb.  B.E. 
Pa,  1869,  20 ;  Phila.  ed.  13.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 474.— v.  Frantz,  J.  f.  0. 1869, 295 
(Costa  Rica).— Dall  &  Bann.  Tr.  Chic.  Acad.  i.  1869,  280  (Alaska).— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i. 
1870,  110.— Sharpe,  PZS.  1870,  996  (Ethiopian  region).— E.  <&  B.  Ibis,  1870,  200  (Tur- 
key).— Shelley,  Ibis,  1871,  136  (Egypt).— Gurney,  jr.  Ibis,  1871,  74  (Algeria).— Jerdon, 
Ibis,  1871,  353  ( India). -Baunders,  Ibis,  1871,  905  (Spain).-JVitocA,  J.  f.  O.  1871,  201 
(Bohemia).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1871,  21  (Fort  Macou,  N.  C.).— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ. 
ii,  1871,  269  (Florida,  in  winter) ;  iii.  1872,  176.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  114.— Tactanowki, 
J.  f.  O.  1872,  353  (Eastern  Siberia).— Aiken,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc,  xv.  1872,  198.— Mayn.  Pr. 
Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  369.— Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  2^3.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xv. 
1873, 235.— Merr.  Aim.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  Ie7:>,  1873,  706,  713.— Aht.  &  Br 


SYNONYMY   AND    CHARACTERS    OF   C.    RIPARIA       437 

Ibis,  1873,59  (Archangel).— Snow,  B.Kans.  1873,  5.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  89.— Hancock, 

R  ofNorthumb.  andDurh.  1874,  81.— Allen,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  54.—  Kirtl.  Pr. 

Cleveland  Acad.  i.  1874, 270.— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 333,  pi.  16,  f.  14.— Tarr.  <6  Hensh, 

Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874.  11.— Hensh.  ibid.  42.— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875, 157.— Hensh. 

Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1875, 220.- Gentry,  Life-Hist.  1876, 194.— Minot,  BNE.  1877, 

148.— Brew.  Pr.  Boat,  Soc.  xvii.  1875, 44Q.—Lawr.  Bull.  Nat  Mas.  n.  4, 1876, 17  (Tehuan 

tepoc).— Ridgw.  Rep.  Surv.  40th  Par.  iv.  1877,  445. 
Cotyle  littoralis,  Ehrerib.  "Mus.Berol." 
Hirundo  riparia  ainericana,  Maxim.  J.  f.  0. 1858, 101. 
Hirundo  ciuerea,  VieilL  ' 'Nouv.  Diet,  d' Hist.  Nat.  xiv.  1817,526". 
Cotyle  flu vlat ills,  Cotylo  microrhynchos.  Brehm,  "Yog.  Deutschl.i.142,143". 
11  i  rondel  le  de  rlvage,  Buff.  "  vi.  632 ;  PE.  543,  f.  2  ".-5ms.  Orn.  ii.  1760, 506,  n.  12  (q.  v.  for  a 

long  array  of  early  synonyms).— Le  Maine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 145. 
Hirundo  riparia ;  sive  Drepanis,  Briss.  1.  c.    (Apt-Travis,  Greek.) 
Shore-bird,  Willugby,  "Orn. 213,  pi.  39". 
Sand  Swallow,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 430,  n.  332. 
Sand  Martin,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783, 568,  n.  10. 
Cotyle  riverain,  Degl  -Oerbe,  1.  c. 
Iferschwalbe,  German. 
Bank  Swallow,  of  many  English  and  American  authors.— (Not  of  Coues,  Am.  Nat.  x.  1876, 

372,  and  Bull.  Nutt.  Club,  i.  1876,  96,  the  actual  reference  being  to  Stelgidopteryx 

serripennis.) 

HAS. — Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  America.  In  this  country,  the  whole  ot 
North  and  Middle  America,  including  West  Indies.  South  America  to  Brazil 
(Pelzeln).  Breeds  indifferently  in  its  North  American  range.  Winters  from 
the  southern  border  of  the  United  States  southward. 

OH.  SP. —  $  9  Murina,  alis  cauddque  obscurioribus  ;  infra  alba, 
torque  pectorali  murino. 

$  $  :  Lustreless  mouse-brown,  the  wings  and  tail  fuscous.  Below 
white,  with  a  broad  pectoral  band  of  the  color  of  the  back.  A  dusky  ante- 
orbital  spot.  Length  about  5  inches  ;  extent,  10£ ;  wing,  4  ;  tail,  2. 

The  sexes  are  quite  similar,  and  the  young  differ  chiefly  in  whitish  edg- 
ings of  the  feathers,  especially  of  the  wings  and  tail.  Even  in  the  adult,  the 
upper  parts  are  apt  to  be  not  quite  uniform,  there  being  paler  gray  edgings 
of  most  of  the  feathers.  The  dark  pectoral  band  sometimes  extends  back- 
ward along  the  middle  of  the  under  parts.  Autumnal  specimens  have  the 
secondaries  white-tipped.  Very  young  birds  have  rather  rusty  than  whit- 
ish skirting  of  the  dark  feathers,  and  the  white  throat  speckled  with  the 


OF  this  cosmopolite,  little  remains  to  be  said  by  any  one  at 
the  present  day.  One  of  our  best  writers  wittily  com- 
plains that  the  poets  have  stolen  our  best  thoughts;  and  I 
might  lament,  that  some  of  my  best  bird-biographies  have  been 
plagiarized  in  the  most  shocking  manner  by  ornithologists  who 
died  before  I  was  born.  But  I  forgive  them  ;  they  contribute 
to  my  Bibliography  of  the  luminous  and  voluminous  literature 
of  the  science,  in  one  or  another  corner  of  which  the  anxious 
reader  will  find  all  that  is  known  about  Bank  Swallows.  I 
have  learned  much  about  the  bird  from  such  sources, — more 
perhaps  from  the  much  broader  pages  of  another  book, — yet 


438  THE    GENUS    STELGIDOPTERYX 

find  myself  unable  to  contribute  anything  of  note  to  the  com- 
mon fund.  Even  regarding  the  specialties  of  the  subject,  as 
far  as  the  Colorado  Basin  is  concerned,  the  appearance  of  the 
bird's  name  in  thick  type,  in  the  centre  of  the  line,  is  sufficient. 

Genus  STELGIDOPTERYX  Baird 

Ilirundo,  Cotyle,  p.  of  Authors. 

Stelgidopteryx,  Bd.  BNA.  1858, 312 ;  Rev.  AB.  1865, 312.    (Type  H.  serripennis  And.) 

This  genus  has  the  general  aspect  of  Cotyle,  the  form  and 
coloration  being  much  the  same;  but  it  differs  in  several  im- 
portant particulars.  The  essential  character  is  the  roughness 
of  the  edge  of  the  wing,  the  outer  web  of  the  first  primary 
being  converted  into  a  series  of  stiff,  recurved  hooks.  Other 
Swallows,  as  Psalidoprocne  Cab.,  have  the  peculiar  wing  struc- 
ture, but  are  otherwise  different.  The  design  of  the  structure 
is  not  clear,  but  we  may  readily  suppose  that  the  hooks  assist 
the  birds  in  crawling  into  their  holes,  and  in  clinging  to 
vertical  or  hanging  surfaces.  The  tarsus  is  slightly  covered 
with  feathers  above,  but  lacks  the  curious  tuft  seen  at  the  base 
of  the  hind  toe  in  Cotyle.  The  lateral  claws  are  curved,  and 
do  not  reach  beyond  the  base  of  the  middle.  The  basal  joint 
of  the  middle  toe  is  extensively  adherent  to  the  outer,  much 
less  so  to  the  inner.  The  small  bill  shows  oval  superior  nos- 
trils margined  by  membrane  behind,  but  not  at  all  overhung. 
The  tail  is  short  and  slightly  emarginate.  The  coloration  is 
dull  and  simple,  much  as  in  Cotyle,  but  there  is  a  tendency  to 
fulvous  not  seen  in  the  latter.  The  eggs  are  uncolored,  and 
laid  in  holes  dug  in  the  ground  by  the  birds,  or  elsewhere. 

The  species  are  few,  and  confined  to  America,  chiefly  in  its 
warmer  parts.  Only  one  inhabits  the  United  States. 

The  Rough-wanged  Swallow 

Stelgidopteryx  serriponnis 

Hirundo  serripennis,  And.  OB.  iv.  1838,  593,  pi.— .— And.  Syn.  1839, 37.— And.  BA.  i.  1840, 
193,  pi.  51.— Tan  Fleet,  Bull.  Nutt.  Club,  i.  187fi,  9  (special  paper  on  habits). 

Cotyle  serripennis,  Boie,  Isis,  1844, 170.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 342.— Cass,  Illust.  B.  Cal.  &  Tex. 
1855, 247.—;  /  Scl  PZS.  1856, 285  (Cordova).— Newb.  PRRR.  vi.  1857, 79.— Brew.  N.  Am. 
061.  1857,  106,  pi.  4,  f.  50.— Ed.  BNA.  1858,  313.— Kenn.  PRRR.  x.  1859, 24.— Heerm. 
PRRR.  x.  1859,  36.— ?  S.  <&  8.  Ibis,  1859,  13  (Guatemala).— ?  Owen,  Ibis,  1861,  61 
(Guatemala,  breeding).— Coop.  <&  Suckl.  NHWT.  1860,  186.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for 
1860, 1861,  436  (PennBylvania).-.Lcrd,  Pr.  Roy.  Arty.  Inst.  iv.  1864, 116  (British  Colum- 
bia).— Cowes,  Ibis,  1865,  163  (Arizona).— Dress.  Ibis,  1865,  479  (Texas).— Brown,  Ibis, 
1868, 421  (Vancouver).— Butch.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1868, 149  (Texas).  -Eaym.  Cox's  Geol. 
Surv.  Indiana,  1869, 218  (Indiana).— Hoy,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1869, 400  (nesting).— Turrib. 
B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  20;  Phila.  ed.  13.— Coop.  Pr.  Cal.  Acad.  1870,  75.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870, 
no.— Parker,  Am.  Nat.  v.  1871,  168.— Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  223.— Kirtl  Pr 
Cleveland  Acad.  i.  1874, 272  (Ohio).— Allen,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1874, 54  (Dakota). 

Cotyle  serrepennis,  Gregg,  Pr.  Elmira  Acad.  1870. 


SYNONYMY  AND  CHARACTERS  OF  S.  SERRIPENNIS      430 

Stelgidopteryx  serripennis,  Bd.  Kev.  AB.  1865, 314  (type  of  the  genus).— Coues,  Tr.  Phila. 
Acad.  1866,  72  (Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.).— Coues,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  111  (Sooth  Caro- 
lina).— Coues,  Key,  1872,  114.— Merr.  Ann.  Rep.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Snrv.  Terr,  for  1872, 1873, 
113.— Ridgw.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873, 181  (Colorado).—  Ridgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  1874, 
370  (Illinois).— M err.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  8,  87.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  90.— .B.  B.&R. 
NAB.  i.  1874, 350,  pi.  16,  f.  12.— Tarr.  <&  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874, 11.— Hensh.  ibid. 
42,  60,  77,  105.— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  157.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  ICO  Merid. 
1875, 219.— Brewst.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  xi.  1875, 139  (Virginia,  habits).— Gentry,  Life-Hist. 
1876,  196.— Purdie,  Ball.  Nutt  Club,  ii.  1877,  21  (Connecticut).— Merr.  Trans.  Conn. 
Acad.  iv.  1877,  31.— Langdon,  List  B.  Cincinnati,  1877,  7  (abundant;  nesting  in  holes 
in  banks  like  O.  riparia).— Ridgw.  Rep.  Surv.  40th  Par.  iv.  1877, 44& 

Stelgidopterix  serripennis,  Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for  1874, 1875, 565. 

A  closey  related,  if  really  different,  species  is  Cotyle  fulvipennis,  Scl.  PZS. 
1859,  364  (Xalapa) ;  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865,  316 ;  Salv.  PZS.  1870,  184  (Veragua). 

HAB. — United  States,  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific,  and  probably  adjoining 
British  Provinces.  British  Columbia  (Lord).  Rare  or  wanting  in  North- 
eastern States  (Connecticut,  Merriam).  South  to  Guatemala. 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Murinus,  alls  cauddque  obscurioribus  ;  infra 
dilutior,  postice  albicam. 

$  9  :  Lustreless  mouse-brown  or  brownish-gray,  paler  below,  gradually 
whitening  posteriorly.  Wings  and  tail  darker  than  the  upper  parts. 
Rather  larger  than  the  last  species.  No  dark  pectoral  band  contrasting 
with  white.  No  tuft  of  feathers  at  the  base  of  the  hind  toe.  Outer  web  of 
outer  primary  stiffened  and  converted  into  a  series  of  little  hooks. 

Young :  At  a  very  early  age,  the  feathers  of  the  back,  rump,  and  wings  are 
suffused  or  edged  with  rich  rusty-brown,  while  the  under  parts  are  more  or 
less  tinged  with  a  paler  shade  of  the  same.  The  booklets  of  the  wings  are 
only  fully  developed  in  adult  birds,  and  are  not  appreciable  at  all  in  young 


OE  the  Kough- winged  Swallow,  type  of  a  notable  genus  and 
an  interesting  species  in  many  respects,  no  adequate 
biography,  reflecting  all  the  information  we  have  gradually 
acquired,  has  yet  appeared  5  though  various  original  contribu-. 
tions  to  such  history,  as  those  furnished  by  Audubon,  Brewer, 
Van  Fleet,  and  others,  have  supplied  the  requisite  material. 
Our  Bough-wing  was  not  the  first- discovered  representative  of 
this  curious  group,  superficially  so  similar  to  Cotyle,  yet  quite 
distinct;  for,  many  years  before  Audubon's  discovery  of  serri- 
pennis, Vieillot  named  a  Hirundo  rujicollis,  or  H.  flavigastra, 
an  inhabitant  of  South  America,  subsequently  determined  to 
be  a  Stelgidopteryx.  In  later  times,  several  additional  species 
have  been  described ;  the  Cotyle  fulvipennis  of  Sclater,  1859, 
the  C.  uropygialis  of  Lawrence,  1803,  and  the  S.  fulvigula  of 
Biiird,  1865,  all  of  which  inhabit  Middle  America,  and  some  of 
which  are  probably  not  very  distinct  species. 


440       DISTRIBUTION    OF    ROUGH-WINGED    SWALLOW 

Audubon  discovered  his  species  near  Bayou  Sara,  in  Louisi- 
ana, October  20,  1819,  but  at  that  time  did  not  perhaps 
recognize  it  as  distinct  from  the  Sand  Martin  ;  for  he  did  not 
describe  it  for  many  years  afterward,  and  then  did  so  from  a 
pair  procured  in  South  Carolina.  He  noted  that  the  bird  was 
like  the  Bank  Swallow,  u  but  readily  distinguishable  by  draw- 
ing the  finger  along  the  edge  of  the  wing,  when  the  stiff  pro- 
jecting tips  of  the  filaments  are  felt  like  the  edge  of  a  fine  saw." 
He  knew  nothing  of  the  bird's  habits,  and  surmised  that  its 
most  habitual  residence  might  prove  to  be  far  westward,  per- 
haps the  Valley  of  the  Columbia  River,  which  was  a  famous 
ultima  Thule  in  ornithology  of  the  Audubonian  period.  Its 
distribution  is  now  known  to  include  the  entire  breadth  of  the 
United  States,  excepting  some  portions  of  New  England, 
whence  we  have  no  record  as  yet.  But  the  bird  certainly 
enters  New  England.  This  fact  was  first  announced,  so  far  as  I 
know,  by  Mr.  H.  A.  Purdie,  who  states  that  an -individual  was 
shot  at  Suffield,  Conn.,  bj  Mr.  Shores,  June  6,  1874;  and  Mr. 
Merriam  states  that  Mr.  E.  P.  Bicknell  found  the  bird  in  numbers 
at  Eiverdale,  New  York,  within  a  few  miles  of  the  Connecticut 
line.  I  had  written  in  1868  that  it  was  singular  there  should 
be  no  New  England  instances  on  record,  "  as  the  species  cer- 
tainly ought  to  be  found  there";  and  some  of  the  New  England 
ornithologists  may  learn  in  the  course  of  time  that  every  bird 
known  in  a  certain  portion  of  the  Middle  States  will  also  be 
found  in  the  Connecticut  Valley.  Determining  thus  the  north- 
easternmost  point  at  which  the  Rough-winged  Swallow  has 
been  found,  we  may  turn  in  another  direction  along  its  sup- 
posed northern  boundary.  Its  name  appears  in  Gregg's 
Elmira  list,  but  not  in  Mcllwraith's  Canada  West,  nor  in 
Trippe's  Minnesota.  I  never  saw  the  bird  in  Dakota  or  Mon- 
tana; but  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Mr.  J.  K.  Lord  seems 
to  have  met  with  it  along  the  same  parallel  of  49° ;  and  we 
also  have  Brown's  Vancouver  record.  This  exhibits  a  northern 
limit  coincident  with  that  of  Tachycineta  thalassina,  and  we 
may  suppose  that  the  northern  border  of  the  United  States  is 
nearly  the  terminus  of  the  species,  excepting  in  New  England, 
where  the  bird  is  not  known  to  go  so  far. 

In  the  other  direction,  the  Rough-winged  Swallow  has  been 
traced  through  Mexico  to  Guatemala,  though  some  of  the 
extraliinital  quotations  of  "  serripennis  "  may  actually  refer  to 
other  species.  In  the  Middle,  Southern,  and  Western  States, 


NESTING   OF   THE    ROUGH-WINGED    SWALLOW       441 

the  dispersion  of  the  species  is  general,  calling  for  no  com- 
ment ;  but  the  various  records  from  the  West  may  be  profit- 
ably analyzed.  Dr.  A.  L.  Heermann  early  found  the  bird  in 
California,  as  recorded  by  himself  and  by  Cassin  in  1855,  as 
well  as  at  other  places  in  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 
Audubon's  original  surmise  respecting  its  extension  to  the 
Columbia  was  verified  by  Dr.  Newberry,  and  also  by  Drs. 
Cooper  and  Suckley,  who  found  the  bird  common  in  Oregon 
and  Washington  Territories,  especially  coastwise,  about  the 
cliffs  of  the  bays  and  inlets.  Dr.  Cooper  noted  its  arrival  near 
the  Columbia  in  May,  and  its  departure  in  August.  In  his 
later  work  on  Californian  Birds,  the  latter  records  his  first 
observation  of  the  bird  at  Fort  Mojave,  on  the  27th  of  Feb- 
ruary, but  adds  that  he  has  seen  them  at  San  Diego  on  the 
9th  of  November  and  27th  of  January,  "  so  that,  if  they  do  not 
winter  within  the  State,  they  do  not  go  far  beyond  it."  Dr. 
Kennedy  found  it  along  the  Colorado  in  February.  Mr.  H.  E. 
Dresser  noted  its  arrival  at  Eagle  Pass  from  the  south  the 
21st  of  February,  and  observed  its  breeding  at  San  Antonio 
late  in  April.  In  higher  portions  of  Arizona,  I  found  it  to  be 
a  common  summer  resident,  arriving  at  Fort  Whipple  late  in 
April,  and  remaining  through  the  greater  part  of  September. 
Heushaw  saw  it  in  numbers  in  Southern  Colorado  during  May, 
and  also  about  the  pueblo  of  Zuni  in  New  Mexico ;  it  was  still 
more  abundant  at  Provo,  Utah,  and  other  points  in  the  same 
general  area,  where  also  Mr.  Ridgway  attests  its  presence  in 
great  numbers.  In  some  places,  says  the  last-named,  it  was 
the  most  numerous  representative  of  the  family  next  after  the 
Cliff  and  White-bellied  Swallows.  Other  records  might  be 
cited,  but  I  have  given  enough  to  show  that  the  Rough-winged 
Swallow  is  generally  distributed  over  the  United  States,  ex- 
cepting most  of  New  England,  but  not  much  further  north- 
ward ;  agreeing  in  this  respect  with  the  Yiolet-green,  and 
being,  next  after  this  species,  more  restricted  in  its  habitat 
than  any  other  Swallow  of  North  America. 

Its  breeding  habits  have  been  specially  studied  by  Dr. 
Brewer  and  one  or  two  other  persons,  who  have  left  us  the 
record  of  their  observations.  The  nidification  is  substantially 
like  that  of  the  Bank  Swallow,  but  there  are  various  discrep- 
ancies, as  Mr.  Van  Fleet  has  shown,  even  when  the  bird  breeds 
in  holes  in  the  ground,  to  say  nothing  of  the  wide  departure  it 
makes  in  nesting  about  human  habitations.  In  1843  and  1844, 
Professor  Baird  and  Dr.  Brewer  made  some  observations,  which 


442        NESTING    OF   THE   ROUGH-WINGED   SWALLOW 

remain  among  the  best  we  possess.  The  following  account  is 
rendered  by  Dr.  Brewer  in  his  last  work : — 

"  This  species  was  first  found  breeding  in  Carlisle,  Penn., 
by  Professor  Baird,  in  the  summer  of  1843.  The  following 
year  I  visited  the  locality  early  in  June,  and  had  an  oppor- 
tunity to  study  its  habits  during  the  breeding  season.  We 
found  the  bird  rather  common,  and  examined  a  number  of 
their  nests.  None  that  we  met  with  were  in  places  excavated 
by  the  birds,  although  previously  several  had  been  found  that 
had  apparently  been  excavated  in  banks  in  the  same  manner 
with  the  Bank  Swallow.  All  the  nests  (seven  in  number)  that 
we  then  met  with  were  in  situations  accidentally  adapted  to 
their  need,  and  all  were  directly  over  running  water.  Some 
were  constructed  in  crevices  between  the  stones  in  the  walls 
and  arches  of  bridges.  In  several  instances  the  nests  were  but 
little  above  the  surface  of  the  stream.  In  one,  the  first  laying 
had  been  flooded,  and  the  eggs  chilled.  The  birds  had  con- 
structed another  nest  above  the  first  one,  in  which  were  six 
fresh  eggs,  as  many  as  in  the  other.  One  nest  had  been  built 
between  the  stones  of  the  wall  that  formed  one  of  the  sides  of 
the  flume  of  a  mill.  Two  feet  above  it  was  a  frequented  foot- 
path, and,  at  the  same  distance  below,  the  water  of  the  mill- 
stream.  Another  nest  was  between  the  boards  of  a  small 
building  in  which  revolved  a  water-wheel.  The  entrance  to  it 
was  through  a  knot-hole  in  the  outer  partition,  and  the  nest 
rested  on  a  small  rafter  between  the  outer  and  the  inner  board- 
ings. The  nests  were  similar  in  their  construction  to  those  of 
the  Bank  Swallow,  composed  of  dry  grasses,  straw?,  and 
leaves,  and  lined  with  a  few  feathers ;  but  a  much  greater 
amount  of  material  was  made  use  of,  owing,  perhaps,  to  the 
exposed  positions  in  which  they  were  built." 

In  this  picture  of  the  bird  at  home  we  see  it  already  modi- 
fied in  habits  by  contact  with  civilization,  and  require  another 
portraiture,  which  fortunately  Mr.  Walter  Van  Fleet  has  fur- 
nished. In  an  interesting  article  entitled  "  Notes  on  the 
Hough-winged  Swallow  (Hirundo  serripennis),  in  Pennsyl- 
vania", published  in  the  periodical  above  cited,  he  gives  the 
results  of  two  years'  careful  observation  of  the  economy  of  the 
bird,  especially  in  comparison  with  Cotyle.  I  condense  most  of 
his  article  in  the  following  paragraph  : — 

The  Eough-wing,  unlike  the  Bank  Swallow,  is  not  gregari- 
ous while  nesting,  the  pairing  being  their  only  association. 
The  nests  are  not  crowded  together,  but  scattered  at  irregular 


NESTING   OF   THE    ROUGH-WINGED    SWALLOW        443 

intervals  along  the  banks  of  streams,  wherever  favorable  sites 
occur.  The  birds  seldom  excavate  holes  for  themselves,  pre- 
ferring to  take  some  suitable  cavity  and  refit  it  to  their  taste ; 
thus,  they  are  often  found  in  deserted  Kingfishers'  holes,  where 
the  nest  is  placed  a  foot  or  so  from  the  entrance.  They  will 
also,  on  finding  a  decayed  root  of  sufficient  size  leading  in  from 
their  favorite  sand  banks,  remove  the  soft  puuky  wood,  follow- 
ing the  winding  of  the  root  to  a  depth  of  about  two  feet,  where 
they  place  the  nest  in  an  enlarged  cavity.  Besides  this,  they 
like  to  build  in  holes  in  masonry,  near  water.  In  the  few 
observed  instances  of  their  digging  a  hole  for  themselves,  they 
worked  in  rather  a  slovenly  way,  making  holes  larger  than 
appeared  necessary,  and  invariably  circular  at  the  entrance — 
the  Bank  Swallows'  holes,  on  the  contrary,  being  quite  sym- 
metrically elliptical,  with  the  longer  axis  horizontal,  and  no 
larger  than  required  for  the  free  passage  of  the  birds — too  small 
to  admit  the  hand,  while  the  Rough-wings'  nests  may  usually 
be  reached  without  difficulty,  except  when  built  in  masonry,  in 
which  latter  case  the  birds  may  pass  through  a  crevice  barely 
wide  enough  to  admit  them,  providing  the  cavity  within  be 
suitable  for  a  nest.  The  nests  of  serripennis  are  more  carelessly 
constructed,  as  a  rule,  than  those  of  riparia  are ;  the  birds  do 
not  seem  to  search  at  any  distance  for  particular  materials, 
being  satisfied  with  anything  that  may  be  at  hand.  One  nest 
built  in  a  Kingfisher's  hole  in  a  sand  bank  about  fifteen  rods 
from  a  poultry -yard,  was  composed  entirely  of  the  feathers  of 
domestic  fowl.  In  another  instance,  three  fresh  eggs  were 
found  on  the  bare  sand,  in  a  mere  pocket  barely  six  inches 
deep,  indicating  that  the  mother  bird  was  so  pressed  to  lay 
that  she  had  no  time  to  complete  her  nest.  Not  infrequently 
fresh  eggs  are  found  in  the  same  nest  with  others  far  advanced 
in  incubation,  and  occasionally  fresh  eggs,  others  newly 
hatched,  and  young  birds  may  be  found  together. 

Other  writers  witness  a  still  wider  range  of  variation  in  the 
nidification  of  the  Bough-wings.  Cooper  speaks  of  their  nest- 
ing in  California  in  burrows  in  sandy  banks,  two  or  three  feet 
deep,  closely  crowded  together,  and  near  the  upper  edge  of 
the  embankment;  as  well  as  of  their  resorting  sometimes  to 
natural  clefts  in  banks,  in  adobe  buildings,  and  even  in  knot- 
holes. Their  breeding  in  the  last-named  places  is  probably 
exceptional,  but  it  is  known  that  even  the  Bank  Swallow,  the 
most  inveterate  and  conservative  of  the  family,  will  sometimes 
take  to  a  tree,  and  Ileusbaw  furnishes  probable  confirmation 


444  THE   GENUS   PROGNE 

of  Cooper's  statement.  He  noticed  Bough- wings  several  times 
in  suspicious  proximity  to  some  dead  stubs ;  and  though  he 
never  saw  one  entering  the  cavities,  he  thought  it  probable 
that  the  birds  sometimes  availed  themselves  of  such  retreats 
in  the  absence  of  banks  suitable  for  excavation. 

The  general  presence  and  behavior  of  our  Swallows  is  so 
little  varied,  as  well  as  so  familiar,  that  nothing  need  be  said 
on  this  score ;  the  Eough-wing  resembles  the  Bank  Swallow 
in  these  respects  as  closely  as  it  does  in  coloration  and  phy- 
sique. The  eggs,  as  in  all  our  species  excepting  the  Barn  and 
the  Cliff,  are  immaculate  white,  and  about  as  large  as  the  Bank 
Swallow's,  measuring  about  0.75  in  length  by  a  trifle  over  0.50 
in  breadth ;  they  are  said  to  be  rather  more  uniformly  oblong 
and  pointed  than  those  of  the  species  just  named,  and  com- 
monly five  or  six  in  number. 

I  may  conclude  by  referring  to  a  note  which  I  published 
not  long  since,  on  a  supposed  change  of  habit  of  the  Bank 
Swallow,  but  which  proves  to  have  really  been  based  on  the 
present  species  instead.  As  recorded  in  Am.  Nat.  x.  June, 
1876,  372,  under  head  of  "  Notable  Change  of  Habit  of  the 
Bank  Swallow",  I  was  informed  by  Dr.  Eufus  Haymond  that  a 
Bank  Swallow  had  nested  in  a  building  in  Brookville,  Indiana. 
Mr.  Kidgway  fairly  questioned,  in  the  August  number  of  the 
same  periodical,  p.  493,  whether  the  species  was  not  the  Rough- 
winged,  which  breeds  exactly  as  Dr.  Haymond  described,  and 
as  the  two  species  are  so  similar  as  to  be  confounded  some- 
times, even  by  good  observers.  Dr.  Haymond  shortly  sent  me 
a  second  communication  to  the  same  effect,  which  I  published 
in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Nuttall  Club,  vol.  i.  n.  4,  Nov.  1876,  p.  96. 
In  this  other  instance,  ua  weather-board  had  become  de- 
tached from  the  building,  leaving  a  small  opening,  in  which  I 
watched  for  two  days  a  Bank  Swallow  building  a  nest."  Since 
then,  however,  he  informed  me  by  letter,  in  answer  to  my 
further  enquiries,  that  Mr.  Bidgway  was  right  in  supposing 
that  the  birds  were  really  Eough- wings,  and  not  Bank  Swallows. 

Genus  PROGNE  Boie 

Hirundo,  p.  of  Authors. 
Progne,  Boie,  Isis,  1826. 
Pl-OCne,  Des  Murs,  "  1852  ". 

Of  large  size  and  robust  form  for  this  family.  Bill  long  and 
stout,  with  much-curved  commissure  and  deflected  tip;  culmen 
convex,  its  tomial  edge  concavo  convex,  like  <s.  Nostrils  cir- 


PROGNE    SUBIS,    THE    PURPLE   MARTIN  445 

cular,  opening  upward,  without  nasal  scale.  Feet  large,  with 
strong,  much  curved  claws ;  tarsus  shorter  than  middle  toe  and 
claw  j  lateral  toes  about  equalling  each  other  in  length  ;  basal 
joint  of  middle  toe  freer  from  lateral  toes  than  usual.  Tail 
forked. 

The  size  of  these  birds,  and  their  stout,  hooked  bills,  with 
circular  superior  nostrils,  distinguish  the  genus  from  any  other 
of  the  family.  The  eggs  of  our  species  are  white,  unmarked. 
There  are  two  groups  to  be  recognized  in  Progne.  Of  one  of 
these,  Progne  proper,  the  species  are  glossy  blue-black,  with  or 
without  snowy-white  on  some  parts  ;  they  have  the  tail  deeply 
forked,  the  tarsi  nearly  naked,  and  the  bill  at  a  maximum  of 
size  and  curvature.  Other  species,  forming  the  subgenus  or 
genus  Tapera  of  Bonaparte  (1857;  =  Phceoprogne  Baird,  1865), 
are  plain  mouse-brown  above,  with  merely  emarginate  tail, 
weaker  and  more  depressed  bill,  and  the  tarsus  feathered  along 
the  inner  side  for  two-thirds  its  length. 

The  whole  group  is  confined  to  America,  and  the  species  of 
Tapera  are  exclusively  South  American.  The  " Purple"  Martins 
range  over  both  divisions  of  the  hemisphere,  and  one  of  them 
is  very  common  in  the  United  States.  In  this  species,  and  its 
immediate  allies,  the  adult  male  is  uniform  glossy  blue-black, 
with  various  reflections.  In  others,  of  the  dominicensis  style, 
the  belly  and  crissum  are  snow-white.  The  species  to  be 
recognized  become  uncertain  if  we  attempt  to  push  our  dis- 
criminations to  the  lengths  that  some  authors  have  done. 

The  Purple  Hart  in 

Progne  subis* 

Hirundo  SUbiS,  L.  SN.  i.  lOthed.  1758, 192,  n.  6  (from  Edw.  120).— L.  SS.  i.  12th  ed.  1766,  344, 
n.  t.—Bodd.  Tabl.  PE.  1783,  45,  pi.  732.— Om.  SN.  i.  1788,  1021,  n.  7  (H.  freti-hudsonis 
Briss. ;  Hirondelle  de  la  Baie  $  Hudson  Buff.).— Turt.  SX.  i.  1806, 629. 

Progne  subis,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 274.— Ooues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  72  (Arizona).— Coues, 
Pr.  Bost  Soo.  xii.  1868,  111  (South  Carolina).— Cones,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst,  v.  1868, 276.— Turnb. 

*  The  Cuban  bird,  also  attributed  to  Florida,  and  probably  identical  with 
the  ordinary  North  American  species,  is : — 

Progne  purpurea,  Z>'Or».  Ois.  Cuba,  1839, 94.— Oundl.  J.  f.  0. 1856, 3.—Thienem.  J.  f.  0. 1857, 
149  (egg).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  viL  1860,  306.— Oundl.  J.  f.  0. 1861, 328. 

Progne ,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  923  (Florida). 

Progne  cryptoleuca,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 277.— Qundl.  J.  f.  0. 1872, 431. 

Progne  subis  var.  cryptoleuca,  B.  B.  <&R.  NAB.  i.  1874,332  (Cuba,  Florida?,  and  Baha- 
mas?). 

Hirondelle  bleue,  D'Orb.  i.e. 

Cuban  Martin,  B.  B.  &  B.  1.  o. 

Other  references  to  the  same  or  a  very  closely  allied  bird  of  South  Amer- 


446          SYNONYMY  OF  PROGNE  SUBIS 

B.  E.  Pa.  I860,  20;  Phila.  ed.  IZ.—Sumich.  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869,  547  (Orizaba).— 
Mayn.  Pr.  Boat,  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  370.— Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 223.— AUen,  Am. 
NL!  vi.  1872,  Wt.—Ridgw.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873,  181  (Colorado).— Allen,  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  xvii.  1874,  54  (Yellowstone  River).— Ridgw.  Am.  Nat  viii.  1874,  199, 200.— B.  B. 
4  It.  NAB.i. 1874,330,  pi.  16,  figs.  7, 10.— Yarr.  &  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  12.— 
Hensh.  ibid.  1874,  42, 104.— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875, 156.- Hensh.  Zoo}.  Expl.  TV.  100 
Merid.  1875, 213.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440.  —  Ridgw.  Rep.  Surv.  40th  Par.  iv. 
1877,  439. 

Progue  subis,  Stev.  Ann.  Rep.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  for  1870, 1871, 463. 

Hirundo  purpurea,  L.  SN.  i.  1766,  344,  n.  5  (from  Gates,  i.  51 ;  Kalm,  iii.  88 ;  Briss.  ii.  515).— 
Om.  SN.  i.  1788, 1020,  n.  5.— Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  578.— Bart.  Trav.  1791, 292.-Twr«.  SN.  i. 
1800,  629.—  Wils.  "AO.  v.  18—,  58,  pi.  39,  f.  2, 3  ".— Steph.  Gen.  ZooL  x.  1817, 108.— De 
Witt  Clint.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  1824,  15).— And.  Ann.  Lye.  i.  1824,  167.—  Bp.  Journ. 
Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1825, 255.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826, 64.— Sw.  <&  Rich.  FBA.  ii.  1831, 
335.— And.  OB.  i.  1831, 115,  pi.  23.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  598.— Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad. 
viii.  1839, 155.— Aud.  Syn.  1839,  37.—  And.  BA.  i.  1840, 170,  pL  45.—Macg.  Man.  Brit,  Orn. 
i  1840, 245 \-Qiraud,  BLI.  1844,  34.— Jones,  "Nat.  in  Berin.  34 ".— Thomps.  Vermont, 
1853, 97.— Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853, 401.— Wailes,  Rep  Mississippi,  Id74,  318.— Henry, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1855,  308  (New  Mexico).— Pratten,  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  1855,  600.— 
Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1856,  288.—  Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856, 205.— Maxim.  J.  f.  O. 
1858, 100.— Bland,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 1859, 287  (Bermuda).—  Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for 
1858, 1859, 381  (Nova  Scotia).—  Martens,  J.  f.  0. 1859,  216  (Bermudas).— Gosse,  Alabama, 
1859, 195.— Oieb.  V«g.  I860,  74,  pi.  IM.—Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871,  Il4.-Hart.  Man. 
Brit.  Birds,  1872, 125  (in  two  instances). 

Progne  purpurea,  Boie,  "  Isis,  1826, 971  ".—Bp.  CGL.  1838, 8.— Boie,  Isis,  1844, 178.— Bp.  CA. 
i.  1850,  337.— Burnett,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  iv.  1851,  J 16.— Boy,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1853, 307.— 
Brew.  Pr.  Bost,  Soc.  iv.  1854, 325.— jKermic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 581.—  Woodh. 
Sitgr.  Rep.  1853,  65.— Bp.  Compt.  Rend,  xxxviii.  1854,  650  (California).— Oass.  Illust. 
1855,  243.—  Nfwb.  PRRR.  vi.  1857,  79.— Brew.  N.  Am.  O61.  1857,  103,  pi.  4,  f.  47.—  Bd. 
BNA.  1858,  314.— Bd.  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1859,  303  (California) .—Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 

1859,  191  (California).— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859,  106  (New  Mexico).— Heerm. 
PRRR.  x.  1859,  35.— Coop.  &  Suckl.  NHWT.  1860,  186.  —  Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for 

1860,  1861,  364.— Born.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860, 1861,  436.— Coues  <&  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep. 
for  1861, 1862, 409.— Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862, 162.- Terr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii. 
1862,  14S.—Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  125.— Blakist.  Ibis,  1862,4;  1 863, 65  (Sas- 
katchewan).—Atten,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864,  66  —  Coues,  Ibis,  1865,  103  (Arizona).— 
Dress.  Ibis,  1865,  479  (Texas).— Hoy.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  437.— Lawr.  Ann. 
Lye.  N.  Y.viii.  1866,  285.— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  lust.  v.  1866,  87  (Canada  West).— Degl- 
Qerbe,  OE.  i.  1867,  594  (Europe).— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  113.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
1871,  21.— Bruhin,  Zool.  Gart.  1871,  14  (Wisconsin).— Coues,  Key,  1872,  114.— Trippe, 
Pr.  Bost  Soo.  xv.  1873, 235.— Kirtl.  Pr.  Cleveland  Acad.  1874, 273.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii. 
1874, 17.— Coues,  BNW.  1874, 91.— Gentry,  Life-Hist  1876,  I9d.-Minot,  BNE.  1877, 150. 

ica  will  be  found  in  my  BNW.  p.  91,  and  in  Baird,  Brewer  and  Ridgway's 
Hist.  NAB.  i.  p.  328. 

The  Progne  dominicensis  of  authors  differs  decidedly  in  the  white  crissum. 
It  has  the  following  synonymy : — 

Grand  Martinet  noir  et  blanc,  [or  a  ventre  blanc],  Buff.  "  vi.  669  ". 

Hlrondelle  d'Amerique,  Buff.  PE.  545,  f.  1. 

Hirondelle  de  S.  Domi ngue,  Briss.  Orn.  ii.  1760, 493,  n.  3. 

Hirundo  dominicensis,  Briss.  1.  c.— Gm.  SN.  i.  1788, 1025.— F.  "  OAS.  i.  1807, 59,  pis.  28, 29  " 

(St.  Domingo).— ? Jard.  "Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  xviii.  1846,  120"  (Tobago).— Tayl.  Ibis, 

1864, 166  (Porto  Rico). 
Progne  dominicensis,  Boie,  "Isis,  1826,  971 ;  1844,  178".— Gosse,  ~B.  Jam.  1847,  69.— Bp. 

CA.  i.  1850,  337.— Scl.  PZS.  1857,  201 ;  1859,  364;  1860,  292.— ?  Salv.  Ibis,  1859,  466.— 

f  £.<£<SMbis,  1859, 13.— ?  Tayl.  Ibis,  1860, 110.— SeZ.  Cat  AB.  1861, 38.— March,  Pr.  Phila. 

Acad.  1863,  295  (Jamaica).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1865, 279.— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 328. 
Hirnndo  albiventris,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xiv.  1817,  533.— F.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  531,  n.49 

(ascribed  to  North  America). 

St.  Domingo  Swallow,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  573,  n.  18. 
Hirondelle  a  ventre  blanc,  V.  1.  c.  1823. 


CHARACTERS  OP  PROGNE  SUBIS         447 

Htrundo  vio  acea,  Gm.  SN.i.  1788, 1026  (Bnff.vi.  674;  PE.  722;  Lath,  ii.pt  ii.  574,  n.2l)._ 
Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  632.— Less.  "  Compl.  Buf£  viii.  498  ". 

Cecropis  Tiolacea,  JBoie,  Isis,  1823,316. 

II ir undo  Cierulea,  V.  GAS.  i.  1807,  57,  pis.  26,  Vl.—Less.  Tr.  Orn.  1831, 269. 

flirundo  versicolor,  F.  "  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xiv.  1817, 509  ".— y.  EM.  ii.  1823, 522,  n.  17. 

Hirundo  ludoviciana,  Cuv.  "RA.  i.  1817, 374  ". 

Purple  Martin,  Hirundo  purpurea,  Gates.  Car.  L 1771, 5t,  pL  si. 

Martinet  de  la  Caroline,  Hirundo  apos  carolliiensis,  Briss.  Orn.  ii.  1760,  515,  n.  17 
(quotes  Cates.  51). 

Martinet  couleur  de  pourpre,  Buff,  "vi.676". 

Purple  Swallow,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  575,  n.  23. 

Purple  Swift,  Perm.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  431,  n.  333. 

Great  American  Martin,  Edw.  pi.  120.    (Basis  of  H.  mibis  L.  1758.) 

Hirondclle  de  la  Baye  de  Hudson,  Hirundo  freti-hudsonis,  Briss.  Orn.  vi.  1760,  App. 
56,  n.  18  (quotes  Edw.  pi.  120,  and  H.  subis  ~L).—Bu/.  "  vi.  677  ". 

Canada  Swallow,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783, 575,  n.  24  (=  subis  L.). 

Hirondclle  bleue  de  la  Louisiano,  Buff.  vi.  674  (PE.  722).— F.  l.c.1823. 

Violet  Swallow,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt  ii.  1783, 574,  n.  21  (quotes  PE.  722,  and  Buff,  vi  674.  Loui- 
siana). 

Hirondelle  bleue,  Le  Maine,  Oia.  Canad.  1861, 146. 

Progne"  pourprc,  DegL-Gerbe,  L  c. 

Purpurschwalbe,  German. 

HAB.  —North  America,  to  within  the  Arctic  circle,  breeding  throughout 
this  range,  wintering  extralimital.  Bermuda.  Mexico  and  Lower  Cali- 
fornia. Accidental  in  Europe. 

CH.  SP. —  $  Chalybeus ;   alis  cauddque  nitenti-nigricantibus. 
9  Chalybeofuscus,  alis  cauddque  fuscis,  infra  exfusco  albidus. 

$  :  Intense  lustrous  steel-blue.  Wings  and  tail  blackish,  with  bluish 
lustre.  Bill  black;  feet  blackish.  Length,  7£  inches;  extent,  15£;  wing, 
5^-6;  tail,  3-3£,  forked;  bill,  £,  very  stout,  broad  at  the  base,  somewhat 
decurved  at  the  end ;  nostrils  circular,  exposed,  opening  upward. 

$  :  Dark  grayish-brown,  glossed  on  the  back  and  head  with  steel-blue. 
Wings  and  tail  fuscous,  paler  on  the  inner  webs,  with  narrow  gray  edgings. 
Beneath,  whitish,  shaded  with  dark  gray  in  most  parts,  the  feathers  very 
generally  with  dusky  shaft-line. 

Young  birds  of  both  sexes  resemble  the  adult  female,  though  the  young 
males  are  rather  darker.  The  steel-blue  appears  at  first  in  patches. 

THE  question  of  the  winter  retreat  of  the  Purple  Martin  is 
still  open,  and  not  likely  to  be  decided  till  we  come  to 
some  better  understanding  of  the  several  whole-colored  species 
of  Progne  now  recognized  as  inhabiting  Middle  and  South 
America.  No  bird  of  the  United  States  is  better  known ;  no 
one  is  more  positively  ascertained  to  leave  us  in  the  fall  and 
return  in  the  spring  5  millions  of  Martins  are  bred  every  year 
in  North  America,  and  yet  I  find  no  unequivocal  recognition 
by  late  writers  of  Purple  Martins  beyond  the  United  States, 
excepting  in  Bermuda,  Mexico,  and  Lower  California.  It  is 
true,  we  have  plenty  of  references  to  "  purpurea  n  as  a  Central 
and  South  American  bird ;  but  the  present  technical  aspects 


148  HABITS    OF    PURPLE    MARTINS    IN    ARIZONA 

of  the  case  obscure  the  whole  subject.  It  may  be  roundly 
asserted  that  we  have  yet  to  discover  where  the  great  mass  of 
Martius  bred  each  year  in  the  United  States  stay  in  winter. 
Our  birds  are  known  to  come  over  our  border  very  early  in  the 
spring  or  in  February,  and  gradually  spread  over  the  country, 
reaching  the  highest  latitudes  by  the  middle  or  latter  part  of 
May.  Such  early  appearance  subjects  them  to  painful  vicissi- 
tudes of  the  weather,  large  numbers  having  been  known  to 
perish  in  sudden  storms  or  cold  snaps.  The  return  movement 
is  less  regular  j  it  begins  early,  in  August  as  a  rule,  but  is  not 
finished  for  a  month  or  more.  The  breeding  range  of  the 
species  coincides  with  the  whole  distribution  in  North  America 
wherever  suitable  nesting-places  can  be  found,  and  the  bird  is 
moreover  resident  in  some  portions. 

But  I  need  not  enter  upon  the  full  history  of  so  very  familiar 
a  bird.  Its  natural  nesting  places  are  hollows  of  trees  and 
rocks  $  the  martin-box,  or  its  equivalent,  is  an  innovation  to 
which  these  progressive  birds  take  very  kindly,  and  hardly 
any  other  way  of  nesting  is  known  in  populous  districts,  where 
the  Martin  rivals  the  Barn  and  Eave  Swallow  in  domesticity, 
and  surpasses  the  White- bellied  by  a  long  interval.  In  the 
West,  the  case  is  different,  or  was  when  I  studied  Martins  in 
the  then  wilderness  of  Arizona.  At  Fort  Whipple,  these  birds 
were  very  abundant  summer  residents  of  that  pine-girdled 
locality,  arriving  early  in  April,  and  taking  leave  late  in  Sep- 
tember. They  lived  in  colonies,  and  had  their  being  in  what 
might  be  called  martin-houses,  made  by  very  industrious  and 
skilful  carpinteros — the  Woodpeckers.  Many  a  towering  pine 
was  dead  at  the  top,  like  a  senile  ornithologist  whose  body  had 
outlived  his  head,  and  stood  the  picture  of  grotesque  despair, 
with  a  load  of  useless  lumber  in  the  upper  story.  Hither  came 
the  Woodpeckers — especially  Lewis's  and  the  formicivorus — to 
build  baby-houses,  like  children  trooping  into  the  garret.  No 
more  eligible  martin  houses  could  be  found  than  such  honey- 
combed shafts,  and  the  birds  knew  it.  Many  such  picturesque 
establishments  were  fully  tenanted  by  numerous  pairs  of  Mar- 
tins, who  did  not  seem  to  confine  themselves  to  deserted  Wood- 
peckers' holes.  When  once  a  settlement  was  effected,  the 
Woodpeckers,  who  might  be  inclined  to  occupy  some  of  their 
own  premises,  had  notice  to  quit,  and  they  generally  governed 
themselves  accordingly.  Peace  at  any  price  seemed  to  be  their 
shrewd  conclusion  ;  for  though  they  might  manage  to  live,  as 


UNIDENTIFIED    NORTH   AMERICAN    SWALLOWS       449 

a  philosopher  did  with  Xantippe,  it  was  not  worth  while  to 
quarrel  forever  with  these  energetic  and  voluble  birds,  and 
suffer  for  their  sense  of  right.  So  the  Martins  had  it  all  their 
own  way ;  and  they  might  be  seen  roosting  on  the  ends  of  the 
blasted  boughs,  with  the  nervous  quiverings  so  characteristic 
of  the  tribe,  during  which  their  burnished  plumage  glittered  in 
the  sun,  or  more  deliberately  preening  their  feathers,  making 
the  elaborate  toilet  required  to  free  themselves  from  some  of 
their  little  guests,  or  sallying  with  redoubled  volubility  after 
some  Hawk  or  Kaven  that  ventured  too  near  their  metropolis. 
They  added  much  to  the  life  of  these  sombre  and  treacherous 
woods,  where  danger  lurked  in  the  very  air  at  the  time  of  which 
I  write,  and  the  thickets  screened  many  an  atrocity  from  the 
light  of  day.  The  later  Arizonian,  no  doubt,  will  find  the 
Woodpeckers  in  undisputed  possession  of  such  trees  as  his  ax 
may  spare,  while  the  garrulous  Martins  cluster  round  his  dwell- 
ing. If  he  be  fond  of  a  morning  nap,  it  may  occur  to  him  that 
Tereus,  though  a  reprobate,  was  not  such  a  bad  fellow  after  all; 
and  he  may  enquire  again,  between  two  yawns — 

"  Quid  matutinos  Progne  mihi  garrula  somnos 
Rurupis,  et  obstrepero  Daulias  ore  canis  ? 
Dignus  epops  Terens,  qui  malnit  ense  putare 
Qnam  liuguam  immodicatn  stirpitus  eruere." 


NOTES  TO  THIS  CHAPTER 
I. 

The  following  Swallows,  ascribed  to  North  America,  have  not  been  satis- 
factorily identified : — 

1.  Hiruudo  unalaschkensis,  Gm.  SN.  L  1788,  1025,  D.  30  (from  Aoonalashka  Swallow  of 

Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  571,  n.  15).— V.  "  OAS.  i.  1807,  64".— Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 117 — 

Cats.  Illust  1855, 250. 

II ir undo  noonalaschkcnsis,  Lath.  TO.  ii.  1790, 577,  n.  15. 
Himndo  aoonalasbkensis,  Turt.  Syst.  Nat.  L 1806, 631. 
Hirundo  aoonalaskensis,  V.  EM.  ii.  1823, 526. 
Chelidon  unalaschkensis,  Sole,  Isis,  1844, 171. 

Aoonalasbka  Swallow,  Lath.  Syn.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1783,  n.  15  (orig.  descr.  Mas.  Lev.). 
Aoonalaschkan  Swallow,  Steph.  1.  c. 
Hlrondelle  d'Ounalaska,  V.  1.  c. 

2.  Hirundo  phenlccphala,  Raf.  Annals  of  Xature,  1820,  4  (Lexington,  Ky.).     (See  espe- 

cially Cassin,  Illust.  p.  251.) 

3.  Hirundo  cinerea,  Ord,  Guthrie's  Geogr.  2d  Am.  ed.  ii.  1815,  317  (descr.  nulla).    (See 

Cassin,  op.  cit.  252.) 

4.  Hirundo  rupestris,  Ord,  Guthrie's  Geogr.  2d  Am.  ed.  ii.  1815,  317  (descr.  nuUa).    (See 

Cassin,  I.  c.) 

29  B  0 


450  CASE    OF   A   HYBRID    SWALLOW 

II. 

Hirundo  norreori-lunifrons* — In  the  July  number  of  the  Bulletin  of  the 
Nuttall  Ornithological  Club,  received  just  too  late  to  make  use  of  in  the 
proper  connection,  Mr.  Spencer  Trotter  describes  a  remarkably  interesting 
Swallow,  determined  to  be  a  hybrid  between  Hirundo  horreorum  and  Petro- 
chelidon  lunifrom.  The  specimen,  shot  at  Lin  wood,  Delaware  County,  Pa., 
May  22, 1878,  by  Mr.  C.  D.  Wood,  "  has  been  examined  by  several  competent 
ornithologists,  who  all  pronounce  its  hybrid  nature  as  unquestionable"; 
and  the  description  given  by  Mr.  Trotter  would  seem  to  warrant  such  con- 
clusion. Above,  the  bird  is  H.  horreorum  throughout,  excepting  the  grayish- 
fulvous  rump ;  below,  it  has  the  black  throat-spot  and  general  color  of  P. 
lunifrons.  The  bill  is  rather  thicker,  the  feet  are  stronger,  and  the  tarsi 
more  feathered  than  in  H.  horreorum;  the  tail  is  shorter  than  in  that 
species,  lees  deeply  forked,  with  less  attenuated  outer  feathers,  and  with 
the  white  spots  not  so  well  marked. — Hybridity  is  very  seldom  observed 
among  the  Swallows,  and  this  is  the  first  recorded  instance  of  its  occur- 
rence in  this  country.  It  has,  however,  been  noted  in  the  case  of  the 
European  Hirundo  rustica  X  Chelidon  urbica :  see  Gloger,  Vogel  Europas,  i. 
417  ;  and  Sundevall,  Ofvers.  Kongl.  Vetensk.-Akad.  Forh.  for  ar  1845,  p.  128. 

III. 

A  correction. — At  pp.  394, 395, 1  have  quoted  some  remarks  made  by  Dr. 
Brewer  on  the  improvement  in  the  architecture  of  the  European  House  Mar- 
tin, Chelidon  urbica.  It  appears  from  a  note  recently  published  by  this 
writer  t  that  no  such  improvement  as  was  alleged  has  occurred,  the  nest 
that  is  now  so  well  built  being  that  of  Hirundo  rustica,  while  that  of  the 
Martin  continues  the  same. 

*  1878.  TROTTER,  S.     Description  of  a  Hybrid  (Hirundo  horreori-lunifrons) 

between  two  North  American  Swallows.    <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club, 

iii.  no.  3,  July,  1878,  pp.  135,  136. 
1 1878.  BREWER,  T.  M.     [Correction  of  his  error  respecting  nidification  of 

Chelidon  urbica  (Amer.  Nat.  Jan.  1878).]     <^Amer.Nat.  xii.  no.  3, 

May,  1878  (pub.  about  Apr.  19,  1878),  p.  336. 


FIG.  48.— The  Crescent  Swallow.    (See  p.  426.) 


CHAPTER  XV.— WAX  WINGS 


EAM.  AMPELID^ 

As  I  observed  in  1872,  this  appears  to  be  an  arbitrary  and 
unnatural  association  of  a  few  genera  that  agree  in  some  par- 
ticulars, but  are  widely  different  in  others.  Hardly  any  writers 
are  agreed  upon  the  composition  of  the  group,  or  the  disposi- 
tion to  be  made  of  it  in  the  series.  It  has  been  made  to  cover 
the  Myiadestince,  Ptilogo  nydince,  Dulince,  and  Ampelince;  but 
the  first-named  I  have  already  removed  to  the  Turdidce,  the 
third  may  be  a  Yireoniue,  and  the  other  two  do  not  seem  to  be 
specially  related.  Under  these  circumstances,  I  do  not  attempt 
to  define  the  group. 

The  two  genera  which  I  shall  treat  here  are  Ampelis  and 
Phcenopepla,  each  representing  one  of  the  more  isolated  forms 
of  American  Passeres.  Ampelis  stands  quite  alone,  doubtless 
typical  of  a  subfamily  at  least.  Phcenopepla  is  closely  related 
to  the  exotic  Ptilogonys, — though  not  particularly  near  our 
Myiadesles,  which  it  will  be  remembered  used  to  be  called 
Ptilogonys. 

Genus  AMPELIS  Linnaeus 

Ampelis,  Linn.  SN.  1735-1766.    Type  Lanius  garrulus. 

Bomb) cilia,  Briss.  1760.— Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  i.  1807, 88.    Type  B.  cedrorum. 

Bombyciphora,  Meyen,  "— ,  1810,  —  "  (fide  Gray). 

Bombycivora,  Temm.  "  — ,  1815,  —  "  (fide  Gray). 

Lanius  p.,  Linn. 

torvus  p.,  lUiger,  1811. 

CHARS. — Bill  short,  broad,  flat,  rather  obtuse,  plainly  notched 
near  tip  of  each  mandible,  with  wide  and  deeply  cleft  gap,  the 
convex  culmen  and  gonys  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  nearly 
straight  commissure,  the  width  of  rictus  more  than  two-thirds 
the  length  of  the  gape.  Nasal  fossaB  broad,  but  filled  with 
short,  erect,  or  antrorse  and  close-set  velvety  feathers ;  nostrils 
narrowly  elliptical,  overarched  by  a  (feathered)  scale.  Kictal 
vibrissaB  few  and  short.  Wings  long  and  pointed,  much  longer 
than  the  tail,  their  point  formed  by  the  3d  primary,  closely  sup- 
ported by  the  2d  and  4th,  the  5th  abruptly  shorter  and  the  rest 
rapidly  graduated.  Primaries  10,  but  the  1st  spurious,  so  very 
short  as  readily  to  escape  observation,  and  sometimes  displaced 
to  the  outer  side  of  the  2d  primary — a  condition  like  that  seen 

451 


452  THE    GENUS    AMPELIS 

among  the  Vireos.  Inner  quills,  as  a  rule,  and  sometimes  the 
tail-feathers,  tipped  with  curious  red,  horny  appendages,  like 
sealing  wax.  Tail  short,  narrow,  even,  two-thirds  or  less  of 
the  length  of  the  wing.  Feet  rather  weak  j  tarsus  shorter  than 
the  middle  toe  and  claw,  distinctly  scutellate  with  five  or  six 
divisions  anteriorly  and  somewhat  receding  from  strict  Osciue 
character  by  subdivision  of  the  lateral  plates.  Lateral  toes  of 
nearly  equal  lengths,  the  ends  of  their  claws  scarcely  reaching 
the  base  of  the  middle  claw  j  hallux  about  as  long  as  the  inner 
lateral  toe.  Basal  phalanx  of  middle  toe  coherent  with  outer 
toe  for  about  two-thirds  its  length,  with  inner  toe  for  about 
half  its  length.  Body  stout.  Head  conspicuously  crested. 
Plumage  peculiarly  soft,  smooth,  and  silky.  Tail  tipped  with 
yeliow  (or  red).  Sexes  alike ;  young  different.  Eggs  spotted. 
£fest  on  trees. 

This  notable  genus  consists  of  three  species :  A,  garrulus, 
of  the  northerly  parts  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere  j  A.  caro- 
linemis,  of  America ;  and  the  Japanese  A.  phoenicoptera,  in 
which  the  tail  is  tipped  with  red  instead  of  yellow.  The  first- 
named  is  celebrated  for  its  nomadic  disposition,  whence  its 
soubriquet  "  Bohemian  ".  The  general  traits  and  habits  of  the 
two  American  species  are  much  the  same,  and  very  strongly 
pronounced.  They  are  insectivorous  and  frugivorous,  gregari- 
ous and  irregularly  migratory,  and  remarkably  silent  birds  to 
be  called  "Chatterers^,  having  only  a  weak  and  wheezy  voice. 
The  disposition  to  be  made  of  the  genus  is  uncertain  ;  Baird 
has  called  attention  to  the  resemblance  in  many  respects  be- 
tween Ampelis  and  Progne,  adding  that  it  would  not  be  surpris- 
ing if  these  genera  should  be  more  closely  associated  by  authors 
than  has  hitherto  been  the  case. 

The  "  sealing-wax"  tips  have  been  subjected  to  chemical  and 
microscopical  examination  by  L.Stieda  (Arch.  Mikr.  Anat.  1872, 
639),  and  shown  to  be  the  enlarged,  hardened,  and  peculiarly 
modified  prolongation  of  the  shaft  itself  of  the  feather,  com- 
posed of  central  and  peripheral  substances  differing  in  the 
shape  of  the  pigment-cells,  which  contain  abundance  of  red 
and  yellow  coloring  matter. 

Besides  occupying  due  place  in  unnumbered  systematic  and 
faunal  publications,  the  birds  of  this  genus,  and  especially 
A.  garrulus,  have  occasioned  some  literature  of  their  own,  the 
following  fragment  of  which  is  offered  as  a  contribution  to  the 
bibliography  of  this  particular  subject : — 


BIBLIOGRAPHY   OF    THE    GENUS    AMPELIS  453 

Special  Bibliography  of  the  genus  Ampelis 

1825.  .    De  Historiie  Naturalis  in  Japonia  Statu,  .  .  .  [M.de  Siebold]. 

Batavia  1824.    < Ftruss.  Bull.  2e  sec.  iv.  J825,  pp.  86-88. 

Editorial  notice  of  the  work,  only  ornithological  in  giving  description  of  Bom- 
bycivora  japonica. 

Ib27.  .    De  Historiae  naturalis  in  Japonia  statu,  nee  non  de  augmento 

emolurnentisqtie  in  decnrsu  perscrutationum  exspectandis  Disser- 
tatio,  cui  accendunt  spicilegia  faunae  Japonicae,  auctore  P.  F.  de 
Siebold,  Med.  Doct.  complurium  societatum  membro.  Bataviae 
1824.  <  Ofcen's  Isis,  Bd.  xx.  1827,  pp.  135-143. 

Editorial  notice  of  the  work,  only  ornithological  in  reproducing  the  original 
description  of  Bombycivora  japonica,  p.  141. 

1831.  BREE,  W.  T.    The  Waxen  or  Bohemian  Chatterer  [Ampelis  garrulus  in 
Warwickshire].    <  London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  iv.  1831,  pp.  164, 165. 

1836.  BROWN,  J.  S.    The  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Ampelis  garrulus].    <  Lou- 
don's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ix.  1836,  p.  201. 

1843.  JORDAN,  W.  R.  H.    Note  on  the  occurrence  of  the  Bohemian  Chatterer 

[Bomby cilia  garrula]  near  Teignmouth.     <  Zoologist,  i.  1843,  p.  188. 

1844.  SLADEN,  E.  H.  M.    Note  on  the  occurrence  of  the  Waxen  Chatterer 

[Bombycilla  garrula]  in  Sustex.    <  Zoologist,  ii.  1844,  p.  762. 

1845.  NORMAN,  G.    Occurrence  of  the  Waxen  Chatterer  [Ampelis  garrulus] 

near  Hull.    <  Zoologist,  iii.  1845,  p.  871. 

1845.  STORBR,D.H.     [Occurrence  of  Bombycilla  garrula  in  Ohio  in  July.] 
<  Proo.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  ii.  1845,  p.  52. 

1847.  BIRD,  W.  F.  W.     Capture  of  the  Bohemian  Waxv\  ing  [Bombycilla  gar- 

rula] in  Bedfordshire.    <  Zoologist,  v.  1847,  p.  1777. 

1848.  BOLD,  T.  J.    Occurrence  of  the  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  gar- 

rula] near  Newcastle-on-Tyne.    <  Zoologist,  vi.  1848,  p.  201 9. 

1848.  BoLD,T.J.    Occurrence  of  the  Bohemian  Waxwing  (Bombycilla  gar- 
rula) at  Earsdon,  Northumberland.     <  Zoologist,  vi.  1848,  p.  2064. 

1848.  JOHNSON,  F.  W.    Occurrence  of  the  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla 
garrula]  in  Suffolk.    <  Zoologist,  vi.  1848,  p.  2064. 

1848.  STRANGEWAYS,  R.    Occurrence  of  the  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bomby- 
cilla garrula]  near  Yarmouth.    < Zoologist,  vi.  1848,  p.  2064. 

1850.  AMHERST,  F.  H.    Occurrence  of  the  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla 
garrula]  near  Coventry.    <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2799. 

1850.  BARCLAY,  H.    Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  at 
Walthamstow.     <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  pp.  2767, 2768. 

1850.  BOLD,T.  J.     Occurrence  of  the  Waxwiug  [Bombycilla  garrula]  in 
Northumberland  and  Durham.    <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2768. 

1850.  BOND,  F.    Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire and  Norfolk.    <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2767. 


454  BIBLIOGRAPHY   OF   THE    GENUS   AMPELIS 

1850.  BOND,  W.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  in 
Leicestershire.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2770. 

1850.  BORRER,  W.,  JR.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwiug  [Bombycilla  garrula] 
near  Horshara.  -^Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2799. 

1850.  BURROUGHES,  T.  H.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  gar- 
rula] in  Norfolk.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  27C7. 

1850.  CURTLER,  M.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near 
Worcester.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2768. 

1850.  DUFF,J.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  (Bombycilla  garrula)  in  Eng- 
land. <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2766. 

1850.  ELLMAN,  J.  B.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  at 
Piddinghoe.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2768. 

1850.  ELLMAN,  J.  B.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  at 
Pevensey,  Sussex.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2768. 

1850.  ELLMAN,  J.  B.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  at 
Newhaven,  Sussex.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2768. 

1850.  FOSTER,  J.  W.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near 
Wisbeach.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  pp.  2766,  2767. 

1850.  GORDON,  G.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  in 
various  localities  in  Scotland.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  pp.  2769, 
2770. 

1850.  GREY,  J.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near 
Stockton-on-Tees.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2768. 

1850.  GURNEY,  J.  H.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  in 
Norfolk.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1650,  p.  2768. 

1850.  HEPBURN,  A.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  in 
Scotland.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2767. 

1850.  HODGKINSON,  J.  B.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  gar- 
rula] near  Preston.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2768. 

1850.  HULKE,  J.  W.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near 
Deal.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2767. 

1850.  JOHNSON,  H.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  and 
Black  Redstart  (Sylvia  Tithys)  near  Liverpool.  <  Zoologist,  viii. 
1850,  p.  2769. 

1850.  MATTHEWS,  A.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  in 
Oxfordshire.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2799. 

1850.  MATTHEWS,  H.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  in 
Lincolnshire.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2799. 

1850.  NAYLOR,  W.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near 
Whalley.  ^Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2770. 

1850.  NEWMAN,  E.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwiug  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near 
London,  &c.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2769. 


BIBLIOGRAPIIY   OF   THE    GENUS   AMPELIS  455 

1850.  NEWMAN,  E.  Occurrence  of  the  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla 
garrula]  near  London.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2767. 

1850.  NEWTON,  A.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  in 
Norfolk,  Suffolk,  Cambridgeshire,  and  Cornwall.  <  Zoologist,  viii. 
1850,  p.  2769. 

1850.  NICHOLLS,  H.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near 
Kiugsbridge.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2767. 

1850.  NORMAN,  G.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near 
Hull.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2769. 

1850.  PLOMLEY,  F.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula],  &c. 
in  Kent.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2767. 

1850.  POTTER,  C.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near 
Lewes.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2769. 

1850.  REEVES,  W.  W.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula] 
near  Tunbridge  Wells.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2769. 

1850.  RODD,  E.  H.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near 
Penzance.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2768. 

1850.  RUDD,  T.  S.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  at 
Redcar.  <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2767. 

1850.  SALMON,  J.  D.     Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near 

Godalming.    <  Zoologist,  viii.  1850,  p.  2768. 

1851.  BOLD,  T.  J.    Waxwings  [Bombycilla  garrula]  killed  in  Northumber- 

land.   <  Zoologist,  ix.  1851,  p.  3146. 

1851.  DUFF,  J.  Occurrence  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near 
Bishop  Auckland.  <  Zoologist,  ix.  1851,  p.  3146. 

1851.  DUNN,  R.  Occurrence  of  the  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  gar- 
rula] in  Shetland.  <  Zoologist,  ix.  l£51,  p.  3174. 

1851.  GURNEY,  J.  H.  Late  appearance  of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  gar- 
rula, near  Norwich].  <  Zoologist,  ix.  1851,  p.  3146. 

1851.  NEWTON,  A.  Occurrrence  of  the  American  Waxwing  or  Cedar  Bird 
(Bombycilla  Carolinensis),  in  Great  Britain.  <^  Zoologist,  ix.  1851, 
p.  3277. 

1851.  SMITH,  J.    Observations  on  the  [habits,  etc.  of  the]  Waxwing  (Bom- 

bycilla garrula).     <  Zoologist,  ix.  1851,  pp.  3049-3053. 

1852.  NEWTON,  A.    On  the  occurrence  of  the  Cedar  Bird  (Ampelis  Caroli- 

nensis) in  England.    <  Zoologist,  x.  1852,  pp.  3506-3511. 
Full  particulars  of  the  case,  with  synonymy  and  description  of  the  bird. 

1854.  GLOGER,  C.  W.  L.  Das  Nisten  und  die  Nahrungsweise  der  Seiden- 
schwanze,  Bombycilla  [garrula].  <  J.f.  0.  ii.  1854,  pp.  175-179. 

1854.  GLOGER,  C.W.  L.  Das  Nisten  von  Seidenschwanzen  [Bombycilla  gar- 
rula] in  Deutschland.  <  J.  f.  0.  ii.  1854,  pp.  344-348. 

Cf.  torn.    cit.   pp.  175-179.    Much   quotation   from   Audubon   respecting  B. 
cedrorum. 


456  BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF    THE    GENUS    AMPELIS 

1856.  STEVENSON,  H.    The  Bohemian  Wa-xwing  [Bombycilla  gairula]   in 

Norfolk.     <  Zoologist,  xiv.  1856,  p.  4943. 

1857.  D'URBAN,  W.  S.  M.    Notice  of  the  Occurrence  of  the  Pine  Grosbeak 

and  Bohemian  Chatterer,  near  Montreal.     <  Canad.  Nat.  $•  Geol.  i. 
1857,  pp.  465-472,  fig. 
More  extended  notice,  with  figure  of  the  latter,  by  E.  Billings,  appended. 

1857.  WOLLEY,  J.  On  the  Nest  and  Eggs  of  the  Waxwing  (Bombycilla  gar- 
rula,  Temm.)  <  P.  Z.  S.  xxv.  1857,  pp.  55-f>7,  pi.  (Aves)  cxxii. 

This  is  the  original  article  on  this  notable  discovery  ;  it  includes  description 
of  the  nestling,  and  accounts  of  the  nests  and  eggs  of  two  species  of  Strigidai. 

1857.  WOLLEY,  J.    On   the  Nest  and   Eggs  of  the  Waxwiug  (Bombycilla 
garrula,  Temm.).     <  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (2),  xx.  1857,  pp.  308-310. 
From  P.  Z.  S.  Mar.  24,  1857,  pp.  55-57. 

1857.  WOLLEY,  J.    Nidification  of  the  Bohemian  Waxwing.     (Bombycilla 

garrula).     <  Zoologist,  xv.  Ib57,  pp.  5754,  5755. 
From  P.  Z.  S.  Mar.  24, 1857,  pp.  55-57. 

1858.  BALDAMUS,    E.      Zur    Naturgeschichte    von    Bombycilla    Garrulus. 

<  Naumannia,  viii.  1858,  pp.  498-504. 

1858.  HARTLAUB,  G.  Beilage  Nr.  4.  <  Naumannia,  viii.  1858,  pp.  199-201, 
hierzu  Taf.  — ,  figg.  5-8. 

Eier  von  Bombycilla   garrula    (Taf.). — Vogel   im   zoologischtn   Garten   zu 
London. 

1858.  NORDMANN,  A.  VON.   Zur  Fortpflanzungsgeschichte  des  Seidenschwan- 

zes,  (Bombj  cilia  garrulus,)  uiid  iiber  einige  andere  Vogel  Finnlands. 
(Mit  Zusatzen  von  Dr.  C.  Gloger.)  <  J.f.  0.  vi.  1858,  pp.  307-311, 
Taf.  i.  Fig.  a  und  6. 

1859.  ANDERSEN,  C.  H.    Om  de  lackroda  spetsarne  pa  armpennorna  hos 

sidensvansen  [Ampelis  garrulus].  <  Ofvers.  Kongl.  ^etensk.-Akad. 
Forh.for  dr  1859,  pp.  219-231,  pi.  ii. 

An  extended   and  important  article  on  the  microscopical  structure  of  the 
"  sealing-wax  "  tips,  illustrated  with  colored  figures. 

1859.  BOLLE,  C.  Seidenschwanze  [Ampelis  garrulus]  als  Friihlingsgaste 
in  dor  Mark  Brandenburg.  <  J.  f.  0.  vii.  1859,  pp.  125-128. 

1859.  KONIG-WARTHAUSEN,  E.  Zur  Fortpflanzungsgeschichte  des  euro- 
paeischen  Seidenschwanzes,  Ampelis  Linn.  Bombycilla  garrula 
Briss.  <  Bull  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou  xxxii.  pt,  ii.  1859,  pp.  411-417. 

1859.  THOMPSON,  W.    Occurrence  of  the  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla 

garrula]  at  Weymouth.    <  Zoologist,  xvii.  1859,  pp.  6326,  6327. 

1860.  GLOGER,  C.  W.  L.    Wesshalb  mag  wohl  die  Fortpflanzung  der  Seiden- 

schwiinze  [Ampelis  garrulus]  erst  so  spat  im  Fruhjahre  erfolgen  ? 
<  J.  f.  0.  viii.  1860,  pp.  465-467. 

1861.  ALBRECHT,  R.      Die  Entdeckung  der  Nester  des  Seidenschwanzes 

(Ampelis  garrulus  Lin.)  durch  John  Wolley.  <  J.f.  0.  ix.  1861,  pp. 
132-141. 

Nach  dem  Englischen  von   E.  Albrecht  (Newton,  Ibis,  Jan.  1861).    Berich- 
tigungen,  op.  cit.  1862,  p.  80. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF    THE    GENUS    AMPELIS  457 

1861.  NEWTON,  A.    Particulars  of  Mr.  J.  Wolley's  Discovery  of  the  Breed- 

ing of  the  Waxwing  (Ampelis  garrulus,  Linn.).    <  Ibis,  iii.  1861, 
pp.  92-106,  pi.  iv  (5  vars.  of  eggs  figured). 

The  importance  of  the  account  is  enhanced  by  many  bibliographical  refer- 
ences, largely  covering  the  written  history  of  the  subject. 

1862.  NEWTON,  A.    The  Nest  and  Eggs  of  the  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Ampe- 

lis garrulus].    <  Zoologist,  xx.  1862,  pp.  7837-7843. 
Extract  from  the  IUs,  Jan.  1861. 

1864.  BOULTON,  W.  W.  Notes  on  the  Occurrence,  Capture  and  Dissection 
of  the  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  at  Beverley.  <^  Zoologist, 
xxii.  1864,  pp.  8881-8883. 

1864.  CHAPMAN,  T.  The  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  on  the 
West  Coast  of  Argyllshire.  <  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  p.  8881. 

1864.  COOKE,  N.     Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near  Liscard. 

<  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  pp.  9023, 9024. 

1864.    COOPER,  J.    Waxwings    [Bombycilla    garrula]   near    Warrington. 

<  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  p.  8883. 

1864.  DOBREE,  N.  F.  Waxwings  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near  Hull.  <  Zool- 
ogist, xxii.  1864,  p.  8880. 

1864.  M'LEAY,  W.     Waxwing    [Bombycilla    garrula]    in    Aberdeenshire. 

<  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  p.  8881. 

1864.  MEYER,  R.  Auftreten  von  Seidenschwanzen  [Ampelis  garrulus] 
in  der  Gegend  von  Offenbach.  <  Zool.  Gart.  v.  1864,  pp.  158, 159. 

1864.  OSBORNE,  H.,  JR.  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  at  Wick.  <  Zool- 
ogist, xxii.  1864,  pp.  8880, 8881. 

1864.  REIFF,  F.    Fortpflanzung  des  Seidenschwanzes  [Ampelis  garrulus]. 

<  Zool.  Gart.  v.  1864,  pp.  126,  127. 

1864.  ROUNDELL,  H.  Bohemian  Waxwiug  [Bombycilla  garrula]  in  the 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire.  <  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  p.  9023. 

1864.  SAVILLE,  S.  P.     The    Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]    in    Norfolk. 

<  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  p.  8950. 

1865.  WILLEMOES-SUHM,  R.  VON.    [Notiz  tiber  Ampelis  garrulus  u.  s.  w.] 

<  Zool.  Gart.  vi.  1865,  pp.  192, 193. 

1867.  ALTUM,  B.  [Das  Erscheiuen  des  Seidenschwanzes  (Ampelis  garrulus) 
bei  Miinster,  Dec.  1866.]  <  Zool.  Gart.  viii.  1867,  p.  197. 

1867.  BLACKMORE,  H.  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  in  Wilt- 
shire. <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  p.  704. 

1867.  BROWN,  J.  A.  H.    Waxwiugs   [Bombycilla  garrnla]  in  Peebleshire. 

<  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  p.  606. 

1867.  BRUCKLACHER,  G.  Das  Erscheiuen  des  Seidenschwanzes  (Bombycilla 
Garrula)  bei  Freudenstadt,  1866-7.  <  Zool.  Gart.  viii.  1867,  p.  197. 

1867.  CLARK-KENNEDY,  A.  Waxwings  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near  Wool- 
wich. <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  p.  561. 


458  BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF   THE    GENUS   AMPELIS 

1867.  GARRETT,  G.  Bohemian  [Bombycilla  garrula]  Waxwing  at  Wither- 
ingsett,  Suffolk.  <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  p.  633. 

1867.  GIRTANNER,  [A.]  [Das  Erscheinen  des  Seidenschwanzes  (Bombycilla 
Garrula)  bei  St.  Gallen.]  <  Zool.  Gart.  viii.  1860,  pp.  159,  160,  280. 

1867.  GUNN,  T.  E.  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  in  Norfolk 
and  Suffolk.  <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  p.  633. 

1867.  HERPELL,  G.  [Das  Erscheinen  des  Seidenschwanzes  (Bombycilla 
Garrula)  bei  St.  Goar  am  Rhein.]  <  Zool.  Gart.  viii.  1867,  p.  159. 

1867.  NEWMAN,  E.  Visit  of  the  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula, 
in  Essex].  <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  pp.  560,  561. 

1867.  NEWMAN,  E.  Wax  wings  [Bombycilla  garrula,  in  Norfolk].  <  Zool- 
ogist, 2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  p.  561. 

1867.  SCHMIDT,  MAX.    Eine  Auzahl  Seidenschwanze  (Bombycilla  garrulus). 

<  Zool.  Gart.  viii.  1867,  pp.  29,  30. 

1867.  [ANON.]    Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  in  Somersetshire. 

<  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  p.  633. 
From  the  Field,  Jan.  12. 

1867.  [ANON.]    Bohemian   Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]   near  Whitby. 

<  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  p.  633. 
From  the  Field,  Jan.  26. 

1867.  [ANON.]      Bohemian    Waxwing    [Bombycilla    garrula]   at    Vienna. 

<  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  ii.  1867,  p.  704. 
From  the  Standard,  Mar.  4,  1867. 

1868.  CLARK-KENNEDY,  A.    Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  in 

Yorkshire.     <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  iii.  1868,  p.  1132. 

1868.  HOWLETT,  W.  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  at  New- 
market. <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  iii.  1868,  p.  1132. 

1868.  HUFNAGEL,  — .  [Vorkommen  des  Seidenschwanzes  in  den  Nadelholz- 
waldungen  dem  Riess  benachbarten  Gegend.]  <\  Zool.  Gart.  ix. 
1868,  pp.  113,  114. 

1868.  MOSLEV,  O.  Nidification  of  the  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla 
garrula]  in  England  [!  ?].  <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  iii.  1868,  p.  1294. 

1868.  NEAVE,  E.  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Bombycilla  garrula]  at  Leiston, 
Suffolk.  <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  iii.  1868,  p.  1097. 

1868.  STRICKER,  W.    Der  Bohmer  [Ampelis  garrulus].    <  Zool.  Gart.  ix. 
1868,  p.  222. 
Etymological,  with  an  account  of  the  peculiar  method  of  hunting  the  birds. 

1871.  ABBOTT,  T.  W.  Waxwings  [Bombycilla  garrula]  at  West  Hartle- 
pool.  <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  vi.  1871,  pp.  2805,  2806. 

1871.  GILLMAN,  H.  Cedar  Bird  [Ampelis  cedrorum]  with  Waxen  Append- 
ages on  the  Tail.  <  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1871,  p.  692. 

1871.  HOCKER,  J.  Ueber  das  Nisten  der  Seidenschwanze  [Ampelis  gar- 
rulus] in  Deutschland.  <  J.f.  O.  xix.  1871,  pp.  151,  152. 


SYNONYMY    OF   AMPELIS    GARRULUS  459 

1872.  BOYES,    F.    Waxwings    [Bjmbycilla  garrula]    in    East    Yorkshire. 

<  Zoologist,  2<1  ser.  vii.  1872,  p.  29  3. 

1872.  STIEDA,  L.    Ueber  den  Bau  der  rothen  Bliittchen  an  den  Schwingen 
des  Seidenschwanzes.     <  Arch.  Mikrosk.  Anat.  1872,  p.  639. 
Abstract  by  E.  Cones  in  New  York  Independent,  Aug.  12, 1875. 

1872.  WHITAKER,  J.,  JUN.    Waxwings   [Boinbycilla  garrula]  iu  Notting- 

hamshire.   <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  vii.  1872,  p.  3021. 

1873.  [ANON.]    Bohemian   Waxwiugs  [Bombycilla  garrula]  near  Picker- 

ing.   <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  viii.  1873,  p.  3452. 
From  Leeds  Mercury,  Feb.  9,  1873. 

1873.  HttGEL,  A.  VON.     Waxwing   [Bombycilla    garrula]    in    Hampshire. 

<  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  viii.  1873,  p.  33G8. 

1873.  MATHEW,    M.    A.     Bohemian    Waxwing    [Bombycilla    garrula]    at 
Bishop's  Lydeard.     <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.  viii.  1873,  p.  3452. 

1873.  MATIIEW,    M.    A.      Waxwings    [Bombycilla    garrula]    at    Bishop's 
Lydeard.    ^Zoologist,  2d  ser.  viii.  1873,  p.  3490. 

1876.  BENDIRE,  CHARLES.    The  Bohemian  Waxwing  [Ampelis  garrulus] 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  vi.  Feb.  17,  1876,  p.  20. 
Observations  at  Camp  Harney,  Oregon. 

1877.  HATCH,  P.  L.     The   Waxwing   [Ampelis    garrulus].    <  Forest   and 

Stream,  viii.  Mar.  1,  1877,  p.  50. 
Question  as  to  localities  frequented  during  the  winter  of  1876-77. 

The  Bohemian  Waxwing 

Ampelis  garrulus 

Ampelis  garrulus,  L.  SN.  i.  10th  ed.  1758,  n.  10  (Fn.  Svec.  179).— L.  SN.  i.  12th  ed.  1766,  297, 
n.  1.— Bodd.  Tabl.  PE.  1783,  16,  pL  261.— Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  838,  n.  I.— Lath.  10.  i.  1790, 
3G3,  n.  1.— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  511  —  Fox,  Newc.  Mns.  1827,  58.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 336.— 
Kneel  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  234.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  307,  923  (Fort  Riley,  Kans.,  and 
"millions"  on  Powder  Kiver).— Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for  1860, 1861,  374  (Northern 
Ohio,  winter,  frequent).— Coop.  Pr.  CaL  Acad.  ii.  1861, 122  (Fort  Mojave,  Ariz.,  south- 
ernmost  record).— Newt.  Ibis,  1861,  pp.  92-106,  pi. 4  (eggs-  first  authentic).— Gloger, 
J.  f.  O.  1861,  280  (history— from  Meves).— Albrecht,  J.  f.  O.  1861,  132  (breeding,  from 
Newton).— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862, 157  (Maine,  in  winter,  rare  or  accidental).— 
Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  126  (Calais,  Me.).— Blakist.  Ibis,  1863,  65  (British 
America).— JR.  Bias.  Beigabe  J.  f.  0. 1863,  47  (Braunschweig).— Allen,  Pr.  Eia  Inst.  iv. 
1864,  66  (Springfield,  Mass.;  winter,  accidental).— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  87 
(Canada  West).—  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1866,285  (near  New  York  City).— Qoues, 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  71  (Arizona,  jWe  Cooper).— Degl.-Gerbe,  OE.  i.  1867, 577.— Coues, 
Pr.  Essex  Inst  v.  1868, 276  (New  England ;  rare  and  irregular  in  the  north,  casual  in 
the  south;  Connecticut,  fide  Wood).— v.  Droste,  J.  F.  O.  1868,  38  (Borkum).— Allen, 
Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 579  (Southern  New  England).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  473.— Turnb. 
B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  53;  Phila.  ed.  42  (occasional  near  Philadelphia).— Dall  &  Bann.  Tr. 
Chic.  Acad.  i.  1869,  280  (breeding  on  the  Yukon).—  M ayn.  Nat  1870,  107  (Massachu- 
setts).—Coop.  Pr.  CaL  Acad.  1870,  75.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870, 127.— Doll,  Am.Nat.iv. 
1870,  600  (Alaska).— Hart.  Man.  Br.  B.  1872,  23.— Coues,  Key,  1872,115,f.55.—  Aiken, 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1672,  198  (Colorado).— Eidgw.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873,  181  (Colo- 
rado).— Eidgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  1874,  371  (Illinois).— Swinh.  Ibis,  1874,  445  (Che- 
foo).— Couts,  BNW.  1874,  91.— Hancock,  B.  Northumb.  &,  Durh.  1874, 18.-B.  B.  <&  R. 
NAB.  i.  1874,  396,  pi.  18,  f.  1.— Eidgw.  Ann.  Lye,  N.  Y.  x.  1874,  371  (Illinois).— Hatch, 


460         SYNONYMY  OF  AMPELIS  GARRULUS 

Bull.  Minn.  Acad.  1874,  57  (Minnesota,  Nov.-Feb. ;  sometimes  numerous).— Snow, 
Cat.  B.  Kans.  3d  ed.  1875, 5  (one,  Fort  Riley,  Hammond ;  another,  Ottawa,  Nov.  1875, 
Win.  Wheeler).—  Wheat.  Rep.  Ohio  Agric.  Soc.  for  1874,  1875,565  (Northern  Ohio).— 
Brew.  Pr.  Bo^t.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440  (New  England).— Coop.  Pr.  CaL  Acad.  1875,  — 
(Mojave specimen  confirmed).— Henah.  LiatB.  Ariz.  1875, 15?  (rests  on  Cooper's  speci- 
men).— Hinot,  BNE.  1877,  139.— Merr.  Tr.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877,  32  (Connecticut, 
casual  in  winter). 

AmpellS  garrula,  Swinh.  PZS.  1863,  298  (China).— Bd.  Kev.  AB.  1866,  405,  fig.— v.  Droste, 
J.  f.  0. 18G9, 112  (Faio).— Swinh.  PZS.  1871,  374  (Northern  China).— Alston,  Ibis,  1873, 
60  (Archangel).— Swinh.  Ibis,  1873, 362  (Shanghai).— Swinh.  Ibis,  1874, 158  (Hakodadi). 

Bombycivora  garrula,  Temm.  Man.  i.  "1815",  124;  iii.  1835,  71.— Naum.  Vog.  Deutschl. 
ii.  1822, 143. 

BombyciHa  garrnla,  Vieill.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  766.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826  (whole 
volume  dated  1828),  438,  n.  65  bis.—Bp.  Zool.  Journ.  iii.  1827,  51,  n.  65  bis.—Bp.  Am. 
Orn.  iiL  1828,  — ,  pL  16,  f.  2.— Less.  Tr.  Oru.  1831,  367.— 8.  efi-R.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  237.— 
Brehm,  Hdbh.  Stub.  Hausv.  1832, 292.— Nutt.  Man.  ii.  1834,  579.— .Bp.  CGL.  1838,  9.— 
And.  OB.  iv.  1838,  412,  pi.  363  (Philadelphia,  Long  Island,  Massachusetts).— Peab.  Rep. 
Orn.  Mass.  1839, 290  (Massachusetts,  one  instance).— And.  Syn.  1839, 165.— Macg.  Man. 
Br.  Orn.  i.  1840,  183.— Keys.  &  Bias.  Wirb.  Eur.  1840, 167.—  And.  BA.  iv.  1842, 165,  pi. 
245.— Oiraud,  BLI.  1844,  W5.-Siedh.  Stubenv.  Deutschl.  1845,  332.— Storer,  Pr.  Bost. 

Soo.  ii.  1845,52  (Ohio,  in  July).— Brandt,  Anim.  Vert.  Sib6rie, ,  25.— De<?Z.  OE.  i. 

1849,  349.— Kjzrb.  Naum.  i.  1850,  41  (Denmark).— Tobias,  Naum.  L  1851,  55  (Ober- 
lausitz).— Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  397  (Ohio). -.Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  381 
(Wisconsin).— Wentzel,  J.  f.  O.  1853,  433.— Gloger,J.f.  0. 1854, 175.—  Vang.J.f.0. 1855, 
lS5.—Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  584  (Illinois).—  Mutter,  J.  f.  O.  1856,  220 
(Provence).— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,  228  (Massachusetts).—  Wolley,  PZS.  1857, 
55,  pi.  122  (nest  and  eggs— first  authentic  instance).— Oade,  J.  f.  O.  1859,  436.— Cab. 
J.  f.  0. 1859,  80,  pL  1  (eggs).— Maxim.  3.  f.  O.  1858, 189  (Upper  Missouri  River).— Bolle, 
J.  f.  0. 1859, 125  (Brandenburg).— Holland,  J.  f.  O.  1859,  446.— Preen,  J.  f.  O.  1859, 457.— 
Dubois,  Rev.  et  Mag.  de  Zool.  xii.  1860, 64,  pi.  2,  f.  4  (egg ;  name  B.  coerulea  on  plate).— 
Oieb.  Vog.  1860,  79,  f.  143.— Zand.  Arch.  Mecklenburg,  xv.  1861,  61.— Hintz  1, 
J.  f.  O.  1861,  229  (migrations).— Radde,  Reisen,  1863,  200.— Rei/,  Zool.  Gart.  v.  1864, 
126  (breeding).— Meyer,  Zool.  Gart.  v.  1864,  155.— Holtz,  J.  f.  O.  1864,  220  (Neu-Vor- 
pommern).— Hintz  I,  J.  f.  0. 1863,  414 ;  1864, 170 ;  1865, 88 ;  1866,  95 ;  1867, 156 ;  1868,  299 
(Pomerania).— Strieker,  Zool.  Gart.  ix.  1868,  222  (etymological).— Homeyer,  J.  f.  O. 
1869,  124  (Eastern  Siberia).— Tacz.  J.  f.  O.  1872,442  (Siberia).— Kneel  Pr.  Cleveland 
Acad.  1874,  278  (Ohio,  frequent  in  winter). 

BombyciHa  garrulus,  Kaup,  Thierr.  ii.  pt.  i.  1836, 173.— Nordm.  J.  f.  0. 1858, 307  (breeding)  ; 
1864,363  (Lapland). 

BombyciHa  ccerulea,  Dubois,  Rev.  Mag.  Zool.  xii.  1860,  misprinted  name  on  pi.  2. 

Bombycipbora  polioccelia,  Meyer,  "Vog.  Liv.u.Estbl.  1815,  !04". 

BombyciHa,  Schwenckfeld,  Theriot.  Silesise,  1603, 229  (a  good  account). 

GnaphalYS,  Gesner,  De  Avibus,  ed.  of  1617,  446  (orig.  ed.  1555). 

Garrulus  bohemiCUS,  Gesn.  De  Avibus,  ed.  of  1617,  636,  with  recognizable  figure  (orig. 
ed.  1555,  p.  703).— Aldrov.  "Oru.  i.  796,  pi.  798 " .—Linn. Syst.  Nat.  6th ed.  gen.  78,  sp.  1.— 
Willugh.  "  Orn.  90,  pi.  20  ".—  Albin,  Nat.  Hist.  Birds,  ii.  1738, 25,  pi.  26. 

Ampelis,  Moehr.  "Gen.  Av.  1752, 29  ". 

BombyciHa  bobcmica,  Briss.  Orn.  ii.  1760, 333,  n.  63.— Leach,  "  Cat.  181U,  18".—Steph.  Gen. 
Zool.  x.  18 17,  421,  pi.  34.— Eyton,  "Cat. ,  8".—Brchm,  "Vog.  Deutschl.  219". 

Lanius  garrulus,  L.  "  Fn.  Svec.  179  ".—Scop.  Bemerk.  ed.  Gunth.  1770, 18,  n.  20. 

Turdus  garrulus,  Schaeff.  Mus.  Oru.  1789, 20,  n.  67. 

Parus  bombyciLa,  Pallas,  Zoog.  R.-A.  i.  1831, 548. 

European  Chatterer,  European  Waxwing,  Black -throated  Waxwing,  Bohemian  Wax- 
wing,  Waxen  Chatterer,  English  and  American  Authors. 

Seidenschwantz,  Frisch,  Vog.  1739,  pi.  32. 

Seidenschwanz,  Gemeiner  Seidenschwanz,  Europiiischer  Seidenschwanz,  German. 

Grand  Jascur,  Jaseur  de  Boheme,  Jaseur  d'Europe,  French.— Buff.  "Hist.Nat.Ois.iii. 
429,  pi.  26";  PI.  Enlum.  261. 

HAB. — Northerly  portions  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere.      In   America, 
south  regularly  to  the  northern  tier  of  States,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 


CHARACTERS  OF  AMPELIS  GARRULUS       461 

to  Colorado ;  irregularly  or  casually  to  about  35°  (Pennsylvania,  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Kansas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona).  Only  known  to  breed 
in  America  on  the  Yukon  and  Anderson  Rivers;  believed  to  do  so  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  at  latitude  49°  N.  (Coues).  Scarcely  known  on  the 
Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States  except  in  Alaska. 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Crisso  castaneo,  dbdomine  griseoplumbeo,f route 
rubescente,  alis  albo  ctflavo  notatis. 

$  9  :  General  color  brownish-ash,  shading  insensibly  from  the  clear  ash  of 
the  tail  and  its  upper  coverts  and  rump  into  a  reddish-tinged  ash  anteriorly, 
this  peculiar  tint  heightening  on  the  head,  especially  on  the  forehead  and 
sides  of  the  "head,  into  orange-brown.  A  narrow  frontal  line,  and  broader 
bar  through  the  eye,  with  the  chin  and  throat,  sooty-black,  not  or  not 
sharply  bordered  with  white.  No  yellowish  on  belly.  Under  tail-coverts 
orange-brown,  or  chestnut.  Tail  ash,  deepening  to  blackish-ash  toward  the 
end,  broadly  tipped  with  rich  yellow.  Wings  ashy-blackish;  primaries 
tipped  (chiefly  on  the  outer  webs)  with  sharp  spaces  of  yellow,  or  white, 
or  both ;  secondaries  with  white  spaces  at  the  ends  of  the  outer  webs, 
the  shaits  usually  ending  with  enlarged,  horny,  red  appendages.  Primary 
coverts  tipped  with  white.  Bill  blackish-plumbeous,  often  paler  at  base 
below ;  feet  black.  Length,  7  or  8  inches;  wing,  about  4£;  tail,  2£. 

The  sexes  of  this  beautiful  bird  are  alike,  and  the  principal  variations, 
aside  from  mere  shade  of  the  body-color,  consist  in  the  markings  of  the 
wings.  In  the  finest  specimens  before  me,  the  ends  of  the  primary  quills 
are  rich  yellow,  like  the  tips  of  1  he 
tail-feathers,  forming  broad  firm 
spaces,  in  a  continuous  line  when 
the  wing  is  closed,  with  narrower 
offsets  going  around  the  ends  of 
the  quills.  In  less  perfect  speci- 
mens, these  markings  are  simply 
white,  are  less  firm,  and  do  not 
appear  on  all  the  quills.  The 
secondaries  may  or  may  not  show  FIG.  49.— "Wing-tips  of  Ampelis  garrulus. 
the  red  "sealing-wax"  tips,  but  in  adult  birds  at  least  probably  always 
show  white  markings  at  the  ends,  and  the  same  is  the  case  with  the  prim- 
ary coverts.  These  wing-markings,  with  the  chestnut  crissum,  and  absence 
of  yellowish  on  the  belly,  will  always  distinguish  the  species  from  A. 
cedrorum,  independently  of  its  much  superior  size.  Young :  There  is  an 
early  streaked  stage  of  plumage,  exactly  corresponding  to  that  described 
under  head  of  A.  cedrorum. 

fTlHIS  famous  vagabond  wandered  into  literature,  with  fine 
X  "  Bohemian"  instinct,  at  so  remote  a  period  in  the  history 
of  ornithology,  that  it  is  not  easy  to  determine  which  was  its 
original  nom  deplume  among  the  many  aliases  we  find.  The 
derivation  of  each  of  the  names  it  has  borne  is,  however,  well 
determined.  Ampelis,  the  current  name  of  the  genus,  applied 
to  this  bird  by  Linnaeus  in  1735,  is  obviously  from  the  Greek 


462  NAMES    OF    THE    WAXWING 


,  the  grape-  vine—  the  root  of  a  set  of  words  signifying 
or  relating  to  the  vine  and  vineyard,  as  d/zTreAewv,  a/xTre^wv, 
dfjLxelwv,  dpntttvos,  and  many  others  j  the  form  d/wreAte  itself 
appears  in  some  of  the  lexicons,  not  of  the  highest  authority, 
as  a  diminutive  of  a/^TreAo^,  and  I  also  find  a^neXi^v  itself  given 
as  the  name  of  some  small  unknown  bird,  "  amcula  qucedam 
incerta,"  which  either  frequented  vineyards,  or  was  a  noted 
berry-eater.  Ampelis,  as  the  name  of  the  bird,  occurs  in  Aris- 
tophanes, but  what  he  meant  by  it  is  unknown;  certainly,  the 
Waxwing  never  frequented  the  vineyards  of  the  south  of  Europe 
to  any  extent.  The  name  does  not  occur  in  Aristotle,  nor  do  I 
find  it  used  in  connection  with  the  Waxwing  by  the  writers 
of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries  ;  Linnaeus  may  possibly  have 
first  affixed  it  to  this  bird  in  1735.  Before  this  time,  however, 
the  bird  had,  of  course,  been  long  and  well  known  to  the  peo- 
ple of  Northern  Europe,  and  had  received  a  number  of  vernac- 
ular or  popular  names,  among  which  the  equivalents  of  u  silky- 
tail"  and  "  Bohemian  w  are  conspicuous.  The  latter  term  doubt- 
less had  its  original  application  in  the  appearances  of  the  bird 
in  Bohemia,  and  stuck  to  it,  as  indicating  its  wandering  dispo- 
sition, in  the  tropical  sense  we  now  attach  to  the  term.  In  any 
event,  our  Waxwing  became  the  u  Bohemian  Jay  "  of  writers 
of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries,  this  book-name  being  generally 
rendered  Garrulus  boliemicus,  as  by  Gesner*  and  many  others 
who  wrote  their  treatises  in  Latin,  or  gave  birds  Latin  names. 
The  various  equivalents  of  "silky-tail"  are  specially  interest- 
ing, as  they  are  the  source  of  the  quasi-Latin  name  Bombycilla 
(P6fj.,3i>£.  bombyx.  a  worm  —  and  species  of  Bombyx  are  the  silk- 
worms) by  simple  translation  of  sidenswantz,  seydensclmanz, 
seidenschwanz,  and  other  forms  of  u  silk-tail".  This  is  used  also 

*  Gesner  (p.  446,  ed.  of  1617)  treats  very  briefly  "  de  gnaphalo  "  (Gnaplialvs, 
rv60afa>?),  which  he  says  is  the  bird  called  Seydenschwanz  in  German,  and 
which  is  probably  so  named  from  the  character  of  the  plumage.  He  refers 
to  a  subsequent  page  of  his  work  (p.  636),  where  the  same  bird  is  described 
and  figured  under  the  name  of  Garrvlvs  Bohemicus.  Here  we  read  :  —  "  Gar- 
rvlum  Bohemicum  appello  auem  hanc,  cuius  picturam  ab  Argentoratensi 
pictore  accepi,  qui  nomen  eius  ignorabat,  sed  ab  aliis  postea  didici  hac 
specie  auem  circa  Norimbergam  vocavi  Behemle  id  est  Bohemicam,  .  .  , 
Alii  alio  Germanico  Zinzerelle  vocitant,  hand  scio  an  a  vocis  imitatioue." 
From  the  way  this  paragraph  opens,  we  are  free  to  infer  that  this  was  the 
original  use  of  the  term  Garrulus  bohemicus  in  this  connection.  He  de- 
scribes and  figures  the  Waxwing  unmistakably,  even  to  the  sealing-wax 
tips  ("'  macula3  quinse  egregie  rubentes,  quas  natura  corneas  esse  quidam 
mihi  retulit"). 


EARLY   HISTORY    OF    THE    WAXWING  463 

by  Schwenckfeld  in  1603  in  his  u  Theriotrophevm  Silesise"; 
and  it  became  a  generic  name  with  Brisson  in  1760,  and 
later  with  Vieillot.  It  is  interesting  to  observe,  in  this  con- 
nection, that  a  modern  Greek  name  of  the  bird,  f»6.<pa.\oq  (or 
Gnaphalvs,  as  rendered  by  Gesner),  is  of  similar  import,  mean- 
ing a  lock  of  wool ;  the  obvious  implication  of  all  these  terms 
being  the  remarkably  smooth,  soft,  as  if  fleecy,  plumage  of 
the  bird,  as  characteristic  as  the  berry-eating  habits,  which  the 
set  of  words  from  a/j.xelo<;  signalize.  The  impertinence  of  the 
English  term  "chatterer"  as  applied  to  birds  of  this  genus 
has  been  frequently  criticised  by  writers,  the  species  being 
notably  silent,  or  only  sibilant.  I  do  not  know  when  or  by 
whom  the  name  may  have  been  first  used  in  this  connection, 
or  what  equivalents  may  be  found  in  other  languages.  The 
term  may  be  simply  rooted  in  Qarrulus,  which,  as  we  have 
seen,  was  long  in  use  for  the  bird,  not  considered  as  specially 
loquacious,  but  simply  as  a  species  of  Jay;  yet  we  may  readily 
suppose  that  the  enormous  multitudes  which  sometimes  ap- 
pear make  a  great  deal  of  noise,  about  the  quality  of  which 
people  were  not  very  particular  when  they  came  to  call  the 
birds  "  chatterers  ".  The  Linna3an  use  of  garrulus  as  a  trivial 
designation  may  have  been  purely  arbitrary,  or  by  simple  ver- 
sion of  an  old  generic  into  a  new  specific  term ;  his  practice  of 
naming  justifies  either  supposition.  There  is,  however,  as  we 
learn  from  Gesner  (see  note  on  a  preceding  page),  among  the 
old  vernacular  names  of  the  bird  one  derived  from  its  voice ; 
this  is  Zinzerelle,  a  word  well  formed  to  express  the  soft  sibi- 
lant notes  of  the  bird.  The  meaning  of  our  English  name 
"  Waxwing  "  is  obvious ;  the  period  and  circumstances  of  its 
introduction  I  know  not. 

In  olden  times,  when  popular  ignorance  dreaded  everything 
extraordinary,  the  occasional  apparitions  of  the  Bohemian 
Waxwing  caused  general  consternation,  and  supernatural 
powers  of  portent  were  attributed  to  the  bird  that  came 
whence  no  one  knew,  and  departed  as  mysteriously.  I  could 
fill  many  pages  with  the  history  of  such  occurrences,  often 
couched  in  the  most  exaggerated  language  5  but  a  few  ex- 
amples must  suffice.  Thus,  Gesner  narrates  that  in  the  year 
of  our  Lord  1552,  these  birds  appeared  between  Mayence 
and  Biugen  on  the  Rhine  in  such  numbers  that  they  darkened 
the  light  of  day  as  they  flew — "inter  Mogentiam  &  Biugam 
iuxta  Ehenum  maximis  examinibus  apparuerunt  in  tanta  copia, 


464  HISTORY    OF    THE    WAXWING    IN    AMERICA 

vt  subito  qua  transuolabant,  ex  vmbra  earum  veluti  nox 
appareret."  Many,  he  says,  were  caught  and  eaten ;  and 
pictures  of  the  unknown  birds  which  caused  such  a  prodigy 
were  published.  "  Kari  sunt  plerisque  in  locis,  &  cum  ap- 
parent pestilens  aeris  mutatio  expectatur7-;  and  such  phenom- 
ena were  long  held  to  presage  war,  pestilence,  and  other  public 
calamities,  or  to  foretell  some  national  event  soon  to  transpire. 

In  February,  1530,  according  to  Aldrovandi,  a  visitation 
occurred,  marking  the  coronation  of  Charles  V.  at  Bologna ; 
in  1551,  large  flocks  appeared,  spreading  in  numbers  through 
the  Modenese,  the  Plaisantiue,  and  other  parts  of  Italy,  but 
apparently  avoiding  the  Ferrarese,  as  if  to  escape  the  earth- 
quake which  was  soon  afterward  felt ;  and  in  1571  flocks  of 
hundreds  were  seen  flying  about  in  the  same  country.  Bona- 
parte, in  whose  account  of  1828  I  find  these  items  from  Aldro- 
vandi, states  that  they  have  of  late  years  been  extremely  rare 
in  Italy,  Germany,  and  especially  France,  being  seen  only 
singly  or  in  stray  companies  of  small  extent.  In  the  winter 
of  1810,  large  flocks  were  dispersed  through  England,  from 
which  period,  says  Bonaparte,  we  do  not  find  the  bird  re- 
corded by  English  writers  until  February,  1822,  when,  as  well 
as  during  the  following  winter,  a  few  were  observed.  In  decker's 
memoir  on  the  birds  of  Germany,  as  quoted  by  the  same 
writer,  it  is  stated  that  from  the  beginning  of  the  present  cen- 
tury only  two  considerable  flights  had  been  observed  in  that 
canton,  one  in  January,  1807,  the  other  in  January,  1814,  in 
which  year  the  birds  were  numerous,  and  did  not  depart  until 
March.  In  1807,  they  were  dispersed  over  much  of  Western 
Europe;  and  they  were  seen  near  Edinburgh  early  in  that 
year.  Of  very  late  years,  their  appearances  in  Great  Britain 
have  been  frequently  noticed,  as  may  be  gathered  from  the 
number  of  references  I  present  in  the  foregoing  bibliography; 
the  year  1850  is  specially  prominent  in  these  chronicles.  They 
also  visited  England,  Germany,  &c.,  in  unusual  abundance  in 
the  winter  of  1866-67,  as  testified  by  the  various  records  I  have 
presented.  Schoepff  states  (Zool.  Gart.  1867,  p.  160)  that  their 
then  appearance  in  Switzerland  was  for  the  first  time  since  1811. 

The  history  of  the  Waxwing  in  America,  to  which  we  will  now 
confine  our  attention,  has  never  been  written  in  full.  It  was 
unknown  as  an  American  bird  to  Yieillot  and  Wilson ;  and  any 
early  writer  who  may  have  attributed  it  to  this  country  meant 
the  Cedar-bird,  A.  cedrorum,  which  was  long  regarded  by  some 


HISTORY   OF    THE    WAXWING    IN   AMERICA  465 

as  only  a  variety  of  the  Bohemian  Wax  wing,  though  Catesby, 
Brisson,  and  others  knew  better.  The  Bohemian  appears  to 
have  been  first  discovered  in  America  "  in  the  spring  of  1826, 
near  the  sources  of  the  Athabasca,  or  Elk  River,  by  Mr.  Drum- 
mond",  as  we  are  informed  by  Sir  John  Richardson,  who  says 
that  he  saw  it  himself  the  same  season  at  Great  Bear  Lake,  in 
latitude  65°.  The  Athabasca  specimens  were  transmitted  to 
England,  and  communicated  by  Mr.  Leadbeater  to  the  Prince 
of  Musignano,  who  in  1828  described  and  figured  the  species 
upon  this  material  in  his  "American  Ornithology".  Richard- 
son's account,  in  the  "Fauna  Boreali-Americana ",  did  not 
appear  until  1829,  and  doubtless  the  first  well-founded  publica- 
tion of  the  species  as  an  American  bird  was  in  the  Appendix 
of  Bonaparte's  "  Synopsis '>,  in  the  second  volume  of  the  Annals 
of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  of  New  York,  page  438,  where 
the  species  is  numbered  65  Ms.  In  this  place,  Bonaparte  simply 
notes,  "Inhabits  near  the  Rocky  Mountains";  but  in  his  "Arner 
ican  Ornithology  "  he  gives  the  long  and  interesting  account 
of  the  bird  from  which  I  have  already  extracted  some  items 
bearing  on  its  general  history.  Referring  to  the  Athabasca 
specimen  described,  he  states  that  it  was  a  female,  taken  on 
the  20th  of  March,  1825,  while  Richardson  gives  the  date  as 
1826.  The  last-named  states  that  the  bird  appears  in  flocks  at 
Great  Bear  Lake  about  the  24th  of  May,  when  the  spring  thaw 
exposes  the  berries  on  which  it  feeds;  that  it  remains  but  a 
few  days;  that  its  breeding-place  was  unknown  to  him,  but 
believed  to  be  in  the  rugged  and  secluded  mountain-limestone 
districts  in  the  67th  and  68th  parallels,  where  the  common 
juniper,  on  the  fruit  of  which  it  feeds,  abounds.  He  adds  a 
note  of  his  observation  of  a  large  flock  on  the  Saskatchewan 
early  in  May,  1827,  when  several  hundred  individuals  alighted 
with  loud  twittering  on  one  or  two  trees  of  a  poplar  grove,  and 
stayed  about  an  hour. 

Such  is  the  substance  of  our  original  advices,  which,  how- 
ever, did  not  long  remain  unique.  Townsend  did  not  observe 
the  bird  on  the  Columbia,  and  Nnttall's  account  was  merely  a 
note  derived  from  Richardson ;  but  Audubon,  in  1838,  gave 
some  additional  particulars.  This  author  states  that  the  south- 
ernmost locality  where  he  has  known  the  bird  to  be  procured  is 
the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  where,  as  well  as  on  Long  Island, 
several  were  shot  in  1831  and  1832,  and  that  a  pair  were  seen 
and  pursued,  but  without  success,  by  his  sons  near  Boston  in 
30  B  c 


466  HISTORY   OF   THE    WAXWING   IN   AMERICA 

the  latter  year.  His  figures  were  drawn  from  Nova  Scotian 
specimens  presented  to  him  by  Thomas  McCulloch,  of  Pictou, 
who  procured  several  others  in  1834,  and  contributed  the  very 
graphic  and  touching  biographical  sketch  with  which  Audu- 
bon's  account  of  the  species  concludes.  The  species  appears  in 
Peabody  and  Giraud,  and  in  the  course  of  the  next  decade  or 
two  we  find  it  fairly  represented  in  current  literature  through 
reports  of  its  presence  in  various  northerly  States:  Ohio, 
Storer,  1845;  Wisconsin,  Hoy,  1853;  Ohio,  Bead,  the  same 
year;  Illinois,  Kennicott,  1854;  Massachusetts,  Kneeland, 
1857;  and  there  are  doubtless  other  accounts  of  this  period 
which  I  have  not  at  hand.  Dr.  Brewer's  late  notice  mentions 
a  flock  of  twenty  or  thirty  which  appeared  in  Boston  in  mid- 
winter, "  somewhere  about  1844  ". 

Up  to  the  year  1858,  we  had  no  evidence  of  the  gathering  of 
American  Bohemians  in  the  enormous  multitudes  which  early 
made  them  famous  in  Europe.  At  that  date,  however,  Profes- 
sor Baird  made  known  an  instance  of  such  prodigious  flocking 
of  the  species,  giving  us  at  the  same  time  one  of  our  western- 
most records.  u Mr.  Drexler,"  he  says,  "  saw  4  millions'  of  this 
species  while  in  the  winter  camp  of  the  South  Pass  wagon  road 
party,  at  the  head  of  Powder  Eiver,  Nebraska.  Every  tree  for 
miles  was  filled  with  them,  the  flock  rivalling  that  of  the  wild 
pigeon  in  its  size"  (BKA.  p.  923).  This  record  remains  singular 
to  this  date,  as  the  numerous  isolated  notices  of  the  bird  we 
have  since  acquired  all  relate  to  ordinary  occurrences  in  par- 
ticular localities;  though  it  should  be  added  that  Mr.  Mcllwraith 
reports  the  irregular  occurrence  of  "  vast ??  flocks  in  Canada 
West, 

In  1861,  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper  presented  the  account  of  his  cap- 
ture of  a  single  individual  at  Fort  Mojave,  Arizona,  the  first- 
known  instance  of  the  occurence  of  the  bird  in  the  United 
States  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  the  southernmost  on 
record.  "  It  appeared  on  January  10th,  after  a  stormy  period 
which  had  whitened  the  tops  of  the  mountains  with  snow,  and 
was  alone,  feeding  on  the  berries  of  the  mistletoe,  when  I  shot 
it."  Doubtless,  as  Dr.  Cooper  surmises,  this  individual  was  a 
straggler  from  some  of  the  neighboring  mountains.  I  under- 
stand that  the  validity  of  the  record  has  been  suspected ;  but, 
in  one  of  his  late  papers,  Dr.  Cooper  states  that  the  specimen 
is  preserved  in  the  California  Academy  of  Science  to  vouch  for 
the  correctness  of  his  identification.  All  the  citations  of  "  Ari- 


RANGE    OF   THE    WAXWING   IN    AMERICA  467 

zonar  for  the  species  rest  on  tbis  capture,  and  no  other  person 
seems  to  have  found  the  bird  so  far  south  and  west. 

Though  the  Bohemians  have  scarcely  been  found  in  the  Pacific 
Province  of  the  United  States,  the  Kocky  Mountain  region,  as 
might  be  supposed,  seems  to  be  the  main  line  of  migration  along 
which  the  birds  push  farthest,  as  well  as  most  regularly,  into 
the  United  States  in  winter.  In  1860,  Dr.  Hayden  took  such 
a  large  series  on  Deer  Creek  that  we  may  infer  he  found  the 
birds  abundant.  In  Colorado,  according  to  Mr.  T.  M.  Trippe, 
the  Bohemians  are  "  abundant n  in  certain  mountainous  locali- 
ties, as  at  Idaho  Springs,  from  November  or  December  until 
March.  Baird  and  Kidgway  state,  in  their  portion  of  the  His- 
tory of  "North  American  Birds ",  that  the  bird  extends  along 
the  Eocky  Mountains  and  the  plains  as  far  as  Fort  Massachu- 
setts (New  Mexico)  and  Fort  Eiley,  Kansas.  In  the  East, 
records  have  multiplied  of  late  years,  but  it  is  unnecessary  to 
analyze  the  evidence,  as  it  shows  nothing  but  what  we  have 
already  seen.  For  the  Pacific  region,  I  possess  but  a  single 
record,  that  lately  furnished  by  Captain  Charles  Bendire,  from 
observations  made  at  Camp  Harney,  Oregon,  and  published  in 
"  Forest  and  Stream  »  of  February  17,  1876. 

From  all  the  facts  we  have  acquired,  we  make  out  an  extreme 
southern  range  of  the  species  in  America  to  about  35°  north  ; 
its  regular  or  at  least  normal  occurence  in  winter  in  the  region 
of  the  Great  Lakes  to  Northern  Ohio,  and  in  the  Eocky  Mount- 
ain region  to  the  State  of  Colorado;  its  irregular  but  frequent 
appearance  in  Northern  New  England ;  its  casual  presence  in 
severe  winters  in  Southern  New  England,  the  Middle  States 
to  Philadelphia,  Southern  Ohio,  Indiana.  Illinois,  and  Kansas ; 
and  its  apparent  scarcity  in  the  Pacific  Province. 

All  this  matter,  it  will  be  remembered,  bears  only  on  the  south- 
ward migration  of  the  species  in  the  fall  from  its  boreal  summer 
home;  we  have  seen  how  it  wanders  about,  sometimes  whirl- 
ing in  monstrous  flocks  over  the  country,  and  will  turn  to 
consider  a  no  less  interesting  aspect  of  its  life.  In  days  gone 
by  I  used  to  ponder  over  the  surmises  I  read  respecting  the 
breeding-place  of  the  Bohemian,  gaining  unconsciously  a  vague 
idea  that  somewhere,  perhaps  in  the  very  focus  of  the  aurora 
borealis,  this  mysterious  bird  swarmed  to  nest  in  a  sort  of 
rookery ;  but  I  have  no  doubt  that  when  dispersed  to  breed  in 
the  far  North,  it  is  no  more  conspicuous  than  the  Cedar-bird  is 
with  us  under  the  same  conditions.  British  America,  to  say 


468          BREEDING   OF    THE    WAX  WING   IN   AMERICA 

nothing  of  Alaska,  is  pretty  broad  and  deep,  requiring  a  great 
many  Bohemians  to  make  any  decided  impress  on  its  scenery. 
We  are  all  aware  now  how  long  it  was  before  the  breeding  of 
the  Waxwing  in  Europe  was  established  beyond  dispute,  as 
announced  by  Mr.  John  Wolley,  in  1857,  before  the  Zoological 
Society  of  London,  and  have  read  Professor  Newton's  "  Par- 
ticulars of  Mr.  J.  Wolley's  Discovery  of  the  Breeding  of  the 
Waxwing"  in  the  "Ibis"  of  1861.  Shortly  afterward,  Messrs. 
Kennicott  and  MacFarlane  each  discovered  the  breeding  of  the 
bird  in  America — the  former  on  the  Yukon  in  1861,  the  latter 
on  Anderson  Eiver  during  the  same  or  the  following  year. 
Publication  of  this  discovery,  however,  seems  to  have  been 
delayed  until  1866,  when  it  was  announced  by  Professor  Baird 
in  the  following  brief  terms : — 

u  The  only  instance  on  record  of  their  [i.  e.  the  nest  and  eggs] 
discovery  in  America  are  of  a  nest  and  one  egg  by  Mr.  Kenni- 
cott, on  the  Yukon,  in  1861,  and  a  nest  and  single  egg  on  the 
Anderson  Eiver,  by  Mr.  MacFarlane,  both  of  which,  with  the 
female  parents,  are  in  the  possession  of  the  [Smithsonian]  In- 
stitution."—(Eev.  AB.  1866,  406.) 

This  is  the  same  material  as  that  upon  which  Dr.  Brewer 
based  his  account  of  1874 ;  but  the  latter  article  disagrees  with 
Professor  Baird's  original  and  doubtless  accurate  note,  and  is 
inconsistent  in  itself  in  several  particulars,  which  I  have  itali- 
cized in  the  following  extract.  Says  Dr.  Brewer : — 

"  Specimens  of  the  bird  were  obtained  on  Anderson  Eiver,  in 
1862,  by  Mr.  MacFarlane,  but  he  was  not  able  to  find  the  nest. 
At  Fort  Yukon,  July  4,  [1861,]  Mr  Kennicott  met  with  the  nest 
of  this  species.  The  nest,  which  contained  but  one  egg,  was 
about  eighteen  feet  from  the  ground,  and  was  built  on  a  side 
branch  of  a  small  spruce  that  was  growing  at  the  outer  edge  of 
a  clump  of  thick  spruces,  on  low  ground.  The  nest  was  large, 
the  base  being  made  of  small,  dry  spruce  twigs.  Internally  it 
was  constructed  of  fine  grass  and  moose  hair,  and  lined  thickly 
with  large  feathers.  The  female  was  shot  as  she  rose  from  her 
nest,  by  Mr.  Kennicott's  hunter,  who  had  concealed  himself 
near  the  spot  for  that  purpose.  Mr.  Kennicott  had  seen  the 
nest  and  both  parents  near  it  before  it  was  taken,  and  had 
thoroughly  satisfied  himself  as  to  its  complete  identification" 
(Hist.  NAB.  p.  398).  On  the  page  following,  the  author  quotes, 
without  criticism,  a  statement  that  "its  eggs  have  been  obtained 
at  Fort  Yukon".  On  page  400,  Dr.  Brewer  redescribes  the 


BREEDING   OF   THE   WAX  WING   IN    AMERICA          469 

same  nest  in  somewhat  discrepant  terms : — "  The  nest  from  the 
Yukon,  obtained  by  Mr.  Kennicott,  (S.  Coll.  G,  326),  is  smaller, 
and  bears  but  little  resemblance  to  the  European.  It  is  but 
five  inches  in  diameter,  of  irregular  shape.  In  height  and 
cavity  it  nearly  corresponds.  In  place  of  the  lichens  of  the 
European,  this  nest  is  made  of  fine  grass-stems,  strips  of  bark, 
and  a  few  feathers."  Though  the  points  here  criticised  be 
really  immaterial,  in  as  far  at  least  as  the  descriptions  of  the 
nest  are  concerned,  it  would  have  been  more  satisfactory  to 
have  had  one  good  coherent  account  in  this  case,  to  which 
unusual  interest  attaches.  One  of  Mr.  Wolley's  nests, "  obtained 
in  Finland,  June  19, 1861  (S.  I.  5,  327),"  and  generously  pre- 
sented to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  by  Professor  Newton,  is 
described  by  Dr.  Brewer  with  evident  care  and  particularity. 
It  contains  five  eggs,  which  is  said  to  be  the  usual  number, 
though  six  were  found  in  one  instance.  As  described  by  Dr. 
Brewer,  the  Smithsonian  eggs  measure  each  an  inch  in  length 
by  0.67  to  0.70  in  breadth ;  the  ground-color  varies  from  light 
slate  to  yellowish  stone-color,  and  is  blotched  and  dotted  with 
markings  of  various  shades  and  sizes,  chiefly  dark  purple  or 
blackish,  with  others  of  a  yellowish-brown,  nearly  all  the  spots 
being  shaded  with  the  peculiar  penumbra  so  conspicuous  in  the 
eggs  of  the  Common  Cedar-bird.  "  The  egg  obtained  by  Ken- 
nicott on  the  Yukon  is  smaller  than  the  European  specimen, 
measuring  .90  by  .65  of  an  inch.  Its  ground  is  more  of  a 
greenish-slate  or  stone-color,  and  the  spots  are  of  a  dark-brown, 
with  a  deep  violet-shading"  (Brewer,  I.  c.). 

To  these  original  accounts  of  the  breeding  of  the  Bohemian 
in  America,  I  have  to  add,  from  my  own  observations,  that 
the  bird  undoubtedly  nests  in  the  United  States.  While  in 
the  Kocky  Mountains,  at  latitude  49°,  I  secured  a  newly 
fledged  bird  so  young  that  there  is  no  reasonable  doubt  that  it 
was  bred  in  the  vicinity.  This  specimen  was  shot  in  thick 
coniferous  woods,  at  an  altitude  of  about  4,200  feet,  on  the  19th 
of  August,  1874.  No  migration  had  begun  at  the  time,  and 
no  other  individuals  were  observed,  as  would  most  likely  have 
been  the  case  had  they  been  roving  away  from  their  summer 
home. 

In  general  terms,  it  may  be  asserted  that  the  nest  and  eggs 
of  the  Bohemian  only  differ  materially  from  those  of  the  Caro- 
lina Waxwing  in  size,  and  that  the  two  birds  have  substantially 
the  same  breeding  habits.  The  special  natural  history  of  the 


470  SYNONYMY   OF   AMPELI8   CEDRORLTM 

Bohemian  involves  nothing  more  than  its  geographical  distri- 
bution, including  its  boreal  summer  home,  its  erratic  move- 
ments, and  its  occasional  multitudinous  gatherings,  for  it  shares 
all  those  traits  of  the  Cherry-bird  which  I  will  make  the  subject 
of  the  following  sketch. 

The  Carolina  Waxwing 

Ampelis  eedrornin 

Lanius  garrnlus,  0,  Linn.  SN.  i.  1758, 95,  n.  10  0  (Gates,  i.  46). 

Ampelis  garrulus,  0,  L.  SN.  i.  17G6,  297,  n.  2  0.—Gm.  SN.  i.  1768,  638,  n.  1/7.— Lath.  10.  i. 
1790, 363,  D.  1  0. 

Ampelis  garrulus,  2,  Turt.  SN.  i.  1806, 511. 

Ampelis  garrulns,  Bartr.  Tr.  Fla.  1791, 290,  bis  (fall  account  p.  298). 

Bombycilla  cedrorum,  Vieitt.  OAS.  i.  1807,  88,  pi.  57.— V.  EM.  ii.  1823, 766.— Less.  Tr.  Orn. 
1831,  367.— Vieill.  Gal.  Oia.  i.  1834,  186,  pi.  118.— Cab.  Mus.  Hem.  i.  1850,  55.— Oundl. 
J.f.O.  1856,  3  (Cuba).— Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  1858,  169.— Oundl.  J.  f.  O.  1859,  350  (Cuba).— 
Gundl  J.  f.  0. 1861,  410  (Cuba). 

Ampelis  cedrorum,  Gray,  G.  ofB.  i.  1849,  278.— Scl.  PZS.  1856,  299  (Cordova).— Kneel. 
Pr.  Bost  Soc.  vi.  1857,  234.— Sd.  BNA.  1858,  318.— Scl.  PZS.  1858,  302  (Parada).— Scl. 
PZS.  1859,  364  (Xalapa).— 8.  &  S.  Ibis,  1859, 13  (Guatemala).—  Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
1859,  106  (New  Mexico).— Heerm.  PRRR.  x.  1859,  5Q.—Coop.  &  Suckl.  NHWT.  1860, 
187.— Tayl  Ibis,  1860,  111  (Honduras).— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1861,  328  (Cuba).—  Wheat. 
Ohio  Agric.  Eep.  for  1860,  1861,  364.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860, 1861, 436.— Cones  & 
Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861, 1862, 409.— Albrecht,  J.  f.  0. 1862, 202  (Jamaica).—  Vfirr.  Pr. 
Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862, 148.— Boardm.  Pr.  Bosk  Soc.  ix.  1862, 126.—  Hayd.  Tr.  Ainer.  Philos. 
Soc.  xii.  1862,  162.— Blak.  Ibis,  1863,  65  (British  America).— March,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
1863,  294  (Jamaica).— Lord,  Pr.  Roy.  Art.  Inst.  iv.  1864, 116  (British  Columbia).— Scl 
PZS.  1864, 173  (City  of  Mexico).— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  18S4,  66.—  Dress.  Ibis,  1865,  479 
fTexas).— G  ifford,  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  v.  1865,  925  (habits).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1866, 
407.— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  v.  1866,  87.— Lawr.  Ann.  N.  T.  Lye.  via.  1866, 285.— Brovm, 
Ibis,  1868,  421  ( Vancouver) .—Butch.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1868, 149  (.Laredo,  Tex.).— Coues, 
Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  276.— Cones,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  112  (South  Carolina).— 
Sumich.  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869, 547  (Vera  Cruz,  winter). — Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  34, 
473.— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa,  1869, 26;  Phila,  ed.  19.— Coop.  B.  CaL  i.  1870,  129.— Gillman,  Am. 
Nat.  iv.  1870,  692.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  115,  f.  56 .—Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872, 176.- Scott, 
Pr.Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  224.— Aiken,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 198  (Colorado).— Mayn.  Pr. 
Bost  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  370.— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1872,  438  (Cuba).— Ridgw.  Bull.  Ess.  Insk  v. 
1873,  181  (Colorado).— Merr.  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873,  714.— 
Ridgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  1874,  371.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873, 235.— Kirtl.  Pr. 
Cleveland  Acad.  1874,  277.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  93,  233.— Pact.  Am.  Nat  viii.  1874, 
271.— Allen,  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  54  (Yellowstone  River).— Hensh.  Rep.  Orn. 
Spec.  1874,  43  (Utah);  106  (Arizona).— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  157.— Hensh.  ZooL 
ExpL  W.  100  Morid.  1875, 229.— B.  B.  <6  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  401,  pi.  18,  f.  2.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost 
Soc.  xvii.  1875, 440.— Lawr.  Bull.  Nat  Mus.  n.  4, 1876, 18  (Tehuantepec).— Gentry,  Life- 
Hist  1876, 205.— Minot,  BNE.  1877, 137.-Jferr.  Tr.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877, 32. 

Amphelis  cedrorum,  Gregg,  Pr.  Elmira  Acad.  1870. 

Corvus  cedrorum,  Cabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heft  iii.  1852, 65  (generic  name  slipped  with  "  Ampelis  " 
cacalotl). 

Ampelis  americana,  Wils.  AO.  i.  1808, 107,  pi.  7,  f.  l.—Bp.  Jonrn.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 37. 

Bombycilla  americana,  Licht  "  Preis.-Verz.  Mex.  V6g.  1830,  1";  J.  f.  O.  1863, 56— Sw.  & 
Rich.  FBA.  ii  1831,  239.— Kaup,  Thierr.  ii.  pt.  i.  1836,  173.— Hartl.  Naum.  ii.  1852,52 
(Cuba  and  Guayaquil).— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  382.— .Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric. 
Soc.  i.  1855, 584.— Jones,  "Nat.inBerm.  1859, 29  ".—Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep. for  1864, 1865,  438. 

Bombycilla  carolinensis,  Briss.  Orn.  ii.  1760,  337.— Steph.  Gen.  ZooL  x.  1817,  422.—  Bp. 
Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  37.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826,  59.— Fa^-Isis,  1831, 
528.— Aud.  OB.  i.  1831, 227,  pi.  43.— Nutt,  Man.  i.  1832,  248.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  9.— Peab. 


CHARACTERS  OF  AMPELIS  CEDRORUM      471 

Hep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839,  289.— Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839, 152.— And.  Syn.  1839, 
165.— Aud.  BA.  iv.  1842,  169,  pi.  246.— Giraud,  BLL  1844, 163.— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853, 
74,  fig.— Newt  Zoologist,  is.  1831,  3277  (Cambridgeshire,  England).— Read,  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  1853, 397.— Brew.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  iv.  1854, 325.— Gloger,  J.  f.  0. 1854, 175  (nest,  &c.).— 
Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1855, 313.— Pratten,  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 603.— Putn. 
Pr.  Ess.  Inst  i.  1856,  213.— Haym.  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1856, 292.—  Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi. 
1857,  118  (Nova  Scotia).—  Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858,  1859,  282  (Nova  Scotia).— 
Bland,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 1859, 287  (Bermudas).— Martins,  J.  f.  0. 1B59, 213  (same).— 
Gieb.  Vog.  1860, 80,  fig.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  vii.  1860, 307  (Cuba).— Williams,  Am.  Nat 
iii.  1869, 384.— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vL  1871, 117. 

Romb)  cilia  carolinaensis,  Wailes,  Rep.  Miss.  1854, 318. 

Ampclis  carol inensis,  Gosse,  B.  Jam.  1847,  196.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  336.— Newt.  Zoologist,!. 
1852, 3506  (Cambridgeshire,  England). 

Coquantototl,  Fern. "  Hisp.  55". 

Oiseau  lomotl,  d'Ameriqne,  hnppe,  Seba,  "  ii.  66,  pi.  65,  f.  5  ". 

Chatterer,  Gates. "  Car.  i.  1754, 46,  pi.  46  ". 

Chatterer  of  Carolina,  Edw.  "Glean.  1758, 66,  pi. 242". 

Jaseur  de  la  Caroline,  Buff.  "  Hist.  Nat  Oi«.  iiL  441  ".—Briss.  Orn.  ii  1760, 337,  n.  64. 

Prib  Chatterer,  Perm.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 346,  n.  207. 

Jaseur  du  ccdre,  Vieill.  11.  cc.— Le  Maine.  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 219. 

Amerikanischer  Seidenschwanz,  Kaup,  1.  c. 

Cedar-bird,  Cedar  Waxwing,  Carolina  Waxwing,  Cherry-bird,  Authors. 

HAB. — North  America  at  large,  to  lat.  54°  N.  or  beyond ;  south  through 
Mexico  and  Central  America;  Bermudas,  Jamaica,  and  Cuba.  Breeds  in- 
differently in  its  North  American  range,  migrates  or  rather  wanders  irregu- 
larly according  to  supply  of  food,  and  winters  in  much  of  the  United  States 
as  well  as  beyond.  Accidental  in  England. 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Crisso  albo  ;  abdomine  flamcante ;  remigibus 
fusco-cinereis,  innotatis. 

$  9 ,  adult :  General  color  of  the  body  shading  from  clear  pure  ash  on 
the  upper  tail-coverts  and  rump  through  olivaceous-cinnamon  into  a  richer 
and  somewhat  purplish  cinnamon  on  the  fore  parts  and  head.  On  the  under 
parts,  the  color  shades  through  yellowish  on  the  belly  into  white  on  the 
under  tail-coverts.  There  is  no  demarcation  of  color  whatever  on  the  body, 
and  the  tints  are  scarcely  susceptible  of  adequate  description.  Frontlet,  lores, 
and  stripe  through  the  eye  velvety-black ;  chin  the  same,  soon  shading  into 
the  color  of  the  breast.  A  sharp  white  line  on  the  side  of  the  under  jaw, 
and  a  narrower  one  bordering  the  black  frontlet  and  lores ;  lower  eyelid 
white.  Quills  of  the  wings  slate-gray,  blackening  at  the  ends,  paler  along 
the  edges  of  the  inner  webs;  without  white  or  yellow  markings;  inner 
quills  tipped  with  red  horny  appendages.  Tail-feathers  like  the  primaries, 
but  tipped  with  yellow,  and  sometimes  also  showing  red  horny  appendages. 
Bill  plumbeous-black,  sometimes  paler  at  base  below ;  feet  black.  Length, 
6  or  7  inches ;  extent,  11^-12 ;  wing,  3i~3£ ;  tail,  2J. 

There  is  comparatively  very  little  difference  in  the  body-coloration.  In 
very  high  condition,  there  is  sometimes  just  a  trace  of  whitish  tipping  on 
some  of  the  primary  quills. 

Young:  Brownish-gray, with  a  slight  olive  shade;  paler  below,  and  whit- 
ening or  becoming  slightly  yellowish  on  the  belly;  everywhere  streaked  with 
dingy  whitish ;  the  markings  most  evident  on  the  breast  and  sides.  Wings 
and  tail  as  in  the  adults,  but  usually  lacking  the  red  appendages.  The  vel- 


472      CHARACTERS  OF  AMPELIS  CEDRORUM 

vety-black  and  white  on  the  head  imperfectly  defined.  Bill  pale  at  base 
below ;  feet  plumbeous.  A  specimen  described  by  Brewster  as  a  female  in 
the  "  first  plumage  "  had  two  small  wax  tips ;  the  tail  narrowly  tipped  with 
yellow ;  a  dull  black  loral  line  from  nostril  to  eye,  including  anterior  half 
of  both  eyelids;  entire  under  parts  "brownish-buff",  palest  about  anal  re- 
gion, deepest  on  throat  and  chin ;  breast  and  sides  thickly  streaked  with 
cinnamon-brown ;  npper  parts  duller  than  in  the  adult,  with  obscure  "dusky- 
buff";  "rump  grayish-brown  with  a  tinge  of  olive". 

Specimens  apparently  mature  and  full-feathered  frequently  lack  the  seal- 
ing-wax tips.  These  are  normally  confined  to  the  secondaries,  but  occasion- 
ally appear  on  one  or  several  primaries,  and  more  or  fewer  or  all  of  the 
rectrices;  a  case  is  recorded  in  which  an  under  tail-covert  was  similarly 
embellished.  Both  sexes  possess  these  ornaments,  but  as  a  rule  they  are 
best  developed  in  the  male.  The  normal  period  of  their  appearance  is  not 
known — it  is  probably  not  constant ;  birds  in  the  earliest  known  plumage 
may  possess  one  or  more.  They  are  possibly  deciduous,  independently  of 
moult  of  the  feather.  Their  use  is  unknown,  but  surmised  by  some  to  pre- 
vent fraying  of  the  feathers,  though  other  feathers  not  thus  protected  do 
not  fray  more  than  usual. 

The  sexes  are  not  obviously  different.  There  is  comparatively  little  vari- 
ation in  the  body-coloration,  chiefly  in  the  shade  of  yellow  on  the  belly. 
The  yellow  tail-band  may  be  reduced  to  a  mere  trace.  Sometimes  more  or 
fewer  primaries  are  tipped  with  white,  and  these  may  acquire  a  touch  of 
yellow,  indicating  approach  to  the  normal  condition  of  A.  garrulus.  In  a 
case  mentioned  by  Mr.  William  Brewster,  all  the  primaries  excepting  the 
first  three  were  broadly  tipped  with  white,  and  in  the  centre  of  each  white 
spot  appeared  a  smaller  yellow  one. 


A 


T  any  time  of  the  year,  in  almost  any  part  of  the  country, 
one  may  hear  some  curious  wheezing,  lisping  notes,  and, 
on  looking  about  him,  may  see 
a  dozen  or  a  hundred  little  birds 
in  sight,  flying  in  an  easy,  rather 
undulating  course,  to  alight  in  a 
compact  body  on  the  nearest  tree, 
where  they  remain  silent  and 
motionless  for  a  few  moments, 
drawn  up  to  their  full  heights, 
displaying  their  long  top-knots  5 
then  they  begin  to  move  about 
and  feed,  unless  some  alarm  sends 
them  off  to  another  tree.  When 
the  cedar  ripens  its  glaucous- 

FIG.  50. -The  Cherry-bird,  natural  size.   ,,          ,         .  ,,  ,.    , 

blue  berries,  these    same    birds 

are  sure  to  be  found  there,  gorging  themselves  on  this  fruit 
till  they  are  literally  choke-full— the  last  few  berries  sticking 


TRICKS   AND   MANNERS   OF  THE   CEDARBIRD         473 

in  their  capacious  throats  for  want  of  room  below.  These 
gourmands  grow  extremely  fat  at  times ;  they  are  commonly 
called  Cedar-birds,  and  their  flesh  is  accounted  a  delicacy. 
They  are  also  named  Cherry-birds,  from  their  fondness  for 
cherries;  and  might  with  equal  propriety  be  known  as  Gum- 
birds,  or  Huckleberry-birds,  or  by  any  other  set  of  names 
indicating  that  they  feed  on  a  great  variety  of  edible  small- 
fruits.  Naturally,  the  horticulturists  dislike  to  see  these 
silky-feathered  fruiterers  come  trooping  as  "  thick  as  thieves  ", 
and  kill  so  many  that  in  some  sections  their  numbers  become 
noticeably  reduced.  But  we  should  always  remember  that 
at  certain  seasons  these  indolent,  easy-going  gormandizers 
display  more  agility  and  address  in  bug-catching  than  might 
be  expected  from  them,  destroying  vast  numbers  of  noxious 
insects.  Let  the  irate  gardener  remember  this  when  he 
goes  for  his  gun  ;  and  let  us  all  hope  that  people  will  learn, 
in  the  course  of  time,  that  the  indiscriminate  slaughter  of 
birds,  even  of  such  noted  thieves  as  Crows  and  Blackbirds, 
necessarily  turns  a  well-poised  balance  in  favor  of  insect-pests 
and  by  so  much  against  the  true  interests  of  agriculture. 

Like  most  well-fed  persons,  our  satiny  Wax  wings  offset  their 
gluttony  and  indolence  with  some  nice,  amiable  traits.  They 
are  tender  hearted,  affectionate  birds,  fond  of  each  other,  and 
quite  capable  of  showing  a  degree  of  heroism  in  their  devo- 
tion to  one  of  their  number  who  may  be  in  difficulty.  They 
make  pleasant  cage- birds,  sleek  and  jaunty  in  their  general 
bearing,  with  a  certain  nonchalance,  which,  however,  it  would 
be  indiscreet  in  a  fly  to  presume  on  so  far  as  to  enter  their 
cage.  They  are  either  very  innocent  or  unsuspicious  birds,  for 
they  suffer  themselves  to  be  killed  or  captured  when  a  little 
wit  would  have  saved  them.  Their  habitual  indifference  ex- 
tends even  to  their  courtships  and  housekeeping ;  they  make 
cool  love,  seem  in  no  hurry  about  it,  and  not  much  concerned 
for  its  consequences.  You  may  see  them  lounging  about  in 
flocks  all  through  the  summer ;  they  scarcely  nest  until  the 
season  is  half  over,  and  sometimes  postpone  their  domestic 
affairs  until  the  fall.  The  migration  is  another  irregular  and 
desultory  matter  with  them  ;  they  are  not  reliable  passengers, 
for,  as  if  rivalling  their  larger  cousins,  these  lesser  Bohemians 
roam  at  their  convenience  over  the  country,  whenever  food  is 
plenty  and  accessible.  They  retire  from  more  northerly  and 
uninviting  regions  in  the  fall,  but  in  most  parts  of  the  country 


474  THE    GENUS   PH^NOPEPLA 

some  of  them  may  be  found  at  any  time  of  the  year,  while 
others  are  off  in  Mexico,  Central  America,  or  the  West  Indies. 
In  the  Colorado  region,  as  in  the  West  at  large,  there  are  com- 
paratively fewer  Cedar-birds  than  in  the  eastern  parts  of  the 
United  States,  doubtless  because  fruit  is,  on  the  whole,  less 
abundant,  and  not  on  account  of  any  geographical  considera- 
tions. 

So  they  lead  their  idle,  uneventful  lives — these  debonnaire 
birds,  sociable  but  not  domestic,  even  a  trifle  dissipated,  good- 
natured  enough  to  a  friend  in  a  scrape,  very  reliable  diners- 
out,  and  fond  of  showing  off  their  dressy  top-knots,  on  which 
so  much  of  their  mind  is  fixed. 

Genus  PHJENOPEPLA  Sclater 

Phainopcpla,  Scl  PZS.  1858, 543.    (Special  paper :  Note  on  the  Genus  Cictdopsis  of  Cabanis. 

<  PZS.  xxvi.  1858,  pp.  541-543.) 

Pha-nopepla,  Coues,  Ibis,  1865, 163.—  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1866, 415. 
Ptilogonys  p.,  Cichlopsis  p.,  Lepturus  p.  of  Some. 

CHARS. — Bill  somewhat  as  in  Ampelis,  but  slenderer  for  its 
length ;  nostrils  naked,  scaled ;  antise  bristly,  reaching  to 
nostrils ;  a  few  short  rictal  bristles.  Tarsus  scutellate  anteri- 
orly, and  slightly  subdivided  on  sides  below.  Hind  toe  very 
short;  middle  toe  and  claw  about  as  long  as  tarsus;  lateral 
toes  a  little  unequal,  outer  the  longer,  reaching  a  little  beyond 
base  of  middle  claw,  its  basal  joint  adherent  to  middle ;  inner 
lateral  toe  nearly  free  to  the  base ;  claws  all  much  curved. 
Wings  not  longer  than  tail,  rounded,  of  ten  primaries,  the  1st 
spurious,  though  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  2d,  which 
about  equals  the  length  of  the  secondaries;  point  of  wing 
formed  by  the  4th,  5th,  and  6th  quills.  Tail  long  and  fan- 
shaped,  not  emarginate,  of  broad  plane  feathers  widening  to 
their  obtuse  ends.  Head  with  a  long,  thin,  occipital  crest. 
Sexes  dissimilar :  $  glossy  black,  with  large  white  wing-patch; 
$  dull-colored,  young  not  spotted  or  streaked. 

A  notable  genus,  established  upon  the  Ptilogonys  nitens  of 
Swainson,  our  only  representative  of  a  group  which  includes 
true  Ptilogonys,  though  having  nothing  to  do  with  the  species 
of  Myiadestes,  which  have  often  been  called  "  Ptilogonys  ". 


SYNONYMY   AND    CHARACTERS    OF   P.    NITENS        475 

Crested    Shilling-black    White-winged 
Flysnapper 

Pbsenopepla  nitons 

Ptilogonys  nitons,  Sw.  "  Anim.  in  Monag.  in  Lardner's  Cab.  Cyclop.  Birds,  pt.  iii.  1838, 
285"  (orig.  desar. ;  some  say  1837).— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  335  (synon.  and  diagn.).— Heerm. 
Jouru.  Phila.  Acad.  iL  1853,  262  (California ;  note  of  habits).— Cos*.  Illust.  1854, 169, 
pi.  29  (general  history).— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1855,  303  (New  Mexico).—  Heerm. 
PRRR.  x.  1859, 33  (California). 

Cichlopsis  nitens,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  320  (synonymy  and  description). 

Phainopcpla  niicns,  Scl.  PZS.  1858, 543  (t.ypeof  genus).— Bd.  BNA.  1858, 923  (description).— 
Bd.  U.  S.  Mex.  B.  Surv.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1859,  Birds,  11  (Arizona,  etc.).— Kenn.  PERK.  x.  1859, 
25  (New  Mexico  or  Arizona).— Bd.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859,  303  (Cape  St.  Lucas).— 
Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859, 191  (California).— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859, 106  (New 
Mexico).— Bd.  Ives's  Rep.  Colo.  R.  1861,  pt.  v.  5.— Scl.  Cat.  AB.  1862,  47  (synonymy).— 
Scl.  PZS.  1864,  173  (City  of  Mexico).— Dress.  Ibis,  1865,  480  (Eagle  Pass,  Texas).— 
Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 34, 183  (Cajon  Pass,  Cal.).— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1670, 131  (general 
account). — Yarrow,  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874, 34  (Nevada,  Bischoff). 

Phicnopepla  nitens,  Coues,  Ibis,  1865,  163  (Arizona).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1866,  71 
(Arizona).— Cottes,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1863,  83  (Arizona).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1866,  416,  fig. 
(critical).— Coues,  Key,  1872,  116  (description).— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  95  (note  on  the 
song).— Coues,  Am.  Nat.  viiL  1874,  542  (correction  of  Brewer's  error— see  infrd,).— 
Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  17  (Cuyamaca  Mountains).— B.  B.  A  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  405, 
figs.  pi.  18,  f.  3,  4  (general  history);  iii.  1874,507  (nest  and  eggs).—  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn. 
Specs.  1874, 106  (Arizona)  —Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875, 157  (same).— Hensh.  Zool.  ExpL 
\V.  100  Merid.  1875,  229  (habits). -Ridgw.  Rep.  Surv.  40th  Par.  1877,  447  (Nevada; 
habits). 

fly  pot  by  mis  nitens,  "ia/r." 

Lepturus  galeatus,  Less.  "Compl.  Buffon,  1838,  — ;  Rev.  Zool.  1849, 4". 

"  Myiadestes  townsendi ",  Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvi.  1873  (pub.  1874),  109  (error;  nest  and 
eggs  of  Phcenopepla  nitens  described  as  those  of  M.  townsendi). 

Black  Fly-catcher,  Black  Ptilogonys,  Shining-crested  Flycatcher,  Shining  Ptilogonys, 
Aliq.  locis  passim  supra  citatis. 

HAB. — Mexico ;  Lower  California ;  southern  portions  of  the  Middle  and 
Western  Provinces  of  the  United  States  (Texas,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
Southern  California,  Southern  Nevada,  and  probably  portions  of  Utah  and 
Colorado). 

CH.  SP. — Cristata.  $  Chalybeo-atra,  remigibus  spatio  magno 
albo.  9  griseo fusca,  infra  dilutior  speculo  alari  obsolete,  alis 
cauddque  nigricantibus,  albido  limbatis. 

£ ,  adult :  Entirely  rich  lustrous  black,  with  steel-blue  or  greenish  reflec- 
tions. Primaries  with  a  largo  white  space  on  the  inner  webs.  Bill  and  feet 
black.  Length  about  7£  inches;  "extent,  Hi";  wing,  3f-3f ;  tail,  3£-4i; 
bill,  $-4- ;  tarsus,  £-§• ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  |-f . 

9 ,  adult :  Crested,  like  the  male.  Entirely  brownish-gray,  paler  beneath, 
the  wings  and  tail  blackish,  the  white  on  the  inner  webs  of  the  primaries 
much  reduced  or  extinguished,  and  in  its  stead  much  whitish  edging  of  the 
quills  and  coverts,  tail-feathers,  and  crissum. 

Young,  $  :  Like  the  $  ;  and  during  the  progress  to  maturity  every  grada- 
tion between  the  characters  of  the  two  sexes  is  observed.  Sometimes  nearly 
all  the  feathers  are  skirted  with  white. 


476  MY    ACQUAINTANCE    WITH   THE   BIRD 

WHILE  roaming  about  in  Arizona,  sometimes  hunting  for 
birds  and  sometimes  for  Indians,  I  used  at  intervals 
to  see  a  bird  that  I  did  not  then  know,  and  that  I  came  to 
regard  at  last  as  great  "  medicine",  so  persistently  did  it  elude 
me — now  I  could  not  get  a  shot  at  the  shy  thing — now  a  fair  shot 
offered,  but  we  had  orders  not  to  shoot  for  fear  of  discovery. 
It  was  a  beautiful  jet  black  creature,  showing  a  pair  of  white 
disks,  one  on  each  side,  when  it  flew ;  generally  seen  amidst 
dense  chaparral,  dashing  about  with  a  nervous  yet  lightsome 
flight,  reminding  one  of  the  action  of  a  Mockingbird ;  now  for 
a  moment  balancing  with  expanding  wings  and  tail  on  some 
prominent  spray,  then  darting  into  the  air  to  secure  a  passing 
insect,  or  hurrying  out  of  sight  in  the  safe  recesses  of  the  covert. 
A  rather  harsh  and  querulous  note,  which  I  learned  to  asso- 
ciate with  this  wild  and  restless  bird,  was  sometimes  heard  5 
and  once  I  listened  to  a  superb  piece  of  music  which  I  am  per- 
fectly sure  came  from  this  mysterious  stranger.  It  was  growing 
dusk :  the  scene,  the  camp  of  a  scouting-party  returning  from 
unsuccessful  pursuit  of  some  Indians,  who  had  raided  and 
run  off  our  beef,  and  men  busy  gathering  for  burial  the  charred 
and  dismembered  body  of  a  comrade,  who  had  been  killed  and 
burned  a  few  days  before  on  that  very  spot,  where  the  wolves 
had  afterward  fought  for  the  remains.  The  bird  of  omen,  for 
good  or  bad,  appeared  in  sombre  cerements,  and  sang  such  a 
requiem  as  touched  every  heart;  the  camp  grew  more  quiet  than 
usual,  and  we  went  to  bed  early. 

This  was  the  last  time  I  ever  saw  or  heard  this  remarkable 
bird,  which  was  a  rather  uncommon  summer  resident  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  Fort  Whipple,  though  abundant  a  little 
lower  down  and  farther  south.  I  noticed  its  preference  for 
rather  open  country,  and  observed  some  of  its  traits,  as  just 
said,  but  learned  little  to  the  point  respecting  its  habits.  It 
was  originally  described  from  Mexico  by  the  noted  quinarian, 
William  Swainson,  whose  whimsical  theories  of  classification 
should  not  blind  us  to  the  value  of  his  actual  contributions 
to  ornithology — whose  visions,  indeed,  have  represented  many 
curious  analogies  that  birds  afford ;  and  appears  to  have  been 
first  added  to  the  fauna  of  the  United  States  by  Col.  George  A. 
McCall,  while  travelling  from  Yallecita  to  El  Chino  in  Cali- 
fornia. In  the  course  of  a  mountain  brook,  whose  clear  waters 
were  shaded  at  intervals  with  gnarled  and  scrubby  oaks,  this  dis- 
tinguished officer  observed  a  dozen  of  the  dark-hued  birds  pitch- 


M'CALL'S  AND  OTHERS'  NOTES  ON  THE  BIRD     477 

ing  about  the  topmost  branches  in  active  pursuit  of  their  insect 
prey— light  and  graceful  on  the  wing,  though  less  swift  and 
decided  in  their  motions  than  true  Flycatchers,  rising  high  in 
the  air,  then  gliding  swiftly  back  to  their  perches,  while  the 
bright  white  wing-spot  gleamed  in  the  sunshine  in  contrast 
with  the  black  body-color.  On  his  closer  approach,  these  slen- 
der-bodied birds  became  alarmed,  ceased  their  aerial  evolutions, 
and  winged  their  way  to  the  hillside,  to  resume  their  sport 
among  the  scrawny  bushes  that  struggled  for  foot-hold  with 
the  deeply-rooted  rocks.  But  he  followed  the  wayward  fugi- 
tives, now  thoroughly  on  the  qui  vive,  and  at  length,  after  dis- 
mounting and  clambering  over  the  rocks,  secured  his  trophies. 

This  was  in  1852.  The  year  previous,  however,  Dr.  A.  L. 
Heermann*  had  secured  both  adult  and  young  bird  on  the 
Cosumues  River  in  California,  and  he  subsequently  found  the 
species  again  in  the  Colorado  Desert,  near  the  Little  Lagoon, 
where  an  individual  "  was  perched  on  a  Mesquite  tree,  jerking 
its  tail  almost  incessantly,  as  do  various  other  species  of  Fly- 
catchers, and  dashing  occasionally  in  irregular  curves  and 
angles  high  into  the  air  in  pursuit  of  insects ".  On  nearing  the 
Colorado  Eiver,  the  same  gentleman  saw  gatherings  of  twenty 
or  thirty  of  these  birds,  many  of  which  would  be  on  the  wing  at 
once,  making  a  pretty  spectacle. 

I  derive  these  items,  much  abridged,  from  Mr.  Cassin's  beau- 
tiful book,  which  made  the  bird  well  known  to  American  orni- 
thologists by  the  faithful  colored  portraits  of  both  sexes  it 
contains,  and  these  excellent  fragments  of  biography.  The 
curious  creature,  for  which  we  have  no  very  apt  English  name, 
is  evidently  a  well-marked  character,  so  similarly  are  different 
observers  impressed  at  first  sight.  See  what  a  later  writer,  Mr. 
Eidgway,  says,  and  how  he  reproduces  a  picture  that  we  now 
recognize  at  a  glance  : — 

"  On  several  occasions  we  heard,  among  the  cedar  and  pinon 
woods  of  the  desert  ranges  in  Western  Nevada,  a  note  so  similar 
to  the  prolonged,  querulous,  rattling  call  of  NuttalPs  Wood- 
pecker (Picus  nuttalli),  that  we  entered  the  fact  among  our 
notes  as  evidence  of  the  occurrence  of  that  species  eastward  of 
the  Sierra.  We  could  never  see  the  author  of  these  notes,  how- 
ever, until,  on  the  27th  of  June,  1868,  when  exploring  the  Soda 
Lakes  of  the  Carson  Desert,  we  heard  near  by,  in  a  ravine  of 

*The  substance  of  Dr.  Heermann's  account  is  inserted  by  Dr.  Brewer  in  his 
"History",  but  wrongly  accredited  to  Dr.  T.  C.  Henry. 


478  ITS    GEOGRAPHICAL   DISTRIBUTION 

that  remarkable  locality,  the  same  familiar  call  and  immedi- 
ately started  in  search  of  the  bird  which  produced  it.  It  was 
soon  discovered,  perched  on  the  summit  of  a  large  grease-wood 
bush,  but  at  our  approach  immediately  took  wing,  and,  notwith- 
standing every  artifice  and  caution  on  our  part,  kept  out  of 
gunshot  range,  although  enticing  us  on  by  frequent  halts,  dur- 
ing which  it  perched  on  the  topmost  branch  of  the  most  promi- 
nent bushes.  At  each  flight  the  peculiar  rattling  call  referred  to 
was  uttered,  so  that  the  bird  so  long  sought  was  at  last  before 
us.  We  were  greatly  surprised,  however,  to  find  that  it  was 
not  the  species  we  had  supposed,  but  one  we  had  never  seen 
before." 

This  region,  in  Western  Nevada,  may  be  about  the  northern 
limit  of  dispersion  oi  this  geographically  restricted  species,  the 
true  home  of  the  romantic  nitens  being  in  the  warmer  parts 
of  the  Colorado  Valley.  It  was  secured  by  Mr.  Ferdinand 
Bischoff  in  Southern  Nevada.  We  have  accounts  of  its  pres- 
ence in  various  parts  of  California,  and  my  knowledge  of  these 
faunal  areas  leads  me  to  infer  the  presence  of  the  bird  in 
corresponding  latitudes  in  Utah  and  Colorado,  where  advices 
are  still  lacking.  The  species  is  undoubtedly  migratory  from 
the  northerly  and  more  elevated  localities,  where  it  resides  in 
summer,  as  it  certainly  is  from  such  a  southern,  though  still 
elevated,  spot  as  Fort  Whipple.  Yet,  as  I  ventured  to  say  in 
1866,  it  is  doubtless  a  permanent  resident  in  the  southern  por- 
tions of  Arizona,  and  is  consequently  found  over  the  Mexican 
border  in  winter.  Dr.  Heermann  had  already  seen  it  at  Fort 
Yuma  late  in  November,  and  Kennedy  in  February  and  March 
at  various  points  along  his  westward  journey  to  the  Great 
Colorado ;  and  Henshaw  latterly,  in  1874,  found  it  in  Arizona 
under  circumstances  warranting  the  belief  that  it  is  resident 
over  a  considerable  area  in  this  Territory.  For  New  Mexico,  we 
have  the  observations  of  Dr.  T.  C.  Henry,  as  well  as  Dr.  Ken- 
nerly's.  For  California,  Dr.  Cooper's  memoranda  form  an  inter- 
esting supplement  to  Heermann's  original  entries.  According 
to  these,  the  shining  birds  are  numerous  on  the  Colorado, 
especially  in  winter,  and  are  to  be  found  along  the  Mojave 
Eiver  in  December.  Many  leave  the  immediate  valley  of  the 
river  in  April,  in  which  month  the  late  Captain  Feilner  found 
the  bird  at  Fort  Crook,  California.  Dr.  Cooper,  like  the  rest, 
attests  the  wildness  of  the  bird,  its  trick  of  jutting  the  tail  and 
erecting  the  crest,  like  a  Flycatcher,  the  pains  a  wounded  one 


THE    NATURE    OF    ITS    FOOD  479 

takes  to  conceal  itself,  and  adds  some  other  particulars,  to 
which  I  shall  presently  refer  again.  I  remark  here,  however, 
that  he  alone,  besides  myself,  credits  the  bird  with  musical 
ability,  speaking  of  its  u  sweet  notes  ",  as  indicating  its  Oscine 
rather  than  Clamatorial  affinities.  How  does  it  happen,  by  the 
way,  that  so  many  persons  who  speak  of  this  illusive  bird  have 
nothing  to  say  of  its  song  ? 

Having  seen  this  much  of  a  remarkable  bird,  let  us  com- 
plete its  natural  history.  We  have  yet  to  learn  of  two  impor- 
tant matters — what  the  pretty  creature  lives  upon  and  how  it 
nests.  Thus  far,  we  have  only  seen  it  in  the  role  of  an  expert 
and  successful  insect-hunter;  but,  though  insects  form  much 
of  its  food,  it  seems  that  berries  form  still  more.  We  might 
expect,  if  its  assigned  relationships  be  the  true  ones,  to  dis 
cover  a  berry-eater  in  this  relative  of  asthmatic  Ampelis.  I  do 
not  know  whom  to  credit  with  the  discovery,  but  we  have 
known  for  years  that  nitens  is  fond  of  various  berries,  like  a 
Cedar-bird  for  instance,  especially  the  fruit  of  the  mistletoe, 
which  grows  in  abundance  in  the  regions  where  the  birds  live. 
Thus  Dr.  Cooper  says  : — "  They  prefer  the  vicinity  of  the  trees 
on  which  the  mistletoe  grows,  as  its  berries  form  much  of  their 
food  during  the  whole  year,  .  .  ."  So  also  Henshaw,  no  less 
explicitly,  and  with  more  detail: — "Large  numbers  of  this 
species  were  found,  on  several  occasions,  in  the  canon  back  of 
Camp  Apache,  Ariz.  As  they  were  noticed  nowhere  else  in 
this  vicinity,  I  judged  that  the  abundance  of  mistletoe  ber- 
ries here  served  as  an  attraction.  These  they  were  greedily 
feeding  upon.  .  ,  .  At  Camp  Bowie,  Ariz.,  large  numbers 
were  found  gathered  together  in  the  canon,  attracted  thither 
by  the  abundance  of  the  berries  of  the  Prunus  demissa  and 
Vitis  incisa.  Of  these,  the  birds  seemed  very  fond,  and  they 
appeared  to  constitute  their  sole  food  ;  though  the  period  during 
which  their  feast  lasts  must  be  necessarily  short,  as  each  bush 
was  fairly  beset  by  scores  of  these  birds,  who  seemed  to  have 
entered  into  a  rivalry  with  the  Mockingbirds  to  sed  which 
could  bear  away  most  of  the  ripe  juicy  fruit.77  Specimens  pro- 
cured by  Mr.  H.  E.  Dresser  at  Eagle  Pass,  Texas,  had  the 
stomach  filled  with  the  berries  of  a  species  of  mistletoe  that 
grows  abundantly  on  the  mezquites ;  and  Captain  JBendire  wit- 
nesses that  these  birds  "  are  always  found  about  the  mistletoe, 
on  the  berries  of  which  they  feed  almost  exclusively" — a  rather 
strong  statement  indeed,  but  no  doubt  substantially  correct. 


480      NEST   AND    EGGS    OF   MY1ADESTES   TOWNSENDI 

The  nidification  of  nitens  has  occasioned  much  uncertainty 
and  confusion;  thus,  Dr.  Brewer  has  described  the  nest  and  eggs 
as  those  of  Myiadestes  toicnsendL*  The  earliest  allusion  to  the 
nest  of  Phcenopepla  I  have  seen  is  that  made  by  Cooper,  who 
states  that  he  found  a  nest  near  Fort  Mojaveon  the  25th  of  April, 

*When  I  prepared  my  account  of  this  bird  for  earlier  pages  of  the 
present  work,  12  sheets  of  which,  up  to  p.  192,  were  printed  in  1876, 
the  eggs  were  still1  unknown.  The  requisite  information  has  since  been 
furnished  by  Mr.  Wilbur  F.  Lamb,  of  Holyoke,  Mass.,  whose  interesting 
narrative  I  will  here  transcribe  entire  from  the  Bulletin  of  the  Nuttall 
Ornithological  Club,  vol.  ii.  no.  3,  July,  1877,  p.  77. 

"NEST  AND  EGGS  OF  TOWNSEND'S  FLYCATCHER.— In  July,  1876,  while 
rambling  with  my  brother  over  the  mountains  of  Summit  County,  Colorado, 
it  was  my  good  fortune  to  find,  at  an  altitude  of  about  ten  thousand  feet,  the 
nest  of  Townsend's  Flycatcher  (Myiadestes  townsendi'),  and  as  no  description  of 
its  eggs  has  yet  appeared,  perhaps  the  following  may  not  be  uninteresting  : 
The  nest  was  very  loosely,  and,  externally,  shabbily  built  of  long  dry  grasses, 
straggling  two  feet  or  more  below  it.  It  was  placed  on  the  upper  bank  of  a 
miner's  ditch  (running  from  the  Bear  River,  above  Breckenridge,  to  the  Gold 
Run  and  Buffalo  Flat  diggings),  and  was  partly  concealed  by  overhanging 
roots ;  yet  it  was  rendered  so  conspicuous  by  the  loose  swaying  material  of 
which  it  was  composed,  as  well  as  by  that  which  had  become  attached  to 
the  overhanging  roots  during  its  construction,  as  to  attract  the  eye  of  an 
experienced  collector  when  yet  some  rods  away.  On  nearing  the  nest  the 
bird  immediately  took  flight,  and  alighted  on  the  topmost  branch  of  the 
nearest  pine.  Resting  uneasily  here  for  half  a  minute,  it  then,  in  short,  uncer- 
tain flights,  worked  its  way  down  the  mountain  side  and  out  of  sight.  With- 
drawing to  a  convenient  cover,  we  had  only  to  wait  a  few  moments  for  the 
bird  to  return,  perch  herself  on  a  branch  a  few  feet  from  the  nest,  peer 
anxiously  into  it,  and  then  quickly  resume  her  task  of  incubation.  Moving 
cautiously  along  the  bank  above  the  ditch,  we  tried  to  capture  the  bird  by 
placing  a  hat  over  the  nest,  but,  miscalculating  its  location  by  a  few  inches, 
the  bird  eluded  the  stroke  and  made  good  her  escape,  as  she  did  also  on  our 
second  attempt  to  capture  her.  Again  retreating  to  cover,  we  waited  for 
half  an  hour  for  the  bird  to  return,  when  suddenly  we  espied  it  flying  from 
branch  to  branch,  displaying  by  its  restless  motions  more  anxiety  and  sus- 
picion than  before,  yet  constantly  working  nearer  its  home,  which  it  soon 
reached  and  settled  quietly  again  to  business.  After  the  last  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  catch  the  bird,  a  stick  was  placed  on  the  bank  directly  over  the 
nest,  to  mark  its  exact  locality,  and  this  time  moving  with  less  haste  and 
more  caution,  we  gained  the  desired  position,  lay  down  on  the  bank,  and 
taking  a  hat  in  each  hand  quickly  covered  the  opening  and  secured  the 
unfortunate  bird,  and  also  the  opportunity  of  giving  to  ornithologists  an 
authentic  account  of  the  number,  size,  and  coloration  of  the  eggs.  The  nest 
contained  four  eggs,  very  closely  resembling  those  of  the  Shrikes.  The 
ground  color  is  dull  white  or  bluish,  thickly  blotched  or  freckled  with  red- 
dish-brown. The  measurements  of  the  three  specimens  preserved  are  1.01  by 
.66,  .94  by  .68,  and  .88  by  .66.  Incubation  had  been  going  on  for  about  ten 
days,  and  unfortunately  one  egg  was  destroyed  in  cleaning." 


NEST  AND  EGGS  OF  PILENOPEPIA  NITENS    481 

which  was  built  on  a  mczquite  branch  twelve  feet  from  the 
ground.  He  gives  no  further  particulars.  Dr.  Brewer  describes 
this  find  in  detail,  and  gives  an  account  of  the  two  eggs  it  con- 
tained in  the  first  volume  of  the  "  History  of  North  American 
Birds",  page  407.  About  the  time  that  this  notice  appeared, 
Dr.  Brewer  described  in  the  Boston  Natural  History  Society's 
Proceedings,  a  nest  and  contents  received  from  Captain  Ben- 
dire,  but  unluckily  called  its  owner  "Myiadestes  townsendi", 
instead  of  Plicenopepla  nitens.  As  we  now  know  the  nest  and 
eggs  of  Myiadestes,  there  is  no  question  about  the  blunder. 
Recurring  to  the  subject  for  the  third  time,  in  the  Appendix 
(vol.  iii,  p.  507)  of  the  "History",  Dr.  Brewer  redescribed  Ben- 
dire's  material,  though  in  somewhat  discrepant  terms. 

Passing  by  the  notice  of  Dr.  Cooper's  nest  as  not  free  from 
suspicion,  though  most  probably  authentic,  I  present  the  other 
two, both  based  upon  the  Bendire  material.  Says  Dr.  Brewer: — 

"  The  nest  was  found  May  12th,  1872,  built  in  a  low  tree.  It 
was  a  shallow,  nearly  flat  structure,  and  contained  two  eggs. 
These  eggs  are  of  very  peculiar  and  well-marked  characteristics, 
resembling  no  other  egg  that  I  can  now  call  to  mind.  They  are 
of  an  oblong  oval  shape,  tapering  slightly  towards  one  end,  and 
measure,  one  .90  of  an  inch  in  length  by  .62  in  breadth,  the 
other  .90  by  .70  of  an  inch.  Their  ground  color  is  a  dull  white, 
slightly  tinged  with  green,  and  strongly  marked  over  the  entire 
egg  with  small,  but  distinct  spots  of  a  dark  purplish  brown,  so 
dark  as  to  be  only  distinguishable  from  black  in  a  strong  light. 
Interspersed  with  these  markings  are  other  fine  dottings,  less 
distinct  and  of  a  lighter  shade,  and  of  a  dark  slate  color,  with 
a  slight  reflection  of  lilac.  The  nest  and  eggs  closely  correspond 
with  a  nest  and  contents,  taken  by  Dr.  Cooper." — (From  Proc. 
Bost.  Soc.  xvi.  109.) 

"  The  nest  is  saddled  on  a  horizontal  branch,  generally  of  a 
mezquite-tree.  It  is  a  shallow  structure, about  4  inches  across; 
its  diameter  is  2J  inches,  depth  j  an  inch.  It  is  composed  of 
fine  sticks,  fibres  of  plants,  and  lined  with  a  little  cottouwood 
down  and  a  stray  feather.  The  first  nest  was  found  May  16. 
This  was  principally  lined  with  the  shells  of  empty  cocoons. 
The  number  of  eggs  was  two.  Though  he  [Captain  Bendire] 
found  more  than  a  dozen  nests  with  eggs  and  young,  he  never 
found  more  than  two  in  a  nest.  Their  ground  color  varies  from 
a  greenish-white  to  a  lavender  and  a  grayish- white,  spotted 
31  B  c 


482          NEST   AND   EGGS    OF    PH^NOPEPLA   NITENS 

all  over  with  different  shades  of  brown.  The  spots  are  all  small, 
and  most  abundant  about  the  larger  end,  and  vary  greatly  in 
their  distributions.  In  size  they  [i.  e.  the  eggs,  not  the  spots] 
range  from  .97  of  an  inch  to  .84  in  length,  and  in  breadth  from 
.66  to  .60."— (From  Hist.  NAB.  iii.  507.) 


Vv^ 

FIG.  51  bis.—Setophagapicta. 
(Omitted  from  p.  335,  q.  v.) 


CHAPTER  XVI.— GREENLETS 


FAM.  VIREONIDJl 

CHAR. — Small  dentirostral  Oscines,  related  to  the  Shrikes, 
with  ten  primaries  and  extensively  coherent  digits.  Bill  shorter 
than  head,  moderately  or  very  stout,  compressed,  distinctly 
notched  and  hooked  at  tip.  Kictus  with  conspicuous  bristles. 
Nostrils  exposed,  overhung  with  a  scale  j  the  short,  bristly  and 
erect  frontal  feathers  reaching  to  the  nasal  fossaB.  Wing  of 
variable  shape,  of  ten  primaries,  the  1st  short  and  spurious, 
one-half  or  less  the  length  of  the  2d,  in  one  small  group  rudi- 
mentary, displaced,  and  apparently  wanting.  Tail  rather  short, 
nearly  even,  of  narrow  feathers.  Tarsi  Osciue,  the  lateral 
laminaB  being  entire  except  at  base  below,  the  anterior  aspect 
scutellate;  not  shorter  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw.  Toes 
soldered  at  base  for  the  whole  length  of  the  basal  phalanx  of 
the  middle  digit,  which  is  united  with  the  basal  joint  of  the 
inner  digit  and  basal  and  next  joint  of  the  outer  one ;  these 
coherent  phalanges  very  short.  Size  small ;  coloration  simple, 
oftenest  greenish ;  young  not  spotted  or  streaked. 

"In  the  adhesion  of  the  toes  at  their  bases  there  is  some 
resemblance  to  the  Troglodytidce,  but  their  structure  is  different. 
In  the  latter  family  the  joints  are  lengthened,  the  basal  of  the 
middle,  about  as  long  as  the  1st  and  2d  of  the  outer,  and  equal 
to  or  a  little  longer  than  the  basal  inner.  In  Vireonidce  the 
basal  joints  are  abbreviated  5  the  basal  of  the  middle  about 
equal  to  one  and  a  half  joints  of  the  outer,  and  not  quite  as 
long  as  the  basal  inner.  This  difference  is,  perhaps,  related  to 
the  more  or  less  terrestrial  habitat  of  the  one,  and  the  strictly 
arboreal  of  the  other.  In  Vireonidce^  too,  there  is  a  greater 
tendency  to  having  three  rows  of  scales  on  the  upper  part  of 
the  palm,  on  the  three  toes  respectively,  instead  of  having 
the  outer  two  rows  united  more  into  a  single  series." — (Baird.) 

The  members  of  this  group,  for  the  most  part,  used  to  form 
a  portion  of  the  extensive  family  of  the  Shrikes  (Laniidce), 
chiefly  on  account  of  the  stout  hooked  and  notched  bill ;  but 

483 


484  THE    FAMILY    VIREONIDJE 

they  may,  I  think,  be  properly  dissociated,  and  form  a  family 
by  themselves.  Some  of  the  less  typical  extralimital  forms 
have  occasionally  been  referred  to  the  Tanagridce,  with  which 
nine-prirnaried  Oscines,  however,  no 
relationship  is  obvious.  The  genus 
Icteria  is  still  associated  by  some  lead- 
ing ornithologists  with  the  Vireouines, 
but  this  form  seems  decidedly  Tana- 
groid  or  Sylvicoline.  As  here  consti- 
tuted, the  Vireonidce  are  a  family 
FIG.  51.-A  vireo(V.giivus).  peculiar  to  America,  comprising  six 
or  seven  genera  and  some  seventy  alleged  species,  an  unusual 
proportion  of  which  appear  to  be  well  established.  Vireo,  in  its 
broad  sense,  is  the  typical  and  principal  genus,  the  only  one 
found  in  North  America,  and  characteristic  of  that  country, 
though  many  other  species  occur  in  Middle  and  South  America. 
The  leading  extralimital  genera  are  Hylophilus,  Cyclarhis,  and 
VireolaniuSj  each  of  a  number  of  species  of  Mexico  and  Central 
and  South  America.  Neochloe  brevipennis  is  a  special  Mex- 
ican form.  Laletes  osburni  is  peculiar  to  Jamaica,  being  the 
only  exclusively  West  Indian  genus,  though  several  species  of 
Vireo  are  confined  to  the  Antilles.  To  complete  the  list,  I 
should  mention  the  lately  described  Phcenicomanes  iora,  of  the 
West  Indies,*  considered  by  Sharpe  and  Sclater  as  related  to 
PhcenicopMlus.  The  notable  genus  Dulnsi  is  by  some  placed 
in  Vireonidce,  by  others  referred  to  Ampelidce. 

I  continue  as  heretofore  to  refer  all  the  North  American 
species  to  the  single  genus  Vireo,  for  reasons  given  under  the 
following  head. 

Genus  VIREO  Vieillot 

Muscicapa,  p.,  of  earlier  authors. 

Vireo,  Vieiil.  Oia.  Am.  Sept.  i.  1807,  83.  (Type  Muscicapa  noveboracensis  Gm.)— Ed.  Rev. 

AB.  1866, 350  (monographic). 
Vireosylva,  Bp.  Comp.  &  Geog.  List,  1838, 26  (evidently  intended  for  Vireosylvia).  (Type 

Muscicapa  olivacea  ~L.)—Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1866, 326  (monographic). 

*  1874.  SHARPE,  R.  B.  On  a  new  Genus  and  Species  of  Bird  from  the  West 
Indies.  <  P.  Z.  8.  xlii.  1874,  pp.  427,  428,  woodcc.  pi.  liv. 

Phcenicomanes  iora.    Considered  related  to  Phcenicophilus,  and  referred  with 
the  latter  to  Vireonidce  rather  than  Tanagridce. 

1 1851.  LAFRESNAYE,  F.  DE.  Sur  Poiseau  nomme*  par  Brisson  Tangara  de 
Saint-Domingue,  Tanagra  Dominicensis,  Tanagra  Dominica,  par 
Linne",  figure"  par  Buffon,  pi,  enl.  156,  f.  2,  et  dout  Vieillot  a  fait  son 
genre  Esclave  (Dulus),  sous  le  nom  de  DuluS  palmarum.  <  Eev.  et 
Mag.  de  Zool  iii.  1851,  pp.  583-590. 


THE    GENUS   VIREO  485 

Phyllomanes,  Cab.  Arch.  f.  Naturg.  1847,  Bd.  i.  321 ;  Mas.  Hein.  1850, 63  (substituted  for 

Vireosylvia). 

Lanivireo,  Bd.  BNA,  1858, 329.    (Type  Vireo  flavifrons  V.) 
Ylreonella,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1866, 326.    (Type  Vireo  gundlachi  Lemb.) 

Bill  like  that  of  a  Shrike  in  miniature,  moderately  or  very 
stout,  shorter  than  the  head,  compressed  at  least  toward  the 
end,  distinctly  hooked  and  notched  at  the  tip,  sometimes  with 
trace  of  a  tooth  behind  the  notch  of  the  upper  mandible,  and 
usually  a  nick  in  the  under  mandible  too.  Kietal  bristles  con- 
spicuous, and  others  present  among  the  frontal  and  mental 
feathers.  Nasal  fossa3  nearly  filled  with  short  erect  feathers. 
Toes  extensively  coherent  at  base,  as  explained  under  head  of 
the  family ;  lateral  toes  of  unequal  lengths ;  claws  stout,  nar- 
rowly compressed,  much  curved  and  acute.  Wings  at  least  as 
long  as  the  tail,  more  or  less  rounded ;  sometimes  much  longer 
and  quite  pointed;  of  ten  primaries,  the  1st  usually  evident, 
though  short  and  spurious,  but  sometimes  (in  the  section  Vireo- 
sylvia and  in  Vireo  flavifrons]  rudimentary  and  more  or  less 
completely  concealed  (exceptionally  obvious  even  in  these  spe- 
cies). Tail  short,  even,  of  narrow  feathers.  Size  small ;  length 
usually  five  or  six  inches.  Coloration  simple;  above  oliva- 
ceous or  grayish,  the  crown  like  the  back,  or  ashy  (in  one  case 
brown,  in  another  black),  the  under  parts  white,  or  white  and 
yellow,  or  partly  olivaceous.  Sexes  alike  indistinguishable; 
young  similar,  not  spotted  or  streaked.  Migratory  in  North 
America.  Insectivorous,  arboricole.  Nest  pendulous;  eggs 
white,  spotted. 

The  Vireos  were  long  supposed  to  be  in  the  curious  case,  that 
some  species  possessed  ten  primaries,  and  others  only  nine — 
certainly  a  remarkable  circumstance,  considering  how  constant 
the  number  of  primaries  is  among  Oscines,  and  how  distinctive 
of  great  groups  this  character  is. 

Baird  first  showed  that  all  the  supposed  uine-primaried  species 
have  really  the  full  number,  ten ;  the  first  being  reduced  to 
the  extreme  of  the  spurious  state,  in  which  it  is  usually  entirely 
hidden  from  view,  and  even  displaced  to  the  outer  side  of  the 
next  quill,  on  the  base  of  which  it  rests  like  a  duplicate  of  one  of 
the  tiny  coverts  of  the  point  of  the  pinion.  Such  is  normally 
the  case  in  Vireo  flavifrons,  in  V.  philadelphicus,  and  in  all  the 
species  of  the  V.  olivaceus  group  ( Vireosylvia).  We  have  lately, 
however,  discovered  that  even  V.  olivaceus  may  possess  an 
obvious  spurious  primary,  fully  exposed  in  the  normal  position. 
Thus,  in  a  specimen  before  me  as  I  write,  kindly  submitted  to 


486  THE    NUMBER    OF    PRIMARIES   IN   OSCINES 

my  inspection  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen,  the  spurious  primary  is  con- 
spicuously displayed,  exposed  for  a  third  of  an  inch.* 

*  Believing  this  to  be  an  important  matter  deserving  of  further  investiga- 
tion, I  was  not  long  since  led  to  examine  the  general  question,  with  satisfac- 
tory results.  I  verified  Professor  Baird's  observations  in  many  more  cases, 
extending  them  to  include  all  our  North  American  families  excepting  per- 
haps Laniidce  (in  Lanius)  and  Ampelidce  (in  Ampelis).  The  clue  to  the 
search  for  the  apparently  wanting  primary  was  given  by  Baird  (Review,  pp. 
160, 325),  from  which  it  appears  that  in  all  those  Vireos  which  seem  to  have 
only  nine  primaries,  two  little  feathers,  distinct  in  size  and  shape  and  some- 
what so  in  position,  are  found  at  the  base  of  the  supposed  first  primary ; 
while  in  Vireos,  with  obviously  ten  primaries,  there  is  only  one  such  little 
feather.  With  the  possible  exception  of  Ampelis  and  Lanius,  in  which  I 
did  not  make  out  the  state  of  the  parts  satisfactorily,  I  find  that  in  all  of 
the  numerous  North  American  genera  examined,  those  of  ten  primaries  show 
but  one  of  these  little  feathers,  while  the  rest  have  two.  In  the  family  Alau- 
didce,  as  in  Vireonidcs,  some  genera  have  ten  primaries,  others  apparently 
only  nine  ;  and  in  our  genus  Eremophila,  in  which  only  nine  are  developed, 
there  are  two  of  the  little  feathers  just  mentioned,  the  overlying  one  being 
exactly  like  one  of  the  primary  coverts,  the  other,  though  not  very  similar, 
more  resembling  an  abortive  primary.  Alauda  arvemis,  which  shows  a 
minute  but  obvious  spurious  quill,  has  but  one  such  little  feather;  and  in 
Galerita  cristata,  with  a  spurious  quill  about  two-thirds  of  an  inch  long,  there 
Is  likewise  but  one.  In  Clamatorial  Passeres,  perhaps  without  exception, 
there  are  ten  fully  developed  primaries,  the  first  of  which  may  equal  or 
exceed  the  next  in  length  ;  and  in  the  single  North  American  Clamatorial 
family,  Tyrannidce,  I  find,  as  before,  only  one  of  these  little  featners.  In  a 
Woodpecker,  remarkable  among  Picariau  birds  for  possessing  only  nine  long 
primaries,  the  first  being  short  or  spurious,  there  is  also  but  one. 

It  thus  seems  to  be  established  that  among  supposed  nine-primaried  birds, 
the  additional  one,  making  ten  in  all,  is  normally  represented  by  the  second 
one  of  these  tiny  quills  which  overlie  the  base  of  the  outermost  fully  devel- 
oped feather ;  it  being  this  same  little  quill  which  in  ten-primaried  Oscines, 
in  Clamator'fts,  and  probably  other  birds,  comes  to  the  front  and  constitutes 
the  first  regular  primary,  either  remaining  quite  short,  when  it  is  the  so-called 
"spurious"  primary,  or  lengthening  to  equal  or  exceed  the  other  primaries 
in  extent. 

It  becomes  an  interesting  question  whether  both  of  these  minute  quills  be 
not  rudimentary  primaries,  as  one  of  them  certainly  is.  I  have  failed  to 
detect  any  material  difference  between  the  two  in  size,  shape,  or  position. 
One  overlies  the  other,  indeed,  as  a  covert  should  a  primary,  but  the  two  are 
together  inserted  side  by  side  on  the  upper  side  of  the  first  fully  developed 
quill ;  both  are  rigid  and  acuminate,  more  like  primaries  than  like  coverts, 
and  both  are  abruptly  shorter  than  the  true  primary  coverts.  So  far,  all 
the  evidence  favors  the  supposition  that  both  are  rudimentary  primaries. 
On  the  other  hand,  coloration  is  against  such  hypothesis,  as  in  the  original 
case  of  Vireo  flavifrons,  in  which  Baird  determined  the  underlying  one  of 
these  two  little  feathers  to  be  the  missing  primary,  mainly  because  it  was 
colored  like  the  primaries,  the  overlying  one  resembling  the  coverts  in  colora- 


HISTORY    OF   THE    GENUS    VIEEO  487 

The  history  of  the  genus  began  in  1807,  when  Vieillot  estab- 
lished Vireo  upon  species  which  had  been  referred  by  earlier 
authors  to  Muscicapa — as  MM.  noveboracensis  and  olivacea — and 
described  the  new  species  *'  Muscicapa"  gilva,  UM."  altiloqua, 
and  Vireo  flavifrons,  besides  renaming  the  two  earlier  species, 
which  he  called  respectively  Vireo  "  virescens "  and  Vireo 
u  musicus".  It  is  curious  that,  in  establishing  the  genus  Vireo, 
he  should  thus  have,  nevertheless,  described  two  Vireos  as 
"  Muscicapa".  In  1810,  Wilson  named  "  Muscicapa77  solitaria, 
"melodia",  "sylvicola",  and  "  cautatrix"j  the  first  of  these 
holds,  but  the  other  three  are  respectively  the  same  as  gilvus  V., 
flavifrons  V.,  and  noveboracensis  Gm. ;  the  name  cantatrix  is 
derived  from  Bartram,  1791.  An  extralimital  species  was 
named  bartramii  by  Swainson  in  1831,  under  the  wrong  im- 
pression that  it  was  North  American  5  the  name  gave  trouble, 
and  was  not  eradicated  from  our  lists  until  1866.  In  1838,  Bona- 
parte first  proposed  to  divide  the  genus  into  Vireosylva  and 
Vireo,  basing  the  former  name  on  the  long-billed,  long-winged 
V.  olivaceus,  with  apparently  only  nine  primaries.  Vireosylva, 
by  which  Bonaparte  doubtless  meant  to  say  Vireosylvia  (as  G. 
E.  Gray  wrote  in  1848),  was  changed  by  Cabanis  in  1847  into 
Phyllomanes,  for  no  obvious  reason.  Audubon  added  one 
species,  V.  belli,  in  1844.  In  1848,  William  Gambel  added  a 
species  (the  subsequent  barbatulus)  to  our  fauna  under  the 
name  of  altiloquus.  Cassin  gave  a  monographic  sketch  of  the 
genus  in  1851,*  adding  three  new  species,  V.  huttoni,  V.phila- 

tion.  But  the  color  test  is  often  inapplicable,  coverts  and  primaries  being 
usually  like  each  other  in  this  respect,  and  color  sometimes  points  the  other 
way.  Thus,  in  Sitta  carolinensis,  a  ten-primaried  Oscine  with  spurious  first 
primary,  the  single  remaining  little  feather  is  white  at  base  across  both  webs, 
like  the  primaries,  the  true  primary  coverts  being  white  only  on  the  inner 
web. 

The  subject  is  further  discussed  in  my  paper,  from  which  this  note  is 
extracted,  "  On  the  Number  of  Primaries  in  Oscines  ",  <^Bull.  Nutt.  Ornilh. 
Club,  i.  no.  3,  Sept.  1676,  pp.  00-63.  See  also  the  following  :— 

1878. — BATCHELDER,  C.  F.     Spurious  Primaries  in  the  Red-eyed  Vireo  [Vireo 
olivaceus].     <Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii.  no.  2,  Apr.  1878,  pp.  97, 98- 
The  -writer  has  apparently  measured  the  quill  from  the  carpal  joint,  giving 
dimensions  much  above  those  of  the  exposed  portion  of  the  feather. 

*1851.  CASSIN,  J.  Sketch  of  the  Birds  composing  the  genera  Vireo,  Vieillot, 
and  Vireosylvia,  Bonaparte,  with  a  List  of  the  previously  known 
and  descriptions  of  three  new  species.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 
v.  1851,  pp.  149-154,  pll.  x,  xi. 

Vireo,  5  spp. ;  V.  huttoni,  p.  150,  pi.  x.  f.  1,  sp.  n.     Vireosylvia,  6  spp. ;  V.  flavo- 
viridis,  p.  152,  pi.  xi. ;  V.  philadelphica,  p.  153,  pi.  x.  f.  2,  spp.  nn. 


488  HISTORY   OF    THE    GENUS   VIREO 

delphica,  and  V.  flavomridis,  the  second  of  these  being  after- 
ward made  the  subject  of  several  special  papers.*  The  following 
year,  Dr.  (3.  W.  Woodhouse  described  the  remarkable  V.  atri- 
capillusj  and  Cabanis  shortly  afterward  (1855)  separated  the 
Floridan  barlatulus  by  name  from  the  Antillean  species,  with 
which  it  had  before  been  confounded.  John  Xantus  dedicated 
a  new  species  to  Cassin  in  1858  j  and  in  that  year  Baird  gave 
a  new  recension  of  the  genus,  which  he  divided  into  Vireo- 
sylvia,  Vireo,  and  Lanivireo,  basing  the  last  name  on  V.flavi- 
frons;  he  also  described  the  Western  form  of  gilvus  under  the 
varietal  name  swainsoni.  A  notable  incident  in  the  career  of 
Vireo  was  the  appearance  of  one  of  its  species  in  England,  as 
recorded  in  1864.t  In  1866, 1  increased  the  number  of  known 
species  by  three,  discovered  in  Arizona— plumbeus,  vicinior, 
and  pmillus;  and  the  same  year  appeard  that  portion  of  Baird's 
"  Eeview 7?  treating  of  the  Vireonidce — for  Sclater  had  raised 
Vireo  and  its  allied  genera  to  the  rank  of  a  family  in  1862.  In 
this  notable  monograph,  by  far  the  most  elaborate  and  satis- 
factory we  possess,  Baird  rearranged  the  subdivisions  of  Vireo, 
and  added  a  fourth  subgenus,  Vireonella,  based  upon  the  Cuban 
V.gundlacM.  He  added  no  North  American  species,  but 
described  several  new  extralimital  ones,  which,  with  others 
already  and  since  described,  form  the  complement  of  the  genus 
Vireo  as  now  known  to  us. 

But  the  various  attempts  which  have  been  made  to  sub- 
divide the  genus  have  met  with  only  a  succes  d'estime — in 
fact,  the  species  of  Vireo  seem  scarcely  susceptible  of  grouping 
in  subgenera  without  some  violence,  especially  since  we  have 

*  1857.  BREWER,  T.  M.     [On  the  characters,  habits  and  distribution  of  Vii  eo- 
sylvia  philadelphica  of  Cassin.]    <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  i  . 
1857,  pp.  108-111. 
Including  a  letter  from  Th.  Kumlein,  of  Wisconsin. 

1876.  DEANE,  R.    The  Philadelphia  Vireo  [V.  philadelphicus]  in  New  Eng- 

land.   <  Bull.  Nuttall  Ornith.  Club,  i.  no.  3,  Sept.  1876,  p.  74. 
Summary  of  its  recorded  occurrences  there. 

1877.  Fox,  W.  H.    Capture  of  the  Philadelphia  Vireo  [V.  philadelphicus] 

in  New  Hampshire.    <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  ii.  no.  3,  July,  1877, 
p.  78. 

1 1864.  BROWN,  E.    Occurrence  of  the  Redeyed  Flycatcher  [Vireo  olivaceus] 
in  England.    <  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  pp.  8965-8967. 
Extracted  from  "  Natural  History  of  Tutbury  ",  p.  385. 

1864.  HADFIELD,  H.    Notes  on  the  Redeyecl  Flycatcher  [Vireo  olivaceus]. 
<  Zoologist,  xxii.  1864,  pp.  9020,9021. 


VIREONINE    TRAITS  489 

learned  that  all  are  really  10-primaried.  The  most  obvious 
distinction  is  that  which  Bonaparte  originally  acted  on  in  pro- 
posing to  range  under  "  Vireosylva  "  such  specimens  as  oliva- 
ceus;  but  the  arbitrary  discrimination  between  those  with  an 
obvious  spurious  quill,  and  those  in  which  the  1st  primary  is 
rudimentary,  separates  such  intimately  related  species  as  gilvus 
and  philadelphicusj  while  it  unites  others  as  distinct  as  flamfrons 
is  from  olivaceus  in  most  respects.  I  am  led  to  return  all  the 
Yireos  under  the  original  head,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  almost 
every  single  species  has  its  own  particular  details  of  form  as 
well  as  of  color.  The  specific  characters  in  this  group  are  for 
the  most  part  very  constant  and  tangible,  though  requiring  in 
many  cases  nice  discrimination,  so  curiously  interrelated  are 
these  birds. 

They  are  an  interesting  and  agreeable  tribe  of  little  birds, 
simply-colored,  in  harmony  with  the  foliage  amidst  which  they 
live,  and  numerous  enough,  both  in  species  and  in  individuals, 
to  form  a  marked  feature  of  our  sylvan  Ornis.  Most  of  the 
Greenlets,  including  all  the  larger  species,  as  the  Ked-eyed,  the 
Blue-headed,  the  Yellow-throated,  and  the  Warbling  Vireos,  in- 
habit high  open  woods,  and  the  shade- trees  of  our  parks,  lawns, 
and  public  streets;  while  the  smaller  ones,  like  the  White-eye 
of  the  East,  and  BelPs,  and  the  Least  Greenlet,  live  down  in 
the  shrubbery  with  the  Chats,  Thrashers,  and  Cat- birds.  Be- 
ing mainly  insectivorous,  though  they  also  feed  on  berries,  they 
are  migratory  in  our  country,  and  appear  with  all  the  periodicity 
of  the  Warblers  themselves;  different  Vireos  nestle  anywhere 
in  the  United  States,  and  some  of  them  are  among  our  most 
numerous  and  conspicuous  summer  visitors;  few  go  much,  if 
any,  beyond  the  United  States,  and  only  exceptionally  reach 
high  latitudes.  They  are  very  agile  and  industrious  birds, 
indefatigable  in  the  pursuit  of  insects,  nervous  and  highly  ani- 
mated in  bearing,  voluble  and  versatile  in  song,  each  kind 
having  its  own  musical  accomplishments.  Though  insignificant 
in  size,  Greenlets  are  spirited  birds — the  plucky  little  Ked-eye, 
for  instance,  will  defend  itself  when  wounded  with  all  the  cour- 
age of  a  Hawk ;  and  some  of  the  most  touching  scenes  I  have 
ever  witnessed  among  the  birds  have  been  those  when  Green- 
lets  sought  to  protect,  encourage,  and  sympathize  with  a 
stricken  mate.  The  Greenlets  all  build  one  style  of  nests,  a 
rather  slight  and  thin-walled,  but  neat  and  compact,  pensile, 
cup-like  structure,  suspended  from  the  fork  of  a  twig ;  and  the 


490   DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE   GENUS — V.  FLAVOVIRIDIS 

eggs  are  alike  white,  rather  sparsely  but  sharply  speckled  with 
dark  markings. 

Many  species  of  Vireo,  unknown  to  the  United  States, 
inhabit  Mexico,  the  West  Indies,  and  Central  and  South 
America  as  far  at  least  as  La  Plata,  some  of  them  having  a 
closely  restricted  geographical  range.  The  thirteen  North 
American  species,  in  the  main,  are  divided,  like  the  Deudrre- 
cas,  into  Eastern  and  Western  sets  of  species,  the  former  being 
VV.  barbatulus,  olivaceus,  solitarius,  flavifrons,  gilvus,  philadel- 
phicus,  noveboracensis ;  the  latter  are  plumbeus,  vicinior,  liut- 
toni,  belli,  pusillus,  atricapillus,  to  which  cassini  may  be  added 

if  substantiated  as  a  spe- 
cies. But  gilvus  is  repre- 
sented throughout  the 
West  by  a  very  slightly 
different  variety,  swain- 
soni ;  undoubted  exam- 
ples of  solitarius  occur  on 
the  Pacific  side,  olivaceus 

FIG  52.-Vireo  flavoviridis,  natural  size.  has  been  found   in   Utan> 

and  noveboracensis  west  to  the  Eocky  Mountains,  while  belli 
occurs  as  far  east  as  Illinois.  V.  atricapillus  is  known  within 
our  limits  only  from  Texas,  barbatulus  from  Florida,  and 
none  fewer  than  four,  namely,  plumbeus,  vicinior,  huttoni,  and 
pusillus,  seem  confined  to  the  Southwest.  An  addition  to 
these,  V.  flavoviridis,*  has  been  admitted  to  our  fauna,  and 
may  be  expected  to  occur  over  our  southern  border. 

In  the  following  pages  I  take  note  of  all  the  North  American 
species,  giving  synonymy  and  habitat  in  all  cases,  with  descrip- 
tive and  biographical  matter  relating  to  those  of  the  Colorado 
Basin  ;  all  the  species  but  one  being  illustrated  with  details  of 
structure  of  the  wing  and  bill.  The  figures  I  am  permitted  to 

*  Vireo  flavoviridis.— Yellow-green  Vireo. 

Vireosylvia  flavoviridis,  Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1851, 152,  pi.  xi  (Panama).—  Scl.  PZS.  1856, 
298  (Mexico).— Scl.  PZS.  1859,  375  (Oaxaca).— S.  &  S.  Ibis,  1859, 12  (Guatemala).— ScL 
Cat.  AB.  1861,  44.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  vii.  1861,  323  (New  Grenada).— J?rf.  Kev.  AB. 
1866,  336,  fig.— Salv.  PZS.  1867,  137  (Veragua).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ix.  1868,  96 
(Costa  Rica).— v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  O.  18(59,  295  (Costa  Eica).—  Salv.  PZS.  1870,  184  (Vera- 
gua).— B.  B.  <&  JR.  NAB.  i.  1874,  366,  tig.—Lawr.  Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  1876, 17(Tehuantepec). 

Vireo  flavoviridis,  Bd.  BNA.  1858, 332.— Coues,  Key,  1872, 120,  f.  61. 

Phyllomancs  flavoviridis,  Cab.  J.  f.  0. 1861, 93  (Costa  Kica). 

Since  this  article  was  prepared,  and  too  late  for  the  textual  modification 
required  to  treat  formally  of  the  species,  its  actual  occurrence  in  Texas 
has  been  announced.  (Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii.  no.  3,  July,  1878,  p.  152.) 


ANALYSIS    OF   THE    SPECIES    OP    VIREO  491 

use,  as  I  did  in  the  "  Key  ",  through  Professor  Baird's  kindness, 
they  having  been  originally  prepared  with  reference  to  his 
"  Keview  ". 

The  North  American  species  of  Vireo  may  ordinarily  be  dis- 
tinguished by  the  following 

Analysis  of  Species 

A.  Primaries  apparently  only  9,  the  1st  being  rudimentary  and  usually  con- 

cealed or  displaced  (occasionally  quite  visible). 

1.  Throat  and  breast  rich  yellow V.  FLAVIFRONS. 

2.  Throat  and  breast  white. 

a.  Crown  ashy,  black-edged. 

aa.  Back  olive;  sides  of  chin  streaked V.  BARBATULUS. 

6Z>.  Back  olive ;  no  streaks  on  chin ....V.  OLIVACEUS. 

6.  Crown  ashy,  not  black-edged,  quite  like  the  back,  V.  PHILADELPHICUS. 

B.  Primaries  evidently  10,  the  1st  being  obvious,  though  short  and  "  spu- 

rious". 

3.  Crown  black V.  ATRICAPILLUS. 

4.  Crown  not  black. 

c.  1st  primary  at  least  •£  as  long  as  2d,  and  wing  2-J  inches  long. 

V.  VICINIOR. 

d.  1st  primary  not  •£  as  long  as  2d ;  or,  wing  not  2£  inches  long. 

cc.  Wiug-bands  wanting :  coloration  as  in  philadelphicus .  ..V.  GILVUS. 
dd.  Wing-bands  present :  length  over  5  inches. 

e'.  Back  olive,  contrasting  with  ashy-blue  crown V.  SOLITARIUS. 

/'.  Back  plumbeous,  crown  scarcely  different V.  PLUMBEUS. 

ee.  Wiug-bands  present :  length  5  inches  or  less. 
g'.  Wing  equal  to  tail,  2£  inches  ;  1st  primary  •£  as  long  as  2d. 

V.  PUSILLUS. 
h'.  Wing  longer  than  tail ;  crown  ashy ;  chin  and  superciliary  line 

white V.  BELLI. 

i'.  Wing  longer  than  tail;  crown  olive;  chin  white;  superciliary 

line  yellow V.  NOVEBORACENSIS. 

&'.  Wing  longer  than  tail;  crown  olive  ;  chin  and  under  parts  yel- 
lowish  V.  HUTTONI. 

The  following  North   American  species  are  not  known  to 
occur  in  the  Colorado  Basin : — 

Vireo  calidris  barbatnlns.— Monstachcd  Greenlet. 

Vireo  gilvus,  D'Or&.  La  Sagra's  Cuba,  1839,  43.    (Not  of  Authors.) 

Vireo  longirostris,  ?  Nutt.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840, 359. 

Vireo  Ultiloquus,  Qamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1848,  127  (Florida).— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  334,  excl. 

syn.  (Florida).    (Not  Muscicapa  altiloqua  of  Vieillot.) 
Vireosylvia  altiloqua,  Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1851,  152  (Florida).— Gass.  Uluat.  1853-4, 

231,  pi.  37  (partly;  includes  true  oMiloquus,  "Florida").—  Bry.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  vii.  1859, 

113  (Bahamas).—  Albrecht,  J.  f.  0. 1861, 206  (Cuba). 
Vireosylva  altiloqua,  Bd.  Eep.  Great  Salt  Lake,  1852,  328  (Florida). 
Vireo  Yirescens,  Poey?    (Cuba.    Either  this  or  olivaceus.    Not  of  Vieill.) 
Vireo  olivaceus,  Thicnemann,  J. f.  0. 1857, 147  (Cuba ;  egg). 


492    VIREO  BARBATULUS V.  PHILADELPHICUS 

Pbyllomanes  barbatulus,  Cab.  J.f.0. 1855,  467  (Cuba).— Brew.  Pr.  Boat  Soc.  vii  1860, 307 

(Cuba).— Gundl  J.  f.  0. 1861,  324, 404  (Cuba). 

Vireosylvia  barbatula,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1666,  331,  f.  25958  (Cuba,  Bahamas,  and  Florida). 
Vireo  altiloquus  var.  barbatuius,  Coues,  Key,  1872,  120,  f.  60  (Cuba,  Bahamas,  and 

Florida). 
Vireosylvia  calidris  var.  barbatulus,  B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  360,  pi.  17,  f.  1  (Cuba, 

Bahamas,  and  Florida). 
Virfrm  venial  re,  D'Orb.  l.c. 
Black-whiskered  Vireo,  Whip-tom-kelly,  Ooues,  1.  c. 
Florida  Greenlet,  B.  B.  &  It.  1.  c. 
HAB. — Cuba ;  Bahamas ;  Florida. 

NOTE. — The  Black-whiskered  Vireo,  or  "Whip-tom-kelly",  which  occurs 
in  Florida,  has  been  identified  with  the  species  of  Cuba  and  the  Bahamas, 

the  first  distinctive  name  of 
which  appears  to  be  barba- 
tulus of  Cabanis,  1855,  ap- 
plied to  the  Cuban  bird.  It 
had  before  been  well  known, 
under  a  variety  of  names, 
even  excluding  those  per- 
taining to  the  other  variety 
(calidria  of  Jamaica,  &c.). 
FJG.  53.— Vireo  barbatulus,  natural  size.  if  we  may  presume  Nuttall 

to  hive  meant  this  species,  he  called  it  V.  longirostris  (Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840, 
359),  supposing  it  to  be  the  V.  longirostris  of  Swainson,  FBA.ii.  1831,237, 
which,  however,  is  the  true  V.  altiloquus.  Gambel  attributed  it  to  this  coun- 
try, under  the  erroneous  name  of  V.  altiloquus,  which  is  the  other  variety 
of  Jamaica,  &c.  (  Vireosylvia  altiloqua,  Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 320 ;  Scl.  PZS.  1861,  72  ; 
March,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1863, 294).  Some  have  also  noticed  it  under  the  name 
of  Vireosylvia  altiloqua — the  original  Muscicapa  altiloqua  of  Vieillot,  OAS.  C7, 
pi.  38  (St.  Domingo),  having  been  pretty  generally  applied  to  the  West 
Indian  Black-whiskered  Vireos.  This  is  also  probably  the  species  meant 
by  Professor  Poey's  Cuban  V.  vircscens,  and  certainly  the  one  whose  eggs 
Thienenmnn  describes  as  those  cf  V.  olivaceus.  In  1666,  Professor  Baird 
restricted  the  Linnaean  name  Motacilla  calidris  to  the  ordinary  bird  of 
Jamaica,  &c.,  adopting  Cabanis's  term  barbatulus  for  the  present  species. 
M.  calidris  appears  in  the  10th  ed.  1758,  184,  n.  2 ;  as  used  in  the  12th  ed. 
1766,  329,  n.  2,  it  is  compounded  of  Edwards^  plate  121,  fig.  2,  Sloane,  Jam. 
ii.299,  Eay,  184,  n.  27,  and  Briss.  App.  101,  though  the  balance  of  evidence 
enables  us  to  follow  Baird  in  restricting  the  name.  In  1872, 1  reduced  bar- 
batulm to  the  grade  of  a  race  of  "  altiloquus  ",  which  course  was  endorsed 
by  Baird  and  Eidgway  in  1874  ;  and  I  now  think  it  best  to  follow  Baird  in 
his  interpretation  of  the  applicability  of  the  Linnasan  term  calidris  to  the 
stock-species. 

Tireo  philadelpbicus.— Brotherly-love  Greenlet. 

Vireosylvia  Philadelphia,  Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1851,  153,  pi.  10,  f.  2  (Philadelphia).— 
Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857,  109  (Wisconsin ;  habits).— S.  <£•  S.  Ibis,  1859, 12  (Guate- 
mala).— Bd.  Rev.  AB.  186G,  340,  fig.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ix.  1868,  96  (Costa 
Eica).—  v.  Frantz.  J.  f.  O.  1669,  295  (Costa  Rica).— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  504.- 
Salv.  PZS.  1870, 184  (Veragua). 

Vireosylva  philadelpbica,  Bd.  Hep.  Great  Salt  Lake,  1852. 328. 

Vireosylvia  philadelpbicus,  B.  B.  <£•  K  NAB.  i.  1874,  367,  pL  17,  f.  4.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
xvii.  1674,  440  (New  England). 


VIREO    PHILADELPHICUS — V.    FLAVIFRONS  493 

Vireo  (Vireosylvla)  philadelpbicns,  Jtidgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  1874, 370  (Illinois). 

Vireo  philadelphiCUS,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  335;  ed.  of  I860,  pL78,f.3  (Wisconsin  and  Ohio).— 

Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for  1860, 1861, 365, 374  —Coues  &  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861, 

1862,  410.— Hamlin,  "Rep.  Maine  Board 

of  Agric.  1865,  —  "  (Waterville,  Me.; 

first  New  England  record). —  Coues,  Pr. 

Ess.   Inst  v.   1868,  277.—  Allen,  Mem. 

Bost  Soc.  i.  1868, 517  (Illinois).— Turnb. 

B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 26 ;  Phila.  ed.  19  (rare).— 

Coues,  Key,   1872,    120,  f.   62.— Coues, 

BNW.  1874,  97.— Wheat,   apud  Coues, 

BNW.    1874,   233.— Gentry,   Life-Hist. 

1876,  218.— Brewst.  Bull.  Nutt.  Club,  i.     _ 

_     _  '        FIG.  54.— Vireo  philadelphicus,  natnral  size. 
1876, 19  (Cambridge,  Mass.).— Fox,  Bull. 

Nutt.   Club,  ii.   1877,  78  (Now  Hampshire).— Langdon,  List  B.  Cincinnati,  1877,  7 

(Ohio).— Minct,  BNE.  1877, 159.— Merr.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877,  33  (Connecticut, 

"  undoubtedly"). 
Vlreosylvia  cobanensls,  Scl.  PZS.  I860,  463  (Coban,  Vera  Paz).— Scl.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  1861, 

328  (same). 

Brotherly-love  Vireo,  Coues,  11.  cc. 
Philadelphia  Greenlet,  B.  B.  &  R.  1.  c. 
Philadelphia  Vireo,  Deane,  Bull.  Nutt  Club,  i.  1876, 74  (resume  of  New  England  record). 

HAB. — Eastern  North  America.  North  to  Hudson's  Bay.  South  to  Cen- 
tral America.  No  Mexican  or  West  Indian  record.  The  Mississippi  Valley 
appears  to  be  the  main  line  of  migration  of  this  species,  where  it  is  much 
more  nnmerous  than  it  seems  to  be  in  tbe  Atlantic  States  or  New  England ; 
it  is  not  recorded  from  any  part  of  the  West. 

Vireo  flavifrons.— Yellow-throated  Greenlet. 

?Musdcapa  ochroleuca,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788,  946,  n.  29.— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  581.-Lath.  10.  ii. 
1790,  489,  n.  W.—Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817,  376  (quotes  M.sylvicola  Wils.).— F.  N.D. 
d'H.  N.  xxi.  471.— F.  EM.  ii.  1823, 814. 

?  Sylvia  ochroleuca,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 187.-F.  Ency.  Meth,  ii.  1823, 446,  n.  96  (quotes 
Muscicapa  ochroleuca  Gm.,  &  Penn.  AZ.  n.  276). 

?  Mniotilta  ochroleuca,  Gray,  G.  of  B.  i.  1848, 195. 

Vireo  flavifrons,  V.  OAS.  i.  1807,  85,  pi.  54.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  174.— Bp. 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ii.  1826,  70.—  Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 302.— Aud.  OB.  ii.  1834, 119,  pi.  119.— 
Bp.  CGL.  1838,  25.— Aud.  Syn.  1839, 160.— Peab.  Rep.  Orn.Mass.  1839, 298.-J.ud.  BA. 
iv.  1842, 141,  pi.  238.— Gir.  ELI.  1844, 159.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 330.— Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
1851, 149.—  Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,309  (Wisconsin).— Read,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853, 
398  (Ohio).—  Woodh.  Rep.  Zuni  &Colo.  R.  1853, 15.—Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  77.— Gundl. 
J.  f.  0. 1855,  468  (Cuba).— Pratten,  Tr.  111.  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855, 603.-Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst. 
i.  1856,  213.— Scl.  PZS.  1857,  227  ( Vera  Cruz).—  Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  1858,  188.— Bd.  BNA. 
1858,  341.— S  A  S.  Ibis,  1859,  12  (Guatemala).— /SW.  PZS.  I860,  251  (Orizaba).— Cab. 
J.  f.  0. 1860, 405  (Costa  Rica).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  vii.  1860, 307  (Cuba).— Lawr.  Ann. 
Lye.  N.T.  vii.  1861,  323  (New  Grenada).— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1861,  404  (Cuba).—  Wheat. 
Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for  1860, 1861,  365.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861, 436.— Coues  & 
Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861, 1862,  410.— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  iii.  1862, 157.  -Hoy,  Smiths. 
Rep.  for  1864, 1865, 437  (Missouri).— Hamlin,  "Rep.  Maine  Board  Agric.  1865 "  (Water- 
ville, Me.).— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inat  v.  1866, 87  (Canada  West).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. 
viii.  1866, 285.— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  v.  1868,  278  (New  England).— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
xii.  1868,  111  (South  Carolina). — Turnb.  ~B."E. Pa.  1869,27;  Phila. ed. 20.— Wyatt,  Ibis, 
1871,  324  (Pirieo).— t  Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  vi.  1871,  117  (Minnesota?).— Parser,  Am. 
Nat  v.  1871,  168.— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1872,  403  (Cuba).— Coues,  Key,  1872,  121,  f.  65.— Scott, 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  224.— Snow,  B.  Kans.  1873, 5  (breeding).— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
xv.  1873,  236  (Iowa).— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  99.— Snow,  B.  Kane.  3ded.  1875, 6  (Kansas).— 
Gentry,  Life-Hist  1876, 221.— Minot,  BNE.  1877, 153. 


494 


NOTE    ON   MUSCICAPA    OCHROLEUCA    GM. 


Vireo  (Lanlvireo)  flavifrons,  Sd.  185$.-Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  18G1,  324  (Cuba).— Allen,  Pr.Esa. 

lost.  iv.  1864,  M.—Ridgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  1374,  370  (Illinois). 
Lanlvireo  flavifrons,  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.T.  ix.  18C8,  96  (Costa  Rica).— v.  Frantz.J.f.O. 

1869,  295  (Costa  Rica).— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  ii.  1871,279  (Florida,  winter;.— B.  B.  <&  R. 

NAB.  i.  1874,  379,  pi.  17,  f.  5.— Brew.  Pr.  Boat,  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440.— Lawr.  Bull.  Nat. 

Mus.  n.  4,  1876,  17  (Southwest- 
ern Mexico). 
Vlreosylvla  flavifrons,  Bd.  Rev.  AB. 

1866,   346,   fig.— Scl   PZS.  1870, 

184  (Veragua). 
Vireo  flaviflorcs,  Gregg,  Pr.  Elmira 


Acad.  1870. 

Hnscicapa  sylvicola,  Wils.  AO.  i. 
1808, 117,  pi.  7,  f.3  (nee  Bart.).— 
Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 

tGolden'.'throat    Flycatcher,    P<m*.  FlG"  55-  ^eo  flavifrons,  natural  size. 

AZ.  ii.  1785,  389,  n.276!  (descr.  orig.New  York). 
?  Golden-throated  Flycatcher,  Lath.  "Syn.  Snpp.  17—,  173,  n.  80".—Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  x. 

1817, 376. 

Fauvette  a  gorge  florae,  V.  EM.  1.  c.  446. 
Gobe-moiiche  jaunatre  de  IS'ew- Yorck,  V.  EM.  1.  c.  814. 
Vireo  a  front  jaune,  Le  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 213. 
Yellow-throated  Vireo,  Yellow-throated  Greenlet,  Authors. 

HAB. — Eastern  United  States  and  British  Provinces ;  west  only  to  Iowa 
and  Kansas.  Breeds  in  most  if  not  all  of  its  North  American  range.  Win- 
ters in  Florida  and  southward,  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  British  Colum- 
bia. Cuba  (rare). 

NOTE. — It  seems  most  likely  that  the  proper  name  of  this  species  is  not 
Vireo  flavifrons  V.,  as  commonly  supposed,  but  Vireo  ochroleucus  (Gm.).  For, 
as  late  critics  of  our  nomenclature  have  generally  failed  to  observe,  Muscicapa 
ochroleuca  of  Gmelin  is  based  on  the  "  Golden-throated  Flycatcher  n  of  Pen- 
nant and  Latham,  which  is  described  from  "  New  York  "  in  terms  that  can 
hardly  be  misunderstood,  and  which  is  doubtless  the  present  species.  This 
name  ochroleuca^  now  indeed  obsolete,  was  current  for  many  years,  espe- 
cially with  Vieillot,  who  reproduces  it  in  various  of  his  books,  making  of  it 
now  a  " Muscicapa",  now  a  "  Sylvia";  Gray  quotes  it  in  1848  under  "Mni- 
otilta  ",  and  Stephens  even  goes  so  far  as  to  quote  " Muscicapa  sylvicola  Wils." 
as  its  synonym  I  I  think  it  as  well  established  for  the  Yellow-throated  Vireo 
as  either  olivaceus  or  noveboracensis  are  for  their  respective  species — better,  in 
fact,  than  olivaceua  L.  is,  for  that  is  a  compound  of  Edwards  and  Catesby, 
and  unquestionably  includes  two  species  (see  Baird,  Rev.  p.  335).  We  have 
all  accepted  noveboracensis  Gm.,  as  based  on  the  "Green  Flycatcher"  of 
Pennant  and  the  "  Hanging  Flycatcher  "  of  Latham,  which  are  scarcely  or 
not  more  satisfactorily  identifiable  with  the  White-eyed  Vireo  than  this 
"Golden-throated  Flycatcher"  of  the  same  authors  is  with  V.  flavifrona  ; 
and  I  am  strongly  disposed  to  recommend  that  the  above  name,  Vireo  ochro- 
leucua,  be  adopted. 


SYNONYMY    OF   VIREO    OLIVACEUS  495 


The  Red-eyed  Greeiiflet 

Tireo  oil vacous 

MuSCicapa  Olivacea,  L.  SN.  i.  1766, 327,  n.  14  (in  part ;  from  Cates.  i. 54  ;  Edw.  v.  93 ;  Briss. 
ii.  410 ;  thus  including  the  Jamaican  bird).— Gm.  SN.  i.  1788, 938,  n.  14  (in  part ;  same 
as  Linn. ;  also  quotes  Brown,  Jamaica,  476).—  Lath.  IO.  i.  1790,  482,  n.  61.— Turt.  SN.  i. 
1806,  575.— Wils.  AO.  ii.  1810, 55,  pi.  10,  f.  3.— Steph.  Shaw's  GZ.  x.  1817, 379.— Bp.  Journ. 
Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824,  176.—  Brown,  Zool.  1864,  8965  (England). -Hadfield,  Zool.  1864, 
9020  (England).— Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853, 290. 

Lanius  olivurcus,  Licht.  "  Verz.  1823, 49". 

Vireo  Olivaceus,  "VieiU.  "-Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826, 71.— S.  <&R.  FBA.  ii.  1831, 233,  fig.  on 
p.  235.— Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832,  312.—  And.  OB.  ii.  1834, 287,  pi.  150.— Pedb.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass. 
1839,  299.—  And.  Syn.  1839,  162.— And.  BA.  iv.  1842,  155,  pi.  243.— fltr.  BLI.  1844, 157.- 
Oabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heffc  iii.  1852,  65  (Lake  Superior).—  Woodh.  Rep.  Znfii  &  Colo.  R.  1853, 
76.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acid.  1853,  309.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856, 213.— Kneel.  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  vi.  1857, 234.—  Maxim.  J.  f.  0. 1858, 187.— Bd.  BNA.  1658, 331.—  Willis,  Rep.  Smiths. 
Inst.  for  1858,  1659,  282  (Nova  Scotia).—  Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  Ie60,  307  (Cuba).— 
Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for  I860,  1861,  364.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  ie60, 1861,436.— 
Coues  <&  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  410.- Terr.  Pr.  Eas.  Inst.  iii.  1862,  148.- 
Verr.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  138  (Anticosti).— Boardm.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862,  126.— 
Blak.  Ibis,  1662,5;  1863,  66  (Saskatchewan).— Dress.  Ibis,  1865,  480  (Texas).— Hoy, 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  437  (Missouri).— Mcllvrr.  Tr.  Ess.  Inst,  v.  1866,  87  (Canada 
West).— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  277  —  Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  111  (South 
Carolina).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  35.—  Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869,  26;  Phila.  ed.  19.— 
tFinsch,  PZS.  1870,  565  (Trinidad^-Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  vi.  1871, 117.— Parker,  Am. 
Nat.  v.  1871,  168.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1871, 21.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  120,  f.  59.—  Allen, 
Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  176  (mountains  of  Colorado,  up  to  11,000  feet;  Ogden,  Utah).— 
Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  370.— Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872, 223.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  xv.  1873, 236.-  -Merr.  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872, 1873,  714.— Coues, 
BNW.1874,96.—  Hensh.Hep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  42 (Utah,  Allen).— Allen,Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 

xvii.  1874,  54  (Upper  Missouri  River). ,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  187-J,  Zll.-Ho/man, 

Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xviii.  1877,  171  (Dakota).— Gentry,  Life-Hist.  1876,  211.— Minot,  BNE. 
1877, 155.— Batch.  Bull.  Nutt,  Club,  iii.  1878, 97  (spurious  primary).— Coues,  Bull.  Nutt. 
Club,  iii.  1878,  95  (nesting). 

Vireo  olivacea,  Denny,  PZS.  1847, 38. 

Vireo  Olivaceous,  Thomps.  Vermont,  1653,  77.— Pratten,  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  603.— 
Merr.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  87. 

Vireo  Olivaceus,  Gregg,  Pr.  Elmira  Acad.  1870. 

Vlreosylva  olivacea,  Bp.  CGL.  1838, 26.— Reinh.  Ibis,  1861, 7  (Greenland). 

Vireosylvia  Olivacea,  Bp.  CA.  1.  1850,  329.— Reinh.  "Vidensk.  Meddel.  for  1853,  1854,82" 
(Greenland).— Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1851,  151.— Burnett,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  iv.  1851, 116.— 
Reinh.  J.  f.  0. 1854,  439  (Greenland).— Scl.  PZS.  1855,  439  (Bogota).— S.  <£  S.  Ibis,  1859, 
12  (Guatemala).— Scl  PZS.  1859,  363  (Xalapa).—  Mosley,  "  N.  H.  Tutb.  1863, 385,  pi.  6  " 
(Derby,  England,  May,  1859).— ScZ.  Ibis,  1864,394  (England).—  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1866,333, 
fig.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 285.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ix.  1868,  96  (Costa 
Rica).— a  Frantz.  J.  f.  0. 1869,  295  (Costa  Rica).— S.  <&  S.  PZS.  1870,  836  (Honduras).— 
Allen,  Ball.  MCZ.  ii.  1871,  270  (Florida,  in  winter).— Harting,  Man.  Br.  B.  1872,  99  (Eng- 
land).— Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873, 198.— Layard,  Ibis,  1873,  377  (Para  ?). 

Vireosylvia  Olivaceus,  B.  B.  <£  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  363,  pL  17,  f.  2.-Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii. 
1875, 440. 

Vireo  (Vireosylvia)  oiivaceus,  Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iv.  1864, 66. 

Phyllomanes  olivacea,  Cab.  Mas.  Hein.  i.  1850, 63.— Cab.  J.  f.  0. 1860, 404  (Costa  Rica). 

Pbyllomanes  Olivaceus,  Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1872, 403  (Cuba). 

Muscicapa  sylvicola,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1791, 290  bis  (nee  Wild.). 

Vireo  virescens,  Vieitt.  OAS.  i.  1807,  84,  pL  53  (Pennsylvania).— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 53; 
Phila.  ed.  42  (same). 

Vireosylvia  virescens,  Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1851, 151. 

Vireo  bogotensis,  Bry.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1859,  227  (Bogota).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  viii.  1863, 
6  (New  Grenada). 


496 


CHARACTERS    OF   VIREO    OLIVACEUS 


Red-ey'd  Fly-Catcher,  Muscicapa  oculls  rubris,  Gates.  Car.  i.  1771, 54,  pi.  54  (lower  fig.). 
Olive-coloured  Flycatcher,  Edw. "  Gl.  93,  pi.  253  ". 

Gobe-mouche  de  la  Jamalque,  Muscicapa  Jamaicensis,  Briss.  ii.  1800, 410,  n.  27  (in  part). 
Red-eyed  Flycatcher,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  387,  n.  271.— Lath.  "Syn.  ii.  351,  n.  51".— Steph. 

Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 379. 

Moucberolle  olive,  Le  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 160. 
Red-eyed  Vireo,  or  Greenlet,  And.  &  Authors. 

HAB. — Chiefly  Eastern  North  America  to  Hudson's  Bay;  Greenland  (Rein- 
hardt).  West,  however,  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  even  beycnd ;  Wash- 
ington Territory  (Kennerly) ;  Utah  (Allen).  South  to  New  Grenada  and 
Trinidad  (Finsch,  PZS.  1870, 565).  Cuba  alone  of  the  West  Indies.  In  Mex- 
ico, chiefly  replaced  by  S.  flavoviridis  (Xalapa,  Sclater).  Extremely  abundant 
in  Eastern  United  States.  Breeds  at  large  in  its  North  American  range,  and 
winters  from  Florida  southward.  Accidental  in  England  (see  the  references 
in  foregoing  synonymy). 


FIG.  56. — Vireo  olivaceus,  natural  size. 

CH.  SP. —  g  9  Remigibus  ix.  Flavo-olivaceus,  alls  caudaque 
fuscis  flavo-olivaceo  limbatis  ;  infra  albus,  lateribus  mx  virescen- 
tibus;  pileo  cinereo-plumbeo  fusco  limbato,  striga  superciliari  alba  : 
lor  is  plumbeo-fuscis;  iridibus  rubris. 

$  $ :  Entire  upper  parts  and  the  edgings  of  the  dusky  wings  and  tail  uni- 
form yellowish-olive,  extending  on  the  sides  of  the  neck  and  breast,  but 
well  defined  against  the  color  of  the  crown.  No  bars  across  ends  of  wing- 
coverts.  Beneath  pure  white,  a  little  shaded  with  greenish-yellow  along 
the  sides ;  no  dusky  maxillary  stripes.  Cfip  ashy-plumbeous,  bordered  on 
each  side  with  a  dusky  line.  A  broad  white  superciliary  stripe  from  nostrils 
over  the  eye  and  ear  ;  below  this  a  dusky  loral  line  prolonged  through  the 
eye ;  lower  eyelid  whitish.  Bill  dusky  plum  beous  above,  pale  horn-color 
below  ;  feet  plumbeous ;  iris  red.  No  obvious  spurious  first  primary.  Length, 
extremes,  5f-6J,  generally  about  6;  extent,  9f-10£ ;  wing,  3-3£;  tail,  2£-2£; 
bill  along  culmen,  over  \ ;  tarsus,  f . 

The  sexes  are  indistinguishable,  and  the  young  resemble  the  old  very 
closely.  Autumnal  specimens,  of  both  old  and  young,  are  more  brightly 
colored  than  old  ones,  with  more  decided  yellowish-green  shading  on  the 
sides  below,  sometimes  extended  on  the  crissum.  The  young  have  the  eyes 
less  decidedly  red— rather  reddish-brown.  The  species  is  readily  recognized 
by  its  large  size,  long  bill,  apparently  only  nine  primaries,  no  maxillary 
stripes,  red  eyes,  and  peculiar  head-markings  as  above  given.  It  is  the  only 
species  of  its  particular  sub-group  known  to  inhabit  the  West,  though  a 
closely  allied  one,  V.  flavoviridis,  has  occured  just  over  our  southern  border. 


HABITS    OF   THE    RED-EYED    GREENLET  497 

TOE  Red-eyed  is  a  Yireo  of  exceeding  abundance  in  the 
United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi,  yet  one  which 
extends  to  the  Eocky  Mountains,  and  even  beyond  them.  The 
dispersion  of  this  bird  remains  rather  more  extensive  than  that 
of  any  other  of  the  genus,  even  after  excepting  its  casual  occur- 
rences in  Greenland  and  England.  In  the  Antilles,  which  pos- 
sess their  own  Greenlets,  it  is  only  known  in  Cuba,  where  it  is 
rare ;  and  it  seems  to  be  mostly  replaced  in  Mexico  by  the 
closely-allied  V.  flavoviridis.  Some  representatives  of  the  spe- 
cies linger  in  winter  along  our  southernmost  shores,  but  the 
true  home  of  these  birds  at  such  season  is  in  Central  America, 
where  we  have  advices  from  Guatemala,  Panama,  and  else- 
where. Their  breeding  range  apparently  coincides  with  the 
whole  of  their  North  American  range  ;  but  I  think  that  in  sum- 
mer there  are  more  Greenlets  of  this  kind  to  the  square  mile 
in  the  Middle  States  than  anywhere  else.  The  Red-eyes  are 
among  the  very  commonest  of  all  the  birds  that  breed,  for 
instance,  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  where,  during  the  heat 
of  summer,  their  energetic  and  voluble  notes  resound,  no  less 
than  the  querulous  plaints  of  the  Wood  Pewees,  throughout 
the  woods.  The  persistency  of  these  musicians  is  really  remark- 
able; they  sing  at  all  hours,  even  at  the  listless  noon,  which 
invites  most  birds  to  rest  in  the  shade,  and  prolong  their  ner- 
vous notes  to  the  very  end  of  summer,  long  after  the  exal- 
tation of  other  warblers  has  passed  away.  If  we  watch  a 
Red-eye,  as  we  may  easily  do,  in  the  nearest  piece  of  wood,  or  in 
the  shade-tree  close  by  the  house,  we  shall  see  him  performing 
in  a  very  nonchalant,  almost  mechanical  way,  as  he  goes  about 
his  business  of  fly-catching,  sometimes  stopping  in  the  midst  of 
a  bar  to  snap  at  an  insect,  and  resuming  the  note  as  soon  as 
he  has  fairly  cleared  his  throat.  No  one  of  the  sylvan  choir  is 
more  simple  and  unaffected  than  this  modest  performer,  who 
seems  to  sing  unconsciously  or  as  if  absorbed  in  reverie,  while 
his  daily  work  goes  on. 

As  to  the  musical  quality  of  this  performance,  there  may  be 
two  opinions.  The  Red-eye  belongs,  as  we  have  seen,  to  the  sec- 
tion of  the  genus  called  Vlreosylma,  and  this  includes  V.  calidris, 
a  bird  known  in  Jamaica  by  the  curious  names  of  "  Whip-tom- 
kelly",  or  "  John-to-whit",  derived,  like  Whippoorwill,  Chuck- 
wilPs-widow,  and  many  other  designations  of  animals,  from 
the  sound  of  its  voice.  The  well-known  and  very  true  natural- 
ist, Philip  Henry  Gosse,  has  described  this  curious  ditty  in  his 
32  B  c 


498  SONG   OF   THE   RED-EYED    GREENLET 

wonted  agreeable  manner.  The  Jamaican  Flycatchers  in  gen- 
eral, he  says,  "  are  not  very  vociferous,  but  this  is  pertinacious 
in  its  tritouous  call,  repeating  it  with  energy  every  two  or  three 
seconds.  .  .  .  On  the  26th  of  March,  on  my  return  to  Bluefields, 
after  a  visit  to  Spanishtown,  I  heard  its  well-known  voice,  but 
my  lad  had  noticed  it  a  week  before.  From  this  time,  every 
grove,  I  might  almost  say  every  tree,  had  its  bird,  uttering, 
with  incessant  iteration  and  untiring  energy,  from  its  umbra- 
geous concealment, — *  Sweet  John! — John-to-whit! — Sweet- John- 
to-whit ! — John-fwhit !  —  Sweet-John-to — whit ! 7  I  can  scarcely 
understand  how  the  call  can  be  written  '  Whip-tom-kelly ?,  as  the 
accent,  if  I  may  say  so,  is  most  energetic  on  the  last  syllable. 
Nor  have  I  ever  heard  this  appellation  given  to  it  in  Jamaica.[*] 
After  July  we  rarely  hear  'John-to-whit7 — ,  but,  lto-ichit — 
to-whoo7,  and  sometimes  a  soft,  simple  chirp,  or  sip, sip,  whispered 
so  gently  as  scarcely  to  be  audible."  All  this  is  as  applicable 
to  the  Red-eyed  Greenlet,  mut.  mut.,  as  if  it  had  been  written 
for  the  latter — even  to  the  criticism  that '  Wbip-tom-kellyMs 
an  inept  designation.  Though  Wilson  says :  "  On  attentively 
listening  for  some  time  to  this  bird  in  his  full  ardor  of  song,  it 
requires  but  little  of  imagination  to  fancy  that  you  hear  it 
pronounce  these  words," — Nutta»l  has,  to  my  way  of  thinking, 
rendered  the  song  in  a  much  more  graphic  manner,  in  saying: 
"...  the  most  lively  or  accidental  fit  of  imagination,  never 
yet,  in  this  country,  conceived  of  such  an  association  of  sounds. 
I  have  already  remarked,  indeed,  that  this  singular  call  is,  in 
fact,  sometimes  uttered  by  the  Tufted  Titmouse.  When  our 
Yireo  sings  slow  enough  to  be  distinctly  heard,  the  following 
sweetly  warbled  phrases,  variously  transposed  and  tuned,  may 
often  be  caught  by  the  attentive  listener :  'tshotie  pewee  peeai 
mtisik  7du  Jd&  7du,  'tshotive  Jh$re  'here,  hear  here,  hear  here,  Wing 
'ritshard,  'p'shfyru  'tshevii,  Hsheevoo,  'tshuvee  peeait  'ptroi.  The 
whole  delivered  almost  without  any  sensible  interval,  with  earn- 
est animation,  in  a  pathetic,  tender  and  pleasing  strain,  well 
calculated  to  produce  calm  and  thoughtful  reflection  in  the  sen- 
sitive mind."  I  witness  the  fidelity  of  this  description,  and  I 
can  even  catch  the  rhythm  or  movement  of  the  piece  in  the 
quaint  syllables  Nuttall  uses,  though  I  must  confess  that  I  fail 
to  gain  from  them  the  slightest  notion  of  the  timbre  or  quality 

*  The  name  is  traditional,  having  come  down  from  the  fathers  :  see  Sloane, 
Browne,  Edwards  (who  figures  it  unmistakably,  pi.  253),  and  the  rest. 


NEST    OF    THE    RED-EYED    GREENLET  499 

of  the  notes  j  others  perhaps,  of  ulcer  ear,  may  be  more  fortu- 
nate. 

There  is  one  point  about  this  Greenlet  (shared  to  some  ex- 
tent by  other  Vireos)  with  which  collectors  are  doubtless  as 
familiar  as  myself,  but  which  has  not  been  recorded  in  so  many 
words.  I  refer  to  the  nicety  of  the  plumage  at  all  seasons. 
There  is  something  about  the  moult  that  keeps  the  bird  in  good 
order.  You  may  shoot  Ked-eyes  in  July  and  August,  young 
and  old,  always  in  fair  condition  for  preservation,  when  most 
other  birds  are  ragged  or  full  of  pin-feathers.  The  vernal 
birds,  in  their  best  feather,  seem  to  be  peculiarly  smooth, 
something  like  the  Black  throated  Bunting  in  comparison  with 
others  of  its  family.  1  have  recently  learned  another  fact, 
novel  to  me,  from  a  Philadelphia  correspondent,  Mr.  W.  L. 
Collins.*  This  young  naturalist  found  a  Red-eye's  nest  upon 
which  the  female  was  sitting,  though  the  frame-work  of  the 
structure  was  barely  completed.  The  male  bird  presently  flew 
to  the  nest  bringing  some  material  in  his  bill,  which  he  gave 
to  his  mate  to  arrange  while  he  went  after  more.  The  nest 
contained  at  this  moment  three  eggs,  and  it  was  not  until 
three  or  four  days  afterward  that  the  fabric  was  finished. 
Laying  in  half  built  nests  is  a  common  thing,  however,  and 
probably  more  so  than  we  may  suppose,  though  less  often 
witnessed  in  such  an  instance  as  the  present,  where  the  pensile 
structure  must  needs  be  well  advanced  to  hold  the  eggs 
securely.  This  Vireo  keeps  for  the  most  part  in  high,  open 
woods,  and  there  forages  for  insects  mainly  among  the  upper 
branches,  where  we  oftenest  see  it  tripping  alone,  and  whence 
its  song  oftenest  falls  on  appreciative  ears ;  but  in  its  choice  of 
a  nesting-place  it  frequently  descends  within  a  few  feet  of  the 
ground.  The  smaller  trees,  especially  those  with  slender, 
straggling  branchlets,  are  commonly  selected,  the  neat  cup 
being  suspended  by  the  brim  in  the  embrace  of  a  forked 
twig.  The  structure  is  usually  very  smooth  and  compact, 
as  if  the  materials  were  matted  or  even  pasted  together, 
unlike  the  tough,  but  pliably  woven,  purses  of  the  Orioles ;  and 
some  have  supposed,  though  without  direct  evidence  as  yet, 
that  the  materials  are  agglutinated  with  the  saliva  of  the  bird. 

*  1878.  COUES,  E.  Nesting  of  Vireo  olivaceus.    <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii. 
no.  2,  Apr.  1878,  p.  95. 

Communicated  by  W.  L.  Collins.— The  bird  laid  in  an  unfinished 
during  its  construction. 


500  EGGS    OF    THE    RED-EYED    GREENLET 

In  any  event,  these  nests  are  remarkably  durable,  hanging 
for  many  months  after  they  have  been  deserted;  and  when  the 
leaves  have  fallen,  revealing  the  trees  in  their  nakedness,  these 
structures  become  conspicuous  along  the  roadside,  around  the 
edges  of  clearings,  and  among  the  dogwoods  and  Judas-trees 
that  form  the  undergrowth  of  our  noble  oak  forests.  Wilson 
says  they  are  frequently  used  by  mice,  and  that  in  one  instance 
a  Yellowbird  built  its  own  nest  in  one  of  these  deserted  homes. 
They  are  among  the  more  frequent  depositories  of  Cowbird 
eggs ;  and  the  owners  seem  to  be  as  devoted  as  can  be  to  the 
incubation  of  the  alien  eggs  and  subsequent  care  of  the 
young.  Dr.  Brewer  narrates  that  in  one  instance  a  Red-eye 
hatched  three  Cowbird  eggs  without  laying  any  of  her  own  ; 
and  gives  the  particulars  of  another  case,  in  which  a  Vireo 
laid  two  eggs,  and  then  stopped  to  incubate  them,  together 
with  two  Cowbird  eggs,  which  had  meanwhile  been  deposited 
with  her  own.  The  Vireo's  eggs  are  usually  four  in  number, 
measuring  about  four-fifths  of  an  inch  in  length  by  three-fifths 
in  breadth,  and  are  not  peculiar  in  shape ;  the  shell  is  pure 
white,  sparsely  sprinkled  with  small  and  sharp  markings  of 
reddish-brown  or  dark  brown,  chiefly  about  the  larger  end. 
Two  broods  are  often  reared  each  season  by  the  same  pair,  and 
such  is  probably  the  rule  in  the  Middle  and  Southern  States, 
to  judge  from  the  great  abundance  of  the  birds,  as  well  as 
from  the  periods  when  newly-feathered  young  may  be  found. 
In  the  District  of  Columbia,  where  these  Greenlets  are  ex- 
tremely abundant,  I  used  to  note  their  arrival  during  the  last 
week  in  April,  and  have  observed  them  as  late  as  the  25th  of 
September,  about  which  time  they  leave  with  one  accord. 
Nuttall,  however,  has  witnessed  their  lingering  in  Massachu- 
setts even  so  late  as  the  26th  of  October. 

It  is  known  that  this  Vireo  is  not  exclusively  insectivorous, 
and  the  same  is  doubtless  true  of  other  Greenlets.  Kuttall 
observed  them  feeding  greedily  on  the  small  berries  of  the 
bitter  cornel  and  the  astringent  Viburnum  dentatum.  The 
same  author  gives  some  pleasant  gossip  about  a  young  Vireo 
which  entered  his  chamber  and  became  an  inmate  for  a  while. 
He  soon  grew  reconciled  to  the  situation,  became  so  gentle  as 
to  take  insects  from  the  hand,  and  apparently  used  to  seek 
protection  from  an  irascible  Kingbird,  who  occupied  the  same 
quarters,  and  who  begrudged  him  his  share  of  food.  This 
Greenlet  used  to  eat  viburnum- berries  with  a  good  appetite, 


SYNONYMY  OF    VIREO    GILVUS  501 

and  like  the  Flycatcher  and  birds  of  prey,  regurgitated  indi- 
gestible portions  of  his  food,  as  the  skins  and  seeds  of  berries, 
and  the  legs  and  wings  of  insects.  He  folded  his  head  under 
his  wing  to  sleep,  and  rested  soundly,  unlike  his  fellow  pris- 
oner, who  was  never  caught  asleep  for  the  period  of  eight 
months  during  which  he  was  under  observation.  But  the  little 
Greenlet  came  to  an  untimely  end,  after  the  custom  of  pet 
birds ;  aud  a  lock  of  hair  found  in  his  stomach  was  supposed 
to  have  been  the  cause  of  his  death. 

Western  Warbling  Greenlet 

Vireo  gilrus  swainsoni 

a.  gilvus 

Muscicapa  gilva,  V.  " OAS.  i.  1807,  65,  pi.  34  ".—Steph.  Gen.  ZooL  x.  1817, 387. 

SylTia  gllva,  V.  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817, 190.— V.  Ency.  Meth.  ii.  1823,  453,  n.  116. 

Vireo  tfilvus,  Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1S24, 176.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ii.  1826, 70.— Nutt. 
Man.  i.  1832, 309.— Aud.  OB.  ii.  1834, 114,  pi.  118.— Bp.  CGL.  1838,  26.— Aud.  Syn.  1839, 
161.—  Aud.  BA.  iv.  1842,  149,  pi.  241.— Oiraud,  BLI.  1844,  161.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  330.— 
Hoy,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1853, 309.  -Bead,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853, 398.— Woodh.  Rep.  Zufii  & 
CoL  R.  1853,  16.—Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  App.  "ZZ.—Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc. 
i.  1855,  582.— Pratten,  ibid.  603.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856, 213.— Scl.  PZS.  1858,  302 
(Oaxaca).— JSdBNA.  1858,335.— Willis,  Smiths.  Eep.  for  1858,  1859,  282.— Wheat.  Ohio 
Agric.  Rep.  for  1860, 1861, 364.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  18GO,  1861,  436.— Coues  &  Prent. 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861, 1802,  410  —  BlaHst.  Ibis,  1862, 5  ;  1863, 66  (Saskatchewan).—  Verr. 
Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862, 148.  —  Verr.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1863,  234  (Maine).—  Allen,  Pr.  Ess. 
Inst.  iv.  1864, 67.  —Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864  1865,  437  (Missouri).— Dress.  Ibis,  1865, 
480  (Texas).—  Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  lust.  v.  1866,  87.—  Butch.  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1868,  149 
(Texas).— Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868, 277.— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1868,  111.— Brawn, 
Ibis,  1868,  421  (Vancouver).— Turrib.  B.  E.  Pa,  1869, 26 ;  Phila.  ed.  19.— /  Trippe,  Pr.  Ess. 
Inst  vi.  1871, 117.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  120,  f.  63.—  Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  370.— 
Scott,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  223.— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873,236  (Iowa).—  Allen, 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1874,  54  (Dakota).— Snow,  B.  Kans.  1873,  5.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  97.— 
Gentry,  Life-Hiat.  1876, 218.— Minot,  BNE.  1877, 157.— McCauley,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 
iii,  n.  3, 1877,  662  (Texas). 

Viero  gilvus,  Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mats.  1839, 299.— Gregg,  Pr.  Elmira  Acad.  1870,  — . 

Yireo  gilva,  Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vi.  1857, 109. 

Vireosylvia  gilTa,  Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1851, 153.— Scl.  PZS.  1856, 298  (Mexico).— Bd.  Rev. 
AB.  1866,  342,  fig.— Laurr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  285.— Sumich.  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i. 
1869,  548  (Vera  Cruz).— Ridg. 
Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873, 198. 

Vireosylvia  gilvus,  B.  B.  &  R.  NAB. 
i.  1874,  368,  pL  17,  f.  3.— Brew. 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875, 440. 

Muscicapa  melodia,  Wils.  AO.  v.  1812, 
85,  pi.  42,  f.  2.— Steph.  Gen.  Zool. 
x.  1817,  382.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila. 
Acad.  iv.  1824, 176. 

Grlseous  Flycatcher,  Steph.  1.  c. 

Moucherolle  gris,  F.^OAS.  1.  c.  FIG.  57.— Vireo  gilvus,  natural  size. 

Fauvette  grrise  des  Etats-Unis,  V.  11  cc.  1817  &  1823. 

Vireo  ou  Moucherolle  gris,  Lc  Moine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 2ia 

Warbling  Flycatcher,  Warbling  Vireo,  Warbling  Greenlet,  Authors. 

b.  swainsoni 

Vireo  gilvus,  Towns  Journ.  Phila,  Acad.  viii.  1839,  153.— Henry,  Pr.  Pbila.  Acad.  1855,  313; 
1859, 106  (New  Mexico).—  Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859, 191  (California).— Coop.  <&  SucJd 


502         CHARACTERS  OF   VIREO    GILVU8    SWAINSONI 

N.  H.  Wash.  Terr.  1860, 188.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  35  (Rocky  Mountains).— A  lien, 

Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872, 156, 176  (Kansas,  Colorado,  Utah ;  includes  both  varieties). 
Vireo  swainsoni,  Ed.  BNA.  1858,  336  (in  text).— Coues,  Ibis,  1865,  164  (Arizona).— Coues 

Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866, 73  (Arizona).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 479. 
VI  reo  SWainsonii,  Merr.  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  GeoL  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873, 714. 
Vireosylvia  swainsoDi,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1866,  343,  fig.— Aiken,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  198 

(Colorado). 

Vireosylvia  swainscnii,  Stev.  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Snrv.  Terr,  for  1870, 1871, 464. 
Vireo  gilvus  var.  swainsoni,  Coues,  Key,  1872, 121,  f.  64.—  M jrr.  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 

Terr,  for  1872, 1873,  712.— Tarr.  &  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  12.— flemft.  ibid.  43,  77, 

105.— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875, 151.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1875, 221. 
Tireo  gilvus  b.  swainsoni,  Coues,  BNW.  1874, 98. 

Vireosylvia  gilva  var.  swainsoni,  Ridgw.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1873,  181  (Colorado). 
Vireosylvia  gilvus  var.  swainsoni,  B.B.&R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  371.— Later.  Bull.  Nat.  Mus. 

n.  4, 1876, 17  (Tehuan tepee). 
Vireosylvia  gilva  /3.  swainsoni,  Ridgw.  Rep.  Surv.  40th  Par.  iv.  pt.  iii.  1877, 448. 

HAB. — Of  gilvus  proper,  temperate  Eastern  North  America,  to  the  high  cen- 
tral plains.  Breeds  throughout 
its  North  American  range ;  win- 
ters extralimital,  in  Mexico 
and  doubtless  elsewhere,  but 
not  known  in  the  West  Indies. 
Of  so-called  "swainsoni",  the 
rest  of  the  United  States,  in 
wooded  regions,  from  the  plains 
FIG.  58. — Vireo  swainsoni,  natural  size.  ^o  ^jje  Pacific. 

'  CH.  SP. —  S  9  Remigibus  x.  Cinereo-virescens,  pileo  sensim 
cinerascente,  necfuscolimbato;  uropygio  virente,  striga  superciliari 
albidd,  orbitis  fuscis;  loris  albidis;  infra  albidus,  sordide  sub 
flavivans,  lateribus  obscurioribus  ;  alls  hand  fasciatis. 

£  $  ,  adult :  With  10  primaries,  the  exposed  portion  of  the  first  of  which 
is  i  or  less  of  the  length  of  the  second,  no  obvious  wing-bars,  no  blackish 
stripe  along  the  side  of  the  crown,  and  no  abrupt  contrast  between  color  of 
back  and  crown.  Upper  parts  greenish,  with  an  ashy  shade,  rather  brighter 
on  the  rump  and  edgings  of  the  wings  and  tail,  anteriorly  shading  insensibly 
into  ashy  on  the  crown.  Ash  of  crown  bordered  immediately  by  a  whitish 
superciliary  and  loral  line;  region  immediately  before  and  behind  the  eye 
dusky  ash.  Below,  sordid  white  with  faiut  yellowish  (sometimes  creamy  or 
buffy)  tinge,  more  obviously  shaded  along  the  sides  with  a  dilution  of  the 
the  color  of  the  back.  Quills  and  tail-feathers  fuscous,  with  narrow  external 
edgings  as  above  said,  and  broader  whitish  edging  of  the  inner  webs;  the 
wing-coverts  without  obvious  whitish  tipping.  Bill  dark  horn-color  above, 
paler  below ;  feet  plumbeous.  Iris  brown.  Length,  5  inches,  or  rather  more ; 
extent,  about  8£;  wing,  2f ;  tail,  2£;  bill,  f- ;  tarsus,  £. 

Specimens  differ  a  good  deal  in  the  shade  of  the  upper  parts,  and  particu- 
larly in  the  tint  of  the  under  parts.  Birds  of  the  year  and  autumnal  speci- 
mens generally  are  apt  to  be  brighter  than  those  of  spring.  It  is  a  very  plainly 
marked  species,  but  the  above  description  should  suffice  for  its  discrimina- 
tion among  the  species  described  in  this  work. 

Western  specimens  were  first  doubtfully  described  as  distinct  under  the 
name  of  V.  sivainsoni,  then  rated  as  a  good  species,  and  finally  quoted  as  a 


THE   WABBLING   OF    THIS    GBEENLET  503 

geographical  race.  They  average  rather  duller  colored  than  their  Eastern 
representatives,  like  most  birds,  in  fact,  of  this  dry  region.  I  fail  to  appre- 
ciate any  tangible  difference  in  general  dimensions,  or  in  shape  of  the  bill. 
The  character  of  more  rounded  wing,  which  has  been  chiefly  relied  upon,  the 
2d  quill  being  shorter  instead  of  longer  than  the  6th,  does  not  hold  as  dis- 
tinctive, for  I  find  the  same  wing-formula  in  a  specimen  shot  at  Washington, 
D.  C.  Without  feeling  much  confidence  in  the  reality  of  the  distinction 
which  has  been  sought  to  be  maintained,  I  have  separated  the  synonymy 
under  two  heads.  The  description  is  taken  from  Western  specimens. 

WARBLING  Greenlets,  whether  of  the  Eastern  or  of  the 
Western  type,  inhabit  all  the  woodland  of  temperate 
North  America.  But  in  choosing  their  summer  homes  they 
usually  show  good  taste  enough  to  seek  the  luxuries  of  city  life, 
displaying  at  the  same  time  the  force  of  character  required  to 
escape  its  dangers.  Neither  disposed  to  undue  familiarity,  nor 
given  to  over  confidence,  these  urbane  birds  move  in  a  quiet 
circle  of  their  own,  in  slight  contact  with  less  polished  members 
of  society,  quite  apart  from  the  vulgarity  of  the  street  and 
market-place,  and  always  with  the  easy  self-possession  that 
marks  the  well-bred.  We  seldom  see  them,  indeed;  they  are 
oftener  a  voice  than  a  visible  presence— j  ust  a  ripple  of  melody 
threading  its  way  through  the  mazes  of  verdure,  now  almost 
absorbed  in  the  sighing  of  foliage,  now  flowing  released  on  its 
grateful  mission.  Their's  is  a  tender,  gentle  strain,  with  just 
a  touch  of  sadness,  borne  on  the  same  breath  that  wafts  us 
the  perfume  of  April's  early  blossoms;  and  these  are  all  the 
sweeter  for  the  instillation  of  such  song.  From  the  poplar  that 
glances  both  silver  and  green  as  its  tremulous  verdure  is 
stirred — from  the  grand  old  halls  of  the  stately,  splendid- 
flowered  liriodendron — from  the  canopied  shade-weaving  elm, 
and  the  redolent  depths  of  magnolia — issues  all  summer  long 
the  same  exquisite  refrain,  while  the  singers  glide  through  their 
hermitage  unseen.  Who  would  know  these  splrituelle  musi- 
cians better  must  be  quick  to  catch  a  glimpse  of  a  very  small 
sober-colored  bird  whose  tints  are  those  of  its  leafy  home,  and 
whose  course  in  the  heart  of  the  trees  is  as  devious  as  the  play 
of  the  sunbeam  itself. 

The  Warbling  Vireo  is  no  less  agile  a  bird  than  his  cousin 
the  Red-eye,  and  equally  tireless  in  the  pursuit  of  his  insect 
prey ;  both  these  birds  sing  as  they  go,  with  an  unconscious 
air,  as  if  in  a  reverie;  but  the  easy  and  wonderfully  skilful 
modulation  of  the  former's  flowing  song  contrasts  to  great  ad- 
vantage with  the  Red  eye's  abrupt  and  somewhat  jerky  notes. 


504        THE  GOOD  OFFICES  IT  RENDERS 

Both  are  among  the  most  persistent  of  our  musicians ;  in  the 
Middle  States,  for  example,  their  notes  are  heard  from  the  latter 
part  of  April  until  far  into  September,  and  at  all  hours  of  the 
day.  But  much  as  we  may  admire  Gilvus  in  the  agreeable  sen- 
timent which  his  «ong  inspires,  we  owe  him  a  higher  and  more 
respectful  consideration  for  the  good  services  he  renders  us  in 
a  very  practical  way.  Inhabiting  by  choice  our  parks,  lawns, 
and  orchards,  and  even  the  shade-trees  of  our  busiest  streets, 
rather  than  the  untried  depths  of  the  forest,  these  birds  collec- 
tively render  efficient  service  by  ridding  us  of  unnumbered 
insects,  whose  presence  is  a  pest,  as  well  as  a  continual  annoy- 
ance to  sensitive  persons.  They  take  a  foremost  place  among 
the  useful  birds  for  whose  good  services  in  this  regard  we  have 
reason  to  be  grateful,  being  much  more  beneficial  than  the 
European  Sparrows,  which  we  have  imported  for  the  same  pur- 
pose, and  against  whose  insolent  aggressions  these  tender  birds 
should  be  protected.  The  comparative  abundance  of  these  two 
species  being  duly  considered,  there  can  be  but  one  opinion  in 
the  matter  of  their  respective  efficiency  in  destroying  noxious 
insects;  for  the  Vireos  are  particularly  insectivorous  birds, 
while  Sparrows  eat  insects  only  at  certain  seasons,  and  then 
only  through  caprice ;  their  natural  food  is  seeds,  and  at  pres- 
ent, in  this  country,  they  feed  for  the  most  part  on  street- 
garbage.* 

There  is  nothing  to  distinguish  the  Eastern  and  Western 
Warbling  Vireos,  so  far  as  their  habits  and  manners  are  con- 
cerned. It  is  true  that  the  former  is  more  civilized  just  now  ; 
but  this  is  a  transitory  circumstance,  which  will  doubtless 
yield  to  the  settlement  of  the  West,  when  we  may  expect 
to  find  the  Warbling  Yireos  of  that  portion  of  our  country  in- 

*  According  to  Mr.  Gentry,  who  lias  paid  such  particular  attention  to  the 
food  of  our  birds,  this  Vireo  feeds  chiefly  upon  dipterous  and  lepidop'erous 
insects,  the  larvae  of  many  of  which,  as  is  well  known,  are  among  the  most 
injurious.  This  gentleman  has  found  in  their  stomachs  remains  of  Mwca 
domestica,  Tabanus  lineola,  T.  tinctus,  Tipula  ferruginea,  Culex  tceniorhynchus, 
and  other  Diptera;  the  lepidopterous  Anisonyx  vernata,  A.  pometaria,  Zerene 
catenaria,  Ennomos  subsignaria,  Eufitchia  ribearia  Angcronia  crocataria,  and 
Limacodes  scopha  ;  with  Apis  mellifica,  Selandria  rosce,  and  MegacMle  centun- 
cularis  among  Hymenoptera ;  together  with  various  Aphides,  or  plant-lice. 

Prof.  Samuel  Aughey  gives  the  Warbling  Vireo  among  the  birds  of  Ne- 
braska which  destroy  the  scourge  of  that  country — the  grasshopper.  "  I 
frequently  saw  it  light  down  within  a  rod  of  me  where  locusts  abounded 
and  feed  on  them.  This  species  seemed  to  eat  them  in  all  stages  of  their 
growth,  and  brought  them  constantly  to  their  nests  for  their  young.  " — (First 
Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Entom.  Comm.  for  1877.  1878,  App.  p.  [27].) 


THE  NESTS  AND  EGGS  OF  WARBLING  GREENLETS    505 

crease  in  numbers  until  they  are  as  abundant  in  the  towns 
as  our  own  variety  has  long  since  become.  They  are  already 
numerous  in  all  suitable  situations,  where  their  periods  of  mi- 
gration and  areas  of  distribution  in  the  breeding  season  corre- 
spond perfectly  with  those  of  the  typical  Eastern  gilvus.  Such 
are  my  own  observations  as  far  as  they  go,  and  we  have  many 
others,  unnecessary  to  cite,  to  the  same  effect. 

Nor  is  there  any  appreciable  distinction  between  the  nests  of 
the  two  varieties  or  between  their  eggs.  We  know  how  much 
alike  the  Vireos  all  are  in  these  respects,  and  it  would  be  sur- 
prising if  there  were  any  difference  between  such  closely- 
related — in  fact  scarcely  separable — varieties  as  the  Warbling 
and  Swainson's  Greenlets.  Audubon  has  left  us  an  account  of 
their  nest- building,  in  which  he  describes  with  great  particu- 
larity the  actions  of  a  pair  whom  he  watched  for  several  days 
whilst  they  were  busied  in  the  construction  of  their  pretty  pen- 
sile fabrics.  The  nest  is  hung  in  a  forked  twig,  and  is  peculiar, 
in  comparison  with  that  of  other  Vireos,  neither  in  this  respect, 
nor  in  materials  nor  workmanship ;  but  it  is  commonly  placed 
higher  up,  sometimes  fifty  or  a  hundred  feet  from  the  ground, 
right  under  the  canopy  of  foliage  of  such  large  trees  as  the 
elms,  maples,  and  poplars,  where  it  may  sway  in  the  breeze, 
but  is  secure  against  ordinary  accidents  of  the  weather,  and 
remote  from  most  enemies,  the  inevitable  Cowbird  alone  ex- 
cepted.  Such  high  building,  however,  is  not  invariable,  for  Mr. 
Kidgway  speaks  of  several  nests  which  he  took  in  Utah,  which 
were  built  in  aspens  only  about  four  feet  from  the  ground.  In 
form,  the  nest  is  quite  deeply  cupped,  with  a  somewhat  con- 
tracted brim,  for  the  still  greater  safety  of  its  precious  freight, 
firmly  secured  to  its  slender  support,  and  with  closely  matted 
walls.  The  eggs  are  usually  four  or  five  in  number,  pure  white, 
oftenest  with  the  reddish- brown  spots  or  even  blotches,  which 
are  the  rule  in  this  genus,  but  sometimes  immaculate ;  they  are 
nearly  or  quite  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  by  a  trifle  over 
half  an  inch  broad,  and  of  the  ordinary  shape. 

The  Blue-headed  Greenlet 

Virco  solitarius 

Muscicapa  solitaria,  Wils.  "  AO.  ii.  1810,  43,  pL  17,  f.  6  ".—Steph.  Shaw's  Gen.  Zool.  x.  1817, 

349.— Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 174. 
Vireo  solllnrius,  VieUl.  "  N.  D.  d'H.  N.  xi.  1817,  —  ".—Bp.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  1824, 175.— 

Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826, 70.— Aud.  OB.  i.  1831,  147,  pL  W.—Nutt.  Man.  i.  1832, 305.— 

OrniJi.  Comm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  1837,  193  ("Columbia  River").— Bp.  CGKL. 

1838,  26.— Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  *Acad.  viii.  1839,  153.—  Aud.  Syn.  1839, 160  —  Aud.  BA. 

iv.  1842,  144,  pi.  239.— Oir.  BLL  1844,  160.— Qamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1847,  159  (Cali- 


506  SYNONYMY    OF    VLREO    SOLITARIUS 

fornia.)— Gamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1847,  44  (California).—  Bp.  CA.  i.  l&iO,  330.- 
Cass.  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1851,  150.— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853,  18.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
1853, 309  (Wisconsin).— Eennic.Tr.  Illinois  Agric. Soc. i.  1853,  582.— Pratien, ibid.  603.— 
Oundl.  J.  f.  0. 1855, 468  (Cuba).— Scl.  PZS.  1856, 298  (Mexico).— Brew.  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  vi. 
1856,  6  (Massachusetts).— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856,  213  (same).— Bd.  B"NA.  1858, 
340.— Scl.  PZS.  1859,  375  (Oaxaca) ;  360  (Xalapa).— Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859,  191 
(California).— Willis,  Smiths.  Hep.  for  1858,  1859,  282  (Nova  Scotia).— Coop.  t£  Suckl. 
NHWT.  1860,  189  (Washington  Territory)  —Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Eep.  for  1860,  1861, 
365.— S.  &  S.  Ibis,  1860,  31  (Coban,  Vera  Paz).—  Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860,  307 
(Cuba).— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860,  1861,  436  (Pennsylvania).— Coues  &  Prent. 
Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  410.— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862, 148  (Maine).— Board/n. 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  ix.  1862, 126  (Maine).— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864. 1865,  437  (Missouri).— 
Dress.  Ibis,  1865,  481  (San  Antonio,  Tex.).—  Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1806,87  (Canada 
West).— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  K  Y.  viii.  1866,  285  (New  York).— Brown,  Ibis,  1868,  421 
(Vancouver).— Cows,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868, 278  (New  England)  —Cones.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc. 
xii.  1868,  111  (South  Carolina).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  479.— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 
26;  Phila.  ed.  id. -Cope,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1£70,  395-6.— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.vi.  1»71, 117 
(Minnesota,  breeding).— Coues,  Key,  1872, 121,  f.  66.— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1872,  403  (Cuba).— 
Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872,  370.— Gentry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1873,354  (nest).-  Merr. 
Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  7-8.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874,  17.— Coues,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  1874, 
541.— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  W.—Hcnsh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  157  (Arizona).— Hensh.  Zool. 
Expl.  TV.  100  M.erid.  1875, 222  (Arizona,  as  migrant,  with  both  var.  catusini  and  var.  plum- 
beus).— Gentry,  Life-Hist.  1876, 223.—  Minot,  BNE.  1877,  \te.-Brewkt.  Aim.  Lye.  N.  Y. 
xi.  1875, 140  (Virginia).— McCauley,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Suiv.  iii.  u.  3, 1877,  6b2  (Texas). 

Vireo  solitiareus,  Mayn.  Pr.  Bost. 
Soc.  xiv.  1872,370. 

Vicro  soliiarius,  Gregg,  Pr.  El- 
mirn  Acad.  1870,  — . 

tanius  solitarius,  Licht.  '  Preis- 
Verz.  Mex.  Vog.  1830,  a"; 
J.  £0.1863,58. 

Vireo  (Lanivireo)  solitarius,  Bd. 
1858.— Gundl.  J.  f.  O.  1861, 

324  (Cuba).— Allen,  Pr.  Ess. 

FIG.  59.— Vireo  sohtanus,  natural  size. 
Inst.  iv.  18o4,  67. 

Vireo  (Lanivireo)  solitaria,  Ridgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  1874, 370  (Illinois). 

Vireosylvia  solitaria,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1866, 347,  fig.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870, 117 .— Sumich.  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869,  548  (Vera  Cruz). 

LaniTirco  SOlitarius,  Allen,  Am.  3fat.  iii.  1869,  507,  579.— B  B.  <&  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  373,  pi.  17, 
f.  8.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440.— Lawr.  Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  n.  4, 1876, 18  (Tehuan- 
tepec).—  Ridgw.  Rep.  Expl.  40th  Par.  iv.  pt.  iii.  1877, 450  (Humboldt  Valley). 

Solitary  Flycatcher,  Steph.  L  c. 

Solitary  or  Blue-beaded  Vireo  or  Greenlet,  Authors. 

HAD. — The  whole  of  the  United  States,  in  wooded  regions,  and  Canada. 
South  through  Mexico  to  Central  America.  Cuba.  Breeds  at  large  ?  in  the 
United  States,  but  chiefly  north  of  the  40th  parallel;  winters  extraliinital, 
with  some  probable  exceptions. 

CH.  SP. —  J  9  Eemigibus  x.  Flavo-olivaceus,  vertice  et  late- 
ribus  capltis  cceruleo-plumbeis^  orbitis  albis,  loris  fuscis ;  infra 
albus,  lateribus  et  axillaribus  flavicantibus ;  alls  flavldalbido 
limbatis  necnon  bifasciatis. 

£  $ ,  adult :  A  large  and  very  stoutly-built  species,  with  short,  stout  bill, 
a  spurious  primary  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  second  quill,  decided  contrast 
betwixt  colors  of  back  and  head,  and  conspicuous  wing-bars.  Upper  parts 
yellowish-olive  or  olive-green  (same  shade  as  in  V.  olivaceus),  the  crown 
and  sides  of  the  head  bluish-ashy  in  marked  contrast,  with  a  white  lino 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  BLUE-HEADED  GREENLET    507 

from  nostrils  to  and  around  (not  behind)  the  eye,  and  dusky  loral  space. 
Below  pure  white,  the  sides  strongly  washed  with  yellowish,  with  some 
olive  shading,  the  under  wing- and  tail-coverts  quite  yellowish.  Quills  and 
tail-feathers  blackish,  strongly  edged  with  white  or  with  the  color  of  the 
back,  or  both,  and  the  tips  of  the  greater  and  middle  coverts  the  same, 
forming  two  conspicuous  wing-bars.  Bill  blackish-plumbeous,  not  always 
paler  below;  feet  plumbeous;  iris  brown.  Length  about  5£;  extent,  8^; 
wing,  2f  ;  tail,  2£ ;  bill  about  $  long,  nearly  half  as  deep  at  the  base. 

Immature  specimens  are  rather  brighter-colored.  At  any  season  there 
may  be  rather  less  contrast  than  as  above  indicated  between  the  color  of  the 
back  and  head,  either  owing  to  a  slight  ashy  dorsal  wash  as  in  spring  ex- 
amples, or  to  an  olivaceous  shading  of  the  head  in  others.  But  there  can 
be  no  difficulty  in  recognizing  the  species  by  the  characters  above  given. 

THE  movements  of  the  Blue-headed  Vireo  are  somewhat 
difficult  to  trace  with  entire  precision,  and  the  mode  of 
its  dispersion  in  this  country  has  been  much  in  question.  The 
bird  appears  to  be  of  rather  irregular  or  uncertain  distribution, 
quite  common  in  some  districts,  and  rare  in  others  which  seem 
equally  suited  to  its  requirements.  Its  history  has  never  yet 
been  fully  presented,  and  it  is  only  within  two  or  three  years 
that  some  important  advices,  before  wanting,  have  come  to 
hand,  with  respect  more  particularly  to  its  occurrence  in  the 
Colorado  Valley,  where  it  was  long  supposed  to  be  absent, 
though  known  to  occur  both  in  Texas  and  California.  With 
the  materials  now  at  our  disposition,  however,  the  history  of 
the  species  may  be  attempted  with  some  confidence. 

It  was  first  described  in  1810  by  Wilson,  who  figured  a  speci- 
men taken  in  October  near  Philadelphia,  and  saw  altogether 
no  more  than  three  individuals,  though  he  also  inspected  a 
drawing  of  one  made  in  Georgia,  where  the  bird  was  considered 
to  be  rare.  He  simply  remarks  that  it  is  a  rare  species  and  a 
silent  solitary  bird,  giving  no  further  indication  of  its  habits, 
but  surmising  that  it  may  have  its  headquarters  in  some  por- 
tion of  the  country  unknown  to  him.  Nothing  whatever  was 
added  to  this  meagre  account  until  Audubon  in  1831  gave  some 
further  particulars,  though  in  the  mean  while  various  compilers 
and  "  systematizers  "  treated  of  the  species.  The  short  notice 
in  NuttalPs  'Manual7  is  entirely  drawn  from  these  two  sources. 
Audubon's  account,  though  extended  and  circumstantial,  and 
including  an  unmistakable  description  of  the  bird,  is  to  be  taken 
neverthelesss  with  some  allowance  for  confusion  of  memory  or 
other  source  of  error.  He  represents  the  bird  as  an  abundant 
inhabitant  of  the  cane-brakes  of  Louisiana,  in  which  he  says 
it  breeds.  But,  as  both  Mr.  Gentry  and  Dr.  Brewer  have 


508    DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  BLUE-HEADED  GREENLET 

observed,  his  account  of  the  nest  does  not  agree  with  the  known 
i'acts  in  the  case,  nor  has  the  species  been  since  ascertained  to 
breed  in  Louisiana.  Such  state  of  the  case  tends  to  throw 
doubt  on  other  portions  of  Audubon's  narrative,  in  which  the 
actions  of  the  birds  are  described  minutely ;  especially  as  what 
is  said  might  apply  as  well  to  other  species  as  to  the  present. 
We  learn,  however,  from  Audubon,  what  is  undoubtedly  true, 
that  he  found  the  bird  both  in  Texas  and  Nova  Scotia,  and 
that  Dr.  Bachman  had  seen  it  in  South  Carolina,  where  "  a 
sweet  and  loud  song  of  half  a  dozen  notes"  had  been  heard. 
The  same  account  includes,  furthermore,  the  statements  that 
specimens  had  been  procured  by  Townsend  on  the  Columbia 
Eiver,  and  a  considerable  notice  by  Nuttall  of  its  nesting  in  the 
same  region.  What  is  now  known  of  the  distribution  of  the 
species  confirms  these  observations,  so  far  at  least  as  the 
locality  is  concerned. 

We  were  thus  put  in  possession  of  an  outline  of  the  geograph- 
ical distribution  of  the  species, — Texas  to  Nova  Scotia  and 
Georgia  to  Oregon, — remaining  to  be  filled  in  by  subsequent 
observers.  The  earliest  of  these  was  Dr.  Gambel,  who,  in  1847, 
in  the  papers  above  cited,  speaks  of  the  abundance  of  the 
birds  in  thickets  in  California  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
summer.  Within  a  few  years  thereafter,  the  bird  came  to  be 
quite  generally  known  from  various  localities  in  the  United 
States  unnecessary  to  specify.  In  1855,  it  was  recorded  by 
Gundlach  from  Cuba,  and  in  the  following  year  by  Sclater 
from  Mexico.  Xantus  and  Heermann  each  shortly  afterward 
confirmed  GambePs  California  record,  as  Cooper  and  Suckley 
did  the  earlier  indications  which  Audubon  had  given  for  the 
extreme  northwest  of  the  United  States;  while,  just  on  the 
heels  of  these  important  notices,  came  Messrs.  Sclater  and 
Salvin's  announcement  from  Guatemala.  Mcllwraith  in  1866 
placed  Canada  among  the  localities  in  which  the  bird  had 
been  actually  observed.  We  thus  had  advices  from  practically 
all  of  the  United  States,  excepting  only  the  Southern  Eocky 
Mountain  region,  Valley  of  the  Colorado,  and  of  course  the 
Great  Plains ;  and  from  Nova  Scotia,  Canada,  Cuba,  Mexico, 
and  Guatemala.  It  only  remained  to  cover  the  Southern 
Eocky  Mountain  region,  as  was  not  done  until  the  observa- 
tions of  Eidgway  in  Utah  and  Nevada  and  of  Henshaw 
in  Arizona  completed  the  picture.  These  were  not  made  until 
very  recently ;  I  had  never  seen  the  bird  in  Arizona,  where  it 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  BLUE-HEADED  GREENLET   509 

is  largely  replaced  by  V.  plumbeus  in  the  breeding  season,  and 
even  in  1874  I  was  obliged,  according  to  the  knowledge  we 
then  possessed,  to  except  the  region  in  question  from  the  habitat 
of  the  bird,  as  was  also  done  the  same  year  by  the  authors  of 
the  "  History  of  North  American  Birds77.  We  now  know,  how- 
ever, the  exception  was  unnecessary,  the  apparent  absence  of  the 
species  from  the  Colorado  Valley  being  occasioned  by  the  fact 
that  there  it  is  rather  a  migrant  than  a  breeder,  and  that  V. 
plumbeus  is  conspicuous  in  the  breeding  season  in  this  region. 
Mr.  Henshaw's  observations  may  be  cited  in  support  of  these 
statements : — 

"  The  Solitary  Vireo  appears  to  occur  in  the  Southern  Rocky 
Mountains  only  as  a  migrant,  and  to  be  wholly  replaced  there  in 
summer  by  the  nearly  allied  variety,  the  Plumbeous  Vireo  (var. 
plumbeus).  In  its  course  southward  from  its  northern  breeding 
ground,  it  appears  to  follow  the  mountain  ranges,  and  to  con- 
fine itself  to  the  pine  region.  During  the  latter  part  of  Septem- 
ber I  found  the  species  occurring  quite  numerously  at  Mount 
Graham,  where  it  was  seen  only  among  the  lofty  pines,  usually 
accompanying  other  birds,  as  the  Audubon's  Warbler  and  Xut- 
hatches.  It  could  scarcely  be  said  to  be  in  song ;  yet,  as  it 
moved  about  from  branch  to  branch,  it  occasionally  paused  to 
give  utterance  to  a  few  strains,  which,  though  broken  and 
detached,  were  sufficient  to  bring  to  mind  the  beautiful  melody 
to  be  heard  from  this  bird  in  the  vernal  season — in  variety 
and  richness  of  notes  not  surpassed  by  the  song  of  any  of  the 
family." 

Mr.  Ridgway's  recent  paragraph  is  to  like  effect : — "  This  spe- 
cies was  met  with  only  during  its  autumnal  migrations,  when  it 
seemed  to  be  not  uncommon  in  the  month  of  September  among 
the  canon  thickets  of  the  western  slope  of  the  Clover  Mountains. 
A  single  specimen  was  also  shot  in  a  buffalo-berry  thicket 
in  Buena  Vista  Canon,  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  West  Hum- 
boldt  Mountains  in  September  of  the  preceding  year.  It  is 
still  a  question  whether  such  individuals  of  this  species  were 
migrants  from  the  higher  portions  of  the  mountains,  or  from  a 
more  northern  region  ;  but  that  their  migration  was  not  vertical 
is  most  probable."  This  seems  to  be  a  judicious  query ;  for, 
though  we  cannot  yet  affirm  that  the  Solitary  Vireo  actually 
breeds  in  the  Colorado  Valley,  we  may  remember  that  the  evi- 
dence against  it  is  unly  negative  5  and  I  infer,  from  our  general 
knowledge  of  the  fauna  of  this  region,  that  the  bird  will  evi- 


510     MIGRATIONS    OF    THE    BLUE-HEADED    GREENLET 

dently  be  found  to  brerd  in  the  higher  portions  of  this  water- 
shed, where  it  is  now  only  known  as  a  migrant. 

The  two  paragraphs  just  cited  have  already  brought  up  the 
next  question  to  be  considered — the  method  of  the  bird's  dis- 
tribution over  the  area  already  determined  to  be  its  habitat, 
and  the  periods  of  its  dispersal.  It  should  be  noted,  in  the  first 
place,  that,  though  we  have  no  satisfactory  evidence  of  the 
bird's  wintering  anywhere  in  the  United  States,  and  though 
we  know  it  well  as  a  winter  bird  of  Mexico  and  Guatemala,  it 
still  seems  probable  that  some  individuals  may  linger  along 
our  southern  border  during  the  season  in  question.  In  fact, 
this  is  virtually  attested  by  Bach  man's  early  notice  of  the 
species  in  South  Carolina  in  February,  if  there  be  no  mistake 
about  this  ;  and  Gambel  has  something  to  the  same  effect  for 
Southern  California.  But  there  is  no  doubt  whatever  that  the 
great  body  of  the  birds  pass  beyond  our  limits  in  the  fall.  The 
movement  begins  at  the  north  in  September,  and  by  the  end 
of  the  following  month  the  birds  are  already,  as  a  rule,  beyond 
our  confines.  The  return  commences  at  the  very  opening  of 
spring,  and  by  the  middle  of  April  these  Vireos  have  already 
become  generally  dispersed,  though  the  limits  of  the  migra- 
tion, as  in  Maine,  Canada,  Wisconsin,  and  the  Columbia  River 
region,  are  not  attained  until  the  first  or  second  week  in  May. 
Thus,  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  where  this  Yireo  is  the  rarest  of 
its  kind,  Dr.  Prentiss  and  myself  noted  its  arrival  on  the  25th 
of  April,  and  its  departure  October  20th.  The  Rev.  Dr. 
Turnbnll's  note  for  Eost  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  is  sub- 
stantially the  same.  In  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  says 
Gentry,  it  usually  arrives  about  the  15th  of  April,  sometimes 
not  till  the  beginning  of  May,  and  retires  during  the  latter 
part  of  September  or  early  in  October.  In  Connecticut,  where, 
according  to  Merriam,  it  is  not  uncommon  during  the  migra- 
tions, and  where  a  few  breed,  the  same  authority  fixes  the 
time  of  its  advent  as  the  first  week  in  May ;  but  he  adds,  that 
it  has  been  seen  in  the  fall  as  late  as  the  13th  of  October. 
Various  New  England  writers  agree  upon  the  first  or  second 
week  in  May  as  the  time  of  appearance  of  the  bird  in  their 
midst.  Mcllwraith's  date  for  Hamilton,  Canada  West,  is  May 
10th.  The  records  from  the  Western  States  are  less  explicit, 
but  agree  as  far  as  they  go ;  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  the 
still  fewer  data  we  have  received  from  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region  and  the  Pacific  coast. 


NESTING   OP   THE    BLUE -HEADED    GREENLET         511 

Notwithstanding  the  regularity  we  may  thus  trace  in  the 
movements  of  the  Blue-head,  the  bird  is  by  no  means  equably 
distributed  all  over  the  great  area  it  occupies;  and  the  cause 
of  its  rarity  in  some  localities,  no  less  than  of  its  comparative 
abundance  in  others,  remains  unexplained.  On  the  whole,  the 
birds  appear  to  pursue  more  especially  two  lines  of  migration 
on  opposite  sides  of  the  continent,  where  their  numbers  are 
greater  than  they  have  ever  been  shown  to  be  in  the  interior, 
as  the  Mississippi  watershed  at  large.  This  is  the  reverse  of 
the  case  which  the  Philadelphia  Yireo  offers ;  it  may  be  due, 
in  a  measure,  to  the  birds'  inclination  to  follow  along  mount- 
ain ranges  rather  than  pass  across  stretches  of  low  alluvium. 
As  already  observed,  it  is  only  in  the  further  half  of  the 
United  States  that  the  Solitary  Yireo  ordinarily  stops  to  breed. 
The  records  we  possess  are  unanimous  in  this  regard,  and  it 
would  seem  to  be  a  very  just  statement  of  Dr.  Brewer's  that 
"  both  at  the  East  and  the  West  it  is  undoubtedly  only  migra- 
tory to  about  the  40th  parallel,  and  does  not,  except  in  mount- 
ainous localities,  breed  south  of  that  lino." 

Passing  over  several  early  accounts  of  its  nidification,  as  not 
entirely  free  from  suspicion — though  it  should  be  immediately 
conceded  that  we  have  no  obvious  occasion  to  challenge  Nut- 
tail's  Columbia  River  account — we  find  it  first  stated  by  Baird, 
in  1844,  that  the  bird  breeds  near  Carlisle  in  Pennsylvania. 
The  breeding-habits,  so  long  in  question,  have  been  studied 
more  attentively  by  Mr.  Gentry  than  by  any  one  else,  for  all 
that  appears,  as  may  be  inferred  from  the  rfoumt  of  his  observa- 
tions, which  I  take  pleasure  in  laying  before  the  reader. 

The  Blue-headed  Vireo  (says  Mr.  Gentry)  delights  to  build 
on  the  borders  of  dense  forests,  and  along  unfrequented  roads, 
its  favorite  trees  being  the  red  cedar  and  red  maple — the  former 
by  the  roadside,  the  latter  on  the  edges  of  the  woods.  Both 
sexes  reach  thir  breeding  grounds  together,  though  the  more 
retiring  and  quieter  females  are  not  so  often  observed  as  their 
mates.  The  birds  appear  to  have  lately  become  more  abundant, 
with  the  modification  of  the  face  of  the  country,  and  were 
one  season  nearly  as  numerous  as  the  Red-eye.  They  began  to 
build  in  a  week  or  two  after  their  arrival,  about  the  time  when 
the  pin-oaks  shed  their  catkins,  which  are  largely,  sometimes 
exclusively,  used  in  the  construction  of  the  nest.  In  other 
cases,  the  nests  are  built  chiefly  of  grasses.  They  are  grace- 


512    NESTING  OF  THE  BLUE-HEADED  GREENLET 

fully  fixed  in  a  forked  twig,  presenting  a  neat  and  cozy  appear- 
ance, and  symmetrically  cup-shaped,  though  the  exterior  may 
bristle  with  the  projecting  tassels  of  the  pin-oak.  The  female 
adjusts  the  materials  which  the  male  brings,  and  the  structure 
is  completed  in  about  three  days.  The  eggs  are  laid  one  a  day, 
and  incubation,  which  devolves  solely  upon  the  female,  con- 
tinues for  10  or  11  days,  during  which  time  the  brooding 
bird  is  supplied  with  nourishment  by  her  dutiful  mate.  The 
female  is  so  unsuspicious,  and  so  lacking  in  timidity,  that  persons 
may  pass  and  repass  within  ten  feet  of  the  nest  without  exciting 
her  distrust  or  causing  alarm.  Should  her  confidence,  how- 
ever, prove  misplaced,  and  her  home  seem  in  danger  of  viola- 
tion, she  glides  silently  away,  leaving  to  her  valiant  mate  the 
effort  to  resent  the  threatened  intrusion  and  deter  assault — to 
whose  credit  be  it  said,  that  he  defends  his  home  at  the  hazard 
of  his  life.  Both  parents  attend  to  the  young,  and  are  kept 
busy  enough  in  providing  sufficient  food.  They  seek  and  bring 
to  the  nest  the  larvas  of  the  various  geometrid  moths  which 
infest  our  trees;  different  kinds  of  flies  and  gnats,  among  them 
species  of  Cynips,  or  gall-flies,  as  well  as  a  few  beetles — a  suffi- 
ciently varied  bill  of  fare,  and  one  which  attests  the  benefit 
which  these  birds  unconsciously  confer  upon  us  whilst  they 
care  for  their  offspring.  Only  one  brood  is  reared  each  season ; 
the  young  are  able  to  provide  for  themselves  when  they  are 
about  10  or  12  days  old ;  the  female  has  then  again  to  look 
after  herself,  and  the  male  becomes  a  selfish  gourmand.  Though 
insects  still  form  much  of  their  fare,  they  now  feed  with  gusto 
on  the  berries  of  the  Cornus  and  Viburnum,  and  reassert  the 
quiet  and  retiring  disposition  which  the  exigencies  of  the  breed- 
ing season  temporarily  hold  in  abeyance. 

Observing  that  in  places  frequented  by  this  Yireo  he  had 
often  seen  masses  of  pin -oak  catkins  which  closely  resembled 
the  nests  themselves,  Mr.  Gentry  questions  whether  some 
principle  of  "protective  mimicry"  (as  it  is  called  by  a  certain 
school)  may  not  underlie  the  use  of  these  substances  as  mate- 
rials for  the  nests.  "  The  utilization  of  such  substances  in  the 
manner  of  nests,  from  their  fancied  resemblance  to  loose  clus- 
ters of  catkins,  are  best  adapted  to  the  security  and  well-being 
of  the  species,  and  now  constitute  in  certain  localities  the  typi- 
cal structure." 

Other  and  quite  different  styles  of  architecture  are  however 


NESTING  OF  THE  BLUE-HEADED  GREENLET    513 

described  by  Dr.  Brewer,  whose  excellent  opportunities  for  ex- 
amination of  these  structures  have  been  fully  utilized  in  his 
contribution  to  the  history  of  the  species.  I  extract  his  inter- 
esting account  in  full : — 

"  Seven  nests  of  this  species,  found  in  Lynn  and  Hingham, 
Mass.,  exhibit  peculiarities  of  structure  substantially  identical. 
In  comparison  with  the  nests  of  other  Yireos,  they  are  all 
loosely  constructed,  and  seem  to  be  not  so  securely  fastened  to 
the  twigs  from  which  they  are  suspended.  One  of  these  nests, 
typical  of  the  general  character,  obtained  in  Lynn,  May  27, 
1859,  by  Mr.  George  O.  Welch,  was  suspended  from  the 
branches  of  a  young  oak,  about  twelve  feet  from  the  ground. 
The  external  depth  of  this  nest  was  only  two  and  a  half  inches, 
the  diameter  three  and  a  quarter,  and  its  cavity  one  and  three 
quarters  deep,  and  two  inches  wide  at  the  rim.  It  was  con- 
structed externally  of  strips  of  yellow  and  of  gray  birch-bark, 
intermingled  with  bits  of  wood  and  dry  grasses.  The  external 
portion  was  quite  loosely  put  together,  but  was  lined,  in  a  more 
compact  manner,  with  dry  leaves  of  the  white  pine,  arranged 
in  layers.  Another  nest,  found  in  Hingham,  was  but  two  feet 
from  the  ground,  on  a  branch  of  a  hickory  sapling.  In  its 
general  structure  it  was  the  same,  only  differing  in  shape,  being 
made  to  conform  to  its  position,  and  being  twice  as  long  as  it 
was  broad.  It  contained  four  young,  when  found,  about  the 
10th  of  June.  One  nest  alone,  built  in  a  bush  in  Lynn,  exhibits 
an  average  degree  of  compactness  in  its  external  structure. 
This  is  largely  composed  of  cocoons,  which  are  woven  together 
into  a  somewhat  homogeneous  and  cloth-like  substance.  With- 
in, decayed  stems  of  grasses  take  the  place  of  the  usual  pine- 
needles.  In  the  summer  of  1870  a  pair  built  their  nest  in  a 
dwarf  pear-tree,  within  a  few  rods  of  my  house.  They  were  at 
first  very  shy  and  would  not  permit  themselves  to  be  seen  at 
their  work,  and  suspended  all  labor  when  any  one  was  occupied 
near  their  chosen  tree.  Soon  after  the  construction  of  the  nest 
two  Cowbird's  eggs  were  deposited,  which  I  removed,  although 
the  female  only  laid  two  of  her  own  before  she  began  to  sit 
upon  them.  By  this  time  she  became  more  familiar,  and  would 
not  leave  her  nest  unless  I  attempted  to  lay  hands  upon  her. 
She  made  no  complaint  in  the  manner  of  the  White-eyed,  nor 
sought  to  attack  like  the  Yellow-throated,  but  kept  within  a 
few  feet,  and  watched  me  with  eager  eyes,  until  I  left  her. 
33  B  0 


514  VIREO    SOLITARIUS    CASSINI 

Unfortunately,  her  nest  was  pillaged  by  a  Black-billed  Cuckoo, 
and  I  was  unable  to  observe  her  feed  her  young,  as  I  had  hoped 
to  do." 

The  eggs  are  four  or  five  in  number,  in  no  respect  remarkable 
on  comparison  with  those  of  other  large  Vireos,  being  of  the 
usual  shape,  with  a  pure  white  ground-color,  to  which  the  con- 
tents lend  a  slight  blush  when  the  egg  is  fresh,  and  speckled 
with  reddish,  sometimes  over  the  whole  surface,  but  oftener 
chiefly  about  the  larger  end  ;  they  measure  about  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  in  length  by  one-half  of  an  inch  in  breadth  —  rather 
over  than  under  those  dimensions. 

It  has  never  happened  to  me  to  hear  the  nuptial  song  of  the 
Blue-headed  Vireo,  to  which  Mr.  Burroughs  accords  such  high 
and  feeling  praise.  Dr.  Brewer  regards  it  as  bearing  no 
resemblance  to  that  of  any  other  Greenlet.  "  It  is  a  prolonged 
and  very  peculiar  ditty,  repeated  at  frequent  intervals  and 
always  identical.  It  begins  with  a  lively  and  pleasant  warble, 
of  a  gradually  ascending  scale,  which  at  a  certain  pitch  sud- 
denly breaks  down  into  a  falsetto  note.  The  song  then  rises 
again  in  a  single  high  note,  and  ceases.  For  several  summers 
the  same  bird  has  been  heard,  near  my  house  in  Hingham,  in 
a  wild  pasture,  near  the  edge  of  a  wood,  always  singing  the 
same  refrain,  during  the  month  of  June." 


Greenlet 

Tireo  solitarius  cassini 

Vireo  cassinii,  Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1858,  117;  1859,  191  (Fort  Tejon,  Cal.).—  Bd.  BNA. 

1858,  340  ;  ed.  of  1860,  pL  78,  f.  1.—  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1866,  347  (in  text).—  Eidgw.  Rep.  Expl. 

40th  Par.  iv.  pt.  iii.  1877,  449. 

Lanivireo  solitarius  var.  cassini,  B.  B.  &  E.  NAB.  i.  1874,  376. 
Vireo  solitarius  var.  cassini,  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  105  (Arizona).—  tHensh.  ListB. 

Ariz.  1875,  Il5.-Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1875,  223  (Arizona). 

In  addition  to  typical  solitarius,  or  what  has  not  been  in  any  way  dis- 
tinguished from  it,  the  Coloradan  region  furnishes  a  somewhat  peculiar, 
though  very  closely  allied,  form,  —  the  Vireo  cassini  of  Xantus.  This  has  lat- 
terly been  taken  for  the  most  part  as  a  mere  plumage  of  V.  solitarius,  and  it  is 
not  yet  certain  that  it  is  anything  more.  Though  quoted  by  Professor  Baird 
and  myself  as  a  simple  synonym,  it  has  been  more  recently  distinguished 
varietally  by  Mr.  Ridgway,  and  some  facts  which  he  gives  of  its  association 
with  V.  solitarius  seem  to  bear  him  out  in  this  course.  I  deem  it  proper  to 
call  attention  to  the  matter,  reserving  an  opinion  until  more  material  shall 
have  been  examined.  The  points  about  the  bird  are  its  much  duller  and 
more  brownish  olivaceous,  with  little  contrast  between  the  head  and  back, 
impurity  of  the  white  loral  line  and  orbital  ring,  together  with  a  general 
buffy  or  ochraceous  tinge  of  the  under  parts,  where  solitarim  is  pure  white. 


SYNONYMY  OF  VIREO  PLUMBEUS        515 

I  HAVE  never  recognized  this  supposed  species  as  different 
from  solitarius,  and  have  nothing  to  contribute  to  its 
meagre  history.  Birds  doubtfully  supposed  by  Mr.  Henshaw 
to  belong  here  fell  under  his  observation  in  Arizona,  appar- 
ently only  during  the  migration.  "In  1873,  it  was  observed 
both  by  Dr.  C.  G.  Newberry  and  myself;  the  earliest  date  being 
September  12.  It  was  not  uncommon  along  the  Gila  River, 
where  it  usually  kept  in  the  tall  cottonwoods.  In  1874,  it  was 
again  met  with  by  Dr.  Kothrock  and  myself  at  Mount  Graham, 
and  under  precisely  the  same  circumstances  as  the  preceding 
species  [V.  solitarius].  They  were,  however,  here  quite  rare  as 
compared  with  solitarius;  but,  near  Camp  Crittenden,  the  last 
few  days  of  August,  quite  a  number  were  seen  among  the 
deciduous  trees.  Their  seeming  preference  for  the  deciduous 
trees  over  the  coniferous  timber  is  the  only  point  wherein  their 
habits  seem  to  differ  from  those  of  the  Solitary  Vireo."  Mr. 
Bidgway  has  a  note  to  the  effect  that  this  bird,  which  he  char- 
acterizes as  "  rare  and  little  known  ",  was  observed  by  him  only 
in  the  canons  of  the  West  Humboldt  Mountains,  where  it  was 
not  uncommon  in  September,  having  probably  migrated  thither 
from  some  region  lying  northwestward. 

The  Plumbeous  Greenlet 

Vireo  plumbcus 

Vireo  most  like  solitarius,  Coues,  Ibis,  1865, 164  (Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.). 

Vireo  plumbeus,  Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  74  (Arizona).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869, 479.— 

Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  187-2, 345.— Coues,  Key,  1872, 351.— Merr.  Ann.  Rep.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 

Terr,  for  1872, 1873, 714. 
Vireosylvia  plumbea,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1866,  349,  fig.— Aiken,  Pr.  Bosk  Soc.  xv.  1872,  198 

(Colorado). 
LaniTireo  plumbens,  Ridgw. 

Rep.  Expl.  40th  Par.  iv. 

pt.  iii.  1877,  451  (Rocky 

Mountains). 
Vireo  solitarius  var.  plum- 

beus,  AUen,  Bull.  MCZ.         \v\  jMLtf  Jf$ 

iii.     1872,    176.— Coues, 

BNW.  1874, 100.— Yarr. 

<£    Hensh,     Rep.    Orn. 

Specs.  1874, 12.— Hensh  FlG-  60-~~  Vireo  plumbeus,  natural  size. 

ibid.  1874, 43, 77, 105  (Arizona,  &c.).— Hensh.  ListB.  Ariz,  1875, 151,-Hensh.  Zool.  Expl. 

W.  100  Merid.  1875, 224. 

LaniTireo  solitaria  var.  plumbea,  Ridgw.  Bull.  Ess.  InsK  v.  1873, 181  (Colorado). 
LaniTireo  solitarius  var.  plumbeus,  B.  B.  <fi  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 37, 377,  pi.  17,  f.  10. 
Plumbeous  Vireo,  Coues,  11.  cc. 
Lead-colored  Vireo,  B.  B.  <&  R.  1.  c. 
Western  Solitary  Vlreo,  Hensh.  l.  c. 

HAB. — Southern  Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the  United  States,  and  south- 
ward into  Mexico. 


516  CHARACTERS   OF    VIREO    PLUMBEUS 

CH.  SP. —  <?  9  Plumbeus,  infra  albus,  lateribus  virentiplumbeo 
lavatis ;  alts  cauddque  fuscis,  albo  limbatis,  illis  necnon  albo 
Mfasciatis  ;  loris  fuscis  ;  orbitis  albis. 

$  $ ,  adult :  With  the  form  of  V.  solitarius ;  rather  larger,  and  nearly  all 
of  the  olivacous  of  that  species  replaced  by  plumbeous.  Entire  upper  parts, 
including  crown  and  sides  of  neck  and  head,  uniform  plumbeous  or  bluish- 
ash,  gaining  a  faint  olive  shade  on  the  rump.  Below  pure  white,  with  a 
slight  ashy-olive  shade  on  the  side.  Lores  dusky.  A  white  line  from  nos- 
trils to  and  around  the  eye.  Two  cross-bars  on  the  wings,  and  edges  of  most 
of  the  quills  pure  white.  Tail  similarly  edged  with  white.  Bill  blackish- 
plumbeous,  very  robust;  feet  plumbeous.  Length,  5£-6£;  extent,  9f-10£; 
wing,  SiV^iV  >  tail,  2£ ;  bill,  £  ;  tarsus,  £ ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  the  same  ; 
spurious  quill  exposed  f  of  an  inch,  or  about  a  third  of  the  length  of  the 
second  quill. 

In  freshly  moulted  specimens,  the  pure  white  edgings  of  the  wings  and 
tail  are  very  broad  and  conspicuous,  as  are  also  the  markings  on  the  sides 
of  the  head.  In  some  cases,  the  upper  parts  are  more  tinged  with  olive  than 
as  above  described,  showing  an  approach  to  solitarius,  up  to  which  the 
species  grades  very  closely.  In  discussing  its  relationships  with  that  form, 
the  larger  size  of  V.  plunibeus  should  be  taken  into  consideration,  as  well  as 
the  fact  that  typical  solitarius,  showing  no  approach  to  plumleus,  is  found  in 
the  same  region. 

IN  tbe  mountainous  parts  of  Arizona,  where  this  bird  was 
discovered,  it  is  an  abundant  inhabitant  of  the  pine- belt 
during  the  summer,  apparently  replacing  the  Solitary  Vireo  at 
that  period  of  the  year.  I  observed  its  arrival  at  Fort  Whipple 
about  the  middle  of  April,  and  found  it  at  frequent  intervals 
until  October,  when  it  disappeared  from  that  elevated  locality. 
During  the  breeding  season  it  is  the  characteristic  species  of 
its  family  in  the  higher  and  northerly  portions  of  the  Territory, 
as  the  Least  Vireo  is  at  the  same  season  in  lower  portions  of  the 
Colorado  and  Gila  Valleys.  These  early  observations  respect- 
ing the  bird  have  been  followed  up  by  other  naturalists,  through 
whose  exertions  we  have  become  better  acquainted  with  this 
interesting  species.  It  has  been  traced  northward  to  Laramie 
Peak  by  Dr.  E.  B.  Hitz,  and  south  to  the  plains  of  Colima  by 
Xantus.  Mr.  C.  E.  Aiken  has  found  it  in  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico,  while  both  Eidgway  and  Henshaw  have  met  with  it  in 
Utah.  Its  range  is  thus  clearly  seen  to  include  the  whole  of 
the  Middle  Province,  or  Southern  Eocky  Mountain  region, 
where  it  is  for  the  most  part  isolated  from  its  relatives  during 
the  breeding  season,  though  associated  with  various  birds  of  its 
own  kind,  especially  the  Solitary  and  the  Least  Vireos,  during 
its  migrations.  Its  habits  have  not  yet  been  very  attentively 


SYNONYMY    OF    VIREO    VICINIOR  517 

studied,  but,  as  far  as  known,  they  do  not  differ  from  those  of 
the  Blue-headed  Greenlet.  The  nest  and  eggs,  taken  by  Aiken 
in  Colorado,  are  described  by  Henshaw  as  substantially  identi- 
cal with  those  of  solitarius  taken  in  New  England.  The  nest 
was  composed  of  soft  cottony  substances,  bound  exteriorly 
with  strips  of  bark  and  other  fibrous  material,  and  lined  with 
fine  dried  grasses,  and  the  eggs  were  white,  spotted,  chiefly  at 
the  larger  end,  with  reddish- brown. 

A  pair  of  these  birds  which  I  shot  at  Fort  Whipple  offered 
one  of  the  many  touching  spectacles  it  has  been  my  fortune  to 
witness,  in  evidence  of  the  devotion  birds  so  often  show  to  their 
mates.  The  female,  fatally  wounded  by  my  shot,  crouched  upon 
a  slender  twig,  where  she  balanced  with  the  greatest  difficulty, 
breathing  heavily  in  dire  distress;  and  I  could  plainly  perceive  a 
fold  of  intestines  protruding  from  a  rent  in  the  abdomen.  Her 
mate  in  a  few  moments  came  flying  to  her  assistance.  He 
alighted  by  her  side,  caressed  her  tenderly  with  his  beak,  and 
seemed  to  beseech  her,  in  low,  sympathetic  accents,  to  fly  the 
fatal  spot.  She  gathered  herself  for  the  effort,  but  only  flut- 
tered fainting  £o  the  ground,  where  she  lay  extended  in  the 
agonies  of  death,  with  her  bowels  trailing  in  the  dust;  but  her 
brave  mate,  heedless  of  my  presence,  never  left  her  side,  nor 
ceased  his  fond  attentions,  till  he  shared  her  fate.  Let  us 
imagine  them  still  together  beyond  the  dark  portals!  Such 
things  are  sad  enough,  and  seem  almost  shameful,  to  look  back 
upon  :  it  is  the  blot  on  a  bright  shield  to  remember,  that  quite 
like  tragedies  are  of  incessant  recurrence,  and  inseparable  from 
the  practical  pursuit  of  ornithology.  Let  us  take  what  comfort 
we  may  in  the  reflection  that  such  acts  of  violence,  committed 
by  men,  are  in  the  strict  and  evident  order  of  Nature,  who  has 
ordained  that  animals  shall  torture,  murder,  and  devour  each 
other  forever. 

The  Gray  Greenlet 

Vireo  vicinior 

Vireo  vicinior,  Coues,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1866, 75  (descr.  orig.  Fort  "Whipple,  Ariz.).-.Bd.  Rev. 
AB.  1866, 361,  fig.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  479.— Elliot,  "Illust.  BNA.  pi.  7  ".-Coop. 
B.  Cal.  i.  1870,  V&.—Qoues,  Key,  1872,  122.—  B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  393,  pi.  17,  f.  7.— 
Hcnsh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  IH.—Hensh.  ZooL  ExpL  W.  100  Merid.  1875, 227  (habits).— 
Steph.  Bull.  Nutt.  Club,  iii.  n.  1,  Jan.  1878,  42  (California).*— Stev.  Bull.  Nutt.  Club,  iii. 
n.  2,  April,  1878, 93  (Gila  River). 

Gray  Vireo,  Coues,  L  c. 

Arizona  Vireo,  B.  B.  &  R.  1.  c. ;  Hensh.  L  c. 

HAB. — Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

*  Special  paper : — 

1876.  STEPHENS,  F.    Vireo  vicinior  in  California.    <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club, 
iii.  n.  1,  Jan.  1878,  p.  42. 


518  CHARACTERS   OF    VIREO   VICINIOR 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Rcmigibus  x,  lmo  2di  dimidiato,  digilis  brevissi- 
mis,  alts  cauddque  cequalibus.  Cinereo-ptumbeus,  uropygio  vix 
olivascente;  infra  albus,  lateribus  vix  flavicantibus;  loris  orbi- 
Usque  albidis. 

$  9 :  Wing  much  rounded,  and  no  longer  than  the  tail ;  spurious  quill  half 
as  long  as  the  second,  which  is  about  equal  to  the  eighth  or  ninth  ;  fourth, 
fifth,  and  sixth  longest;  third  little  shorter.  Tail  as  long  as  the  wings, 
rounded,  the  feathers  with  very  obtuse  ends.  Bill  very  short,  robust.  Toes 
remarkably  short,  the  middle,  including  its  claw,  much  less  than  the  tarsus, 
and  the  tip  of  the  inner  claw  falling  short  of  the  base  of  the  middle  one. 
Entire  upper  parts  dull  grayish-ash,  gaining  a  slight  olivaceous  tinge  on  the 
rump.  Below  pure  white,  with  the  faintest  possible  yellowish  wash  on  the 
sides.  Wings  and  tail  grayish-fuscous,  very  slightly,  if  at  all,  bordered 
with  whitish.  A  whitish  orbital  ring  and  slight  loral  stripe  ;  no  dusky  oil 
the  lores ;  no  decided  markings  on  the  head.  Bill  and  feet  plumbeous  ;  iris 
brown.  Length,  of;  extent,  8£;  wing  and  tail,  each,  2|;  exposed  portion  of 
spurious  quill,  f;  of  second  quill,  1<| ;  bill,  £ ;  tarsus,  £ ;  middle  toe  and 
claw,  £ ;  inner  toe  and  claw,  \  ;  outer  toe  and  claw,  f . 

Young :  A  specimen  just  from  the  nest  is  brownish-gray  above,  white  below, 
without  a  trace  of  olivaceous  or  yellowish  on  the  body  ;  the  quills  and  tail- 
feathers  have  yellowish-olive  edgings,  rather  stronger  than  in  the  adult, 
and  there  is  a  slight  whitish  bar  across  the  ends  of  the  greater  coverts. 

Xhe  bird  bears  a  superficial  resemblance  to  a  small  fatled  specimen  of  V. 
plumbeus,  but  is  quite  different,  and  belongs  to  typical  Vireo  (as  restricted 
to  exclude  Vireosylvia  and  Lanivireo}  in  the  neighborhood  of  such  species  as 
noveboracensis,  belli,  &c.  It  will  easily  be  recognized  by  the  above  charac- 
ters. For  convenience  of  comparison,  the  characters  are  here  contrasted 
with  those  of  V.  plumbeus  :  — 

V.  plumbeus. — Wing,  3  ;  tail,  2-J- ;  spurious  quill  a  third  the  length  of  the 
second  one,  which  is  intermediate  between  fifth  and  sixth.  Tail  about  even ; 
the  feathers  obliquely  truncate.  Tarsus  equalling  the  middle  toe  and  claw 
(£).  Wing- coverts,  quills,  and  tail-feathers  broadly  edged  with  pure  white. 
Sides  of  head  with  strong  markings,  the  lores  definitely  dusky,  interrupt- 
ing the  ring  round  eye. 

V.  vicinior. — Wing  and  tail,  each,  2£.  Spurious  quill  one-half  the  second 
one,  which  is  intermediate  between  eighth  and  ninth.  Tail  rounded,  the 
feathers  with  rounded  ends.  Tarsus  longer  than  middle  toe  and  claw 
(§— i).  Wing-coverts,  quills,  and  tail-feathers  scarcely  edged  with  dull 
white.  Sides  of  head  plain ;  no  dusky  on  lores  ;  white  orbital  ring  uninter- 
rupted. 

THE  type-specimen  of  Vireo  vicinior,  which  I  shot  at  Fort 
Whipple  on  the  24th  of  May,  1865,  remained  unique  for 
nearly  ten  years,  and  nothing  more  was  learned  of  the  bird 
until  Mr.  Henshaw  gave  us  the  welcome  contribution  to  its  his- 
tory which  I  take  pleasure  in  transferring  to  my  page : — 

u  This  Vireo  was  discovered  by  Dr.  Coues  at  Prescott,  Ariz., 
and  described  in  186(3,  since  which  time  the  type  of  the  species 


HABITS   OF   VIREO   VICINIOR  519 

has  remained  unique  till  the  rediscovery  of  the  species  during 
the  past  season  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona.  Judging  from  the 
wide  separation  of  the  localities  at  which  the  six  specimens 
were  taken,  it  appears  to  be  a  widely  distributed  species, 
tbough  everywhere  rare.  It  would  appear  not  to  be  a  bird  of 
the  mountains,  but,  in  respect  to  elevation,  to  occupy  a  posi- 
tion somewhat  intermediate  between  the  higher  districts  and 
the  low  valleys.  The  rocky  hills,  covered  with  a  scanty  growth 
of  bushes  and  scrub,  are  its  favorite  haunts,  and  it  was  in  such 
localities  that  all  our  specimens  were  obtained.  They  are  not 
specially  active  in  their  motions,  but  glean  their  insect  food  from 
among  the  branches  with  the  same  deliberation  of  movement  and 
ease  that  mark  the  habits  of  the  vireos  generally;  but  in  their 
choice  of  hunting  ground  they  are  rather  peculiar.  They  do 
not,  like  the  Solitary  Vireo  and  its  allies,  frequent  the  tops  of  the 
larger  trees,  nor,  like  the  White-eyed  and  Bell's  Vireo,  keep 
close  to  the  ground,  but  move  about  constantly  in  the  tops  of  the 
bushes  from  six  to  twelve  feet  in  height.  On  the  Colorado  Chi- 
quito  River,  in  New  Mexico,  July  8, 1  found  a  family  of  these 
birds,  the  young,  though  fledged,  being  still  dependent  on  the 
old  for  food.  Upon  approaching  the  bush  in  which  they  were 
lodged,  the  parents  manifested  the  utmost  solicitude,  and  flew 
to  meet  me,  uttering  a  variety  of  notes,  now  flying  to  the  edge 
of  the  thicket,  and  remonstrating  with  me  with  harsh  cries  of 
anger  and  alarm,  now  returning  to  their  young,  and  with  earn- 
est warning  notes  endeavoring  to  lead  them  away  from  a  spot 
which  to  them  seemed  fraught  with  danger.  My  suspicions  that 
they  were  not  the  Plumbeous  Yireos  had  at  first  been  aroused 
by  hearing  the  song,  which  seemed  to  me  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful I  had  ever  heard  from  any  of  the  family.  It  might  per- 
haps be  best  compared  with  the  finest  efforts  of  the  Solitary 
Vireo,  yet  to  the  beauty  and  variety  of  notes  of  that  bird  it  had 
added  all  the  charm  and  mellowness  of  expression  which  is 
pre-eminent  in  the  song  of  the  Yellow-throated  Vireo.  During 
the  few  moments  I  spent  in  observing  their  actions,  the  female 
led  away  two  of  the  brood,  leaving  the  male  with  two  of  the 
nestlings,  which  I  secured.  Fall  specimens  differ  from  the  type 
which  is  in  summer  dress  only  in  having  the  lower  dorsal  sur- 
face, rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  outer  webs  of  the  inner  sec- 
ondaries, except  the  exterior  pair,  washed  faintly  with  green, 
which  is  also  just  perceptible  on  the  sides  and  flanks.  The 
young  in  the  first  plumage  do  not  differ  materially  from  the 
adult." 


520  SYNONYMY    OF   VIEEO    NOVEBORACENSIS 

The  White-eyed  Greenlet 

Tireo  noTefooracensis 

Uuscicapa  noTeboracensis,  Gm.  SN.  i.  1788, 947,  n.  81  (Green  Flycatcher  of  Perm.  AZ.  389, 
n.  274).— Lath.  IO.  ii.  1790,  489,  n.  92.— Turt.  SN.  i.  1806,  582.— Steph.  Gen.  ZooL  x.  1817, 
366. 

Muscicapa  novae-Boracensis,  Less.  Man.  i.  1828, 153. 

Vireo  noveboracensis,  Bp.  Joura.  Phila.  Acad.  iv.  182 1,  176.— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ii. 
1826,  70.— And.  OB.  i.  1831,  328,  pi.  63.— Nutt.  Man  i.  1832,  306.— Bp.  CGL.  1838, 26.— 
9?f  Towns.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  viii.  1839, 153  ("  Col'imbia  River";  not  since  verified).— 
And.  Syn.  1839,  1C1.— And.  BA.  iv.  1842,  146,  pi.  240  (Nova  Scotia;  not  since  veri- 
fied) .—Gir.  BLI.  1844, 158.— Bp.  CA.  i.  I?50, 330  (in  part;  includes  Antillean  species).— 
Oass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1851, 150.—  Burnett,  Pr.  Best.  Soc.  iv.  1851,  116.— Thomps.  N.  H. 
Vermont,  1&53,  77.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  309  (Wisconsin).— Head,  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  1853,  398  (Ohio).— Gerhardt,  Naum.  iii.  1853,  37.— Gundl.  J.  f.  0.  1855,  469 
(Cuba).— Pratten,  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  603.— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856, 213.— 
Scl  PZS.  1857, 204  (Xalapa) ;  228  (Santecomapam).— Kneel  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  vL  1857, 234.— 
Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  1858,  187.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  328.— Jones,  "Nat  in  Bermuda,  1859, 71 " 
(resident).— Martins,  J.  f.  0. 1859, 212  (Bermuda).— Bland,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1858, 1859, 287 
(Bermudas).— S.  <6S.  Ibis,  I860, 274  (Coban,  Yera  Paz).— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  vii.  1860, 
307  (Cuba).— OundlJ.f.  0.1861,404  (Cuba).—  Wheat.  Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for  1860,1861, 
365.— Bam.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1860, 1861, 436.—  Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862, 157.— Allen, 
Pr.  Ess.  Inst. iv.  1864, 83.-Dress.Ibis,  1865, 481  (San  Antonio,  Tex.).— Bd. Rev.  AB.  1866, 
354,  fig.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1866, 285  (New  York).— Coues,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xii. 
1868,  111  (South  Carolina)  —Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa.  1869, 26 ;  Phila.  ed.  19.— Parker,  Am.  Nat. 
v.  1871, 168.- Allen,  Bull  MCZ.  ii.  1871, 270  (Florida,  winter).— Coues,  Am.  Nat.  v.  1871, 
197  (Kansas).—  Coues,  Key,  1872,  122,  f.  68.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872,  359.— Scott,  Pr. 
Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  223.— Oundl  J.  f.  O.  1872,  404  (Cuba).— Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873, 
199.— Merr.  Am,  Nat.  viii.  1874,  7,  8.— Coues,  BNW.  1874, 100.— .B.  B.  <&R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 
385,  pi.  17,  f.  ll.—Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  440.— Lawr.  Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  n.  4, 1876, 
17  (Tehuantepec).— Gentry,  Life-Hist.  1876, 229.— Minot,  BNE.  1877, 160. 

Vireo  noveberacensis,  Peab.  Rep.  Orn;  Mass.  1839, 298. 

Vireo  nevoboracensis,  Cabot,  Naum.  ii.  Heft  iii.  1852, 66  (Lake  Superior). 

Vireo  noveboracencis,  Woodh.  Rep.  Zuni  &  Colo.  R 1853, 75. 

Vireo  novreboracensis,  Coues,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868, 576  (Texas  and  Indian  Territory).— J. Wen, 
Am.  Nat,  iii.  1869,  507,  579.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1871,  21  (Fort  Macon,  N.  C.)  — 
Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi.  1871, 117. 

Viero  novahoracensis,  Gregg,  Pr.  Elmira  Acad.  1670. 

Lanius  novebracensis,  Licht. tl  Preis-Verz.  Mex.  V6g.  1830, 2  " ;  J.  f.  0. 1863, 58. 

Vireo  (Lanivireo)  coveboracensis,  Bd.  1858.— Gundl.  J.  f.  0. 1861, 324  (Cuba). 

Uuscicapa  cantatrix,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1791, 290  bis. 

Vireo  cantatrix,  Wils.  AO.  ii.  1810,  266,  pi.  18,  f.  6.—Bp.  Jonrn.  Phila,  Acad.  iv.  1824, 175.— 
Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1856, 290. 

Vireo  musicus,  V.  OAS.  i.  1807, 83,  pL  52. 

Green  Flycatcher,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785, 389,  n.  274. 

Hanging  Flycatcher,  Lath.  "  Syn.  Suppl.  174".— Steph.  Gen.  ZooL  x.  1817, 366. 

Little  Domestic  Flycatcher,  or  Green  Wren,  Bartr.  1.  c. 

White-eyed  Vireo,  or  Greenlet,  of  Authors. 


FIG.  61.—  Vireo  noveboracensis,  natural  size. 


CHARACTERS  OF  VIREO  NOVEBORACENSIS     521 

HAS.  —  Eastern  United  States,  excepting  perhaps  parts  of  New  England  ; 
west  regularly  to  Dakota,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Indian  Territory,  and  Western 
Texas,  occasionally  to  eastern  bases  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Minnesota 
(Trippe).  "Nova  Scotia"  and  ?  "Columbia  River"  (Audubon).  Breeds  in 
its  United  States  range  at  large.  Winters  from  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Florida,  and  the  Gulf  States  south  to  Guatemala.  Bermudas,  common,  resi- 
dent. Cuba,  rare. 

SP.  CH.  —  9  &  Olivaceo-virens,  infra  albidus  lateribus  et  pec- 
tore  flavicantibus  ;  f  route  orbitisqueflavis,  lorisfuscis;  alisfuscis, 
flavidalbido  limbatis  et  b  ifasciatis;  caudd  fused,  virenti-olivaceo 
limbatd,  rostro  pedibusque  plumbeis,  iridibus  albis.  Long.  tot.  5; 
alar.  exp.  8;  alee  2 


$  $  ,  adult  :  A  small,  stoutly-built  species,  notable  for  the  brightness  of 
the  olive  parts,  and  the  richness  of  the  yellow  about  the  forehead  and  eyes 
and  along  the  sides  ;  furthermore,  the  iris  is  white.  Length,  4f-5  ;  extent, 
7f-8£;  wing,  2$-2£;  spurious  primary  exposed  about  £  of  an  inch,  and 
about  half  as  long  as  the  2d  primary  ;  4th  and  5th  quills  longest  ;  3d  and 
6th  little  shorter  ;  2d  about  equal  to  8th  ;  tail,  2£-2£  ;  tarsus,  £  ;  middle  toe 
and  claw,  £  ;  bill,  along  culmen,  ^  or  less.  Upper  parts  bright  olive-green, 
including  the  crown,  which,  if  anything,  is  more  yellowish  still;  usually  a 
slight  ashy  shade  on  the  hind  neck;  forehead  and  orbital  region  bright 
yellow  ;  a  dusky  loral  line  ;  under  parts  white,  but  brightly  tinted  on  the 
sides,  axillars,  crissum,  and  sometimes  quite  across  the  breast,  with  yellow. 
Wings  and  tail  dusky,  the  feathers  of  the  latter  edged  with  the  color  of  the 
back,  the  wing-coverts  crossed  with  two  broad  and  conspicuous  white  or 
whitish  bars,  and  the  quills  edged  with  the  same,  especially  the  three  inner- 
most secondaries,  on  which  the  edging  is  very  broad.  Bill  and  ieet  blackish- 
plumbeous  ;  the  cutting  edges  of  the  mandibles,  at  least  in  dried  skins,  pale 
horn-color.  Iris  white. 

The  sexes  are  indistinguishable  in  size  or  color,  and  the  young  are  quite 
similar.  A  newly-fledged  bird  which  I  shot  August  11,  1850,  is  slightly 
smaller  than  an  adult,  but  not  otherwise  sufficiently  different  to  require 
separate  notice. 

NOW  leaving  the  ornamental  park,  the  mantling  woodland 
of  deciduous  trees,  and  the  perpetual  robe  of  green  that 
the  mountains  wear,  and  losing  as  we  go  the  band  of  Greenlet 
musicians  that  sing  in  these  shades,  let  us  push  into  more 
lowly  places  —  for  we  have  not  done  with  the  Vireos  yet.  Indeed, 
the  species  of  this  group  might  be  classed  according  to  their 
life's  station,  almost  as  well  as  by  those  technicalities  which  the 
ornithologist  discovers  in  beak  and  wing.  One  set  of  Greenlets 
are  large  and  emuloas  birds  —  the  Eed-eye,  the  Yellow-throat, 
the  Solitary,  Plumbeous,  and  Warbling  Vireos  —  living  in  wood- 
land high  above  the  level  of  the  ground  ;  and  these  we  have 
already  seen  in  their  native  haunts.  With  the  White-eyed 


522    DISTRIBUTION    OF  THE   WHITE-EYED    GREENLET 

Yireo  we  enter  upon  a  group  of  smaller  species,  whose  sur- 
roundings we  shall  find  to  be  quite  different ;  for  these  live  in 
the  thickets,  down  among  the  Cat-birds,  Thrashers,  Sparrows, 
Chats,  and  Wrens.  This  group  of  nearly-related,  bush-loving 
species  includes  the  Black-capped,  the  Least,  and  BelFs  Vireos, 
besides  the  more  familiar  White-eye,  whose  turn  comes  first. 

This  neat  and  pleasing  little  bird  does  not  belong  at  all  to 
the  fauna  of  the  Colorado  Valley,  but  I  make  a  place  for  ii> 
here,  because  it  reaches  to  the  very  feet  of  the  majestic  mount- 
ains that  environ  this  watershed  on  the  east.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  abundant  and  most  generally  diffused  of  its  family  in 
the  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  is  among 
the  various  species  whose  range  has  been  latterly  traced  west- 
ward to  these  mountains.  There  is  indeed  a  Townsendiau 
record  of  the  occurrence  of  the  White-eye  in  the  Columbia 
River  region,  but  this  lacks  verification,  and  is  presumed  to  be 
erroneous.  The  same  may  be  said  respecting  Audubon's 
ascription  of  the  species  to  Nova  Scotia,  though  this  is  much 
more  likely  to  be  confirmed.  The  New  England  writers  are 
nearly  unanimous  in  deciding  that  the  bird  does  not  proceed 
through  their  territory  beyond  Massachusetts,  and  it  has 
already  become  rare  in  some  parts  of  that  State.  We  may 
therefore  accept  this  as  the  usual  terminus  of  the  migration  in 
that  direction  j  and  it  agrees  somewhat,  as  a  matter  of  latitude, 
with  what  we  know  of  the  extension  of  the  bird  in  correspond- 
ing latitudes  further  west,  though  the  bird  is  cited  by  Trippe 
from  Minnesota,  and  by  Cabot  from  the  Lake  Superior  region.* 
The  western  line  of  distribution  passes  through  Dakota,  Iowa, 
Kansas,  Colorado,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  Texas, — even 
western  portions  of  the  latter.  The  bird  is  resident  in  the  Ber- 
mudas, and  we  have  sundry  advices  of  its  occurrence  in  Cuba, 
but  in  no  other  of  the  West  Indies,  if  the  Jamaican  representa- 
tive, Vireo  modestus,  be  regarded  as  a  distinct  species.  The 
breeding-range  is  coextensive  with  the  whole  United  States 
distribution  of  the  bird,  and  also  includes  Bermuda.  The 
species,  moreover,  differs  from  some  of  its  allies  in  wintering 
among  us,  as  it  does  in  numbers  in  the  South  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  States,  from  South  Carolina  to  Texas j  though  some  indi- 
viduals perform  a  much  more  extensive  migration,  making 
Southern  Mexico  and  Guatemala  their  winter  residence. 

*  Whence  it  appears  that  Dr.  Brewer's  statement,  that  the  bird  has  not  been 
found  "  north  of  the  42d  parallel ",  is  incorrect.  Mr.  Trippe  worked  in  the 
region  of  the  Mille  Lacs,  which  lie  between  46°  and  47°. 


NESTING   OF    THE    WHITE-EYED    GREENLET         523 

This  was  one  of  the  earliest  known  species  of  tlie  genus, 
having  been  described  as  the  "  Green  Flycatcher"  by  Pennant, 
and  the  "Hanging  Flycatcher77  by  Latham,  upon  which  Gmelin 
based  his  Muscicapa  noveboracensis.  Almost  immediately  after- 
ward it  was  renamed  by  Bartram  as  Muscicapa  cantatrix — a 
term  borrowed  by  Wilson,  and  which  is  commonly,  though 
wrongly,  attributed  to  the  latter  writer.  Wilson  was  familiar 
with  the  bird,  and  with  him  appears  to  have  originated  the  name 
now  current  of  "White-eyed",  in  allusion  to  the  peculiar  color 
of  the  iris,  by  which  single  feature  the  species  is  distinguished 
from  any  other  treated  in  the  present  work.  Wilson  also  calls 
it  the  "Politician"  by  way  of  nickname,  from  the  fact  that  it 
is  fond  of  newspapers — scraps  of  which  are  usually  found 
among  the  mass  of  odd  materials  that  compose  the  nest.  Au- 
dubon  adds  that  shreds  of  papery  wasps7  nests  are  also  used ; 
and  Brewer  enumerates  u  fragments  of  dry  leaves,  bits  of  de- 
cayed wood  and  bark,  coarse  blades  of  grass,  various  vegetable 
fibres,  lichens,  fragments  of  insects,  mosses,  straws,  stems,  &c." 
Of  whatever  materials  it  may  be  constructed,  the  nest  is  always 
built  after  the  usual  Vireonine  style  of  architecture,  being  a 
closely-matted  cup  swung  pensile  from  a  forked  twig,  nearly 
hemispherical  in  contour,  and  rather  large  in  proportion  to  the 
size  of  the  bird,  as  seems  to  be  the  rule  with  nests  that  are 
built  on  or  even  near  the  ground,  in  comparison  with  those 
placed  at  great  elevations.  Various  authors  have  noted,  since 
Wilson,  that  this  nest  is  one  of  the  regular  receptacles  of  Cow- 
birds7  eggs,  and  that  the  White-eye  makes  a  faithful  foster- 
parent  of  the  obnoxious  parasite.  The  Vireo7s  own  eggs  are 
not  to  be  distinguished  with  certainty  from  those  of  other 
species  of  this  genus,  being,  like  them,  pure  white,  speckled 
chiefly  about  the  larger  end  with  dark  dots  of  purplish  and 
reddish-brown.  Though  the  bird  is  less  in  linear  dimensions 
than  most  of  its  relatives  of  the  Vireosylvia  group,  it  is  rather 
portly  in  shape,  and  its  eggs  consequently  do  not  yield  in  size 
to  those  of  some  of  the  larger  species,  being  rather  over  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  in  length,  by  nearly  or  quite  three-fifths  in 
breadth ;  the  usual  number  is  five.  In  places  where  the  White- 
eyes  are  numerous,  as  they  are,  for  example,  about  Washing- 
ton, these  nests  are  among  those  we  may  most  frequently  brush 
against  in  threading  our  way  through  the  thickets,  and  they 
are  usually  placed  so  low  that  one  may  look  into  them  when 
standing  on  the  ground.  The  tangled  ravines  along  the  course 


524  HABITS    OF    THE    WHITE-EYED    GREENLET 

of  Eock 'Creek,  near  the  city  just  named,  marking  where  num- 
berless rivulets  make  into  the  main  brook,  are  favorite  resorts, 
where  the  nests  will  be  found  in  a  bunch  of  sweet-brier,  or  on 
the  wreathy  stem  of  a  blackberry-bush,  or,  perhaps  still  oftener, 
at  the  very  terminal  fork  of  a  slender,  swaying  branch  of  the 
sapling,  whose  lower  limbs  reach  into  some  shady  nook  just 
over  the  bed  of  the  rivulet — in  any  event,  in  a  thicket,  where 
the  Catbirds,  Thrashers,  Chats,  Cardinal  Grosbeaks,  Maryland 
Yellow- throats,  and  Carolina  Wrens  are  all  each  others'  neigh- 
bors. The  White-eye's  liking  for  low  watery  places  is  still  fur- 
ther witnessed  by  its  frequent  resort  to  the  swamps  that  border 
the  Potomac,  in  the  same  locality,  where  it  nests  about  the  very 
edges  of  the  reedy  tracts,  and  even  in  their  midst,  on  the 
various  little  knolls  that  rise  somewhat  above  the  water-level. 
In  August  and  September,  when  one  goes  shooting  Eeedbirds, 
Blackbirds,  and  Sora  Kails,  in  the  marshes  that  lie  about 
Arlington,  and  along  the  course  of  the  Eastern  Branch,  he  is 
pretty  sure  to  be  scolded  for  his  pains  by  one  after  another  of 
these  petulant  little  birds,  which  still  linger  in  such  places  as  I 
have  described,  in  company  with  buffy-colored  young  Maryland 
Yellow-throats,  and  numberless  reed-ragged  Marsh  Wrens. 

The  White-eyed  Yireo  has  always  been  notable,  even  in 
groups  of  birds  whose  spirit  is  high,  for  its  irritable  tempera- 
ment; and  during  the  breeding  season,  nothing  can  surpass 
the  petulance  and  irascibility  which  it  displays  when  its  home 
is  too  nearly  approached,  and  the  fuss  it  makes  when  its  temper 
is  ruffled  in  this  way.  It  skips  about  in  a  panicky  state,  as 
regardless  of  exposure  as  a  virago  haranguing  the  crowd  on  a 
street  corner,  seemingly  at  such  loss  for  adequate  expletives 
that  we  may  fancy  it  quite  ready  to  say  "  Thank  you  ",  if  some- 
body would  only  swear  a  little.  Like  the  Wrens  and  Titmice — 
like  various  birds,  in  fact,  which  live  habitually  in  shrubbery, 
where  they  have  to  peer  and  pry  about  to  see  well — these  Yireos 
show  a  good  deal  of  curiosity  and  inquisitivenees  when  any- 
thing is  going  on  that  they  do  not  quite  understand ;  and  if  we 
take  care  not  to  frighten  them  into  a  flutter  of  excitement, 
they  frequently  come  almost  within  arms7  reach  by  slow  and 
devious  approaches,  poising  curiously  on  one  twig  after  another, 
and  soliloquizing  the  while  in  their  quaint  fashion.  Their 
uneasiness,  however,  is  chiefly  exhibited  during  the  breeding 
season,  and  all  their  vehemence  is  but  the  excess  of  their  con- 
cern for  their  little  families,  which,  as  they  seem  to  be  aware, 


SYNONYMY    OF    V1REO   HUTTONI  525 

are  peculiarly  exposed  to  danger  in  their  lowly  homes ;  their 
ardor  exhausts  itself  when  the  occasion  is  past,  and  what  had 
been  excessive  solicitude  gives  way  to  the  simple  sprightliness 
and  vivacity,  which  then  appears  as  an  agreeable  trait.  In 
the  springtime  they  rival  their  relatives  in  brilliancy  and  ver- 
satility of  song,  which  must  be  heard  to  be  appreciated ;  it  is 
a  curious  medley,  delivered  with  great  earnestness  and  almost 
endless  variations,  scarcely  to  be  described  in  words,  though 
several  authors  have  made  the  attempt — with  what  success  the 
reader  who  has  listened  to  the  performance  may  judge  for  him- 
self on  referring  to  the  pages  of  Nuttall  or  of  Mr.  Gentry. 

I  have  only  to  add  to  this  sketch  of  a  bird  I  learned  as  a  boy 
to  know  pleasantly,  that  it  is  in  no  wise  behind  its  relatives  of 
the  same  genus  in  doing  service  by  destroying  noxious  insects. 
Dr.  Brewer  says  that  it  feeds  eagerly  upon  the  destructive 
canker-worm,  and  is  doubtless  of  considerable  service  in 
restricting  the  increase  of  this  scourge  in  some  portions  of  the 
country.  Prof.  Aughey  has  it  down  in  the  long  list  of  birds 
that  feed  in  Nebraska  on  the  still  more  destructive  locusts, 
stating  that  he  watched  them  with  a  field-glass,  and  saw  them 
tear  a  large  'hopper  in  pieces  to  give  to  their  young  ones.  Mr. 
Gentry  observes  that  the  nestlings  are  fed  with  the  larvae  of 
Phalcenidce,  as  well  as  with  diptera,  spiders,  aphides,  and  ants, 
and  that  the  birds  devour  immense  numbers  of  coleopterous, 
hymenopterous,  lepidopterous.  and  dipterous  insects — his  for- 
mal list  of  which  is  sufficiently  extensive  to  prove  that  we  owe 
to  this  sprightly  tenant  of  the  shrubbery  a  debt  of  gratitude 
that  should  privilege  the  bird  to  scold  us,  on  occasion,  as  much 

as  it  pleases. 

Mutton's  Oreenlet 

Tireo  huttoni 

Vlreo  button!,  Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1851, 150,  pi.  10,  f.  1  (Monterey,  Gal.).— Bd.  Great  Salt 

Lake,  1852, 328.— -Bd  BNA.  1858,  339  ; 

ed.  of  1860,  pi.  58,  f.  2.-&J.  PZS.  1858, 

302  (Oaxaca).-£cZ.  PZS.  1862, 19  (La 

Parada,  Southern  Mexico).— #d.  Rev. 

AB.1866,  357,  fig.— Coop.'B.  Cal.  i.1870, 

121.— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  riii.  1874, 17.- 

Salv.  Ibis,  1874,  99  (Guatemala).— B. 

B.  &  R,  NAB.  i,  1874, 387,  pi.  17,  f.  12. 
Vlreo  huttonii,  Coues,  Key,  1872, 123,  f.  69. 
Hntton's  Vireo,  Cass.  1.  c.,  and  Authors.  FIG.  62.— Vireo  huttvui,  natural  size. 

HAB.— Mexico,  where  resident ;  north  to  Fort  Tejon,  California  (Xo.ntus) ; 
to  lat.  38°  (Cooper)^  south  to  Guatemala  (Salvin). 


526  CHARACTERS    OF   VIREO   HUTTONI 

$  $  :  First  quill  rather  less  than  half  the  second,  which  ahout  equals  the 
tenth  ;  third  a  little  longer  than  seventh ;  fourth  and  fifth  nearly  equal  and 
longest.  Tail  slightly  rounded,  shorter  than  the  wings.  Bill  very  small. 
Above  olive-green ;  brightest  behind,  especially  on  rump  and  edging  of  tail ; 
duller  and  more  ashy  toward  and  on  top  and  sides  of  head  and  neck.  Wings 
with  two  bands  on  coverts,  and  outer  edges  of  innermost  secondaries  rather 
broadly  olivaceous-white;  other  quills  edged  externally  with  olive-green, 
paler  toward  outer  primary,  internally  with  whitish.  Lateral  tail-feathers 
edged  externally  with  yellowish-white.  Feathers  of  rump  with  much 
concealed  yellowish-gray.  Under  parts  pale  olivaceous-yellowish,  purest 
behind,  lightest  on  throat  and  abdomen ;  the  breast  more  olivaceous,  the 
sides  still  deeper  olive-green,  the  breast  soiled  with  a  slight  buffy  tinge. 
Axillars  and  crissum  yellowish,  the  inside  of  wings  whitish.  Loral  region 
and  narrow  space  around  eye  dull  yellowish,  in  faint  contrast  to  the  olive 
of  head.  Bill  horn-color  above,  paler  below ;  legs  dusky.  Total  length, 
4.70;  wing,  2.40 ;  tail,  2.05.  (Description  copied  from  Baird,  Rev.  AB.  1866, 
p.  357.) 

BUTTON'S  Vireo  is  one  of  the  three  species  which  Mr. 
Cassin  added  to  the  genus  in  1851,  and  a  very  near 
relative  of  V.  noveboracensis  and  V.  modestus.  It  was  originally 
described  from  Monterey,  and  has  since  been  found  to  extend 
on  the  one  hand  into  certain  portions  of  California,  and  on  the 
other  to  Guatemala.  It  is  also  cited  from  various  localities  in 
Mexico,  where  it  is  stated  to  reside,  according  to  Sumichrast, 
in  the  Alpine  region  of  Orizaba.  I  have  never  seen  it  alive, 
and  have  no  information  to  offer  respecting  its  habits.  A 
memorandum  of  Mr.  Xantus's  is  quoted  by  Dr.  Brewer,  to  the 
effect  that  a  nest  containing  incubated  eggs  was  found  early  in 
May  at  Fort  Tejon  suspended  from  three  high  weed-stems,  a 
foot  from  the  ground.  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper  has  found  this  bird 
wintering  in  California  up  to  38°,  and  supposed  it  to  go  further 
north  in  summer,  as  he  observed  but  few  on  the  Coast  Range 
in  May.  One  that  was  shot  by  him  at  San  Diego  on  the  9th 
of  May  contained  an  egg  ready  to  be  laid.  His  observations, 
as  for  as  they  go,  indicate  a  bird  whose  habits,  as  might  be 
expected,  are  much  the  same  as  those  of  the  White-eyed  Vireo. 

Bell's  Greenlet 

Vireo  belli 

Vireo  bellii,  And.  BA.  vii.  1844,  333,  pi.  485.— Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1851, 150.—  Woodh.  Rep. 
Zufii  &  Col.  R.  1853,  76.— Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864,  1865,  437  (Missouri).— Bd.  Rev. 
AB.  1866, 358,  fig.— CVwes,  Key,  1872, 123,  f.  70.— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872, 176.— Ridgw. 
Am.  Nat,  vi.  1872,  430 ;  1873, 199  (Illinois).— Grippe,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv.  1873, 236  (Iowa).— 
Coues,  BNW.  1874, 101.— Ridgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  1874,  370  (Illinois). 


A£A 


SYNONYMY   AND   CHARACTERS    OF    V1REO    BELLI     527 

Virco  bell!,  Bp  CA.  i.  1850, 330.— Bd.  Rep.  Great  Salt  Lake,  1852, 328.— Bd.  BNA.  1858, 337. 
— Cowes.Ibis,  1865,  158  (Kansas).— Dress.  Ibis,  1865,  481  (San  Antonio,  Tex.).— Butch. 
Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  18C8, 149  (Texas).— Coues,  Am.  Xat.  vi.  1871, 197.— A  lien,  Am.  Nat.  vii. 

1873,  363.—  Trippe,  Am. 
Nat.    viL    1873,    498.— 
B.B.&  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 
389,  pi.  17,  f.  13.— Ames, 

Bull.  Minnesota  Acad.  A     '     N.    A      ~^ 

1874,  57     (perhaps).— 
Hcnsh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs. 
1874, 105  (Gila  River).— 
H<nsh.    List    B.   Ariz. 

1875,  157  (Arizona,   to-  FlQ  ^_Yireo  lellij  natural  size, 
g  ether  with  pusilluj).— 

Hensh.  ZooL  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1875,  225.—  Nels.  Bull.  Nutt.  Club,  i.  1876,  42  (Illinois, 
abundant).— Lawr.  Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  n.  4, 1876, 18  (Tehuantepec). 
Bell's  Vlreo  or  Greenlet,  Aud.  1.  c.,  and  Authors. 

HAB. — Western  portions  of  the  United  States,  and  Mexico.  East  to 
Illinois  (Ridgway,  Nelson);  Dakota  (Audubon) ;  Kansas  and  Nebraska  (Coues, 
Goss) ;  Iowa  (Trippe) ;  Missouri  (Hoy) ;  ?  Minnesota  (Ames) ;  Texas  (Dresser, 
Butcher,  Heermann) ;  Arizona  (Henshaw) ;  California  ( Cooper) ;  Tehuantepec 
(Sumichrast). 

CH.  SP. —  $  9  Eemigibus  x.  Flavo-olivaceus  vertice  aliquan- 
tulum  obscuriore,  infr&flaricans,  gulaalbida;  lorisfuscis,  orbitis 
albis,  alls  flavo-albido  limbatis  etfasciatis,  caudd  longioribus. 

$  $ :  A  very  small  species,  quite  a  miniature  of  V.  gilvus,  the  markings 
of  the  head  in  particular  being  much  the  same  ;  but  readily  distinguished 
by  its  smaller  size,  decidedly  yellowish  under  parts,  well-marked  wing-bar, 
aud  different  wing-formula.  Above  yellowish-olive  or  olive-green  (much 
as  in  olivaceus),  darker  and  ashier  on  the  head,  but  without  abrupt  contrast, 
brightest  on  the  rump.  Below  decidedly  yellowish,  olive-shaded  on  the 
sides,  whitening  on  the  throat  and  belly.  A  white  line  from  nostril  to  and 
around  the  eye,  but  scarcely  or  not  prolonged  behind  as  in  gilvus ;  lores 
dusky.  Wings  and  tail  dusky,  with  considerable  edging  of  the  color 
of  the  back,  or  whitish  ;  the  wings  with  two  whitish  cross-bars,  that  on  the 
end  of  the  greater  coverts  stronger  than  the  other.  Length,  under  5  inches ; 
wing,  2-J- ;  tail,  less  ;  tarsus,  f . 

BELL'S  Greenlet  is  one  of  the  several  species  which 
Audubon  discovered  on  his  excursion  to  the  Upper 
Missouri,  and  published  in  the  Appendix  to  the  last  volume 
of  the  octavo  reprint  of  his  splendid  work,  with  Harris's 
Finch,  LeGonte's,  Baird's,  Smith's,  and  Shattuck's  Buntings, 
Brewer's  Blackbird,  Ayres's  Woodpecker,  Nuttall's  Wood- 
pecker, Sprague's  Lark,  and  other  species,  dedicated  by  the 
amiable  naturalist  to  his  friends,  some  of  whom  were  his  com- 
panions on  that  memorable  journey.  He  found  it  as  far  up 
the  river  as  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone,  and  noted  that  its 
resorts  were  the  shrubbery  of  the  bottom-lands,  as  those  of 


528  HABITS  OF  BELL'S  GREENLET 

the  White-eyed  Vireo  would  be  under  the  same  circumstances. 
A  few  years  later,  Dr.  Woodhouse  found  it  in  Texas,  where  he 
states  that  it  was  abundant ;  and  several  observers  afterward 
noted  its  occurrence  in  that  country.  Among  them  were  Mr. 
Dresser  and  Dr.  Heermann,  both  of  whom  ascertained  that 
the  bird  breeds  in  that  State.  Other  naturalists  meanwhile 
filled  in  the  interval  between  these  two  widely  separated  local- 
ities ;  but  the  still  broader  area  of  distribution  of  the  species 
was  not  determined  until  very  recently.  Among  the  most  inter- 
esting observations  in  this  regard  should  be  mentioned  those 
by  Mr.  Kidgway  and  Mr.  Kelson  in  Illinois,  Dr.  Cooper  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  especially  by  Mr.  Henshaw  in  Arizona. 

"The  Vireo  Bellii,"  says  Mr.  Ridgway,  in  the  first  of  the 
places  above  cited  in  the  American  Naturalist,  "  was  found  to 
be  a  common,  or  at  least  not  rare,  species  in  the  thickets  on 
the  prairies.  It  was  first  seen  on  the  8th  of  June,  when  speci- 
mens were  shot,  and  being  then  in  full  song,  there  can  be 
little  doubt  that  the  species  breeds  there." 

His  later  note  in  the  same  periodical  gives  further  particu- 
lars : — 

"...  During  a  lull  in  the  chorus  we  heard,  from,  the  depths 
of  the  thicket,  a  very  curious  gabbling,  or  sputtering  song, 
which  was  entirely  new  to  us.  We  hastened  to  the  thicket, 
and,  entering  it  as  far  as  possible,  lay  in  wait  for  the  strange 
songster  to  resume  his  vocal  performance.  In  a  few  moments 
a  little  grayish  bird  carefully  approached,  flitting  cautiously 
from  twig  to  twig,  now  and  then  halting,  and,  after  uttering 
the  peculiar  notes  which  had  attracted  our  attention,  would 
stretch  out  his  neck  and  eye  us  with  great  curiosity  and  evi- 
dent suspicion.  After  observing  him  carefully  to  our  satisfac- 
tion at  a  distance  of  hardly  a  rod,  we  found  that  he  was  Bell's 
Greenlet  (Vireo  Bellii),  a  species  of  the  plain  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  from  Texas  northward,  and  not  before 
detected  east  of  the  Mississippi  river.  After  we  had  become 
satisfied  of  his  identity  we  shot  him  ;  but  upon  attempting  to 
secure  our  prize,  we  found  the  briary  undergrowth  too  intricate 
and  powerful  to  allow  a  passage  through  it.  In  nearly  all  the 
thickets  others  of  the  same  species  were  frequently  heard,  so 
that  it  appeared  to  be  common  in  that  locality.  The  little 
White-eyed  Greenlet  ( V.  noveboracensis]  was  also  common  in 
the  same  thickets,  and  was  easily  distinguished  by  his  well- 
known  notes,  an  attempted  translation  of  which  gives  it  the 
local  name  of  *  chickty-beaver  bird.'" 


HABITS  OF  BELL'S  GREENLET       529 

Referring  also  to  Illinois,  Mr.  E.  W.  Nelson  states  that  Bell's 
Greenlets  were  abundant  in  August,  1875,  in  the  shrubbery  of 
Fox  Prairie,  Eichland  County: — "They  were  exceedingly  shy, 
and  although  several  could  be  heard  uttering  their  curious  song 
and  the  same  tune,  and  repealed  efforts  were  made  to  secure 
them,  only  two  specimens  were  obtained."  Mr.  Nelson  subse- 
quently saw  a  specimen  which  had  been  taken  near  Chicago  in 
June  of  the  same  year,  and  considers  that  they  will  eventually 
be  found  throughout  the  State.  The  bird  is  one  of  several 
Western  species  which,  belonging  to  prairie  land,  extend  their 
range  to  Illinois,  where  the  surface-conditions  are  essentially 
the  same  as  those  of  the  western  sides  of  the  Mississippi  Basin. 
Among  others  may  be  mentioned  the  Western  Meadow  Lark, 
LeConte's  Bunting,  Cassin's  Finch,  and  the  Painted  Lark- 
bunting. 

Whilst  journeying  across  the  Plains  in  1864,  en  route  to  Ari- 
zona, I  was  detained  for  some  days  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Riley, 
Kansas,  by  an  "Indian  scare  "from  the  front,  and  employed 
the  time  very  profitably  in  observing  and  collecting  birds  along 
the  Republican  Fork  of  the  Kansas  River.  The  season — late  in 
May — was  propitious,  and  the  place  proved  to  be  a  famous  one 
for  birds,  which  thronged  the  river-botton.  Bell's  Yireos  were 
then  in  full  song  and  feather,  and  no  one  could  enter  the 
shrubbery  without  being  oddly  saluted  by  these  inquisitive 
little  busy-bodies,  who  seemed  to  have  pre-empted  the  whole 
water-front  of  the  country,  and  were  quite  ready  to  insist  upon 
their  squatter  sovereignty.  I  found  no  nests,  however,  proba- 
bly because  there  were  none  yet  built,  and  was  obliged  to  content 
myself  with  watching  the  curious  ways  of  the  birds,  and  skin- 
ning a  few  for  the  further  purposes  of  science.  For  all  that  I 
saw  of  their  habits,  they  might  as  well  have  been  White-eyes ; 
but  their  notes  are  different. 

In  1861,  we  had  advices  from  Dr.  Cooper  of  the  presence  of 
Bell's  Vireo  in  the  Colorado  Valley,  where  he  stated  that  it 
occurred  at  Fort  Mojave.  But  when  shortly  afterward  the 
nearly  related  V.pusillus  came  to  be  described,  it  was  presumed 
that  the  latter  had  been  mistaken  for  V.  belli.  The  reference 
to  the  supposed  belli  from  California  was  therefore  turned  over 
to  pusillus  in  my  original  notice  of  the  latter,  and  it  was  entirely 
ignored  by  Cooper  himself  in  his  recent  "  Ornithology  of  Cali- 
fornia ".  This  left  us  without  satisfactory  evidence  of  the  pres- 
ence of  Bell's  Vireo  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  A  habitat  so 
34  B  0 


530  HABITS  OF  BELL'S  GREENLET 

restricted  as  to  exclude  the  Cooper  record  was  given  by  Baird, 
Brewer,  and  Ridgway  in  1874,  and  at  the  same  time  I  stated  in 
the  "  Birds  of  the  Northwest "  that  this  species  had  not  been 
observed  in  the  Southern  Kocky  Mountain  Begion,  "  where  re- 
placed by  V.  pusillus".  It  seems,  however,  that  we  were  all 
wrong  about  this,  the  fact  being  that  V.  belli  does  inhabit  Ari- 
zona, whether  the  birds  observed  by  Cooper  were  of  this  spe- 
cies or  the  other.  Such  is  shown  to  be  the  case  by  Mr.  Hen- 
shaw  in  the  following  paragraph  : — 

"  This  little  Yireo  appeared  to  be  rather  common  along  the 
Gila  River,  inhabiting  the  dense  thickets  along  the  banks.  At 
this  season,  the  middle  of  September,  its  quaiut  song  was  heard 
during  most  of  the  day,  but  more  particularly  in  the  hot  hours 
of  noonday.  In  addition  to  the  song,  which  somewhat  resem- 
bles the  White-eyed  Vireo's,  it  has  a  harsh  scolding  note,  which 
it  often  repeats  as  it  searches  among  the  dense  undergrowth 
for  its  food.  But  a  single  specimen  was  obtained,  as  it  was 
rather  timid,  and  on  hearing  the  slighest  noise  would  instantly 
cease  its  notes  and  dive  into  the  brush.  The  single  specimen 
secured  appears  on  comparison  to  be  quite  typical  of  the  spe- 
cies ..." 

It  seems  most  probable,  from  the  date  at  which  these  obser- 
vations were  made,  and  the  glimpse  given  of  the  manners  of 
the  birds,  that  they  were  migrating  at  the  time,  and  it  may 
be  that  Bell's  Vireo  comes  into  the  Colorado  Valley  in  the  fall, 
like  the  true  Solitary  Vireo,  these  two  species  being  there  repre- 
sented in  the  breeding  season  by  V.  pusillus  and  V.  plumbem 
respectively.  This  much,  at  least,  may  be  fairly  surmised  from 
what  little  we  have  learned  of  the  movements  of  Bell's  Vireo. 
We  know  that  it  breeds  from  our  southern  border  in  Texas 
to  its  limits  of  distribution  northward,  and  that  it  occurs  in 
Mexico  as  far  south  as  Tehuantepec,  where  Sumichrast  found 
it ;  but  the  periods  of  its  migrations  and  the  full  extent  of  its 
winter  residence  still  remain  to  be  ascertained. 

The  nest  and  eggs  of  BelPs  Greeulet  I  have  not  taken  occa- 
sion to  examine  for  myself,  as  they  have  been  carefully  described 
by  Dr.  Brewer.  A  nest  from  Xeosbo  Falls.,  Kaus.,  found  in  June 
by  Mr.  B.  F.  Goss,  is  pensile,  as  usual,  and  suspended  by  three- 
fourths  of  its  brim  from  two  small  twigs.  "Over  these  is 
strongly  bound  a  finely  felted  webbing  of  the  flax-like  fibres  of 
plants,  interwoven  with  slender  steins.  With  these  are  con- 
nected and  interwoven  also  the  materials  that  make  up  the 


SYNONYMY   OF   VIREO   PUSILLUS  531 

periphery  of  the  nest  itself.  This  is  composed  of  long  and  slen- 
der strips  of  bark,  fragments  of  dry  leaves,  bits  of  wood,  and 
various  other  fragmentary  substances.  The  nest,  unlike  others 
of  this  family,  is  lined  with  down,  and  the  fine  long  hair  of 
some  animals,  instead  of  with  vegetable  stems.  The  diameter 
as  well  as  the  height  of  this  nest  is  about  two  and  a  half 
inches."  Another  nest,  however,  also  described  by  Dr.  Brewer, 
was  lined  as  usual  with  grasses  and  fine  plant  stems ;  and  this 
one  was  of  a  different  shape,  being  nearly  twice  as  wide  as  deep, 
and  with  a  contracted  brim,  the  opening  being  only  half  as  much 
as  the  outside  diameter.  The  eggs,  as  described  by  the  same 
eminent  oologist,  are  from  0.73  to  0.76  in  length  by  0.52  to  0.56 
in  breadth,  pure  white  in  color,  sparsely  dotted  with  red  around 
the  larger  end. 

The  Least  Greenlet 

Vireo  pnsillns 

Vireo  bellii,  ?  Coop.  Pr.  Cal.  Acad.  1861, 122  (Fort  Mojave,  Ariz.). 

Tireo  pusillus,  Cones,  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1866, 76  (descr.  orig. ;  near  Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.).— 

Bd.  Kev.  AB.  1866,  360,  fig.— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1868,  83  (Arizona).— Coop.  Am. 

Nat.  iii.  1869,  186,  479.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870, 124.— Elliot,  "Illust.  BNA.  pi.  7".— Coues, 

Key,  1872, 123,  f.  71.— Coop.  Am.  Nat  viii.1874, 17.— B.  B.  <&  E.  NAB.  i  1874, 391,  pL  17, 

f.  14.— Hensh.  List  B. 

Ariz,  1875, 157.— Hensh. 

Zool.    ExpL     W.    100 

Merid.      1875,      226.— 

Kidgw.  Rep.  Expl.  40th  «  A 

Par.  iv.  pt  iii.  1877, 451  /  1      A     /  \ 

(Sacramento,    Cal.).— 

Stevens,     Bull.     Nutt. 

Club,  iii.  n.  2,  apr.  1878, 

93  (Gila  River) .  FIG.  64.— Vireo  pusillus,  natural  size. 

Least  Vireo,  Coues,  I.  c.,  and  Authors. 

HAB. — Arizona,  chiefly  in  its  lower  portions,  and  California  from  Sacra- 
mento to  Cape  St.  Lucas.  (Doubtless  also  portions  of  Mexico.) 

OH.  SP. —  <£  $  Remigibus  x,  lmo  2di  dimidiato  ;  minimus;  alis 
cauddque  cequalibus;  cinereo-plumbeus,  vix  olivaceus,  infrct,  albus, 
lateribus  vix  flavicantibus. 

$  2 :  A  very  small  species,  quite  like  a  miniature  of  V.  vidnior  in  the  dull 
coloration  and  relative  lengths  of  wings  and  tail ;  more  nearly  related  to 
V.  belli,  but  differing  in  coloration,  wing-formula,  and  relative  lengths  of 
wing  and  tail.  Above  grayish-ash  with  slight  olive  shade ;  below,  including 
under  wing-coverts,  white,  slightly  obscured  on  the  breast,  with  faint  yel- 
lowish wash  on  the  sides.  A  whitish  line  from  nostrils  over  and  around  eye ; 
lores  slightly  darkened ;  two  wing-bands — one  stronger  than  the  other— and 
narrow  edgings  of  wings  and  tail,  dull  white,  sometimes  faintly  yellowish. 


532  CHARACTERS   OF   V1REO    PUSILLUS 

Exposed  portion  of  spurious  quill  half  as  long  as  the  second  quill ;  fourth  pri- 
mary longest ;  third  and  fifth  subequal ;  second  about  equal  to  eighth.  Tril 
very  long,  equalling  the  wings,  with  narrow  acuminate  feathers ;  tarsus 
decidedly  longer  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw.  Length,  about  5  inches 
(rather  less);  extent, 7£;  wing,2£;  tail, about  the  same;  bill,£;  tarsus, f; 
middle  toe  and  claw,  £. 

In  its  general  pale  dull  coloration,  with  little  trace  of  olive  or  yellowish 
shades,  this  species  is  curiously  similar  to  V.  vidnior,  and  it  shares  with 
that  species  the  equality  in  the  length  of  the  wings  and  tail.  The  distinc- 
tions, however,  are  too  evident  to  require  detailed  comparison.  From  the 
much  brighter-colored  V.  belli,  of  about  the  same  size  and  its  nearest  United 
States  relative,  it  may  be  d  stinguished  by  the  following  comparative 
diagnoses : — 

V.  belli. — Spurious  primary  £  the  second  one ;  third  longest ;  second  rather 
longer  than  seventh.  Wing  decidedly  longer  than  tail.  Olive-green  above, 
and  strongly  yellowish  below. 

F.pusillus.— Spurious  primary  $  the  second  one;  fourth  longest ;  second 
equal  to  eighth.  Gray,  with  a  slight  olive  tinge ;  only  a  trace  of  yellowish 
below. 

I  WELL  remember  when  a  copy  of  "Audubon"  first  opened 
up  to  me  what  seemed  like  a  revelation — with  what  inten- 
sity I  set  myself  to  master  the  wonderful  history — and  the 
boyish  despair  I  felt  when  I  came  to  the  Vireos !  The  very 
name  was  a  mystery  without  a  meaning,  with  a  foreign  sound, 
unlike  Thrush,  Warbler,  or  Sparrow,  and  there  was  such  a  lot 
of  these  little  myths,  all  alike  greenish !  I  should  have  scouted 
the  idea,  had  any  one  presented  it,  that  there  were  any  more 
Yireos  in  the  world  than  Audubon  knew  j  and  that  I  should 
ever  discover  a  new  one  myself  would  have  seemed  like  a 
feverish  dream. 

The  type-specimen  of  Vireo  pusillus  was  shot  on  Date  Creek, 
in  Arizona,  June  6,  1865,  but  under  circumstances  that  left  me 
no  opportunity  of  observing  it  at  my  leisure;  and  I  never  saw 
it  again  during  my  residence  in  tbe  Territory.  We  were  travel- 
ling hastily  and  uncomfortably  on  one  of  the  raids  upon  Apaches 
that  we  occasionally  made  from  headquarters  at  Fort  Whipple, 
when  the  loud  and  melodious  song  of  a  Vireo  attracted  my 
attention,  and  I  lost  no  time  in  securing  the  interesting  bird. 
It  was  a  female,  who  doubtless  had  her  eggs  or  young  near  by, 
though  the  occasion  was  not  one  of  the  most  propitious  for 
birds'-nesting.  The  same  species  had  been  previously  taken  by 
Dr.  Cooper  at  San  Diego,  and  still  earlier  by  Mr.  Xantus  at 
Cape  St.  Lucas,  but  it  remained  undescribed  until  the  follow- 
ing year,  when  I  overhauled  my  Arizona  collections  at  the 
Smithsonian  in  Washington. 


SYNONYMY    OF   VIREO   ATEICAPILLUS  533 

Mr.  Kidgway  has  since  found  the  Least  Vireo  to  be  abundant 
in  the  vicinity  of  Sacramento,  where  he  discovered  a  nest;  and 
several  other  observers,  notably  Mr.  Heushaw,  have  met  with 
it  in  various  portions  of  Arizona.  It  does  not  appear  to  reach 
the  more  elevated  parts  of  that  Territory,  in  the  pine-belt  of 
which  Vireo  vicinior  is  found  and  V.  plumbeus  is  abundant. 
Its  habits,  as  far  as  known,  correspond  closely  with  those  of 
BelPs  and  the  White-eyed  Yireo ;  and  Dr.  Brewer  describes  two 
nests  from  Arizona  as  substantially  like  those  of  the  former 
species.  Each  contained  three  eggs,  and  in  one  of  them  there 
was  also  a  Cowbird  egg,  supposed,  from  its  small  size,  to  have 
been  laid  by  Molothrus  obscurus.  The  Vireo's  eggs  measured 
0.69  by  0.56,  and  were  of  crystalline  whiteness,  speckled  with 
red  and  reddish-brown — the  markings  being  very  minute  and 
scarcely  discernible  in  some  cases,  in  others  larger  and  more 
distinct. 

Black-capped  Greenlet 

Vireo  atricapillus 

Vireo  atricapilla,  Woodh.  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  Apr.  1852, 60  (Rio  San  Pedro,  Texas).— Bd.  Rep. 

Great  Salt  Lake,  1852, 328.—  Woodh.  Rep.  Zuni  &  Colo.  R.  1853,  75,  pL  1. 
Vireo  atricapillus,  Cass.  Illust.  B.  Cal.  &  Tex.  1854, 153,  pL  24.— Bd.  BNA.  1858, 337.— Bd. 

U.  S.  &  Mex.  B.  Surv.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1859 ;  Birds,  p.  12  (Devil's  River,  Texas).— Bd.  Rev.  AB. 

1866,  353,  fig.— Coop.  B.  Cal.  L  1870, 121.— Corns,  Key,  1872, 124.-5.  B.  &  B.  NAB.  i.  1874, 

383,  pL  17,  f.  6  (Mazatlan). 
Black-headed  or  Black-capped  Vireo,  Authors. 

HAB.— Texas  to  Mazatlan. 

CH.  SP. — Eemigibus  x.  $  olivaceus  infra  albus  lateribus  viren- 
tibus,  alis  albido  bifasciatls,  rostra  pileo  genisque  nigris,  lor  is 
orbitisque  albis.  ?  9  pileo  schistaceo. 

$ :  Top  and  side  of  the  head  black,  excepting  a  white  eye-ring  and  white 
loral  stripe.  Upper  parts  olivaceous ;  lower  parts  white,  tinged  with  pale 
greenish  on  the  sides  and  flanks.  Wings  and  tail  blackish,  edged  with 
olivaceous,  the  former  with  two  dingy  whitish  bars  across  the  ends  of  the 
greater  and  median  coverts  j  lining  of  wings  yellowish.  Bill  black ;  feet 
dark ;  iris  red.  Length,  4f ;  extent,  7£  ;  wing,  2J  ;  tail,  nearly  2 ;  bill,  -J ; 
tarsus,  £ ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  i ;  first  primary  exposed  for  f-  of  an  inch. 

A  specimen  from  Mazatlan,  supposed  to  be  a  female,  is  described  by  Baird 
and  Ridgway  as  having  the  black  of  the  head  replaced  by  dark  slate  color, 
the  upper  parts  duller  olive,  the  lower  somewhat  buffy.  The  black  cap  of 
the  male  renders  the  species  conspicuous  among  all  its  congeners. 

NO  more  than  four  specimens  of  this  very  rare  Vireo  are 
known  to  naturalists.    Dr.  S.  W.  Woodhouse,  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  species,  procured  two  males  in  Western  Texas, 
near  the  head  of  the  Eio  San  Pedro,  on  tho  26th  of  May,  1851. 


534         THE  BLACK-CAPPED  GEEENLET 

The  following  year  it  was  described  by  him  in  the  Philadelphia 
Academy's  "Proceedings",  and  an  indifferent  figure  was  given 
soon  after  in  Captain  Sitgreaves's  Beport.  In  1854,  Mr,  Cassin 
published  a  handsome  colored  plate,  of  life  size,  taken  from  one 
of  the  original  specimens.  About  the  same  time,  and  in  the 
same  locality,  Mr.  J.  H.  Clark,  one  of  the  naturalists  of  the 
Mexican  Boundary  Commission,  procured  another  specimen, 
which  was  described  by  Baird  in  1858.  Our  knowledge  rested 
entirely  upon  these  data,  supplemented  by  the  brief  field-notes 
which  each  of  the  naturalists  mentioned  communicated  to 
Mr.  Cassin,  until  Col.  A.  J.  Graysou  secured  at  Mazatlan  a 
fourth  specimen,  probably  a  female,  which  Baird  and  Kidgway 
noted  in  the  u  History  of  North  American  Birds".  This 
example  is  interesting,  not  only  as  indicating  probably  some 
sexual  differences  in  this  species,  but  also  as  extending  the 
known  habitat,  hitherto  represented  by  a  single  locality  in 
Southwestern  Texas.  We  may  safely  infer  that  the  rare  and 
curious  bird  will  yet  be  found  at  intermediate  points  in  JSTew 
Mexico  and  Arizona  ;  meanwhile,  we  await  with  interest  fur- 
ther contributions  to  its  life-history. 


CHAPTER  XVII.— SHRIKES 


FAM.   LANIIDCE 

THE  present  chapter  concludes  a  series  of  families  by  some 
called  Dentirostres,  from  the  circumstance  that  the  bill 
as  a  rule  presents  a  more  or  less  obvious  nick  in  the  cutting 
edge  of  the  upper  mandible  near  the  end,  and  sometimes  quite 
a  "tooth"  is  developed  just  back  of  the  nick.  Such  structure 
is  particularly  well  marked  in  the  Vireos,  which  appear  to  be 
closely  related  to  the  Shrikes,  and  it  may  be  seen  in  most  of 
the  Turdiue,  Sylvicoline,  and  other  birds  we  have  already  con- 
sidered. In  the  Shrikes,  which  we  now  come  to  examine, 
this  character  is  found  in  its  highest  development;  the 
Laniidce  being  characterized  by  the  notched,  toothed,  and 
hooked  bill,  the  size,  shape,  and  strength  of  which  make  it 
quite  like  that  of  a  bird  of  prey,  in  combination  with  small, 
weak,  and  thoroughly  Passerine  feet.  Nevertheless,  the  family 
is  quite  a  large  one,  consisting  of  numerous  genera  and  some 
two  hundred  nominal  species,  which  differ  so  much  in  details 
of  structure  that  strict  definition  of  the  family  is  scarcely 
practicable.  I  find  no  satisfactory  diagnosis  of  the  group  in 
its  entirety,  nor  am  I  prepared  to  furnish  one;  and  authors 
disagree  very  cordially  respecting  the  natural  limitation  of 
the  family.  It  was  formerly  held  to  be  much  more  extensive 
than  it  is  now  usually  admitted  to  be,  having  included  the 
Thamnophilince,  Vireonidce,  and  some  other  groups  which  have 
since  been  elsewhere  assigned  or  allowed  to  stand  by  them- 
selves. The  Laniidce  of  Gray  consist  of  three  subfamilies, 
the  PachycephalincBj  Laniince,  and  Malaconotince,  the  second  of 
which  may  be  regarded  as  the  central  or  typical  group. 
The  family  is  thoroughly  Old  World,  only  two  species  of  a 
single  genus  occurring  in  America. 

535 


536 


THE    GENUS   LANIUS 


SUBFAMIY  LANIIN^E:  TYPICAL  SHRIKES 

This  group  is  perfectly  illustrated    by  its  typical  genus 
j  the  only  one  with  which  we  have  here  to  do. 

Genus  LANIUS  (Linnaeus) 

Falco  sp.,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  1735. 

Ampelis  sp.,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  1748. 

Coll)  rio,  Mcehring,  Gen.  Av.  1752, 28  (not  available).-  Gray,  G.  of  B.— Bd.  BNA.  1858,  323. 

Lanius  p.,  Linn.  Syst  Nat.  1758. 

Lanius  p.,  Briss.  Orn.  ii.  1760, 140. 

Lanius  p.,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  1766. 

Lanius  of  most  Authors. 

Collurio,  Vigors,  PZS.  1831, 42.— Bd.  Eev.  AB.  1866, 437.    (Not  of  Kanp,  1829.) 

CHARS. — Wing  of  ten  primaries,  and  tail  of  twelve  rectrices, 
both  rounded  in  shape,  and  of  nearly  equal  lengths.  Point  of 
the  wing  formed  by  the  3d,  4th,  and  5th  quills,  the  2d  not 
longer  than  the  6th,  and  the  1st  about  half  as  long  as  the  3d. 
Tarsus  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  in  length  the  middle  toe 
and  claw,  strongly  scutellate  in  front,  and  with  the  outer 
lateral  plate  usually  more  or  less  subdivided,  as  is  unusual 
among  Oscines.  Lateral  toes  of  about  equal  lengths,  their  claws 
reaching  to  the  base  of  the  middle  claw ;  inner  toe  cleft  nearly 

to  the  base,  the  outer  more 
extensively  coherent  with  the 
basal  joint  of  the  middle  toe. 
Feet  large  and  strong,  but 
without  specially  "  raptorial " 
development  either  of  the 
digits  or  of  their  claws.  Bill 
large  and  powerful,  com- 
pressed, deep,  completely 
notched  and  toothed,  and 
strongly  hooked,  presenting  the  full  accomplishment  of  a 
raptorial  character.  Bictus  ample  and  deeply  cleft,  and 
strongly  bristled ;  gonys  short,  only  about  half  the  length 
of  the  lower  mandible.  Nostrils  circular  or  nearly  so,  placed 
well  forward  in  the  nasal  fossa,  more  or  less  perfectly  over- 
hung and  concealed  by  tufts  of  antrorse  bristly  feathers. 

Body  stout j  neck  short;  head  relatively  large.  Coloration 
simple,  the  black,  white,  and  bluish  or  grayish  tints  being 
unrelieved  by  red  or  other  bright  color. 


FIG.  65.— Bills  of  Shrikes. 


EXCURSUS  ON  THE  NAMES  OF  SHRIKES     537 

Of  the  genus  as  restricted  to  include  only  the  species  that 
conform  to  the  foregoing  diagnosis,  there  are  about  nine  well- 
determined  species,  inhabiting  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and 
North  America. 

§  1. — On  the  Use  and  Meaning  of  Shrikes'  Names 

It  is  a  very  nice  question,  What  is  the  proper  name  of  this 
genus  under  the  current  rules  of  nomenclature  ?  The  answer 
depends  upon  two  important  points,  neither  of  which  has  been 
definitely  determined.  One  of  these  points  is,  the  date  to  which 
we  may  be  permitted  to  go  back  to  find  a  tenable  generic  name  5 
the  other  is,  by  what  method  we  may  discover  the  type  of  a 
LinnaBan  genus  when,  as  in  the  present  case,  it  covers  more  than 
one  LinnaBan  species.  The  present  instance  may  be  made  to 
furnish  an  important  precedent,  as  it  certainly  answers  all  the 
requirements  of  a  test  case. 

George  Kobert  Gray,  who  paid  great  attention  to  loosing 
synonymatic  knots  according  to  certain  consistent,  if  not  the 
most  judicious,  rules,  adopts  the  name  Collyrio,  Mcehring,  1752, 
and  his  example  was  followed  by  Baird  in  1858.  He  goes  back 
for  genera  to  1735,  the  date  of  the  first  edition  of  the  Systema 
NaturaB,  taking  any  applicable  name  he  finds,  of  date  1735  or 
later.  As  Linnasus  named  no  genus  of  Shrikes  until  the  10th 
edition  of  his  System,  1758,  Mcehring's  term  Collyrio,  1752, 
clearly  has  priority. 

The  exceptions  which  most  ornithologists,  myself  among  the 
number,  would  take  to  this  course,  are  several.  In  the  first 
place,  we  are  not  to  go  back  of  the  date  of  establishment  of  the 
binomial  nomenclature  for  any  names,  whether  generic  or 
specific.  Though  the  Linnasan  rules  were  first  definitely 
promulgated  in  the  Philosophia  Botanica,  published  in  1751, 
the  first  instance  of  the  consistent  use  of  the  nomen  triviale,  or 
the  second  term  of  the  binomial  nomenclature,  is  in  the 
LinnaBan  Species  Plantarum,  1753,  which  the  botanists  gen- 
erally concur  in  adopting  as  their  starting-point;  but  the  bino- 
mial nomenclature  was  not  consistently  applied  by  Linna3us  to 
zoology  until  the  10th  edition  of  the  Systema  NaturaB,  1758.  G. 
E.  Gray  himself  does  not  go  behind  this  edition  for  his  specific 
names ;  and  most  ornithologists  are  unwilling  to  go  back  of  the 
12th  edition,  1766,  for  any  names  whatever,  with  one  special 
exception,  in  favor  of  Brisson's  genera.  It  is  urgently  required 


538     EXCURSUS  ON  THE  NAMES  OF  SHRIKES 

for  the  stability  of  scientific  nomenclature  to  have  some  fixed 
starting-point,  what  one  being  a  matter  of  less  consequence. 
It  is  also  highly  desirable  that  the  initial  point  should  be  the 
same  for  both  generic  and  specific  terms.  In  the  case  of  the 
latter,  the  ornithologist  cannot  go  back  of  1758,  which  I 
strongly  recommend  to  be  taken  as  our  starting-point,  there 
being  various  sound  reasons  why  it  is  more  eligible  than  17G6. 
Ornithologists,  and,  in  fact,  naturalists  at  large,  are  about 
equally  divided  on  this  special  point  j  the  present  tendency  in 
this  country  is  to  "take  Linna3us  at  1758",  and  this  is  the 
course  I  adopt  in  my  own  writings.  Mo3hriug's  genera  are  of 
course  thrown  out  by  this  limitation  of  time. 

Supposing,  however,  that  for  generic  names  we  may  revert  to 
1751  or  even  to  1735,  either  of  which  dates  leaves  Mo3hriug  in, 
the  question  arises  whether  an  author  who  does  not  conform  to 
the  requirements  of  a  system  of  nomenclature  shall  be  allowed 
to  impose  names  to  the  prejudice  of  the  names  of  others  who  do 
conform  to  such  system.  With  a  saving  clause  for  the  genera, 
but  not  the  species,  of  Brisson  (1760),  ornithologists  are  nearly 
unanimous  that  those  who  are  not  binomenclators  have  no 
rights  we  are  bound  to  respect  in. nomenclature.  By  those  who 
hold  to  this  ruling,  Mcehring  is  to  be  thrown  out  of  court  on 
this  count  also,  as  he  did  not  deal  at  all  with  specific  names* 

Discarding  Coltyrio  of  Mcehring,  therefore,  as  untenable  upon 
one  or  both  of  the  foregoing  considerations,  we  take  up  the 
next  name  in  order,  which  is  Lanius  L.,  1758.  Admitting  the 
name  as  of  this  date,  the  question  arises,  For  which  one  of 
the  modern  genera  of  Shrikes  must  Lanius  be  retained?  It 
cannot,  of  course,  be  abolished,  nor  is  it  yet  available  in  its 
original  acceptation,  for  Linnaeus  made  it  cover  not  only  all 
the  Shrikes  he  knew,  but  also  the  several  other  birds  of  differ- 
ent families  which  he  wrongly  considered  to  be  Shrikes;  it 
must,  therefore,  be  used  in  a  new  and  much  restricted  sense 
for  some  one  of  the  several  valid  genera  of  the  family — for 
which  one,  however,  cannot  be  easily  decided.  Linnaeus  speci- 
fied no  type,  and  he,  moreover,  made  his  generic  characters 
comprehensive  enough  to  more  than  apply  to  the  whole  family. 
Failing  any  criterion  in  this  and  other  Linnaean  cases,  by  which 
the  author's  meaning  can  be  ascertained  with  the  precision 
requisite  for  the  purposes  of  modern  classification,  or  the  appli- 
cability of  his  generic  name  be  narrowed  to  the  required  limits, 
we  are  driven  to  an  entirely  arbitrary  course.  This  is,  to  elect 


EXCURSUS  ON  THE  NAMES  OF  SHRIKES     539 

some  one  species  as  type  of  the  genus,  affix  the  original  name 
to  this,  and  then  apply  other  names  to  the  other  generic  groups 
at  our  discretion ;  such  being  practically  the  universal  custom. 

Gray's  rule  appears  to  be,  to  select  as  the  type  the  first 
species  given  under  the  head  of  the  genus ;  and  accordingly 
he  considers  L.  cristatus  (which  is  an  Indian  species)  as  the 
type  of  the  genus  Lanius  Linn.,  1758.  The  rule  works  well 
enough  in  some  cases,  but  obviously  cannot  be  rigidly  en- 
forced. Dire  confusion  would  follow  the  attempt  to  carry  it 
out  to  its  full  consequences.  Scores,  if  not  hundreds,  of  cases 
might  be  cited,  in  which  such  a  course  is  clearly  impracticable. 

It  is  impracticable,  for  instance,  in  this  very  case  of  Lanius, 
for  in  1766,  in  the  12th  edition,  the  first  species  given  under 
Lanius  is  L.  forficatus ;  whence  it  is  clear  that  Linna3us  had 
no  particular  type  in  view. 

Eecognizing  such  points,  naturalists  agree  that  a  writer  who 
subdivides  a  typeless  genus  may  restrict  the  original  name  to 
any  section  he  chooses,  and  rename  the  rest,  and  that  his  action 
in  these  premises  shall  be  in  effect  the  same  as  if  he  himself  had 
first  proposed  the  name. 

The  genus  Lanius  continued  for  some  years  to  be  used  in 
substantially  its  LinnaBan  acceptation ;  but  presently  various 
species  of  Linna3an  Lanius  were  made  the  types  of  successive 
new  genera.  Though  the  authors  proposing  these  new  names 
did  not  formally  subdivide  the  genus,  we  may  concede  that 
their  action  was  tantamount  to  this.  In  1817,  the  Lanius  forfi- 
catus of  Linnaeus,  1763,  became  the  type  of  Edolius  of  Cuvier ; 
in  1826,  the  Lanius  collurio  of  Linna3us  was  made  by  Boie  the 
type  of  his  genus  Enneoctonus  ;  in  1829,  Kaup  used  Collurio  for 
what  Boie  had  called  Enneoctonus,  and  also  proposed  Phoneus 
for  another  closely  related  section ;  in  1831,  Vigors  used 
Collurio  for  the  group  of  which  L.  excubitor  Linn,  is  the  type. 
Not  to  go  further  into  the  record,  it  may  be  said,  in  fine,  that 
every  name  which  authors  have  imposed  upon  species  of  the 
LinnaBan  Lanius  has  been  based  upon  some  other  section  of  the 
genius  than  that  of  which  L.  excubitor  is  typical,  down  to 
Collurio  Vigors,  1831,  which  latter  is  antedated  by  Collurio 
Kaup,  1829.  Whence  it  appears  that  if  Lanius  is  not  tenable 
for  L.  excubitor,  it  is  not  tenable  at  all.  Yet  it  cannot  be 
abolished  entirely. 

It  is  with  no  little  satisfaction  that  I  find  myself  able  to 
restore  the  name  Lanius  to  the  present  genus,  upon  principles 


540     EXCURSUS  ON  THE  NAMES  OF  SHRIKES 

of  nomenclature  which  are  recognized  by  the  great  majority  of 
naturalists.    I  submit  the  following  resum6  of  the  argument : — 

1.  Collyrio  Mrehring,  1752,  is  not  available,  being  given  by 
a  non-binomialist  prior  to  the  establishment  of  the  binomial 
nomenclature. 

2.  Lanius  LinnaBus,  1758  and  1766,  has  no  specified  type ; 
no  type  can  be  inferred  except  by  the  arbitrary  method  of 
considering  the  first  species  given  by  LinnaBus  as  typical ;  such 
assumed  type  is  different  in  1758  and  in  1766 ;  in  subdividing 
the  genus,  an  author  is  free  to  make  any  one  of  the  LinnaBan 
species  of  Lanius  the  type  of  a  new  genus. 

3.  All  the  genera  which  have  in  fact  been  proposed  for  species 
which  were  included  by  Linnasus  in  Lanius  are  based  upon 
other  species  than  L.  excubitor  and  its  allies,  excepting  Collurio 
Yig.,  1831,  which  is  antedated  by  Collurio  Kaup,  1829,  the  lat- 
ter being  based  upon  a  species  of  a  different  genus,  to  wit, 
Enneoctonus  Boie,  1826. 

4.  Lanius  therefore,  in  a  restricted  sense,  becomes  tenable 
for  the  genus  of  which  excubitor  is  typical,  upon  that  exclusion 
of  the  several  heterogeneous  elements  which  authors  have 
successively  effected,  and  it  is  untenable  for  any  other  genus, 
all  the  rest  having  been  provided  with  other  names. 

From  such  considerations  of  the  technical  aspects  of  the  case 
which  affect  our  nomenclature,  the  transition  is  easy  and  natural 
to  the  signification  of  these  names,  and  their  original  applica- 
tion to  the  birds  of  the  present  genus. 

KoMupiwv  is  used  by  Aristotle  as  the  name  of  a  bird,  of  what 
kind,  however,  cannot  be  determined.  Sundevall  does  not 
identify  the  name,  and  the  lexicons,  some  of  which  do  not  give 
it  at  all,  merely  define  it  as  the  name  of  some  bird — "  avis 
gucedam  incerta".  INor  do  I  know  the  etymology  of  the  word; 
none  of  the  authorities  consulted  give  any  derivation;  it 
has  no  obvious  connection  with  the  Greek  xottuptov,  which  was 
a  kind  of  medicament,  either  an  eye-salve  or  a  suppository, 
according  to  different  definitions,  and  which  in  the  Latin  shape 
of  collyrium  is  now  a  common  medical  term  for  an  eye-wash. 
From  xoMuptwv  comes  the  familiar  term  Collyrio  or  Collurio, 
used  both  in  a  generic  and  a  specific  sense  in  modern  orni- 
thology. 

Gesner  indeed  treat*  "de  Collvrione",  but  only  briefly,  and 
evidently  without  any  clear  idea  of  what  Aristotle  meant  by  the 


EXCURSUS  ON  THE  NAMES  OF  SHRIKES     541 

term.  He  rather  makes  it  out  to  be  a  kind  of  Thrush,  and  cites 
the  opinion  of  William  Turner,  to  the  effect  that  it  was  the  bird 
called  by  the  English  the  Fieldfare.  He  treats  of  the  European 
Shrikes  in  another  part  of  his  work,  under  a  name  of  his  own. 
The  name  "Lanius",  which  means  a  butcher  or  executioner, 
was  excellently  well  chosen  by  Gesner  to  designate  these 
sanguinary  birds,  which  had  at  that  early  day  already  made 
their  reputation  for  rapacity.  That  this  was  the  first  use  of 
the  term  in  such  connection,  for  birds  which  Gesner  could  not 
identify  with  those  described  by  any  previous  author,  appears 
from  the  subjoined  quotation.*  Gesner  distinguishes  two 
European  species,  giving  a  figure  of  each,  one  of  his  notices 
being  "de  Laniis,  et  primvm  de  cinereo";  the  other  "de  alio 
Laiiiorvm  genere  inaiore".  Of  his  Lanius  cinereus,  which  is 
cited  by  Linnaeus  as  one  of  the  bases  of  his  L.  cxcubitor, 
Gesner  says  that  it  was  called  in  German  Thorntraer  or  Thorn- 
kresser,  "  quasi  torquispinum  vel  spinilaniuin  ",  showing  that 
in  his  time  one  of  the  marked  habits  of  the  Shrike  was  already 
a  matter  of  common  report.  He  also  mentions  that  the  bird 
was  called  in  some  places  N&nt6der  or  Nunmorder,  that  is  to 
say,  Nine-killer,  from  the  vulgar  belief  that  this  was  exactly 
the  number  of  birds  which  the  Shrike  was  wont  to  destroy 
daily.  This  curious  tradition  survives  to  the  present  day,  as 
witness  the  name  u  Nine-killer  ",  still  sometimes  heard;  and  it 
also  gave  rise  to  Boie's  generic  name  Enneoctonus.  Gesner  is 
less  happy  in  his  attempt  to  give  the  English  equivalent  of  his 
bird's  name,  which  he  renders  ashirJce  anymurder  (sic  in  the 
copy  before  me ;  the  fact  being,  that  the  Shrike  does  not  shirk 
anymurder  it  can  commit!  This  author  very  often  mistook 
our  indefinite  article  for  a  part  of  the  word  succeeding  it,  and 
the  printer  may  be  answerable  for  the  rest  of  the  blunder).  In 
another  place,  however,  we  find  the  word  "  Shrike  "  under  the 
quasi-Latin  form  of  schricum.  The  derivation  of  this  English 
word  is  from  shriek,  one  of  a  set  of  words,  like  screak,  squeak, 
screech,  and  numberless  others,  in  different  languages  and 
under  various  forms,  which  signify  shrill  kinds  of  outcry.  The 
Anglo-Saxon  name  of  the  bird  was  Scric,  and  in  the  Danish 

*  "  Lanivm  cinereum  nostrum,  alij  aliter  Latine  Grseceve  nominal!  posse 
coniecerunt,  ego  cum  nulli  veterum  description!  satis  earn  accedere  viderem, 
nouo  nomine  lanium  appellare  malui :  quod  in  alias  aues  non  solum  so 
rainores,  sed  maiores  etiam  aliquas  laniaudo  saBuire  soleat."  (Quoted  from 
the  ed.  of  1617,  which  may  not  be  literally  true  to  the  orig.  ed.  1555.) 


542  THE    AMERICAN    SPECIES    OF    LANIUS 

we  find  Slirika.  The  ordinary  French  name,  Piegrieche,  is 
simply  pica  grceca,  or  Greek  Pie.  The  name  excubitor,  adopted 
by  LinuaBus  for  one  of  the  species,  is  the  Latin  word  meaning 
a  sentinel  (literally,  an  "  outlier").  It  is  no  less  happily  chosen 
than  Lanius,  referring  as  it  does  to  a  characteristic  habit 
of  the  Shrikes,  which  is  to  perch  in  wait  for  their  prey,  like 
sentinels. 

§2.—  On  the  American  Species  of  Lanius 

No  more  than  two  American  species  of  this  genus  (one  of 
them,  however,  being  represented  by  two  geographical  races) 
have  been  satisfactorily  established,  though  a  large  number 
have  been  successively  ascribed  to  this  country  by  different 
writers.  It  is  the  object  of  the  present  article  to  pass  these 
several  alleged  species  in  critical  review,  in  chronological 
order,  and  see  what  they  amount  to. 

1.  LANIUS  EXCUBITOR,  L.    The  well-known  European  spe- 
cies, wrongly  ascribed  to  North  America  by  Forster,  Wilson, 
and  others,  whose  accounts  are  to  be  turned  over  to  L.  borealis 
Vieill.,  to  which  they  actually  refer. 

2.  LANIUS  LUDOVICIANUS,  Briss.    (See  the  full  synonymy 
givon  beyond,  p.  561.) 

This  name  has  had  a  checquered  and  rather  curious  history. 
We  first  find  it  in  Brisson,  ii.  1760,  162,  covering  an  excellent 
description  of  a  bird,  now  well  known  as  the  "Loggerhead 
Shrike",  said  to  be  from  the  then  extensive  and  rather  indefi- 
nite region  of  "Louisiana";  and  the  account  is  accompanied  by 
a  figure  (pi.  xv.  f.  2),  which  we  have  no  difficulty  in  recognizing, 
after  we  are  informed  what  it  is  meant  for.  This  same  u  Pie- 
griesche  de  la  Louisiana"  of  Brisson  became  the  Liunsean 
Lanius  ludovicianus,  and  all  is  plain  sailing  so  far,  though 
Linna3us  did  not  give  a  quite  accurate  diagnosis.  But  the 
compilers  promptly  attacked  the  bird,  and  made  sad  havoc  with 
their  operations  at  second-hand.  Thus,  in  Latham's  Synopsis, 
i.  162,  where  Brisson  and  Linna3us  are  both  correctly  cited,  we 
are  wrongly  referred  to  PL  Enlurnine'e,  no.  397,  which  is  not 
a  Shrike  at  all,  but  apparently  a  species  of  Thamnophilus. 
Gmelin  naturally  copies  the  mistake,  through  his  habit  of 
indiscriminate  compilation,  and  also  misquotes  Brisson,  citing 
the  name  canadensis,  instead  of  ludoviclanus,  though  he  gives 
the  page  and  plate  of  the  latter  correctly.  Next,  in  the  Index 


THE    AMERICAN    SPECIES    OF   LANIUS  543 

Ornithologicus,  Latham  proceeds  to  mix  up  the  true  L.  ludomci- 
amts  with  a  third  species,  namely,  the  "Black-crowned  Shrike" 
of  Pennant  (=  L.  americanus  Gm.),  which  he  brings  in  here 
probably  because  Pennant  merely  surmised  that  his  own 
Black-crowned  Shrike  "seems  to  be77  Brisson's  L.  ludomdanus. 
Finally,  all  these  mistakes  are  repeated  by  Latham  in  his  general 
History,  with  a  climax  of  error  in  the  surmise  that  his  L.  ludo- 
vicianus  (now  become  a  thoroughly  composite  species,  having 
no  existence  in  nature)  might  be  a  variety  of  his  L.  nengeta! — 
which  latter  is  itself  an  equally  composite  bird.  This  is, 
indeed,  "  confusion  worse  confounded  ". 

Thus,  as  Swainson  well  remarks  (FBA.  ii.  119),  "let  us 
remember  that  we  first  began  to  lose  sight  of  the  true  L.  Ludo- 
mdanus by  an  unlucky  error  in  the  Sy  sterna  Natures  [where 
Linnseus  gave  a  faulty  description];  that  it  became  more 
obscure  in  Gmelin's  compilation  ;  and  that  it  was  finally  lost 
in  the  Index  Ornithologicus,  the  Ludovidanus  of  which  work 
and  of  the  General  History  is  an  imaginary  bird  [i.  e.  a  com- 
posite species]." 

It  may  be  further  observed,  that  there  is  in  Gmelin  another 
"Lanius  ludovicianus"  (Lanius  tyrannus,  <5,  ludomdanus),  which 
is  an  entirely  different  bird,  namely,  the  Kingbird,  Tyrannus 
carolinensis. 

3.  LANIUS  CANADENSIS,  L.  SN.  i.  134,  n.  4.    (Pie-griesche  de 
Canada,  Lanius  canadensis,  BRISS.  Orn.  ii.  171,  pi.  18,  f.  3. — Pie- 
grieche  Jiupp6e  de  Canada,  BUFF.  PL  Enlum.  479,  f.  2. — Four- 
millier  liuppe,  BUFF.  Hist.  Nat.  iv.  476. — Crested  Shrike,  LATH. 
Syn.  i.  182,  n.  35;    PENN.  AZ.  239,  n.  129.— Lanius  cana- 
densis,  GM.  SN.  298  (=  Linn.);  LATH.  IO.  ii.  72  (=Linn.).— 
Lanius  atricapillus,  GM.  SN.  303.— Turdus  cirrhatus,  GM.  SN. 
826. — Lanius  pileatus,  LATH.  IO.  i.  76. —  Tyrannus  atricapillus, 
V.  OAS.  78,  pi.  48.— T.  canadensis,  V.  OAS.  79,  pi.  49.)    This 
is  neither  a  Shrike  nor  a  North  American  bird,  being  a  species 
of    ThamnopMlus  of   Cayenne,   &c.,   originally  described   by 
Brisson  from  "Canada",  probably  by  mistake  for  Cayenne. 

4.  LANIUS  AMERICANUS,  Gm.  Syst.  Nat.  i.  1788,  308,  n.  48. 
This  is  based  upon  the  "Black-crowned  Shrike r  of  Pennant, 
AZ.  ii.  1785,  238,  n.  128,  said  to  inhabit  "North  America". 
Though  Pennant  says  it  "seems  to  be"  the  same  as  BETS- 
SON,  ii.  162  (=L.  ludovicianus)  and  LATHAM,  Synopsis,  i.  162 
(  =  Louisiane  Shrike),  his  bird  is  clearly  not  a,  Lanius;  nor  is  it 
a  North  American  bird  at  all.    Latham  reproduces  a  "Lauiiis 


544  THE    AMERICAN    SPECIES    OF   LANIUS 

Americanos"  in  his  Index  Ornithologicus,  i.  69,  n.  9,  basing 
it,  however,  solely  upon  the  Pie-griesche  de  la  Louislane,  PI. 
Enlum.  397. 

5.  LANIUS  NATKA,  Gm.  Syst.  Nat.  i.  1788,  309,  n.  50  (=!/. 
nootka,  LATH.  TO.  i.  1790,  80,  n.  48 5  V.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823,  735). 
This  is  based  upon  the  "Natka  Shrike77  of  PENNANT,  AZ.  ii. 
1785,  239,  n.  130,  described  as  from  Nootka  Sound.    It  has 
never  been  satisfactorily  identified,  but  is  evidently  not  a  true 
Lanius,  and  probably  not  a  North  American  bird  at  all. 

6.  LANIUS  SEPTENTRIONALIS,  Qm.  Syst.  Nat.  i.  1788,  306,  n. 
37;  LATH.  IO.  i.  1790,  76,  n.  30;  V.  Ency.  Me"th.  ii.  1823,  732, 
is  based  upon  the  "  Northern  Shrike"  of  LATHAM,  Syn.  i.  165, 
n.  11,  described  from  "  the  northern  parts  of  America".    Bona- 
parte and  some  other  authors  revived  the  name  for  use  in 
connection  with  L.  borealis,  to  which,  however,  it  cannot  be 
properly  referred.     The    species    remains    unidentified,  and 
probably  cannot  be  now  made  out. 

7.  LANIUS  GRISCUS,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1791,  p.  289  Ms.    This 
name  may  have  been  intended  to  cover  the  larger  of  our  two 
species,  L.  borealis,  as  it  is  ascribed  to  Pennsylvania,  in  dis- 
tinction from  another  species  accredited  to  Florida;  but  the 
account  given  does  not  suffice  to  decide  the  point. 

8.  LANIUS  GARRULUS,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1791,  p.  289  Ms.   Un- 
doubtedly intended  for  the  Southern  species,  L.  ludovicianus, 
but  insufficiently  described. 

9.  LANIUS  BOREALIS,  Vieill.  GAS.  i.  1807, 90,  pi.  50.    (See  the 
full  synonymy  beyond,  p.  558.)    Here  we  have  the  first  unmis- 
takable and  exclusive  description  of  the  larger  of  our  two 
species,  which  had  long  previously  been  known,  indeed,  but 
referred  to  the  European  L.  excuMtor.    Vieillot's  bird  appears 
to  have  been  first  taken  up  by  Swain  son,  whose  identification 
has  been  accepted  by  Audubon,  Baird,  and  later  writers  gen- 
erally, though  the  bird  was  for  a  while  called  by  the  unavail- 
able name  of  septentrionalis,  which  Swain  son  very  properly 
refused  to  recognize.     Yieillot  describes  his  bird   minutely, 
leaving  no  doubt  of  what  he  meant,  and  in  the  Encyclopedic 
Me*thodique  he  cites  Wilson's  plate  5,  f.  1. 

10.  LANIUS  ARDOSIACUS,   Vieill.  OAS.  i.  1807,  81,  pi.  51. 
This  species  is  less  satisfactorily  characterized  than  the  other 
one  which  Vieillot  describes,  but  the  sum  and  substance  of  the 
account  leaves  no  necessary  doubt  that  it  is  the  Loggerhead 
Shrike,  L.  ludomcianus  of  Brisson.    Swainson  indeed,  who  dis- 


THE   AMERICAN    SPECIES    OF   LANIUS  545 

cusses  it  elaborately,  comes  to  the  conclusion  that  it  is  "an  im- 
aginary species",  that  is  to  say,  compounded  of  two;  but  his 
argument  in  this  case  does  not  seem  to  me  sound.  He  admits, 
in  fact,  that  were  it  not  for  a  certain  u  if"  which  seems  to  me 
quite  immaterial,  he  "should  have  at  once  concluded  that  his 
[Vieillot's]  ardosiaceus  was  the  same  bird  as  Wilson's  Caroli- 
nensis  ". 

11.  LANIUS  CAROLINENSIS,  Wils.  Am.  Orn.  iii.  1811,  57,  pi. 
22,  f.  5.    Wilson  gave  us  two  species  of  Shrikes,  one  of  which, 
"L.  excubitor"  Wils.,  nee  L.,  is  the  L.  borealis  of  Vieillot  ;  and 
the  other,  to  which  Wilson  gave  the  new  name  of  carolinensis, 
is  the  L.  ludovicianus  of  Brisson  and  Linnaeus. 

12.  LANIUS  EXCUBITORIDES,  Sw.  FBA.  ii.  1831, 115,  pi.  34. 
(See  the  full  synonymy  beyond,  p.  562.)     Swainson's  descrip- 
tion and  beautiful  figure  first  brought  to  notice  the  most 
common  and  widely  distributed  species  of  Shrike  of  North 
America — borealis  being  rather  northerly,  and  typical  ludovici- 
anus being  chiefly  confined  to  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
States.    No  doubt,  Swainson's  bird  had  been  seen  before,  and 
it  may  actually  be  involved  in  some  of  our  accounts  of  each  of 
the  other  species,  but  without  being  recognized  as  different 
from  either  one  of  them.    It  is,  in  fine,  the  usual  style  of 
Shrike  of  the  United  States,  and  the  only  kind  that  is  known 
to  extend  into  Mexico.     It  was  currently  rated  as  a  good 
species  until  very  recently,  when  I  reduced  it  to  its  proper 
grade  of   a    geographical   variety,  upon    showing    that   the 
ascribed  characters  are  found  to  merge  insensibly  into  those 
of  typical  ludovicianus. 

13.  LANIUS  ELEGANS,  Sw.  FBA.  ii.  1831, 122.    This  species 
has  given  much  trouble.    It  is  minutely  described  by  its  author 
from  a  specimen  in  the  British  Museum,  "to  which  it  was  pre- 
sented, together  with  other  birds  from  the  fur-countries,  by  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company".    The  name  occasionally  occurs  in 
our  literature  (e.  g.  NUTT.  Man.  i.  2d  ed.  1840,  287  ;  BD.  Eep. 
Great  Salt  Lake,  1852,  328;  BP.  Eev.  et  Mag.  Zool.  1853,  295) 
entirely  upon  its  original   Swainsonian    basis;   and  in  1870 
(PZS.  595;  see,  also,  EIDGW.  Am  Nat.  vii.  1873,  609),  Messrs. 
Dresser  and  Sharpe  announced,  from  examination  of  Swain- 
son's  type-specimen,  that  it  was  L.  lahtora  of  Asia,  described 
by  some  mistake  as  North  American.    So  much  for  L.  elegans 
of  Swaiuson. 

14.  But  Dr.  Gambel,  in  1843  (Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1843,  261),  de- 

35  B  C 


546  SHRIKES   IN   A    STATE    OF   NATURE 

scribed  a  Shrike,  supposed  to  be  from  "  California  ",  which  he  iden- 
tified with  Swainson's  bird,  and  called  L.  elegans.  Oassin  (Hr. 
Phil.  Acad.1857,  213)  and  Baird  (BNA.  1858,  328,  note;  ed.  of 
18CO,  atlas  pi.  75,  f.  1)  accepted  this  identification  of  Gambel's 
specimen,  subsequently  called  Collyrio  elegans  by  Baird  (BNA. 
1858,  p.  xxxv.)  and  Collurio  elegans  by  Baird  (Rev.  A.  B.  1866, 
444 ;  Hist.  NAB.  i.  1874,  414).  On  other  pages  of  the  last-cited 
work,  however,  Baird  renames  Gambel's  specimen  Collurio  lu- 
dovicianus  var.  robustus,  giving  it  a  new  designation  in  view  of 
the  fact  that  the  true  elegans  of  Swain  son  had  been  shown,  as 
above  stated,  to  be  an  Old  World  species,  L.  lahtora.  All  these 
later  citations  of  "elegans",  resting  solely  upon  Gambel's  spe- 
cimen, are,  of  course,  to  be  carefully  discriminated  from  those 
which  refer  to  Swainson's  type.  Gambel's  bird  is  said  by  Baird 
and  Eidgway  to  be  "very  decidedly  different  from  any  of  the 
recognized  North  American  species";  and  they  also  state  that 
they  have  "  no  reason  to  discredit  the  alleged  locality  of  the 
specimen  ".  Under  the  circumstances,  however,  I  shall  decline 
to  take  further  notice  of  the  supposed  species  in  the  present 
work. 

15.  LANIUS  MEXICANUS,  Brehm,  Journ.  fur  Ornith.  1854, 145, 
148  (see  SCL.  PZS,  1864, 173).  The  Shrike  of  Mexico,  described 
as  distinct  by  C.  L.  Brehm,  seems  to  be  reducible  to  L.  excubito- 
rides,  with  little  probability  of  error.    It  may  be  noted,  that 
though  Swainson  identified  the  Mexican  bird  with  L.  caro- 
linensis  Wils.,  this  was  done  before  he  had  distinguished  L.  excu- 
bitorides. 

16.  COLLYRIO  CHEMUNGKENSIS,  Or  egg,  Pr.  Elmira  Acad.  for 
1870.    A  name  bestowed  upon  some  plumage  of  L.  borealis, 
in  which  the  rump  is  said  to  be  "rufous". 

§  3. — Of  Shrikes  in  a  State  of  Nature 

Having  thus  seen  something  of  the  figure  Shrikes  cut  in  the 
books,  let  us  turn  to  a  fairer  and  a  broader  page,  to  seek  for 
those  traits  which  have  made  these  birds  famous  from  time 
out  of  mind.  I  doubt  not  that  the  natural  history  of  these 
"sentinels"  and  "executioners"  is  more  attractive  than  what 
has  just  preceded;  for  all  this  naming  and  renaming  distorts 
most  grievously  the  clean-cut  picture  which  the  Shrikes  pre- 
sent in  their  native  haunts.  We  will  here  take  up  the  Logger- 
head and  the  Northern  Butcher-bird  together — for  they  are  as 


THE    SEAL    OF   THE    SHRIKE    ORDER  547 

one  in  all  essential  particulars — reserving  for  after  considera- 
tion the  few  points  that  mark  their  respective  histories. 

Looking  at  the  bold,  defiant  aspect  of  the  Shrike,  however 
inadequately  portrayed  iu  the  accompaying  sketch,  we  cannot 
fail  to  recognize  a  bird  of  extraordinary  spirit, — the  stout, 
booked  beak,  combining  claw  and  tooth  in  one  murderous 
instrument,  is  surely  the  weapon  of  a  Hawk,  or  other  rapacious 
bird!  In  one  sense,  we  certainly  have  here  a  bird  of  prey; 
yet,  if  the  portrait 
were  finished  at  full 
length,  we  should 
find  the  feet  as  weak 
and  harmless  as 
those  of  a  Thrush 
or  Sparrow,  instead 
of  being  furnished 
with  the  talons 
which  confer  such 
raptorial  prowess  FlG.  66.-Asp«ct  of  a  shrike. 

upon    the   Falcon, 

the  Eagle,  and  the  Owl.  If,  furthermore,  we  should  examine 
the  anatomy  of  the  Shrikes,  it  would  be  merely  to  discover 
that  the  entire  structure  of  the  internal  organs  is  modelled 
after  a  strictly  Passerine  type.  Though  the  bone  and  muscle 
indicate  unusual  strength  and  vigor,  the  beak  itself  is  the 
seal  of  the  Shrike  order — a  mark  as  plain  and  unmistakable 
as  that  which  stamps  the  tribes  of  Israel,  wherever  dispersed 
over  the  earth T-  the  symbol  of  a  spirit  as  bold  and  reckless 
as  ever  dwelt  in  the  breast  of  any  one  of  the  Hawks  called 
"noble"  in  the  olden  time,  when  falconry  beguiled  the  leisure 
hours  of  kings  and  royal  mistresses. 

Matching  the  bravest  of  the  brave  among  birds  of  prey  in 
deeds  of  daring,  and  no  less  relentless  than  reckless,  the 
Shrike  compels  that  sort  of  deference,  not  unmixed  with  indig- 
nation, we  are  accustomed  to  accord  to  creatures  of  seeming 
insignificance,  whose  exploits  demand  much  strength,  great 
spirit,  and  insatiate  love  of  carnage.  We  cannot  be  indifferent 
to  the  marauder  who  takes  his  own  wherever  he  finds  it — a 
feudal  baron  who  holds  his  own  with  undisputed  sway  —  an 
ogre  whose  victims  are  so  many  more  than  he  can  eat,  that  he 
actually  keeps  a  private  graveyard  for  the  balance. 

Lest  such  a  picture  may  seem  to  be  exaggerated,  let  me 


548  THE    SPIRIT    OF    THE    SHRIKE 

make  good  my  statements.  The  Shrike's  food  consists  of  such 
birds,  quadrupeds,  and  reptiles  as  he  can  capture  and  over- 
power, together  with  insects,  chiefly  of  the  larger  kinds, 
and  especially  grasshoppers.  These  he  pursues,  attacks,  and 
destroys  quite  as  a  Hawk  does ;  and  he  has  the  very  curious 
habit  of  impaling  their  bodies  upon  thorns. 

Numberless  illustrations  of  the  spirit  the  Shrike  displays 
might  be  given.  Though  smaller  in  stature  than  the  least  of 
our  Hawks,  he  habitually  destroys  birds  and  other  animals  as 
large  as  those  upon  which  some  Hawks  subsist,  and  quite  as 
capable  of  resisting  attack.  Appropriating  to  himself  suffi- 
cient territory,  where  no  other  bird  may  safely  intrude,  he 
becomes  the  terror  of  the  neighborhood;  and  woe  to  the 
unlucky  Finch  or  Warbler  that  ventures  to  trespass  on  these 
hunting-grounds!  Like  a  veritable  sentinel  on  guard,  the 
Shrike  stands  in  wait  upon  his  chosen  post,  ready  to  pounce 
with  unerring  aim  upon  the  first  little  bird  that  may  dare  to 
rustle  in  the  nearest  bush.  His  impetuosity  and  temerity  are 
well  displayed  in  the  onslaught  he  sometimes  makes  upon 
cage-birds  hanging  at  our  windows;  and  he  has  even  been 
known  to  enter  an  apartment,  bolting  through  the  open  sash 
with  perfect  recklessness.  Dr.  Brewer  narrates  the  case  of  a 
Shrike  who  dashed  at  a  Canary  without  perceiving  that  the 
window  was  closed.  He  struck  the  glass  with  all  the  momen- 
tum of  his  impetuous  flight,  and  fell  to  the  ground,  stunned 
by  the  force  of  the  blow.*  He  revived,  however,  and  was 
kept  in  confinement  for  some  time,  during  which  he  continued 
sullen  and  fearless,  and  greedily  devoured  small  birds  which 
were  offered  him  for  food,  though  refusing  to  eat  raw  meat 
of  other  kinds.  Notwithstanding  the  protection  that  a  cage 
affords,  Canaries  are  not  seldom  killed  by  the  Shrike  unless 
speedily  relieved  from  his  attack.  Sometimes  they  are  so 
terror-stricken  that  they  fall  fainting  to  the  bottom  of  the 
cage;  but  they  oftener  flutter  and  dash  themselves  against  the 
wires,  till  seized  by  the  bird  of  prey,  who  scalps  them,  breaks 
in  their  skull,  or  takes  their  heads  off.  The  small  birds  that 

*A  similar  instance  of  birds'  inability  to  see  glass  is  within  my  own 
experience.  Having  on  one  occasion  netted  a  large  lot  of  Sparrows  and 
other  small  birds  alive,  I  turned  them  loose  in  a  vacant  room.  In  their 
terror  and  eagerness  to  escape,  almost  every  one  of  them  dashed  against 
the  window  in  the  course  of  a  few  moments,  and  successively  fell  stunned 
and  shivering  to  the  floor — some  to  recover,  others,  more  seriously  hurt, 
to  die  shortly. 


THE  WAY  THE  SHRIKE  CARRIES  HIMSELF    549 

the  Shrike  destroys  in  a  state  of  nature  are  either  captured  at 
a  single  dash,  or  caught  in  open  chase,  and  killed  with  a  blow 
of  the  beak.  They  are  then  devoured  upon  the  spot,  or 
carried  to  the  "cemetery"  and  stuck  upon  a  thorn,  as  I  shall 
presently  describe  with  more  particularity. 

As  if  conscious  of  his  prowess,  the  Shrike  shows  little  fear  in 
the  presence  of  man.  Under  some  circumstances,  indeed,  I 
have  found  a  Strike  so  wild  that  my  endeavors  to  get  a  shot 
were  unavailing,  but  the  very  opposite  is  oftenest  the  case. 
You  may  enter  the  thicket  the  Shrike  has  chosen  as  his  hunt- 
ing-ground, and  the  bird  will  regard  you  with  contempt,  return- 
ing your  regard  with  a  gaze  as  steady  and  unflinching  as  if  he 
were  the  better  man  of  the  two  and  knew  it.  At  such  a  time, 
you  will  have  a  good  opportunity  to  observe  the  easy  noncha- 
lant air  with  which  he  asserts  himself.  For  all  that  the  Shrike 
is  such  a  gallant  marauder,  it  must  not  be  inferred  that  he  is 
always  on  the  war-path,  intent  on  prodigies  of  valor.  The 
doughtiest  knights  lay  aside  their  armor  at  times,  and  the 
Shrike  is  fond  of  his  ease  in  the  intervals  of  his  piratical  enter- 
prises. At  such  times,  you  may  observe  him  lounging  about 
with  his  hands  in  his  pockets,  so  to  speak,  and  nothing  on 
his  mind,  when,  as  you  approach,  he  will  turn  his  head  toward 
you  with  languid  curiosity,  just  for  a  moment,  and  then  dismiss 
you  from  further  consideration.  Sometimes  you  will  see  him 
ready  for  business,  scanning  the  neighborhood  closely  from 
his  watch-tower  on  the  topmost  twig  of  some  bush  or  sapling, 
where  he  stands  stiffly,  bolt  upright,  like  a  soldier  on  dress 
parade,  ready  to  move  at  a  moment's  warning.  He  makes  a 
rather  imposing  picture  just  then  in  his  uniform  of  French 
gray  with  black  and  white  facings,  which  fits  him  "like  a 
dream":  the  next  instant — whish!  he  is  gone,  and  the  piteous 
cry  of  the  Sparrow  in  yonder  bush  tells  the  rest  of  the  story. 

A  good  deal  of  the  Shrike's  business,  however,  is  neither  bril- 
liant nor  romantic.  The  green  sward  below  his  perch  harbors 
a  great  many  field-mice  of  different  kinds,  according  to  the  lay  of 
the  land,  and  he  has  nothing  to  do  but  drop  quietly  down  upon 
these  little  innocents.  At  certain  seasons  of  the  year,  more- 
over, the  fields  swarm  with  grasshoppers,  of  which  the  Shrike 
is  very  fond,  as  he  is  also  of  spiders,  beetles,  caterpillars,  and,  in 
fact,  almost  any  insect.  In  July  and  August,  I  have  frequently 
seen  Shrikes  skipping  about  in  old  weedy  fields,  apparently 
amusing  themselves;  but  I  generally  found,  on  watching  them 


550   THAT  THE  SHRIKE  KEEPS  A  BUTCHER-SHOP 

closely,  that  they  were  hunting  for  the  'hoppers,  some  of  which 
they  devoured  then  and  there,  after  beating  off  their  long  hind 
legs,  while  others  were  carried  to  some  tree  near  by  and  duly 
impaled. 

The  tradition  that  the  Shrike  destroys  exactly  nine  victims 
a  day,  and  which  is  preserved  in  the  name  "  Nine-killer  ",  still 
sometimes  heard,  is  very  ancient,  and  I  do  not  know  to  what 
source  it  may  be  traced  back.  It  is  a  staple  myth,  which  has 
been  current  for  centuries  in  folk-lore,  and  may  be  found  related 
with  gravity  in  some  of  the  older  treatises.  I  should  very  much 
like  to  learn  its  source  and  the  circumstances  under  which  it 
was  first  stamped  with  authority.  The  Shrike's  most  notable 
trait, — the  habit  of  keeping  a  butcher-shop,  where  the  bodies  of 
the  slain  are  exposed, — has  also  been  remarked  for  many  hun- 
dred years,  and  various  ingenious  theories  have  been  proposed 
to  explain  what  has  been  considered  a  wholly  exceptional  and 
anomalous  habit.  When  fully  considered,  however,  I  think  it 
will  be  found  less  singular  than  it  at  first  appears  to  be. 

The  Shrike  is  a  veritable  "butcher-bird",  in  as  far  as  that 
title  may  be  given  to  a  bird  who  kills  what  he  does  not  eat, 
and  his  operations  in  this  line  have  been  made  the  subject 
of  repeated  observations,  so  that  we  are  in  possession  of  all  the 
facts  in  the  case.  The  birds,  mice,  and  insects  are  sometimes 
impaled  alive,  and  left  to  perish  miserably  5  sometimes  their 
dead  bodies  are  similarly  stuck  upon  the  sharp  twigs.  The 
shambles  of  the  pitiless  butcher  may  be  found  in  some  thorny 
tree  or  bush,  which  in  the  course  of  time  presents  a  curious 
spectacle,  with  the  numerous  creatures  sticking  here  and  there. 
Quite  a  museum  of  anatomy  is  sometimes  thus  brought  together 
in  one  place,  but  as  the  Shrike  is  not  particular  about  making 
a  collection  of  curiosities,  we  may  recognize  his  work  in  single 
specimens  scattered  anywhere  about  fields  and  shrubbery. 

Some  have  surmised  that  the  bodies  are  stuck  up  in  this 
conspicous  way  as  decoys,  to  allure  other  victims  within  reach. 
This  "bait  theory"  in  its  fulness  is  set  forth  in  the  article 
noted  below,*  which  may  be  taken  as  a  typical  illustration  of 
this  way  of  thinking.  Mr.  Heckewelder  represents  that  whereas 
the  Shrike  lives  entirely  upon  mice  and  small  birds  (which  is 

*  1799.  HECKEWELDER,  J.  A  letter  from  Mr.  John  Heckewelder,  to  Dr.  Bar- 
ton, giving  some  account  of  the  remarkable  instinct  of  a  bird  called 
the  Nine-Killer  [Lanius  borealis].  <  Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  iv. 
1799,  pp.  124,  127. 


NOTIONS   ABOUT    THE    SHRIKE'S    SHAMBLES          551 

Dot  the  case),  and  whereas  the  grasshoppers  are  all  stuck  up 
in  natural  attitudes  as  if  they  were  alive  (though  they  are  not 
so  fixed,  in  fact),  therefore  this  is  done  to  decoy  birds  that  feed 
upon  grasshoppers ;  for  if  this  be  not  so,  and  if  the  insects  be 
stored  up  for  future  use,  how  long  would  one  or  even  two  grass- 
hoppers last  a  Shrike  f  But  if  the  intention  be  to  seduce  little 
birds,  then  that  number,  or  half  as  many,  or  fewer  still,  would 
be  good  bait  all  winter.  And  so  forth. 

Wilson,  with  his  usual  good  sense,  has  disposed  of  this  theory* 
"pretty  fanciful,"  as  he  calls  it,  in  a  rather  satirical  as  well  as 
practical  way.  He  notes  that  grasshoppers  themselves  are  the 
favorite  food  of  the  Shrike,  and  that  they  would  make  the  very 
poorest  bait  for  our  small  winter  birds,  which  are  mostly  gra- 
nivorous;  that  there  is  no  necessity  for  a  stratagem  of  such 
refinement  and  cruelty,  as  the  Shrike  is  abundantly  able  to 
capture  all  the  birds  he  wants  in  open  chase  ;  and,  finally,  that 
the  Grow  and  Jay  may  be  supposed  with  equal  probability  to 
be  laying  baits  for  mice  and  flying  squirrels,  when  they  hoard 
up  their  corn.  The  bait  theory  may  be  safely  discarded. 

Another  idea  is,  that  the  Shrike  avails  himself  of  a  thorn  to 
secure  his  prey  whilst  he  is  devouring  it,  just  as  a  Hawk  or 
Owl  would  use  his  claws  for  the  same  purpose ;  and  that  this 
has  become  such  a  habit  that  the  Shrike  may  spit,  and  then 
leave  untouched,  the  carcases  he  does  not  wish  to  devour.  Un- 
doubtedly, the  bird's  feet  and  claws  are  weak  in  comparison 
with  his  stout  beak,  large  head,  and  powerful  muscles  of  the 
neck  and  breast ;  but  no  one  can  doubt  the  bird's  ability  to  hold 
his  prey  securely  while  he  tears  it  to  pieces.  Any  one  who  has 
had  a  Shrike  scratch  him  should  be  satisfied  of  this. 

There  is  another  notion,  that  the  Shrike  impales  his  victims 
in  the  excess  of  his  cruelty,  from  sheer  love  of  inflicting  pain. 
But  this  argues  a  moral  obliquity  which  we  can  ascribe  to  no 
bird, — if  indeed  any  moral  quality  whatever  can  be  discovered 
in  their  actions.  It  is  true  that  a  cat  tortures  a  mouse,  and 
seems  to  delight  in  inflicting  pain.  I  cannot  but  believe,  how- 
ever, that  the  cat  is  unconscious  of  the  mouse's  misery  ;  that 
what  she  enjoys  is  not  the  suffering  of  her  victim,  but  the 
exercise  of  her  natural  powers.  Excessive  destrqctiveness,  as 
when  cats  or  weasels  kill  more  animals  than  they  can  devour, 
is  very  frequent  j  but  it  implies  neither  cruelty  (in  a  moral 
sense)  nor  mere  wantonness ;  it  is  a  legitimate  result  of  their 
rapacious  nature,  and  for  the  rest,  the  animals  may  have  a 


552  IS   IT   A    SORT    OF    STOREHOUSE? 

natural  preference  for  some  part  of  their  prey,  as  the  blood  or 
brains,  to  secure  enough  of  which  they  take  more  lives  than  they 
would  if  they  fed  upon  the  whole  of  the  flesh.  In  the  case  of 
the  Shrike,  moreover,  it  is  certainly  the  rule  that  the  bodies 
are  impaled  after  death,  not  while  still  struggling  in  the 
clutches  of  the  captor. 

Analogy  goes  for  something  in  natural  history;  and  the 
analogy  of  the  Shrikes7  shambles  to  the  storehouses  of  various 
birds  is  too  obvious  to  have  escaped  attention.  I  think  the 
right  clue  to  the  curious  habit  is  thus  found.  Many  birds  lay 
up  stores  of  provisions,  like  mice  and  squirrels.  Among  those 
of  this  country,  birds  of  the  Corvine  tribe,  as  Crows  and  Jays,  are 
conspicuous  in  this  respect.  The  "thievishness"  of  the  Raven 
and  Magpie  in  confinement  is  notorious ;  but  it  is  simply  the 
excessive  development  or  perversion  of  their  habit  of  hoarding 
food  that  makes  them  steal  and  hide  away  articles  of  no  possible 
use  to  them,  such  as  jewelry  and  silverware.  The  California!! 
Woodpecker  offers  another  notable  instance  of  storing  up  food, 
as  it  does  sometimes  with  infinite  pains.  I  have  seen  branches 
of  trees  studded  thickly  with  acorns,  each  stuck  tightly  by  itself 
in -a  little  hole  bored  by  the  bird  for  its  reception.  In  other 
instances,  the  same  bird  has  been  known  to  insert  acorns  in 
the  natural  crevices  of  wood.  These  facts  relate  indeed  only  to 
the  hoarding  of  fruits  or  inanimate  objects  j  but  we  see  a  still 
closer  resemblance  to  the  habit  of  the  Shrikes  in  the  curious 
practice  of  the  Eed -headed  Woodpecker,  a  versatile  bird,  one  of 
whose  singular  traits  has  just  been  told  by  Mr.  H.  B.  Bailey,  of 
New  York.  This  writer  narrates*  that  a  correspondent  of  his 
observed  a  Woodpecker's  frequent  visits  to  an  old  oak  post, 
which  on  examination  was  found  to  present  a  large  crack,  in 
which  the  bird  had  inserted  about  a  hundred  live  grasshoppers, 
and  wedged  them  in  so  firmly  that  they  could  not  escape. 
Some  farmers  showed  him  other  posts  which  had  been  put  to 
the  same  purpose.  This  was  certainly  a  laying-up  of  stores  for 
future  use,  for  the  writer  states  that  the  Woodpecker  later  began 
to  eat  hfs  hoard,  and  that  at  length  only  a  few  shrivelled  dead 
'hoppers  were  left. 

Wilson  has  observed,  furthermore,  that  Jays  and  Shrikes 
retain  similar  habits  in  confinement;  the  Jay  filling  every  seam 
and  chink  in  his  cage  with  grain  and  bread-crumbs,  and  the 
*  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii.  no.  2,  April,  1878,  p.  97. 


THE  FACT  IS,  THAT  WE  DO  NOT  KNOW     553 

Shrike  "  Dailing  "  meat,  insects,  and  the  bodies  of  such  birds 
as  may  be  thrown  to  him. 

I  have  had  my  doubts  in  this  matter  ;  and  still,  after  observ- 
ing Shrikes  carefully  in  various  parts  of  the  country,  must 
admit  that  the  matter  is  not  finally  narrowed  down  to  a  simple 
question  of  hoarding.  Too  many  bodies  are  stuck  up,  too 
promiscuously,  and  too  few  are  made  use  of  afterward,  for  us 
to  consider  it  simply  as  a  piece  of  the  bird's  thrift.  I  suppose 
the  habit  of  impaling,  considered  simply  as  such,  and  without 
reference  to  ulterior  purposes  subserved,  may  have  been  grad- 
ually acquired  as  the  result  of  the  Shrike's  physical  organiza- 
tion— the  relatively  little  force  of  grasping  with  his  feet  he 
possesses,  in  comparison  with  the  power  of  his  beak.  The 
talons  of  a  Hawk,  for  example,  are  very  effective  instruments, 
not  only  for  striking  and  killing  prey,  but  also  for  holding  it 
while  it  is  torn  by  the  beak.  The  Shrike  has  much  less  pre- 
hensile power;  it  strikes  with  the  beak,  and  devours  as  best 
it  may.  A  Nuthatch,  for  example,  will  take  an  acorn  to  a 
crack  in  the  bark,  and  wedge  it  there  while  it  hammers  away 
at  it  with  the  bill.  Such  a  habit  of  fastening  its  prey  having 
been  acquired,  as  something  entirely  unconnected  with  the 
storing  up  of  provisions,  may  then  have  been  turned  to  account 
as  a  means  of  securing  its  prey  for  future  use,  and  thus  become 
the  usual  way  of  making  a  hoard. 

It  is  certain,  however,  that  the  Shrike  makes  no  great  use  of 
his  larder ;  and  that  he  sometimes  impales  and  sometimes  not, 
apparently  at  his  caprice.  He  is  just  as  likely  to  eat  a  grass- 
hopper as  to  stick  one.  He  spits  its  victims  as  often  when 
food  is  plenty  as  when  it  is  scarce;  and  the  majority  of  the 
bodies  gibbeted  are  left  to  wither  and  be  blown  away,  or  be 
eaten  up  by  the  bugs.  On  one  occasion,  when  I  watched  a 
Shrike  closely  for  some  time,  I  saw  him  impale  a  number  of 
grasshoppers  in  succession,  and  continue  foraging  for  more, 
which  he  ate  upon  the  spot,  as  soon  as  caught.  I  never 
witnessed  the  act  of  impaling  a  bird  or  mouse,  but  I  suppose 
it  would  be  the  same  as  for  a  grasshopper ;  and  in  the  instance 
to  which  I  refer  the  bird  worked  the  unfortunate  insect  on 
the  thorn  with  his  beak,  pushing  and  pressing  it  down  with 
various  strokes,  until  it  was  fixed  to  his  satisfaction. 

But  we  have  not  yet  finished  our  study  of  Shrikes — having 
still  to  consider  their  flight,  their  voice,  and  especially  their 
domestic  habits. 


554  THE    SHRIKE    WHEN   ON   THE"    WING 

There  are  two  very  different  birds  of  this  country  which 
the  Shrike  resembles  in  the  relative  proportions  of  the  wings 
and  tail,  as  well  as  in  the  general  conformation  of  the  body. 
These  are  the  Mockingbird,  Mimus  polyglottus,  and  the  Sharp- 
shinned  Hawk,  Accipiter  fuscus.  Now  if  we  picture  to  our- 
selves a  bird  whose  attitudes,  movements,  and  especially 
whose  mode  of  flight,  may  partake  on  occasion  of  those  of 
either  of  the  birds  just  named,  we  shall  have  no  wrong  idea 
of  the  varied  actions  of  which  the  Shrike  is  capable.  The 
close  general  resemblance  of  the  Shrike  to  a  Mockingbird  is 
really  remarkable.  The  two  are  of  about  the  same  size,  shape, 
and  color — in  fact,  it  is  not  the  easiest  thing  to  tell  them 
apart  at  a  little  distance,  especially  when  they  are  flying. 
The  similarity  has  long  since  been  duly  noted  and  commented 
upon ;  in  fact,  Swainson  went  so  far  as  to  make  it  the  basis  of 
a  strong  argument  in  favor  of  his  fanciful  quinarian  theory 
of  affinity.  The  mode  of  flight,  then,  of  the.  Shrike,  under 
ordinary  circumstances,  is  necessarily  much  the  same  as  that 
of  a  Mockingbird,  being  light,  wayward,  and  even  undulatory, 
when  the  bird  is  simply  moving  about  at  his  ease,  or  foraging 
for  the  humbler  kinds  of  prey  that  contribute  to  his  support. 
Yet  even  under  these  conditions  there  is  a  certain  dash  about 
it,  giving  hint  of  the  spirit  he  can  infuse  into  his  actions  when 
he  calls  his  powers  to  their  full  display.  Then,  in  the  manner 
of  the  Hawk,  his  flight  is  strengthened,  firmly  sustained  for 
long  distances,  and  on  occasion  quickened  at  a  prodigious  rate; 
the  climax  of  this  exploiting  being  reached  when  he  plunges 
headlong  after  his  prey,  hurtling  like  a  very  Hawk.  He  is 
said  at  times  to  hover  in  the  air,  just  over  his  intended  victim, 
as  if  taking  aim  before  he  stoops  to  his  quarry ;  but  this  can 
hardly  be  a  characteristic  habit,  or  it  would  not  have  escaped 
my  attention.  I  do  not  remember  to  have  ever  witnessed  it, 
though  it  need  not  be  doubted  that  the  action  is  sometimes 
performed.  When  not  on  the  wing,  we  may  observe  in  the 
Shrike's  habitual  attitudes  the  same  blending  of  Mockingbird 
and  Hawk;  or  rather,  the  transition  from  one  to  the  other, 
when  his  air  of  indifference  and  rather  "  slouchy"  appearance 
give  way  to  the  martial  bearing  which  indicates  that  his 
attention  is  riveted  upon  intended  conquest. 

So  versatile  and  animated  a  spirit  as  that  which  the  Shrike 
possesses  necessarily  seeks  expression.  There  is  no  reticence 
about  this  bird,  whose  harsh  outcries  we  may  in  turn  interpret 


WHEN  THE  SHRIKE'S  VOICE  is  HEARD          555 

to  mean  anger  and  exultation — the  challenge  and  the  con- 
quest— while  the  course  of  his  passionate  life  runs  on  in  almost 
incessant  warfare.  These  notes  mean  much  the  same  as  the 
stridulation  of  the  Kingbird,  in  whose  temper  there  is  much  of 
kinship  with  the  Shrike,  both  being  impatient  and  aggressive 
birds.  But  notwithstanding  the  magnitude  of  his  exploits,  the 
Shrike  is  not  a  very  lofty  character  after  all ;  he  picks  many  a 
needless  quarrel  with  his  fretful  fellows,  and  all  the  petulance 
of  a  wilful,  badly  governed  disposition  may  be  traced  in  some 
of  the  harshest  of  the  cries  that  greet  our  ear.  It  is  easy  to 
say,  and  quite  safe  to  make  the  assertion,  that  nothing  more 
unmusical  than  the  Shrike's  notes  is  often  heard  5  and  it  is 
usual  to  compare  the  voice  of  this  bird  to  the  creaking  of  a 
sign-board,  or  the  gratiug  of  any  other  rusty  hinge.  But  I 
suspect,  though  I  am  not  a  competent  witness  in  this  case, 
that  those  are  right  who  ascribe  to  the  Shrike  some  powers 
of  song,  limited  though  they  be.  Technically  speaking,  the 
Shrike  is  as  truly  Oscine  as  the  Mockingbird  itself;  and  no 
&  priori  reason  appears  why  his  notes  should  not  at  times  be 
modulated  with  a  tuneful  quality.  Several  authors  have  in 
fact  asserted  such  to  be  the  case,  protesting  fairly  against  any 
sweeping  denunciation  in  this  particular.  Thus,  in  speaking 
of  the  Great  Northern  Shrike,  Audubon  says : — "  This  valiant 
little  warrior  possesses  the  faculty  of  imitating  the  notes  of 
other  birds,  especially  such  as  are  indicative  of  pain.  Thus 
it  will  often  mimic  the  cries  of  Sparrows  and  other  small  birds, 
so  as  to  make  you  believe  you  hear  them  screaming  in  the 
claws  of  a  Hawk ;  and  I  strongly  suspect  this  is  done  for  the 
purpose  of  inducing  others  to  come  out  from  their  coverts  to 
the  rescue  of  their  suffering  brethren.  On  several  occasions  I 
have  seen  it  in  the  act  of  screaming  in  this  manner,  when  it 
would  suddenly  dart  from  its  perch  into  a  thicket,  from  which 
there  would  immediately  issue  the  real  cries  of  a  bird  on  which  it 
had  seized."  Dr.  Bachman  further  states  that  the  Loggerhead 
has  other  notes  than  the  grating  sounds  Audubon  attributes 
to  it: — u During  the  breeding  season,  and  indeed  nearly  all 
summer,  the  male  ascends  some  cedar  or  other  tree,  and  makes 
an  effort  at  a  song,  which  I  cannot  compare  to  anything  nearer 
than  the  first  attempts  of  a  young  Brown  Thrush.  He  seems 
to  labour  hard,  making  as  it  were  almost  painful  exertions. 
At  times  the  notes  are  not  unpleasing,  but  very  irregular." 
Many  later  observers  concur  in  attributing  moderate  musical 


556       THE  SHRIKE'S  NEST  IN  THE  FOREGROUND 

ability  to  the  Shrike,  and  I  consider  the  fact  established, 
though  I  have  never  myself  heard  a  bird  of  this  kind  sing. 
But  I  am  very  sceptical  respecting  his  asserted  powers  of 
mimicry  j  for  the  few  allegations  of  mockery  we  possess  seem 
to  be  traceable  to  one  or  two  sources,  and  to  demand  further 
confirmation. 

But  we  complete  the  portraiture  of  no  bird's  life  and  char- 
acter until  we  place  the  nest  in  the  foreground  of  the  picture, 
with  all  its  natural  surroundings.  Our  two  kinds  of  Shrikes, 
indeed,  breed  wide  apart,  and  in  some  of  the  little  details  of 
their  domestic  economy  they  may  differ,  but  the  general  course 
of  events  is  the  same  in  either  case — "  ccelum  non  animum  mu- 
tant", whether  they  be  Loggerheads  in  South  Carolina  or 
greater  Butcher-birds  in  the  northern  wilderness.  Knowing  our 
bird  as  we  do  now,  we  might  suppose  that  he  would  make  love 
or  war  with  equal  assurance  of  success,  and  there  is  no  doubt  of 
the  fact  that  a  Shrike  is  an  impetuous  and  audacious  wooer. 
The  main  point  is,  however,  that  in  operations  of  this  kind  he 
has  to  deal  with  no  shrinking,  terrified  Lark  or  Sparrow,  glad 
to  make  any  terms  with  the  tyrant,  but  with  a  bird  who  proves 
to  be  his  match  in  every  particular.  Set  a  Shrike  to  tame  a 
shrew — pit  a  pirate  against  a  virago — and  the  whole  neighbor- 
hood may  be  congratulated  when  the  stormy  scene  is  over. 
About  the  time  the  courtship  grows  a  little  monotonous,  you 
may  look  through  the  convenient  thicket,  where  the  saplings, 
bushes,  and  weeds  are  grown  up  close  together,  or  along  yonder 
hedgerow,  with  its  lattice-work  of  creepers  and  greenbrier,  to 
find  the  nesting-place  of  the  redoubtable  couple.  It  will  not  be 
hard  to  find,  for  the  birds  build  low,  and  make  a  structure  as 
bulky  in  proportion  to  their  size  as  a  Hawk's  nest.  It  is  com- 
monly built  in  a  bush  or  sapling,  within  arms'  reach  from  the 
ground,  the  nest  proper  resting  upon  an  extensive  basement 
of  stout  twigs,  rather  loosely  laid  together  and  bristling  in  all 
directions.  Upon  such  a  support,  the  inner  nest  is  built,  of  an 
endless  variety  of  soft,  fibrous,  vegetable  substances,  such  as 
grass-stems,  weed  tops,  bark-strips,  catkins,  leaves,  mosses, 
lichens,  &c.,  all  matted  together  in  such  quantity  that  the 
cavity  within  is  greatly  reduced  by  the  thickness  of  the  walls. 
Some  nests  also  contain  feathers  or  fur  felted  in  with  the 
rest  of  the  materials.  There  seems  to  be  a  good  deal  of  differ- 
ence in  the  structure  of  the  nest,  not  so  much  according  to  the 
species,  as  to  the  climate.  The  northern-built  nests  are  usually 


THE    SHRIKE   A   PUBLIC    BENEFACTOR  557 

found  to  be  more  compactly  built,  with  a  greater  quantity  of 
soft,  warm  material,  than  those  of  the  Loggerhead  in  the  South- 
ern States,  which  are  smaller,  more  open,  and  rather  loosely 
woven  than  closely  felted. 

In  such  a  bulky  and  rather  rude  receptacle,  though  a  very  sub- 
stantial one,  no  fewer  than  five  or  six  eggs  may  be  deposited, 
for  a  Shrike  is  as  much  in  earnest  in  these  matters  as  in  the  other 
affairs  of  life.  These  vary  in  size,  of  course,  according  to  the 
species,  the  eggs  of  the  Northern  Shrike  being  about  1.10  by 
0.80  inches,  while  those  of  the  White-rumped,  or  Loggerhead, 
only  measure,  on  an  average,  little  if  any  over  an  inch  in  length 
by  three-fourths  as  much  in  breadth.  They  are  shaped  and  col- 
ored exactly  alike,  however,  being  of  rounded  oval  form,  quite 
blunt  at  the  smaller  end,  and  so  profusely  speckled  or  marbled 
all  over  with  various  brownish,  reddish,  and  purplish  shades 
that  the  greenish-gray  ground-color  is  scarcely  perceptible. 
Should  nothing  go  amiss,  it  is  not  long  (Audubon  says  fifteen 
days  in  the  case  of  borealis]  before  the  nest  is  crowded  with  a 
clamorous  and  voracious  brood,  whose  wants  are  an  incesssant 
tax  upon  the  energy  and  devotion  of  the  parent  birds.  The  care 
of  the  youngsters  would  seem  to  give  them  all  they  can  attend 
to,  leaving  no  time  for  house-cleaning ;  for,  should  you  come 
upon  a  family  of  Shrikes,  well  grown  and  soon  to  leave  the  nest, 
you  would  find  things  in  an  extremely  untidy  condition. 

One  nestful  after  another  being  thus  turned  loose  upon  the 
world,  the  tribe  of  Shrikes  waxes.  Being  prolific,  and  having 
few  enemies  besides  man,  they  are  common  birds  in  most  portions 
of  the  country,  and  we  readily  perceive  that  they  play  an  im- 
portant role  in  nature's  economy.  I  must  confess  that  I  have 
not  drawn  altogether  the  most  flattering  picture,  even  though  I 
have  given  the  doughty  warriors  full  credit  for  their  military 
operations ;  and  I  am  therefore  the  more  anxious  to  show  what 
extremely  useful  birds  they  are,  from  the  most  practical  stand- 
point possible.  So  far  as  the  Shrike's  relations  with  ourselves 
are  concerned,  the  balance  is  entirely  on  one  side  of  the  ledger. 
We  are  enormously  in  debt  to  these  efficient  destroyers  of  nox- 
ious insects  and  injurious  quadrupeds.  Though  they  kill  many 
a  bird  we  should  wish  to  live,  the  whole  result  in  this  regard  is 
practically  nothing  to  offset  the  check  they  put  in  the  aggregate 
upon  grasshoppers  and  other  undesirable  forms  of  insect  life. 

Nay,  more,  the  Shrike  is  entitled  to  our  special  thanks  and 
most  favorable  consideration,  for  his  interference  in  our  behalf 


558  SYNONYMY    OF   LANIUS    BOREALIS 

against  the  bird-pest  of  this  country — the  European  Sparrow. 
In  taking  counsel  with  herself,  that  she  might  right  the  balance 
of  her  forces,  which  we  so  fatuously  interfered  with  when  the 
Sparrow  madness  seized  us,  she  bethought  herself  of  the 
Shrikes,  and  in  her  own  mysterious  way  she  summoned  these 
trusty  allies  to  her  aid.  The  Shrikes,  nothing  loth,  went  right 
to  work,  and  were  abating  the  nuisance  very  perceptibly,  when 
Bostonese  idiocy  confronted  them  and  cut  short  their  righteous 
warfare.  Men  shot  them  down  in  the  very  acts  of  destroying 
Sparrow  after  Sparrow ;  at  each  murderous  discharge  of  the 
gun,  a  noble  Shrike  was  martyred  in  doing  his  best  for  the  good 
of  the  community.  I  do  not  know  who  is  responsible  for  this 
outrage.  I  hope  that  it  was  merely  the  blunder  of  some  igno- 
rant underling,  not  instigated  by  any  one  professing  or  reputed 
to  be  an  ornithologist.  If  the  act  was  committed  under  the  color 
of  legal  authority,  there  is  work  for  the  Nuttall  Ornithological 
Club  to  do  in  enlightening  the  community  respecting  their  real 
interests.  Boston  could  hardly  do  a  wiser  thing,  as  far  as  the 
Sparrow  plague  is  concerned,  than  support  a  colony  of  Shrikes. 

The  Great  Northern  Shrike 

Lauins  borealis 

LaniUS  excubitor,  in  part,  of  the  early  systematic  writers,  being  partly  based  on  Gates. 
Car.  A  pp.  36. 

LaniUS  excubitor,  Forst.  Fn.  Ainer.  Sept.  1771,9;  Philos.  Trans.  Ixii.  1772, 386,  n.  9.— Wils. 
AO.  i.  1808, 74,  pi.  5,  f.  1.—  Bp.  Journ.  Phila,  Acad.  iii.  1824,  357 ;  iv.  1824, 272.— And.  OB. 
ii.  1834,  534,  pi.  192. 

?  Lanius  griscus,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1791, 289  bis. 

LaniUS  borealis,  V.  OAS.  i.  1807,  90,  pi.  50.— F.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823,  728,  n.  5.— Sw.  &  Rich. 
FBA.  ii.  1831,  111,  pi.  33.— Towns.  Journ.  Phil  u  Acad.  viiL  1839, 152.— And.  Syn.  1839, 
157.—  Aiid.  BA.  iv.  1842,  130,  pi.  236.— Gir.  BLL  1844, 155.— Gray,  G.of  B.  1847,294.— 
Smith,  Zoologist,  vii.  1849, 2495  (Scotland).— Garth,  Zoologist,  viii.  1850, 2649  (same).— 
Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  308.— Thomps.  Vermont,  1853, 75,  fig.— Kennic.  Tr.  Illinois 
Agric.  Soc.  i.  1855,  582  (Illinois).—  Pratten,  ibid.  605  (same).— Putn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i. 
1856,  213.— Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1857, 212.— Maxim.  J.  f.  O.  vi.  1858, 190.— Jones,  Nat. 
Bermuda,  1859,  51.— Martens,  J.  f.  O.  1859,  212  (Bermudas).—  Willis,  Smiths.  Rep.  for 
1858,  1859,  281  (Nova  Scotia).— Turnb.  B.  E.  Pa,  1869,  26 ;  Phila.  ed.  19  (Alleghanies, 
breeding).— Dress.  <&  Sharpe,  PZS.  1870,  591  (monographic).— Trippe,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  vi. 
1871, 117.— Finsch,  Abh.  Nat.  Ver.  Brem.  iii.  1872,  39  (Alaska). 

Collyrio  borealis,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  324.— Coop.  <&  Suckl  PURR.  xii.  pt.  ii.  1859, 188. -Wheat. 
Ohio  Agric.  Rep.  for  1860, 1861, 364.— Barn.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  I860, 1861, 436  (Pennsyl- 
vania) .  —  Coues  <&  Prent.  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1861,  1862,  409  (Washington,  D.  C.;  rare).— 
Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862, 162.— Verr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  iii.  1862, 148.— Boardm. 
Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  is.  1862,  126.— BlaJcist  Ibis,  1862,  5 ;  1863,  65.— Allen,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst  iv. 
1874,  66.—  Feilner,  Smiths.  Rep.  for  1864, 1865, 425  (California).— Coues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad. 
1866,  73  (Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.).— Lord,  Nat.  in  Vane.  ii.  1866,  295.— Lawr.  Ann.  Lyo. 
N.  Y.  viii.  1866,  285  (New  York).— Mcllwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  87.— Allen,  Am. 
Nat.  i.  1867,  42.—  Woodh.  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  380.—  Fowler,  Am.  Nat.  ii.  1868,  659.— Coop. 
Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  35.— Abbott,  Am.  Nat.  iv.  1870,  545.—  Lockwood,  Am.  Nat.  vi.  1872, 
236.— Haym.  Cox's  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana,  1869, 219  (habits).— Dall  &  Bann.  Tr.  Chicago 
Acad.  i.  1869,  280.— Stev.  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1870, 1871, 464. 


CHARACTERS    OF   LANIUS   BOREALI8  559 

Collurlo  borcalis,  Bd.  Kev.  AB.  1866,  UO.-Coues,  Pr.  Ess.  last.  v.  1868, 277. -Coop.  B.  Cal. 
i.  1870,  137.— Coues,  Key,  1872,  125,  f.  73.— Aiken,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xv.  1872,  198  (Colo- 
rado).— Mayn.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xiv.  1872, 370.— Ridgw.  Bull.  Eas.  Instv.  1873,  181  (Colo- 
rado).— Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873, 609.— Merr.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  for  1872,  1873,677.— 
Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873, 235.— Ooues,  BNW.  1874, 101.— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874, 
415,  pi.  19,  f.  1, 2.— Tarr.  &  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs.  1874,  13.— Hensh.  ibid.  1874,  43.— 
Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz,  1875,  157.— Hensh.  Zool.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1875,  233.  —  Gentry, 
Life-Hist  1876, 234.—  Minot,  BNE.  1877, 161.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875, 440. 

Lanius  septentrlonalis,  Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.  ii.  1826,  72,  438  (not  Gmelin's  bird  of  that 
name,  which  is  not  identified).—  Bp.  CGL.  1838,  26.— Gamb.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i. 
1847,  44  (California).— Gamb.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1847,  44  (California).— Peab.  Kep.  Orn. 
Mass.  1839, 291.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850, 363.— Bp.  Rev.  Mag.  Zool.  1853, 294.— .Read,  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  1853,  397  (Ohio).— Cass.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1857, 213.— Kneel.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  vi.  1857, 
234.— Murray,  Edinb.  N.  Philos.  Journ.  xi.  1859, 223. 

Collyrio  cbemungensis,  Gregg,  Pr.  Elmira  Acad.  i.  1870,  —  (p.  9  of  reprint). 

Great  Butcher  Shrike,  White  Whiskijohn,  Font.  1.  c. 

Great  Shrike,  Penn.  AZ.  ii.  1785,  238,  n.  127  (in  part;  but  also  includes  L.  excubitor). 

Pie-grieche  boreale,  V.  1.  c. 

Grand  Ecorcheur,  Le  Maine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 222. 

Great  American  Shrike,  Northern  Shrike,  Butcher-bird,  Authors. 

HAB.— North  America,  northerly ;  south  in  winter  to  about  35°.  Allegha- 
nies,  breeding  (Turnbull).  Bermudas  (Jones). 

CH.  SP. —  $  $  Cceruleo-canus,fronte,  strigd  supereiliari,  scapu- 
laribus  tectricibusque  caudalibus  superioribus  albicantibus  ;  infrh 
albus,  fusco  transversim  undulatus;  alls  cauddque  nigris  albo- 
notatis;  vittd  transoculari  nigrd. 

$  9 ,  adult :  Upper  parts  clear  bluish-ash,  bleaching  on  the  ends  of  the 
scapulars  and  on  the  upper  tail-coverts.  Below  white,  more  or  less  vermi- 
culated  with  fine,  wavy,  transverse,  dusky  lines.  A  black  bar  from  the  base 
of  the  upper  mandible  past  the  eye  to  the  ends  of  the  auriculars,  not  meeting 
its  fellow  on  the  forehead,  and  not  enclosing  the  eye ;  this  stripe  bordered 
above  with  hoary  white,  which  extends  across  the  extreme  forehead ;  lower 
eye-lid  white.  Wings  black,  many  or  most  of  the  quills  tipped  with  whitish, 
and  a  large  white  spot  at  the  base  of  the  primaries.  Tail  black,  the  outer 
feather  with  its  outer  web  and  half  or  more  of  the  inner  web  white,  the 
next  three  or  four  white  at  the  end  for  successively  decreasing  distances. 
Bill  and  feet  plumbeous-black;  eye  blackish.  Length,  about  10  inches; 
extent,  14^;  wing,  &J;  tail  rather  more;  bill,  f;  tarsus,  1  or  less;  middle 
toe  and  claw,  f . 

Young:  The  colors  much  less  pure  and  clear.  Above  grayish-brown, 
scarcely  or  not  whitening  on  the  scapulars,  tail-coverts,  and  forehead.  The 
younger  the  browner,  sometimes  almost  with  a  rusty  tinge ;  grayer  accord- 
ing to  age.  Below  brownish-white  (the  younger  the  browner),  the  wavy 
dark  markings  stronger  than  in  the  adult.  The  bar  along  the  head  poorly 
defined,  merely  dusky,  or  quite  obsolete.  Wings  and  tail  brownish-black, 
with  less  white  than  in  the  adult.  Bill  plumbeous-brown,  flesh-colored  at 
base  below. 

At  a  very  early  age,  the  upper  parts  are  probably  vermiculated  somewhat 
like  the  lower,  as  in  the  same  stage  of  L.  ludovidanus  ;  but  this  state  I  have 
not  observed.  In  old  age,  the  dusky  vermiculation  of  the  under  parts  is 


560          DISTRIBUTION    OF    THE    NORTHERN    SHRIKE 

much  diminished,  but  I  have  never  seen  it  absent  altogether.  This  feature, 
coupled  with  the  particular  character  of  the  head-markings  and  the  large 
size  and  compartively  short  tarsi,  will  always  distinguish  the  species  from 
L.  ludovidanus  or  excubitorides,  and  although  the  upper  parts  are  paler  than 
in  the  last,  there  is  less  white  on  the  scapulars  and  tail-coverts. 

THIS  species  is  very  properly  called  the  Northern  Shrike, 
or  Butcher-bird,  since  its  boreal  habitat  is  the  principal 
point  in  its  history  in  comparison  with  the  Loggerhead  and 
White-rumped  Shrikes.  It  is  found  in  all  portions  of  the  Fur 
Countries  up  to  the  limits  of  arboreal  vegetation,  if  not  still 
farther  north.  In  those  regions,  it  is  said  to  be  called  the 
"  White  Whiskey-  John  "  from  its  resemblance  to  the  Canada 
Jay,  Perisoreus  canadensis,  commonly  known  as  the  "  Whiskey- 
John  ",  by  a  corruption  of  its  Indian  name  WiskacJion.  Some 
individuals  not  only  pass  the  breeding  season  in  these  high 
latitudes,  but  reside  there  throughout  the  year.  The  greater 
number,  however,  migrate  in  the  fall,  and  become  generally 
dispersed  through  the  United  States  during  the  winter.  This 
migration  is  nevertheless  restricted  to  some  extent,  Shrikes 
of  this  species  being  far  more  numerous  in  the  Northern  and 
Middle  than  in  the  Southern  States.  On  the  Atlantic  side,  I 
have  traced  the  Butcher-bird  no  farther  south  than  Wash- 
ington, where  it  is  rare,  though  a  few  may  be  seen  in  the 
course  of  a  winter,  especially  in  severe  weather.  At  Prescott, 
Arizona,  I  once  secured  a  specimen  which  I  found  dead  in  a 
house,  behind  a  piece  of  furniture,  where  it  had  taken  refuge 
during  a  storm.  This  occurred  at  the  residence  of  Dr.  G.  C. 
Leib,  whom  I  was  then  called  to  attend  in  his  last  illness.  His 
name  will  be  remembered  by  ornithologists  in  connection  with 
his  papers  in  the  Journal  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  on 
Fuligula  u grisea"  and  on  the  nest  and  eggs  of  the  Coot  and 
Blue-winged  Teal.  Ridgway  found  it  in  Nevada,  and  Henshaw 
in  Southern  Utah ;  while  both  Mr.  Aiken  and  Mr.  Trippe 
attest  its  regular  appearence  in  Colorado.  Audubon  speaks  of 
the  occurrence  of  the  species  as  far  south  as  Natchez,  Missis- 
sippi, and  states  that  it  is  not  rare  in  Kentucky  during  the 
winter.  We  have  also  many  advices  from  the  interior  States ; 
but  I  never  saw  anything  of  the  bird  in  either  of  the  Caro- 
linas,  and  I  believe  that  it  has  never  been  heard  of  in  the 
South  Atlantic  States.  It  has  occurred  in  the  Bermudas. 

Though  thus  decidedly  Northern,  and  chiefly  a  migrant  into 
the  United  States,  this  Shrike  is  well  known  to  nestle  occa- 


SYNONYMY   OF   LANIUS   LUDOVICIANUS  561 

sionally  in  mountainous  districts  from  the  Middle  States  north- 
ward ;  and  I  make  no  sort  of  doubt  that  it  will  also  be  found 
to  breed  in  various  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  West.  In 
narrating  an  instance  of  its  nesting  on  the  last  of  April  on  a 
low  spruce-tree  in  New  Brunswick,  within  twelve  miles  of 
St.  Stephen,  Dr.  Brewer  is  certainly  mistaken  in  asserting 
that  "  we  know  of  a  single  recent  instance  in  which  this  bird 
has  bred  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States".  If  the 
testimony  of  competent  observers  is  to  go  for  anything,  its 
nesting  in  mountainous  parts  of  our  country  is  a  regular  occur- 
rence. Thus,  "many  nestle  on  the  mountain  ridges  of  the 
Alleghanies,"  says  the  Rev.  Dr.  Turnbull  (1869).  Mr.  Miuot 
also  states,  without  qualification,  that  u  they  breed  in  the  forests 
of  Northern  Maine  ",  and  such  is  unquestionably  the  fact. 

The  Common  American  Shrike 

I,  an  lus  1  ndo  vi  claims  excnbi  tor  Ides 

a.  ludovicianus 

Lanius  ludovicianus,  Briss.  Orn.  ii.  1760,  162,  pL  15,  f.  2  ("  Louisiana  ";  descr.  orig.).— L. 
SN.  i.  1766, 134,  n.  6  (based  on  Briss.  ii.  162,  pi.  15,  f.  2).— Qm.  SN.  i.  1788, 298,  n.  6  (in  part 
only ;  same  primary  basis,  but  also  quotes  PE.  397.  Not  to  be  confounded  with  Gmelin, 
p.  302,  n.  138,  which  is  Tyrannus).—Lath.  IO.  i.  1790,  69,  n.  8  (in  part).— Turt.  SN.  i. 
1806,  174  (=  Gm.).— Bp.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  1826, 26, 72.— And.  OB.  i.  1831, 300,  pL  37.— 
Bp.  CGL.  1838,  26.— And.  BA.  iv.  1842,  135,  pi.  237.— Bp.  CA.  i.  1850,  363.—  Burnett, 
Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  iv.  1851, 116.— Oerhardt,  Naum.  iii.  1853,  38.— Pp.  Eev.  Mag.  Zool.  1853, 
295.— C.  L.  Brehm,  J.  f.  O.  1854,  145,  148  (monographic).— Gundl  J.  f.  O.  1855,  469 
(Cuba  [???;  cf.  J.  f.  O.  1861,  404]).— Eennic.  Tr.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  i.1855,  582  (Illi- 
nois).—Pwfn.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  i.  1856, 228  (attributed  at  second-hand  to  Massachusetts).  — 
Case.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1857,  213  (monographic).—  Bland,  Kep.  Smiths.  Inst.  for  1858, 
1859,  287  (Bermuda).— Dress,  dk  Sharpe,  PZS.  1870, 595  (monographic;  includes  excitbi- 
torides). 

Collyrlo  ludovicianus,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  325.—  Tayl  Ibis,  1862, 128  (Florida).— Gedney,  Am. 
Nat.  iii.  1869, 159. 

Collurio  ludovicianus,  Bd.  Eev.  AB.  1866, 443.—Coues,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  xii.  1868,  112  (South 
Carolina ;  habits).— Allen,  Am.  Nat  iii.  1869,  579, 580 ;  vi.  1872, 266.— Purdie,  Am.  Nat. 
vii.  1873, 115  (Massachusetts,  typical— see  Bull.  Nntt.  Club.  ii.  1877, 21).— Ridgw.  Am. 
Nat  vii.  1873, 609.— Merr.  Am.  Nat  viii.  1874,  8,  87.— Wheat,  apud  Coues,  BNW.  1874, 
233.— B.  B.  <6  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  418,  pi.  19,  f.  4.— Brew.  Pr.  Bost  Soc.  xvii.  1875, 441  (New 
England).— Merr.  Tr.  Conn.  Acad.  iv.  1877,  34  (Connecticut).— Langd.  List  B.  Cin- 
cinnati, 1877, 8  (Ohio).— Allen,  Bull  Ess.  Inst.  x.  1878, 15  (Massachusetts ;  three  authen- 
tic instances). 

Lanius  garrulus,  Bartr.  Trav.  Fla.  1791,  p.  289  bis  (Florida). 

Lanius  ardosiacus,  Vieill.  OAS.  i.  1807, 81,  pi.  51. 

Lanius  ardosiaceus,  V.  Ency.  M6th.  ii.  1823, 729,  n.  8. 

Lanius  ardesiaceus,  f  Bp.  PZS.  1837, 112. 

Lanius  carolinensis,  Wils.  AO.  iii.  1811,  57,  pi.  22,  f.  5.— Bp.  Joura.  Phila.  Acad.  iii.  1824, 
358;  iv.  1824,  272.-£e*s.  Tr.  Orn.  1831,  373  (=  Wils.).— Hartl.  Naum.  ii.  1852,  52 
(Cuba  [???]). 

Pie-griesche  de  la  Loulsiane,  Briss.  Orn.  ii.  1760, 162,  n.  8,  pi.  15,  n.  2. 

Louisiane  Shrike,  Lath.  Syn.  i.  pt  i.  1781,  162,  n.  5  (based  on  Briss.  &  Linn. ;  exc.  the 
ref.  to  PE.  397). 

36  B  C 


562  SYNONYMY    OF    LANIUS    EXCUBITORIDES 

Pie-grieche  ardoisee,  V.  1.  c. 

Pie-grieche  de  la  Loulsiane,  Le  Maine,  Ois.  Canad.  1861, 224. 

Loggerhead  Shrike,  Loggerhead,  Southern  Shrike,  Louisiana  Shrike,  Carolina  Shrike, 

Authors, 

&.  excubitorideg 

Lanins  carolinensis,  Sw.  Pbilos.  Mag.  i.  1827, 368  (Mexico).— Licht  "Preis-Verz.  Mex.  Vog. 
1830, 2  " ;  J.  f.  0. 1863,  58  (Mexico).— Sw.  Isis,  1834,  784. 

LaniUS  excubitorides,  Sw.<£Rich.  FBA.  ii.  1831,  115,  pi.  34.— f  Tomes,  ZooLviii.  1850,2734 
(England).— Gags.  Pr.  Phila,  Acad.  1857,  213  (monographic).— ScZ.  PZS.  1857,  126 
(California). 

LaniUS  excubitroides,  Peab.  Rep.  Orn.  Mass.  1839, 292  (Boston,  in  winter,  fide  Nuttall). 

LaniUS  excubitoroides,  Ed.  Rep.  Great  Salt  Lake,  1850, 328.— Woodh.  Rep.  Zuni  &  Colo.  R. 
1853,  77.— Hoy,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  308  (Wisconsin).— Haym.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1836, 
290  (Indiana).— Scl.  PZS.  1864,  173  (City  of  Mexico).— Coop.  Am.  Nat  iii.  1869,  476.— 
Allen,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  579. 

Colljrio  excubitoroides,  Bd.  BNA.  1858,  527 ;  ed.  of  1860,  pi.  75,  f.  2.— Kenn.  PRRR.  x.  1859, 
25.— Xant.  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859, 191  (California).—^.  Ives's  Rep.  Colo.  R.  1861,  pt.  v. 
5.—Hayd.  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  xii.  1862, 162.— Blakist.  Ibis,  iv.  1862,  5 ;  1863,  66  (Sas- 
katchewan).— Coues,  Ibis,  1865,  164  (Arizona).— Ooues,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1866,  73  (Fort 
Whipple,  Ariz.).—  Mellwr.  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1866,  87  (Canada  West).  —Butch.  Pr.  Phila. 
Acad.  1868,  149  (Texas).— Coop.  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  34,  295.— Coop.  Pr.  Cal.  Acad.  1870, 
75.— Stev.  Ann.  Rep.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Snrv.  for  1870, 1871,  464. 

Collurio  excubitoroides,  Bd.  Rev.  AB.  1866,  445.— Ccues,  Pr.  Ess.  Inst.  v.  1868,  277  (New 
England,  on  other  authority).— Aifen,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1868,  504,  517.— Sumich.  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  i.  1869,  548  (Vera  Cruz).— Coop.  B.  Cal.  i.  1870, 138.— Aiken,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv. 
1872,  198  (Colorado).— Merr.  Ann.  Rep.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872, 1873.  677, 714.— 
Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  609.— Iriy>pe,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  497. 

LaniUS  ludOYicianus,  Bp  PZS.  1837, 112  (Mexico).— Ornith.  Comm.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii. 
.  1837,  193  ("  Columbia  River").— Town*.  Journ.  Pbila.  Acad.  viii.  1839,  152  (same).— 
?  Vigors,  Zool.  Voy.  Blossom,  1839, 17.— Garni.  Jonrn.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  1847,  44  (Califor- 
nia).— Garni.  P<-.  Phila.  Acad.  1847,  200  (California).—?  Woodh.  Rep.  Znfii  &  Colo.  R. 
1853,76.— Hoy  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1853,  308  (Wisconsin).— Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1855, 
312  (New  Mexico) .—Maxim.  3.  f.  O.  1858,191  (Missouri  River). —Hoy,  Smiths.  Rep. 
for  1864, 1865,  437  (Missouri).— Minot,  BNE.  1877, 106  (north  to  Massachusetts). 

CollyriO  ludovicianus,  Henry,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.  1859, 106  (New  Mexico)  .-Dress.  Ibis,  1865, 
480  (San  Antonio,  Tex.).— Trippe,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xv.  1873, 235. 

Collurio  ludovlcianus,  Allen,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  i.  1868, 499.— Allen,  Am.  Nat.  1869, 579  (New 
York  and  Canadian  examples).— Allen,  Bull.  MCZ.  iii.  1872,  176  (Kansas,  Colorado, 
and  Utah).— Purdie,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873, 115  (Massachusetts). 

Collurio  ludovicianus  var.  excubitoroides,  Ooues,  Key,  1872, 185.— Ridgw.  Bull.  Ess.  Inst. 
v.  1873,  181  (Colorado).— Coues,  BNW.  1874,  102.— Allen,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii  1874,  54 
(Dakota).— B.  B.  &  R.  NAB.  i.  1874,  421,  pi.  19,  f.  3.— Tarr.  <&  Hensh.  Rep.  Orn.  Specs. 
1874,  13.— Hensh.  ibid.  43,  60,  78,  107.— Hensh.  List  B.  Ariz.  1875,  \yi.-Hensh.  Zool. 
Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1875,  233.— Nels.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  xvii.  1875,  340, 346,  353  (Nevada  and 
Utah).— Lawr.  Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  n.  4,  1876,  18  (Tehuantepec).— Purdie,  Bull.  Nutt. 
Club,  ii.  1877,  21  (Rhode  Island). 

Collurio  ludovicianus  0,  excubitoroides,  Ridgw.  Rep.  Surv.  40th  Par.  iv.  pt.  iii.  1877, 453. 

?  Lanlus  mexicanus,  O.  L.  Brehm,  J.  f.  0. 1854, 145, 148.— Scl.  PZS.  1859, 375  (Oaxaca).— (See 
Scl.  PZS.  1864, 173.) 

American  Grey  Shrike,  Sw.  1.  o. 

White-ramped  Shrike,  Authors. 

HAB. — Of  ludovicianus  proper,  chiefly  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States, 
from  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Mississippi ;  but  also  extending  north  into 
the  Valley  of  the  Connecticut  River,  and  west  to  that  of  the  Ohio  and 
the  Mississippi.  Of  excubitorides,  the  rest  of  the  United  States,  excepting 
most  of  New  England ;  northeast  to  Canada,  north  in  other  British  prov- 
inces to  54°  N.  at  least,  and  south  into  Mexico. 


CHARACTERS    OF    LANIUS    EXCUBITORIDES  563 

CH.  SP. —  3  $  Plumbeocanus,  in/via,  albus ;  fronte  et  fascia 
laid  per  latus  capitis  duotd,  oculum  amplectante,  cum  alls  cau- 
ddque,  nigrin^  his  albo  notatis ;  scapularibus  et  tectricibus  cau- 
dalibus  superioribus  albis. 

$  9 ,  adult :  Leaden-gray  or  light  slate  color,  whitening  on  the  scapulars 
and  upper  tail-coverts.  Beneath  white,  slightly  shaded  with  the  French 
gray  on  the  sides,  but  without  dusky  vermiculation.  A  narrow  stripe  across 
the  forehead,  continuous  with  a  broad  bar  along  the  side  of  the  head,  em- 
bracing the  eye,  black,  slightly,  if  at  all,  bordered  with  whitish.  Lower 
eyelid  not  white.  Wings  and  tail  black,  with  white  markings,  much  as  in 
the  last  species.  Bill  and  feet  plumbeous-black;  length  usually  under  9 
inches ;  extent,  12-13  ;  wing  and  tail  each  about  4 ;  bill,  f ;  tarsus,  1  or  more. 

Young :  Vermiculated  below  with  dusky,  upon  a  brownish  ground,  about 
to  the  same  extent  as  is  seen  in  very  old  examples  of  C.  borealis.  General 
tone  of  the  upper  parts  less  pure  than  in  the  adult ;  scapulars  and  tail-cov- 
erts not  purely  white;  black  bar  of  head  less  firm,  but  as  far  as  it  goes 
maintaining  the  characters  of  the  species.  At  a  very  early  age,  the  upper 
parts,  including  the  whitish  of  the  scapulars  and  tail-coverts,  is  finely  ver- 
miculated  with  dusky  waves.  The  ends  of  the  quills,  wing-coverts,  and  tail- 
feathers  often  have  rusty  or  rufous  markings. 

There  will  be  no  difficulty  whatever  in  distinguishing  this  species  from 
the  preceding  by  the  foregoing  description.  Only  the  young  birds  are  ver- 
miculated  below  like  C.  borealis.  The  species  shades  directly  into  the  partic- 
ular form  of  the  South  Atlantic  States  (ludovicianus),  which  is  darker  and 
otherwise  somewhat  peculiar  on  an  average. 

DURING  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  and  ill  nearly  all  por- 
tions of  the  United  States,  the  smaller  species  of  Shrike 
replaces  the  Northern  Butcher-bird.  The  true  Loggerhead  has 
been  supposed  to  be  confined  to  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
States,  and  the  White-rumped  variety  to  range  over  the  rest 
of  the  country,  especially  the  West 5  but  I  have  gradually 
become  satisfied  that  no  such  trenchant  line  can  be  drawn 
between  the  supposed  habitats  of  the  two  varieties.  With 
every  desire  to  be  precise  in  this  matter,  we  need  not  be 
"  holier  than  the  Pope  ",  nor  attempt  to  establish  distinctions 
that  have  no  actual  existence  in  Nature.  It  is  certain  that  the 
two  alleged  species  grade  into  each  other  by  insensible  degrees  j 
and  the  same  is  true  of  the  geographical  areas  they  respect- 
ively inhabit.  I  am  not  aware  that  anything  but  typical  ludo- 
vicianus — by  which  I  mean  the  extreme  of  small  size  and  dark 
color,  little,  if  any,  relieved  by  hoariness — occurs  in  the  South 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  ;  but  "ludovicianus"  has  been  quoted 
from  such  remote  quarters  as  New  England,  Oregon,  and 
Mexico,  and  I  have  examined  different  specimens  from  Ohio, 


564  DISTRIBUTION   OF    LANIUS    LUDOVICIANUS 

which  were  certainly  referable  to  both  species,  if  our  technical 
characters  are  to  be  relied  upon  in  the  least. 

The  real  Loggerheads,  such  as  Wilson,  Audubon,  and  Bach- 
man  talk  about,  are  developed  to  the  highest  degree  in  the 
South  Atlantic  States.  I  found  them  common  in  South  Caro- 
lina, and  others  attest  their  occurrence  along  the  whole  of  the 
same  seaboard,  where  they  seem  to  be  specially  numerous.  But 
they  are  not  confined  to  this  area ;  for,  as  just  stated,  they  occur 
in  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  in  New  England,  if  not  also  in  the 
still  more  distant  countries  to  which  they  have  been  accredited 
by  some  writers. 

The  New  England  record  is  specially  interesting.  It  has 
long  been  asserted  that  a  Shrike,  not  L.  borealis,  occurs  occa- 
sionally in  this  quarter  j  but  we  have  only  recently  acquired 
satisfactory  evidence  that  such  is  the  case.  L.  excubitorides  was 
originally  given  as  a  New  England  bird  by  Emmons  and  Pea- 
body,  apparently  upon  the  authority  of  Nuttall,  who  stated  it 
to  be  a  species  "which  in  winter  is  seen  in  the  vicinity  of  Bos- 
ton "  (Man.  ii.  564).  But  this  seemed  so  hypothetical  that  I 
retained  the  species  in  my  New  England  List  of  1868  as  one 
"  of  very  doubtful  occurrence,  though  known  in  New  York  and 
Canada  West".  Putnam's  citation  of  "C.  ludovicianus"  rests 
upon  no  more. sufficient  evidence,  as  it  refers  in  fact  to  the  same 
authorities,  and  Linsley's  "  Lanius  carolinensis  "  is  in  no  better 
plight.  Dr.  Brewer  was  therefore  right  in  excluding  excubi- 
torides from  his  category  of  observed  inhabitants  of  New 
England,  until  its  occurrence  there  should  be  established  by 
positive  proof.  The  required  evidence  has  lately  been  fur- 
nished by  Mr.  H.  A.  Purdie,  who  states  (Bull.  Nutt.  Club,  ii. 
1877,  21)  that  "a  typical  example  of  this  variety  was  shot  by 
Mr.  Jencks  in  Cranston,  E.  I.,  September  2,  1873,  and  is  now 
in  his  collection." 

So  far  as  I  am  acquainted  with  the  record,  the  occurrence  of 
any  other  Shrike  than  L.  borealis  in  New  England  was  first 
established  in  1873  by  Mr.  H.  A.  Purdie  (Am.  Nat.  vii.  115), 
who  speaks  of  a  specimen,  considered  to  be  a  true  Loggerhead, 
procured  in  West  Newton,  Mass.,  October  21, 1872.  This  occur- 
rence authorized  Dr.  Brewer  to  include  ludovicianus  in  his  list, 
as  he  did,  with  the  remark  "  accidental,  (Mass.) "  The  next  New 
England  specimen,  referred  to  the  same  variety,  was  also  taken 
in  Massachusetts,  at  Newtonville,  in  1874,  as  recorded  by  Mr. 
C.  J.  Maynard  (Amer.  Sportsm.  v.  Feb.  13,  1875,  p.  313).  A 


DISTRIBUTION    OF   LANIUS    EXCUBITORIDES          565 

third  was  shot  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Coe  near  Portland,  Conn.,  in 
November  of  1876,  as  Mr.  C.  H.  Merriam  informs  us  in  his 
admirable  treatise  on  the  birds  of  Connecticut.  Mr.  Merriam 
also  refers  to  another  individual  seen  near  New  Haven  in  May, 
1873,  and  which  "might  have  been  this  species".  In  his  late 
List  of  the  birds  of  Massachusetts,  by  far  the  most  authoritative 
we  possess,  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen  speaks  of  still  another  individual 
there  first  recorded,  which  was  taken  in  Lynn,  in  November, 
1877,  by  Mr.  N.  Vickary.  This  is  the  sum  of  the  New  England 
record,  so  far  as  I  am  acquainted  with  it,  and  it  warrants  the 
inference  that  the  Loggerhead  frequently  pushes  northward 
into  the  Valley  of  the  Connecticut  River,  though  it  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  noted  at  intermediate  points  thence  to 
its  well-known  Southern  home.  It  is  neither  in  Lawrence's 
nor  in  TurnbulPs  list,  nor  did  I  ever  meet  with  it  about 
Washington. 

Both  varieties,  as  I  have  said,  occur  in  the  Western  States 
east  of  the  Mississippi  with  regularity  and  frequency,  and 
the  White-rumped  form  pushes  eastward  into  New  York  and 
Canada.  The  northern  limit  of  the  latter  is  stated  by  Swain- 
son  and  Richardson  to  be  the  54th  parallel.  I  have  myself 
found  it  breeding  in  Dakota  at  49°.  It  is  said  to  occur  in  the 
region  of  the  Saskatchewan,  where,  however,  I  did  not  see  it; 
and  it  is  very  generally  distributed  in  suitable  places  through- 
out the  West,  extending  even  into  Mexico,  whence  we  have 
sundry  advices  of  its  presence.  Like  its  Northern  congener,  it 
is  an  imperfectly  migratory  bird;  a  movement  occurs  each 
season  with  some  individuals,  while  others  do  not  remove; 
so  that  Shrikes  of  this  variety  may  be  found  over  the  whole 
area  they  inhabit  at  any  season  of  the  year,  unless  it  be  along 
the  northern  border  of  their  range.  They  appear  to  be  most 
numerous  in  intermediate  regions,  decreasing  in  numbers  as 
we  proceed  either  way.  The  local  records  we  possess  for 
various  parts  of  the  West  are  numerous  and  explicit,  but 
scarcely  require  to  be  set  forth  in  detail  upon  the  present 
page. 


BIBLIOGKAPHICAL  APPENDIX 


LIST    OF    FAUNAT,    PUBLICATIONS    BELATINO    TO    IYO14  I  II 
AITIEBICAN    ORNITHOLOGY 


A  certain  portion  of  my  Bibliography  of  Ornithology  has 
advanced  so  far  toward  completion  that  it  becomes  available 
in  its  present  state  for  all  practical  purposes.  It  is  accordingly 
published  in  advance  of  the  whole  work,  as  an  appropriate  and 
desirable  Appendix  to  the  present  treatise  on  North  American 
Ornithology.  The  plan  and  scope  of  this  piece  of  bibliography 
should  be  stated  explicitly,  in  order  that  those  who  wish  to 
use  it  may  know  exactly  what  it  does,  and  what  it  does  not, 
contain. 

It  consists  of  the  packet  of  titles  representing  the  North 
American  section  of  the  "Faunal  Publications"  series,  includ- 
ing titles  and  digests  of  works  and  papers  relating  solely  to 
Birds  of  North  America  indiscriminately,  collectively,  or  in 
general.  In  short,  the  titles  are  those  that  relate  to  the  Birds 
of  North  America  as  such — not  as  components  of  any  genus  or 
family.  Hence  are  excluded,  for  example,  all  such  titles  as 
UA  Monograph  of  the  Tringece  of  North  America",  which 
might  seem  to  belong  here;  for  such  a  title  comes,  in  the 
"  Systematic  "  portion  of  my  Bibliography,  under  Scolopacidce. 
All  general  treatises  on  the  birds  of  larger  geographical  areas, 
even  if  including  North  America  (like  Sclater's  "  Catalogue  of 
American '  Birds "  for  example),  are  excluded,  as  are  also  all 
general  works  on  ornithology.  By  this  means,  the  scope  of 
the  present  article  is  conveniently  narrowed  and  rendered  per- 
fectly definite  j  and  only  in  a  few  instances,  for  one  or  another 
particular  reason,  is  the  rigidity  of  the  rule  of  exclusion  relaxed. 

The  bulk  of  the  titles  of  course  consists  of  "local  lists"  and 
allied  kinds  of  articles.  As  a  "  faunal  publication"  may  relate 
to  any  geographical  area,  from  that  of  North  America  itself 
to  that  of  a  single  locality,  the  titles  embrace  a  range  of  publi- 
cations from  the  works  of  Wilson  or  Audubon  down  to  the 

567 


568  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX  [2 

least  note  on  the  subject;  and  with  them  are  also  given,  as 
separate  titles,  the  reviews  and  notices  which  appertain.  As 
already  hinted,  I  give  the  benefit  of  the  doubt  to  a  few  titles 
whose  claim  to  a  place  here  is  doubtful,  or  which  arc  of  such 
mixed  character  that  arbitrary  decision  is  required ;  for  it  is 
well  understood  that  a  perfect  classification  of  titles  by  sub- 
ject-matter is  a  bibliographical  impossibility. 

For  present  purposes,  "  North  America  "  is  held  to  include 
Greenland,  Mexico,  and  the  Bahamas  and  Bermudas;  but 
neither  the  West  Indies  nor  America  south  of  Mexico. 

The  titles  herewith  presented,  nearly  or  about  one  thousand 
in  number,  are  simply  those  which  I  have  thus  far  compiled  for 
my  Universal  Bibliography  of  Ornithology;  but  they  are  sup- 
posed to  be  about  95  per  cent,  of  all  that  are  extant  on  this 
particular  subject,  and  to  represent  some  three  or  four  per 
cent,  of  the  whole  literature  of  ornithology.  The  whole  num- 
ber of  titles  I  have  in  hand  at  present  writing  is  believed  to  be 
about  18,000.  The  present  set  of  titles  is  arranged  chronolo- 
gically, with  secondary  alphabetization  under  each  date.  This 
method,  I  am  persuaded,  tends  to  the  best  exhibit  of  the  sub- 
ject in  its  natural  connections  and  bearings,  because  the  move- 
ment of  the  bibliography  corresponds  with  the  progress  of  the 
science ;  and  any  objections  to  such  an  arrangement  are  re- 
moved by  the  two  indexes,  of  authors  and  of  localities,  by 
which  any  desired  title  may  be  found  at  once. 

There  is  little  to  be  said  of  the  way  in  which  the  work  has 
been  done ;  for  if  it  cannot  speak  for  itself,  the  less  said  the 
better.  It  should  be  stated,  however,  that  the  compiler  has 
habitually  regarded  THE  TITLE  as  a  thing  no  more  to  be 
mutilated  than  a  man's  name ;  and  that  he  has  taken  the 
utmost  pains  to  secure  transcription  of  titles  verbatim,  lite- 
ratim et  punctuatim.  It  may  be  added,  that,  excepting  in 
certain  specified  cases,  no  title  in  this  Bibliography  has  been 
taken  at  second-hand. 

The  remarks  which  follow  most  of  the  titles  have  been  made 
at  the  compiler's  discretion,  and  are  of  the  most  miscellaneous 
description.  In  general,  however,  they  are  in  amplification 
or  explanation  of  the  title,  rather  than  in  the  way  of  criticism. 
They  are  in  general  brief,  and  more  so  than  might  be  expected 
in  a  case  like  the  present;  but  it  will  be  remembered  that  they 
form  part  of  a  commentary  on  many  thousand  titles,  no  one 
set  of  which  is  given  preference — such  extensive  commentary 
demanding  of  course  the  utmost  condensation. 


3]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1612-1615       569 

Bibliography  is  never  finished,  and  always  more  or  less 
defective,  even  on  ground  long  gone  over.  It  is  earnestly 
hoped  that  the  errors  and  omissions  of  this  piece  of  work  may 
be  brought  by  those  interested  to  the  compiler's  notice.  In 
fact,  one  object  in  printing  the  present  batch  of  titles  is  to  in- 
vite criticism,  to  the  end  that  the  final  Bibliography  may  be 
bettered.  The  writer  would  be  accurate  5  yet  he  feels  the 
weight  of  Stevens's  satire  :  "  If  you  are  troubled  with  a  pride 
of  accuracy,  and  would  have  it  completely  taken  out  of  you, 
print  a  catalogue." 

With  few  exceptions,  the  books  and  papers  here  cited  are  in 
the  Library  of  Congress  at  Washington.  It  is  a  pleasure  to 
add,  that  I  have  enjoyed  every  possible  facility  of  handling 
them,  through  the  courteous  attentions  of  Mr.  A.  E.  Spofford. 

In  the  course  of  the  preparation  of  the  whole  Bibliography, 
the  compiler  has  had,  at  different  times,  the  assistance  of  Mr. 
S.  W.  Keen  of  Washington,  Mr.  Ernest  Ingersoll  of  New 
York,  and  Dr.  W.  J.  Hoffman  of  Beading,  Pa.,  to  each  of 
whom  he  returns  thanks  for  faithful  service.  During  the  print- 
ing of  the  present  collection  of  titles,  he  has  enjoyed  the  kind 
and  valuable  attentions  of  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen,  and  has  had  the 
benefit  of  revision  by  a  finished  proof-reader,  Mr.  William 
Young  of  the  Government  Printing  Office. 

1612.  SMITH,  J.  A  Map  of  Virginia.  |  With  a  Descripti-  |  on  of  the  Covn- 
trey,  the  |  Commodities,  People,  Govern-  |  ment  and  Religion,  j 
Written  by  Captaine  Smith,  sometimes  Go-  |  veruour  of  the  Covn- 
trey.  |  Wherevnto  is  annexed  the  |  .  .  .  .  [etc.,  14  lines].  |  By 
W[illiam].  S[trachoy].  |  [Design.]  |  At  Oxford,  |  Printed  by 
Joseph  Barnes.  1612.  Sm.  4to  in  shape  and  by  printer's  sigs.,  sq. 
16mo  size.  4  p.  11.,  pp.  1-39,  map  of  Virginia,  2  11.  (second  title  and 
"To  the  reader"),  pp.  1-110. 
"Birds":  a  paragraph  beginning  on  p.  14  and  ending  on  p.  15. 

1615.  HAMOR,  R.  A  trve  |  Discovrse  of  the  |  present  Estate  of  Vir-  | 
ginia,  and  the  successe  of  the  affaires  |  there  till  the  18  of  lune.  1614. 
|  Together  j  With  a  Relation  of  the  |  seuerall  Euglish  Townes  and 
forts,  theassu-  |  red  hopes  of  that  countrie  and  the  peace  |  concluded 
with  the  Indians.  |  The  Christening  of  Powhatans  daughter  |  and 
her  inariage  with  an  English-man.  |  Writtn  by  Raphe  Hamor  the 
yon-  |  ger,  late  Secretarie  in  that  Colony.  |  Alget,  qui  non  ardet. 
|  [Arms.]  |  Printed  at  London  by  lohn  Beale  for  Wil-  |  liam 
Welby  dwelling  at  the  signe  of  the  |  Swanne  in  Pauls  Church-yard. 
1615.  1  vol.  4to  in  shape  and  sigs.,  16mo  size.  4  p.  11.  (title  and 

"Epistle"),  pp.  1-69  +  1. 
Paragraph  on  "Foule  of  diners  sorts",  p.  21. 


570          BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      162O-1628  [4 

1620.  WHITBOURNE,  R.  A  |  Discovrse  |  and  Discovery  |  of  Nevv-fovnd- 
land,  with  |  many  reasons  to  prooue  how  worthy  and  be-  |  neficiall 
a  Plantation  may  there  be  made,  |  after  a  far  better  manner  than  | 
now  it  is.  |  Together  with  the  lay-  |  ing  open  of  certain  enor-  j  mities 
and  abuses  committed  by  some  that  trade  |  to  that  countrey,  and  the 
meanes  laide  |  downe  for  reformation  |  thereof.  |  Written  by  Cap- 
taine  Richard  Whitbourne  of  |  Exmouth,  in  the  County  of  Deuon, 
and  pub-  |  lished  by  Authority.  |  [Design.]  |  Imprinted  at  London 
by  Felix  Kyngston,  for  |  William  Barret,  1620.  1  vol.  sm.  4to.  9  p. 
1J.  (title,  arms  on  reverse  1 1.,  "To  his  Majesty"  2 11., "  To  his  Majesty's 
subjects"  2  11.,  "  Preface"  4  11.),  pp.  1-69,  one  blank  page,  -f  4  pp. 

I  have  handled  another  ed.,  1622;  there  is  another,  1623.  In  both  the  two 
first,  on  pp.  8,  9,  are  noticed  "  Land-fowle  "  and  "  Water-fowle  ",  among  the  latter 
being  a  notice  of  Alca  impennis: — "  These  Penguins  are  as  bigge  as  Geese,  and 
flye  not,  for  they  haue  bnt  a  little  short  wing,  and  they  multiply  so  infinitely 
vpon  a  certaine  flat  Hand,  that  men  driue  them  from  thence  upon  a  boord,  into 
their  boates  by  hundreds  at  a  time." 

1622.  WHITBOURNE,  R.    A  Discourse  and  Discovery  of  Newfoundland,  [etc.] 
London,  1622. 
See  the  orig.  ed.,  1620. 

1624.  SMITH,  J.  The  |  Generall  Historic  |  of  |  Virginia,  |  New-England, 
and  the  Summer  |  Isles :  with  the  names  of  the  Adventurers,  |  Plant- 
ers, and  Governours  from  their  |  first  beginning  An0 :  1584.  to  this 
present  1624.  |  With  the  Procedings  of  those  Severall  Colonies  |  and 
the  Accidents  that  befell  them  in  all  their  |  Journyes  and  Discov- 
eries. |  Also  the  Maps  and  Descriptions  of  all  those  |  Countryes, 
their  Commodities,  people,  |  Government,  Customes,  and  Religion  J 
yet  knowne.  |  Divided  into  sixe  Bookes.  I  By  Captain  lohn  Smith  | 
Sometymes  Governour  |  in  those  Countryes  &Admirall  |  of  New  Eng- 
land. |  London.  |  Printed  by  L  D.  and  |  I.  H.  for  Michael  |  Sparkes.  | 
1624.  1  vol.  folio.  Eng.  title,  6  p.  11.,  pp.  1-96, 105-248,  4  maps. 
For  the  bird-matter,  see  the  ed.  of  1632. 

1628.  HERNANDEZ,  F.  Rerum  Medicarum  Nova3  Hispanise  Thesaurus,  sou 
Plantarum  Animaliuin  Mineralium  Mexicanornm  historia  ex  Fran- 
cisci  Hernandi  Noui  orbis  medici  Primary  relationibus  in  ipsa  Mexi- 
cana  vrbe  conscriptis  a  Nardo  Antonio  Reecho.  .  .  .  Collecta  ac  in 
ordinem  digesta  a  Joanne  Terrentio  Lynceo  notis  illustrata;  cum 
Indice,  et  Historic  Animalium  et  Mineralium  libro.  Nunc  primum 
in  naturaliu  reru  studiosor.  gratia  et  utilitat«  studio  et  impensis 
Lynceorum  Publici  iuris  facta  Philippo  magno  dicata.  Romae. 
M.  DC.  XXVIII  Ex  Tjpographeio  Jacobi  Mascardi.  Folio.  En- 
graved title,  pp.  950,  17  11. ;  "  Historiae  Animalium  ",  pp.  90,  (6). 

Not  seen— title  from  Sabin's  Diet.,  where  it  is  said :— "  This  edition  was  abridged, 
and  edited  from  the  author's  MS.  by  Dr.  Reecho  of  Naples ;  pp.  345-455  are  addi- 
tions by  Terrentius  de  Constance,  pp.  460-840  by  John  Faber,  pp.  841-899  are 
annotations  by  Fabio  Colonno,  the  tables  by  Prince  Cesi."  Sabin  describes  an- 
other ed.,  sm.  4to,  Mexico,  1615,  which  he  says  is  probably  the  work  referred  to 
by  Henry  Stevens's  Bibliotheca  Historica,  No.  891,  where  the  date  is  said  to  be 
1604.— The  "Historiae  Animalium",  etc.,  forming  the  latter  90 +6  pp.  of  the  whole, 
separately  paged,  is  sometimes  cited  as  a  separate  work,  and  even  attributed  to 
"Fernandez  ",  aa  if  to  a  different  author  from  Hernandez.  See  the  ed.  fully  col- 
lated beyond,  165L 


5]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      16aO-1632          571 

1630.  [HIGGINSOX,  FRANCIS.]  New  England's  |  Plantation.  Or,  |  a  Short 
and  trve  |  description  of  the  commodities  |  and  discommodities  of 
that  Countrey.  |  —  |  Written  by  a  reuerend  Diuine  now  |  there 
resident.  |  —  |  [Seal.]  |  —  |  London,  Printed  by  T.  C.  and  R.  C.  for 
Michael  Sparke,  |  dwelling  at  the  Signe  of  the  Blew  Bible  in  |  Greene 
Arbor  in  the  little  Old  Bailey.  1630.  1  vol.  4to  in  shape  and  by  sigs., 
sq.  16mo  size,  consisting  of  11  unpaged  leaves. 

On  the  7th  leaf  begins,  "Of  the  Aire  of  New  England  with  the  Temper  of  the 
Creatures  in  it " ;  and  on  the  next  leaf  comes  some  bird-matter,  amounting  to  just 
one  page.— Reprinted  in  Force's  Historical  Tracts,  voL  i,  Tract  12. 

1632.  MORTON,  T.  New  English  Canaan ;  Or  New  Canaan,  containing  An 
Abstract  of  New  England.  Composed  in  three  Bookes,  [etc.]  Writ- 
ten by  Thomas  Morton,  of  Cliffords  Inn,  Gent.  Upon  ten  Yeers 
Knowledge  and  Experiment  of  the  Country.  Printed  by  Charles 
Green.  1632. 

Not  seen.— Eeprinted  in  Force's  Hist.  Tracts,  vol.  ii,  Tracts,  1838.— See  ed.  of  1637. 

1632.  SAGARD  THEODAT,  G.  Le  Grand  Voyage  |  Dv  pays  des  Hvrons,  | 
situe"  en  1'Amerique  vers  la  Mer  |  douce,  6s  derniers  confins  |  de  la 
nouuelle  France,  |  dite  Canada.  |  Ou  il  est  amplement  traite"  de  tout 
ce  qui  est  du  pays,  des  |  mceurs  &  du  naturel  des  Sauuages,  de  leur 
gouuernement  |  &  fafons  de  faire,  tant  dedans  leurs  pays,  qu'allans 
en  voya-  |  ges :  De  leur  foy  &  croyance;  De  leurs  conseils  &  guerres, 
&.  |  de  quel  genre  de  tourmens  ils  font  mourir  leurs  prisonniers.  | 
Coinme  ilsse  marient  &  esteuent  leurs  enfans:  De  leurs  Me-  |  decins, 
&  des  remedes  dont  ils  vsent  a  leurs  maladies :  |  De  leurs  dances 
&  chansons :  De  la  chasse,  de  la  pesche  &  des  |  oyseaux  &  animaux 
terrestres  &  aquatiques  qu'ils  ont.  Des  |  richesses  du  pays :  Comme 
ils  cultiuent  les  terres,  &  accom-  |  modent  leur  Menestre.  De  leur 
deiiil,  pleurs  &  lamenta-  |  tions,  &  comme  ils  enseuelissent  &  en- 
terrent  leurs  morts.  |  Auec  vn  Dictionnaire  de  la  langue  Huronne, 
pour  la  commodi-  j  t6  de  ceux  qui  ont  a  voyager  dans  le  pays,  & 
n'ont  |  Intelligence  d'icelle  languo.  |  Par  F.  Gabriel  Sagard 
Theodat,  Recollet  de  |  S.  Francois,  de  la  Prouince  de  S.  Denys  en 
France.  |  —  |  A  Paris,  |  Chez  Denys  Moreav,  rue  S.  lacques,  a  |  la 
Salamandre  d' Argent.  |  —  |  M.  DC.  XXXII.  |  Auec  Priuilege  du 
Roy.  1  vol.  16mo,  with  12  prel.  11.  (eng.  title  (1  1.),  plain  title 
(1  1.),  invocation  to  Jesus  Christ  (2  11.),  to  Henry  de  Lorraine  (2  11.), 
to  reader  (3  11.),  contents  and  royal  privilege,  &c.  (3  11.)),  and 
pp.  1-380,  whereof  pp.  295-380  are  of  Part  Second.— Dictionary  of 
the  Huron  language,  pp.  1-12,  1-132  (being  66  leaves,  unpaged), 
1-13  (being  7  leaves,  unpaged). 

Seconde  Partie,  Chapitre  I,  pp.  296-304,  Des  Oyseaux.— There  is  a  copy  of  this 
extremely  rare  work  in  the  Congressional  Library  at  Washington.  There  is  a 
late  textual  reprint,  1865,  giving  facsimile  of  the  original  title-pages,  indication 
of  the  original  pagination,  etc.,  q.  v.  The  work  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the 
same  author's  History  of  Canada,  1636,  of  which  there  is  a  similar  late  reprint. 

1632.  SMITH,  J.  The  |  General  Historie  |  of  |  Virginia,  .  .  .  [etc.]  |  Lon- 
don. |  Printed  by  I.  D.  and  |  I.  H.  for  Edward  Blackmore  |  Anno 
1632. 

Excepting  date  and  imprint,  this  is  identical  with  the  orig.  ed.,  1624,  q.  v.,  even 
to  the  break  in  the  pagination  between  pp.  96  and  105;  also  same  4  maps. 


572          BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1632-1636  [0 

1632.  SMITH,  J. — Continued. 

Book  2,  Of  Virginia,  paragraph  on  Birds  at  p.  27.— Book  5,  Of  the  Bermudas,  2 
paragrapbson  Birdsatp.  171,  describing,  among  others,  the  "  Cahow"  (see  Jones's 
Nat.  in  Bermuda,  1859,  p.  — )  and  Tropicke-bird. — Book  6,  Of  New  England,  para- 
graph on  Birds  at  p.  216. 

1634.  WOOD,  W.    New  Englands  Prospect.    A  true,  lively,  and  experiment- 

all  description  of  that  part  of  America,  commonly  called  New  Eng- 
land :  discovering  the  state  of  that  Countrie,  both  as  it  stands  to 
our  new-come  English  Planters;  and  to  the  old  Native  Inhabitants. 
Laying  downe  that  which  may  both  enrich  the  knowledge  of  the 
mind-travelling  Reader,  or  benefit  the  future  Voyager.  By  William 
Wood.  Printed  at  London  by  Tho.  Cotes,  for  lohn  Bellamie,  and 
are  to  be  sold  at  his  shop,  at  the  three  Golden  Lyons  in  Corne-hill, 
neere  the  Royall  Exchange.  1634.  Sm.  4to.  pp.112. 

Not  seen.— Title  taken  as  found  in  Young's  Chronicles  (8vo,  Boston,  1846). 
Tho  treatise  is  said  to  contain,  Chap.  VIII,  a  considerable  and  curious  account  of 
New  England  birds. 

1635.  WOOD,  W.     New  |  Englands  |  Prospect.  |  A  true,  lively,  and  experi- 

men-  |  tall  description  of  that  part  of  America,  |  commonly  called 
New  England :  |  discovering  the  state  of  that  Coun-  |  trie,  both  as 
it  stands  to  our  new-come  |  English  Planters ;  and  to  the  old  j  Na-' 
tive  Inhabitants.  |  Laying  downe  that  which  may  both  enrich 
the  |  knowledge  of  the  mind-travelling  Reader,  |  or  benefit  the 
future  Voyager.  |  —  |  By  William  Wood.  |  —  |  [Design.]  |  Printed 
at  London  by  Tho.  Cotes,  for  lohn  Bellamie,  and  are  to  be  sold  |  at 
his  shop,  at  the  three  Golden  Lyons  in  Corne-hillj  neere  the  |  Royall 
Exchange.  1635.  1  vol.  4to  in  shape  and  in  sigs.,  about  16mo  size. 
4  p.  11.,  pp.  1-83  -f-  5,  map. 

Stevens's  Eibl.  Amer.  gives  two  other  eds.,  of  1634  and  1639 ;  they  appear  to  be 
very  similar,  but  not  identical.  Copy  of  the  present  ed.  in  Congr.  Libr. 

Chap.  VIII,  pp.  22-27,  "  Of  the  Birds  and  Fowle  both  of  Land  and  Water  ",  both 
in  prose  and  verse.  Numerous  species  are  cursorily  treated. 

1636.  SAGARD  THEODAT,  G.    Histoire  |  du  Canada  |  et  Voyages  |  que  lea 

freres  mineurs  recollects  y  ont  faicts  pour  |  la  conuersion  des  infi- 
delles  |  divisez  en  quatre  liures  |  Oil  est  anaplement  traicte"  des  choses 
principales  arriu6es  |  dans  le  pays  depuis  1'an  1615  iusques  a  la 
prise  qui en  |  a  estefaicte paries Auglois. — Desbieus&commoditez  j 
qu'on  en  peut  esperer.— Des  moeurs,  ceremonies,  crean-  |  ce,  loix  & 
coustumes  merueilleuses  de  ses  inhabitans. —  |  De  la  conuersion  & 
baptesme  de  plusieurs,  &  des  moyens  |  necessaires  pour  les  amener 
&  la  cognoissance  de  Dieu.  |  L'eutretieu  ordinaire  de  nos  Mariniers, 
&  autres  parti-  |  cularitez  que  se  remarquent  en  la  suite  de  1'his- 
toire.  |  Fait  et  compose"  par  le  |  F.  Gabriel  Sagard  Theodat,  |  Mi- 
neur  Recollect  de  la  Prouince  |  de  Paris.  |  A  Paris  |  Chez  Claude 
Sonnius,  rue  S.  Jacques  a  PEscu  de  I  Basle  &  au  Compas  d'or.  | 
M.  DC.  XXXVI  |  Auec  Priuilege  &  Approbation. 

This  is  the  title  of  the  orig.  ed.,  very  rare ;  there  is  a  textual  reprint,  indi- 
cating pagination  of  the  original,  4  vols.  12mo,  Paris,  1866,  q. v. — "Des  oyseaux 
plus  coinmuns  du  Canada,"  Chap.  II,  pp.  732-741 ;  a  brief  notice  of  a  few  leading 
species,  as  the  Hummingbird,  Jay,  Eaglo,  Crane. 


7]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1637-1651          573 

1637.  MORTON,  T.  New  English  Canaan  |  or  |  New  Canaan.  |  Containing 
an  Abstract  of  New  England,  |  Composed  in  three  Bookes.  |  The 
first  Booke  setting  forth  the  originall  of  the  Natives,  their  |  Manners 
and  Customes,  together  with  their  tractable  Nature  and  Love 
towards  the  English.  |  The  second  Booke  setting  forth  the  naturall 
endowments  of  the  |  Country,  and  what  staple  Commodities  it  | 
yealdeth.  \  The  third  Booke  setting  forth,  what  people  are  planted 
there,  |  their  prosperity,  what  remarkable  accidents  have  happened 
since  the  first  |  planting  of  it,  together  with  their  Tenents  and 
practise  of  their  Church.  |  Written  by  Thomas  Morton,  of  Cliffords 
Inne  gent,  upon  tenne  |  yeares  knowledge  and  experiment  of  the 
|  Country.  |  Printed  at  Amsterdam,  |  By  Jacob  Frederick  Stam.  | 
In  the  yeare  1637.  1  vol.  very  small  4to  by  printer's  sig.,  nearer 
16mo  size.  pp.  1-188,  -f-  2  11.  ("contents). 

Copy  in  Congr.  Libr.,  but  title-page  gone;  above  title  copied  from  Stevens' s 
Bibl.  Amer.  This  is  a  2d  ed.,  orig.  1632. 

The  second  Booke,  Chap.  IV,  pp.  67-73,  "Of  Birds,  and  fetbered  fovvles," 
Swannes,  Geese,  Ducks,  Teales,  "Widggens,  Simpes  (=• Snipes)  Sanderlings, 
Cranes,  Turkies,  Pheisauts,  Partridges,  Qnailes,  Owles,  Crowes,  a  Lannaret, 
Fawcons,  Goshawkes,  Martins,  Sparhawkes,  A  hunning  bird,  "as  small  as  a 
Beetle,"  etc. 

.1649.  [UNKNOWN.]    Perfect  Description  of  Virginia,  [etc.]    Pamph.  4to. 
1649. 
Not  seen.— Said  to  end  with  a  catalogue  of  "  Beasts,  Birds,  Fish,  and  Trees  ". 

1651.  HERNANDEZ,  F.  Rervm  Medicarvm  |  Nova}  Hispanic  |  Thesavrvs  | 
sev  |  Plantarvm  Animalivm  |  Mineralivm  Mexicanorvm  |  His- 
toria  |  ex  Francisci  Hernandez  |  Noui  Orbis  Medici  Primary  rela- 
tionibus  |  in  ipsa  Mexicana  Vrbe  conscriptis  |  a  Nardo  Antonio 
Reecho  |  Monte  Coruinate  Cath.  Maiest.  Medico  |  Et  Neap.  Regni 
Archiatro  Generali  |  lussu  Philippi  II.  Hisp.  Ind.  etc.  Regis  |  Col- 
lecta  ac  in  ordineni  digesta  |  A  loanne  Terrentio  Lynceo  |  Con- 
stantiense  Germ0.  Pho.  ac  Medico  |  Notis  Illustrata  |  Nuuc  primu  in 
Naturaliu  rer.  Studiosor.  gratia  |  lucubrationibus  Lynceoru  publici 
iuris  facta.  |  Quibus  Jam  excussis  accessere  demum  alia  |  quor. 
omnium  Synopsis  sequent!  pagina  ponitur  |  Opus  duobus  volumini- 
bus  diuisum  |  Philippo  IIII.  Regi  Catholico  Magno  |  Hispaniar. 
vtriusq.Sicilia3etIndiaruetcMonarchae  |  dicatum.  |  CumPriuilegijs. 
|  Romse  Superior,  permissu.  Ex  Typographeio  Vitalis  Mascardi. 
M.DC.XXXXXI.  [Or,] 

Nova  |  Plantarvm,  Animalivm  |  et  Mineralivm  Mexicanorvm  | 
Historia  |  a  Francisco  Hernandez  Medico  |  In  Indijs  pra3stantissimo 
primum  compilata,  |  dein  a  Nardo  Antonio  Reecho  in  volvmen 
digesta,  |  a  lo.  Terentio,  lo.  Fabro,  et  Fabio  Colvmna  Lynceis  | 
Notis,  &  additionibus  longe  doctissimis  illustrata.  |  Cui  demum  ac- 
cessere |  aliqvot  ex  principis  Federici  Caesii  Frontispiciis  |  Theatri 
Naturalis  Phytosophicsa  Tabula3  |  Vua  cum  quamplurimis  Iconibus, 
ad  octingentas,  quibus  singula  |  contemplanda  graphice  exhibentur, 
|  [Tabula.]  |  Romae  MDCLI.  |  Sumptibus  Blasij  Deuersini,  &  Za- 
nobij  Masotti  Bibliopolarum.  |  Typis  Vitalis  Mascardi.  Superiorum 
permissu.  1  vol.  folio.  Eng.  title  (first,  above  given),  back  blank, 
ilium,  title  (second,  just  given),  back  blank,  dedication  to  the  king, 


574          BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1651-1672  [s 

1651.  HERNANDEZ,  F. — COD  tinned. 

1 1.,  printer  to  reader  etc.  2  11.,  "Index  plantarvm"  etc.  7  11.,  "Index 
Authorvm  "  etc.  3  11.  (=  total  of  30  unpaged  p.  11.),  pp.  1-950  (main 
text),  -f-  5  unpaged  11.  (Indexes) ;  with  unnumbered  illustrations 
in  the  text.  [Then  follows,  separately  paged,] 

Historian  Animalivm  |  et  Mineralivm  Novae  Hispaniae  |  Liber 
Vnicus  |  in  sex  Tractatvs  divisvs  |  Francisco  Fernandez  Philippi 
Secundi  primario  Medico  |  avthore.  pp.  1-90,  +  3  unpaged  11.  (In- 
dices and  Errata). 

Kervm  medicarvm  Novae  Hispaniae  Nardi  Antonii  Recchi  Liber  norms.  Ani- 
malia  exhibet,  pp.  313-334 :  Cap.  vi,  p.  317,  De  Ave  paradisea,  with  a  cut  of  a 
Bird  of  Paradise,  from  some  old  author.  Cap.  viii,  p.  319,  De  Cozcaqvavhtli, 
Regina  aurarum.  Capp.  ix-xi,  pp.  320-322,  various  birds,  with  7  cuts.  Cap.  xix, 
p.  331,  De  Tzopilotl,  siue  Aura,  with  cut. 

Aliorum  Novae  Hispaniae  Animalivm,  Nardi  Antonii  Recchi  imagines  et  nomina. 
loannis  Fabri  Lyncei  .  .  .  expositione,  pp.  460-840 ;  birds  being  treated  at  pp. 
672-720.— Alcatraz,  Onocrotalus  Mexicanus  dentatus,  p.  672,  cut ;  Onoc.Mex.non 
dentatus,  p.  673,  cut ;  scholia  eiusdem  to  p.  685.  Acitli,  Mergus  americanus,  p. 
686,  cut ;  scholia  eiusd.  to  p.  696.  Picus  americanus,  p.  697,  cut ;  scholia  eius- 
dem to  p.  704.  Hoitzitziltototl,  Auispicta  americana,  p.  705,  cut;  scholia  eiusdem 
to  p.  *09.  Avis  mexicana  Psittaci  colore,  p.  709,  cut.  Avis  anonyma,  Nouae  His- 
paniae, p.  710,  cut;  scholia  eiusdem  to  p.  720. 

Historiae  Animalivm  .  .  .  Liber  Vnicus  .  .  .  Francisco  Fernandez  .  .  . 
avthore,  Tractatvs  Secundvs,  De  Historiae  Avivm  Novae  Hispaniae,  pp.  13-58, 
Cap.  i-ccxxix,  treats  of  some  229  birds  of  Mexico,  giving  short  descriptions,  etc., 
of  each.  4 

This  famous  work  is  cited  by  bibliographers  and  naturalists  in  such  uncertain 
ways,  occasioning  so  much  confusion,  that  I  have  thought  best  to  give  a  reason- 
ably full  collation  of  the  volume,  and  a  complete  exposition  of  the  ornithological 
matter  it  contains.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  volume  has  two  very  different 
titles  for  the  same  work,  in  the  composition  of  which  several  authors  are  con- 
cerned ;  and  that  there  are  two  very  different  works,  separately  paged,  in  the 
same  volume.  The  copy  examined  is  lettered  on  the  cover  "Recchi  Hist.  Mexici ". 
The  date,  1651,  is  that  of  a  later  ed.,  as  I  find  the  work  cited  r.s  of  1628,  q.  v. 

1672.  JOSSELYN,  J.  New-Englands  |  Rarities  |  Discovered :  |  In  |  Birds, 
Beasts,  Fishes,  Serpents,  |  and  Plants  of  that  Country.  |  Together 
with  |  The  Physical  and  Chyrurgical  Reme-  |  dies  wherewith  the 
Natives  con-  |  stantly  used  to  Cure  their  Distem-  |  pers,  Wounds, 
and  Sores.  |  Also  |  A  perfect  Description  of  an  Indian  |  Squa,  in 
all  her  Bravery ;  with  a  |  Poem  not  improperly  conferr'd  |  upon  her.  | 
Lastly  |  A  Chronological  Table  |  of  the  most  remarkable  Passages 
in  that  |  Country  amongst  the  English.  |  —  |  Illustrated  with  Cuts. 
|  —  |  By  John  Josselyn,  Gent.  |  —  |  London,  Printed  for  G.  Wid- 
dowes  at  the  |  Green  Dragon  in  St.  Pauls  Church  yard,  1672. 

The  foregoing  title  is  taken  from  what  is  supposed  to  be  a  facsimile  of  the 
original,  in  the  Archceologia  Americana,  or  Trans,  and  Coll.  Amer.  Antiq.  Soc. 
vol.  iv,  where  the  literal  reprint  occupies  pp.  133-238.  The  collation  of  the  origi- 
nal is  given  by  Field  as  "  24°  Frontispiece,  a  dragon.  Title  and  dedication,  each 
1  leaf.  Text  pp.  1  to  114.  Advertisement,  1  leaf." 

Pages  6-13  treat  "First,  of  Birds",  giving  an  account,  more  curious  than  edi- 
fying, of  a  number  of  New  England  species,  ending  with  "What  Birds  are  not 
to  be  found  in  New  England  ".  The  account  is  interlarded  with  fanciful  recipes 
for  curing  diseases— and  indeed  the  ornithology  itself  is  not  much  less  imagin- 
ary. Among  other  species  are  treated  the  "  Troculus"  (Ghcetura),  "  Pilhannaw  ", 
and  the  "  Wobble".  The  last  is  interesting  as  attesting  the  then  occurrence  of 
Alca  impennis  in  New  England. 


9]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1674-1676          575 

1674.  JOSSELVN,    J.    An  |  Account  |  of  two  |  Voyages  |  to  |  New-England  | 

Wherein  you  have  the  setting  out  of  a  Ship,  |  with  the  charges ; 
The  prices  of  all  necessaries  for  |  furnishing  a  Planter  and  his 
Family  at  his  first  com-  |  ing,  A  Description  of  the  Countrey,  Na- 
tives and  |  Creatures,  with  their  Merchantil  and  Pysical  use ;  The 
Government  of  the  Countrey  as  it  is  now  pos-  |  sessed  by  the  Eng- 
lish, &c.  |  A  large  Chronological  Ta-  |  ble  of  the  most  remarkable 
passages,  from  the  first  |  discovering  of  the  Continent  of  America, 
to  the  year  1673.  |  —  |  By  John  Josselyn  Gent.  |  —  |  [Quotation.] 
|  —  |  London,  Printed  for  Giles  Widdows,  at  the  Green-Dragon  |  in 
St.  Pauls-Church-yard.  1674.  1  vol.  sm.  18mo,  8  leaves  to  a  sig. 
4  p.  1.  (license  1 1.,  title  11.,  to  the  President  &  Fellows  of  the  Royal 
Soc.  1 1.,  to  the  Reader  1 1.),  pp.  1-279  -f-  3  pp. 
Birds  at  pp.  95-108.  See  the  other  ed.,  of  1675. 

1675.  JOSSELYN,  J.    An  |  Account  |  of  two  |  Voyages  |  to  New-England.  | 

Wherein  you  have  the  setting  out  of  a  Ship,  |  With  the  charges ;  | 
The  prices  of  all  necessaries  for  |  furnishing  a  Planter  &  his  Fam- 
ily at  his  first  com-  |  ing ;  A  Description  of  the  Country,  Natives  and 
|  Creatures;  The  Government  of  the  Countrey  as  |  it  is  now  pos- 
sessed by  the  English,  &c.  A  large  |  Chronological  Table  of  the 
most  remarkable  |  passages  from  the  first  discovering  of  the  Conti-  | 
nent  of  America,  to  the  year  1673.  |  —  |  By  John  Josselyn  Gent. 
|  —  |  The  Second  Addition.  |  —  |  [Quotation,  6  lines.]  |  London 
Printed  forG.  Widdowes  at  the  Green  Dragon  in  St.  |  Pauls  Church- 
yard, 1675. 

Reprinted  in  Collections  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  vol.  iii,  of  the 
third  series,  1833,  pp.  211-396,  whence  the  above  title  is  taken,  and  where  occurs 
this  remark :— "  In  the  12mo.  volume  from  which  this  is  printed,  the  title  is  pre- 
ceded by  a  leaf,  on  the  first  page  of  which  is  the  printer's  device,  viz.  a  dragon 
with  the  letters  G-  TV  over  it ;  and  in  the  middle  of  the  second  page  is  '  Licensed 
by  Roger  L'estrange  Novemb.  the  28,  1673.'  The  title-leaf  (which  is  substituted 
for  one  cut  out,  doubtless  to  give  the  book  the  appearance  of  a  second  edition)  is 
followed  by  two  leaves,  one  bearing  the  Dedication,  the  other  a  list  of  Errata 
. . . ."  See  the  orig.  ed.,  1674. 

Bird-matter  occurs  at  pp.  95-103  of  the  original  (pp.  274-280  of  this  reprint),  in 
the  shape  of  some  curious  remarks  of  no  earthly  account  (though  I  observe  that 
some  of  Josselyn's  commentators  attempt  to  interpret  him),  opening  thus:— "Of 
birds  there  are  not  many  more  than  120  kinds  as  our  Naturalists  have  conjec- 
tured, but  I  think  they  are  deceived ;  they  are  divided  into  land-birds  and  water- 
birds,  the  land  birds  again  into  birds  of  prey,  birds  for  meat,  singing-birds  and 
others."  A  good  many  kinds  of  birds  are  gossiped  about}  e.gr.,the  Pilhannaw, 
"  the  biggest  bird  that  is,  except  the  Ostrich". 

1675.  JOSSELYN,  J.    New  England's  Rarities  Discovered  in  Birds,  Fishes, 

Serpents,  and  Plants  of  that  Country.    Together  with  the  Physical 
and  Chyrurgical  Remedies,  wherewith  the  Natives  constantly  use 
[etc.].     By  John  Josselyn,  Gent.    2d  Addition.    London.    1675. 
Not  seen.    See  the  orig.  ed.,  1672. 

1676.  GLOVER,  T.      An  Account  of  Virginia,  its  Scituation,  Temperature, 

Productions,  Inhabitants,  and  their  manner  of  planting  and  ordering 
Tobacco,  &c.  <  Philos.  Trans.,  xi,  1676,  pp.  623-636. 

Page  631  notices  "  Turkies,  Turkie  Buzzards,  Turtle- Doves,  Partridges,  Hawks 
of  several  sorts  ",  and  more  particularly  the  Mocking-bird,  Red-bird,  and  Hum- 
ming-bird,  of  which  latter  it  is  stated  that  it  is  "not  much  bigger  than  a  Hornet 
and  yet  hath  all  the  parts  of  a  bird  entire  ". 


576          BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1693-1714  [lO 

1693.  CLAYTON,  J.  Mr.  John  Clayton,  Rector  of  Crofton  at  Wakefield,  his 
Letter  to  the  Royal  Society,  giving  a  farther  Account  of  the  Soil, 
and  other  Observables  of  Virginia.  <  Philos.  Trans.,  xvii,  1693, 
pp.  978-999. 

Pages  988-999,  "  Of  the  Birds",  consist  of  a  running  commentary  on  quite  a 
large  number  of  species,  considering  the  early  date. 

1703.  LA  HONTAN,  — ,  BARON  DE.  Vpyages  dans  1'Ame'rique  ....  2  vols. 
12mo.  LaHaye.  1703. 

The  original,  which  I  have  not  seen ;  see  the  English  ed.,  1703. 

1703.  LA  HONTAN,  — ,  BARON  DB.  New  |  Voyages  |  to  North-America.  |  Con- 
taining |  [etc.  etc.].  |  —  |  Illustrated  with  Twenty  Three  Mapps  and 
Cutts.  |  —  |  Written  in  French  |  By  the  Baron  Lahontan,  Lord 
Lievtenant  |  of  the  French  Colony  at  Placentia  in  New-  |  f  oundland, 
now  in  England.  |  —  |  Done  into  English.  |  —  |  In  Two  Volumes. 
|  A  great  part  of  which  never  Printed  in  the  Original. 
I  —  |  London  :  Printed  for  H.  Bonwicke  in  St.  Paul's  Church- 
yard ;  |  T.  Goodwin,  M.  Wotton,  B.  Tooke,  in  Fleetstreet ;  and  S. 
Manship  |  in  Cornhill,  1703.  2  vols.  sm.  8vo.  Vol.  I,  12  prel.  11. 
(Title,  Dedication,  Preface,  Contents),  pp.  1-280,  12  maps  and  cuts. 
At  pp.  237-242  of  voL  I  occurs  an  annotated  "List  of  the  Fowl  or  Birds  that 
frequent  the  South  Countries  of  Canada";  a  second  List  of  the  "Birds  of  the 
North  Countries  of  Canada" ;  followed  by  "  A  Description  of  such  Birds  as 
are  not  accounted  for  in  my  Letters  ". 

1709.  LAWSON,  J.  A  New  |  Voyage  |  to  |  Carolina ;  |  Containing  the  |  Exact 
Description  and  Natural  History  |  of  that  |  Country:  |  Together  with 
the  Present  State  thereof  |  and  |  A  Journal  |  Of  a  |  Thousand  Miles 
Travel'd  thro'  several  |  Nations  of  Indians.  |  Giving  a  particular  Ac- 
count of  their  Customs,  |  Manners  &c.  |  By  John  Lawson,  Gent, 
Surveyor  |  -General  of  North  Carolina.  |  London,  |  printed  in  the 
year  1709.  [No  publisher.]  1  vol.  sm.  4to. 

This  is  the  orig.  ed.,  issued  in  numbers  as  a  part  of  Stevens's  Collection  of 
Voyages,  1709.  The  copy  examined  in  the  Congressional  Library  lacks  the  title- 
leaf  and  the  map;  otherwise  the  collation  is:  Dedication,  1  leaf;  Preface, 
1  leaf;  Introduction  and  Journal,  pp.  1-60 ;  A  Description  of  North  Carolina, 
pp.  61-258 ;  Advertisement,  1  leaf;  Animal  plate  at  p.  181.  The  size  is  sm.  4to  by 
printer's  sigs.,  or  sq.  8vo.  The  bird-matter  is  at  pp.  135-151.  The  work  was  re- 
printed, with  new  title,  beginning  "The  History  of  Carolina",  etc.,  but  in  other 
respects  identical,  1714;  another  ed.,  precisely  similar  to  the  last,  1718 ;  a  4th  ed., 
Dublin,  1737,  attributed  to  Brickell.  q.  v.  The  5th  and  last  ed.  was  issued  at  Ka- 
leigh  in  1860,  q.  v.  There  is  also  a  German  version,  ,,Beschreibung  der  Provinz 
Carolina"  u.  s.  w.,  8vo,  Hamburg,  1712.  "Neither  of  the  first  three  editions  of 
Lawson's  work  is  often  found  complete,  with  the  map,  and  animal  plate."  For 
the  ornithology  of  this  work,  see  what  is  said  under  heads  of  BRICKELL,  1737,  and 
of  the  edition  of  1860. 

1714.  LAWSON,  J.  The  |  History  |  of  |  Carolina ;  |  containing  the  |  Exact 
Description  and  Natural  History  |  of  that  Country :  |  Together  with 
the  Present  State  thereof.  |  And  |  A  Journal  |  of  a  Thousand  Miles, 
Travel'd  thro'  several  |  Nations  of  Indians.  |  Giving  a  particular  Ac- 
count of  their  Customs,  |  Manners,  &c.  |  —  |  By  John  Lawson,  Gent. 
Surveyor  General  |  of  North-Carolina.  |  —  |  London :  |  Printed  foi 
W.  Taylor  at  the  Ship,  and  T.  Baker  at  the  Black-  |  Boy,  in  Pater- 
Naster-Row,  1714. 

Identical  in  every  respect,  excepting  the  title,  with  the  orig.  ed.,  1709,  q.  v. 
On  actual  comparison,  this  seems  to  be  only  other  copies  of  the  original,  furnished 
with  a  new  title-leaf. 


11] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       171§-1737          577 


1718.  LAWSON,  J.  The  |  History  |  of  |  Carolina ;  |  containing  the  |  Exact 
Description  and  Natural  History  of  that  Country;  |  Together  with 
the  Present  State  thereof.  |  And  A  Journal  |  Of  a  Thousand  Miles, 
Traveled  thro'  several  |  Nations  of  Indians.  |  Giving  a  particular  Ac- 
count of  their  Customs,  Manners,  &c.  |  By  John  Lawson,  Gent.  Sur- 
veyor-General |  of  North-Carolina.  |  London,  |  printed  for  T.  Warner, 
at  the  Black-Boy  in  Pater-Noster  |  Row,  1718.  Price  Bound  Five 
Shillings. 

Not  seen— title  from  Field,  who  states  that  the  collation  ia  the  same  as  that  of 
the  ed.  of  1714  or  1709.  Is  it  anything  more  than  other  copies  ? 

1730.  MORTIMER,  [C.]    An  Account  of  Mr.  Mark  Catesby's  Essay  towards 

the  Natural  His'ory  of  Carolina  and  the  Bahama  Islands,  with 
some  Extracts  out  of  the  first  three  Sets.  <  Philos.  Trans.,  xxxvi, 

1730,  pp.  425-434. 

The  commentary  includes  Catesby's  birds,  Nos.  1-60. 

1731.  MORTIMER,  [C.]    A  Continuation  of  an  Account  of  Mr.  Mark  Catesby's 

Essay  towards  a  Natural  History  of  Carolina  and  the  Bahama 
Islands,  with  some  Extracts  out  of  the  fourth  Set.  <  Philos.  Trans., 
xxxvii,  1731,  pp.  174-178. 

The  commentary  proceeds  with  Nos.  61-80. 

1731-48.  CATESBY,  M.  The  Natural  History  of  Carolina,  Florida,  and  the 
Bahama  Islands :  containing  ....  2  vols.  folio.  London.  Vol.  I, 

1731.  Vol.11,  1743.     200  plates,  and  map.     Appendix,  1748. 

This  is  the  ed/itio  princeps,  which  I  have  not  seen.  There  is  a  2d  ed.  by  G. 
Edwards,  1754 ;  a  3d  ed.  by  the  same,  folio,  2  vols.,  London,  1771,  with  the  appendix 
and  I/.nEaean  index,  which  see,  infra.  See,  also,  Philos.  Trans.,  xxxvi,  1730,  pp.  425- 
434;  xxxvii,  1731,  pp.  174-178;  xxxvii,  1732,  pp.  447-450 ;  xxxviii,  1734,  pp.  315-318; 
xxxix,  1735,  pp.  11-2-117;  xxxix,  1736,  pp.  251-258;  xl,  1738,  pp.  343-350;  xlv, 
1748,  pp.  157-173.  Seligmanris  Sammlung,  9  vols.  4to,  Niirnberg,  1749-1776,  re- 
produces Catesby,  together  with  Edwards. 

1732.  MORTIMER,  C.    A  Continuation  of  an  Account  of  an  Essay  towards  a 

Natural  History  of  Carolina  and  the  Bahama  Islands,  by  Mark 
Catesby,  F.  R.  S.  with  some  Extracts  oat  of  tne  fifth  Set.  <  Philos. 
Trans.,  xxxvii,  1732,  pp.  447-450. 

Commentary  continues  with  Nos.  81-100,  concluding  the  birds  of  vol.  I,  the 
five  next  papars  relating  to  vol.  II,  which  has  birds  only  in  the  Appendix. 

1737.  BRICKELL,  J.  The  Natural  |  History  |  of  |  North  Carolina.  |  With 
an  |  Account  |  of  the  |  Trade,  Manners,  and  Customs  of  the  |  Chris- 
tian and  Indian  Inhabitants.  II-  |  lustrated  with  Copper-Plates, 
whereon  are  |  curiously  Engraved  the  Map  of  the  Country,  |  several 
strange  Beasts,  Birds,  Fishes,  Snakes,  |  Insects,  Trees,  and  Plants, 
&c.  |  —  |  By  John  Brickell,  M.  D.  |  —  |  Nostra  nos  in  urbe  pere- 
grinamur.  Cic.  |  Dublin.  |  Printed  by  James  Carson,  in  CoghilPs- 
Court,  Dame-  |  street,  opposite  to  the  Castle-Market.  For  the  Au- 
thor, |  1737.  1  vol.  8vo.  Title,  reverse  blank,  pp.  i-vii,  1-408,  wood- 
cuts, folding  map,  and  2  folding  plates  of  animals. 

"  Of  the  Birds",  pp.  171-213.— A  cursory  but  detailed  account,  descriptive  and 
general,  of  the  species  known  to  Lawson.  several  of  which  are  figured  on  the  plates 
above  cited.  This  was  at  the  time,  as  the  alleged  author  claimed,  "the  most  exact 
Account  that  is  [was]  yet  known  of  the  Birds  that  are  [were]  to  be  met  with  in 
North  Carolina";  and  it  constitutes  one  of  the  most  notable  faunal  lists  of  Ameri- 
can birds  of  the  last  century,  comparable  to  Bartram's  on  Florida  Birds,  Belknap'« 

37  B  c 


578  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1737-1745  [l2 

1737.  BRICKELL,  J. — Continued. 

on  those  of  New  Hampshire,  etc.  The  names  naed  are  all  vernacular.  "The 
material  for  this  work  was  stolen  from  Lawson  with  scarcely  the  disguise  of 
change  of  form." 

1741.  EGEDE,  H.  Det  gamle  Gr^nlands  |  Nye  |  Perlustration,  |  Eller  |  Na- 
turel-Historie,  |  Og  |  Beskrivelse  over  det  gamle  Gr^nlands  Situa- 
tion, |  Loft,  Temperament  og  Bcskaffenhed  ;  |  De  gamle  Norske 
Coloniers  Begyndelse  og  Undergang  der  |  Samme-Steds,  de  itzige 
Indbyggeres  Opriudelse,  Vaesen,  Leve-Maade  og  Handtseringor, 
saint  Hvad  ellers  Landet  |  Yder  og  giver  af  sig,  |  saasom  Dyer,  Fiske 
og  Fugle  &c.  med  |  hos  f^yet  nyt  Land-Caart  og  andre  Kaaber- 
Stykker  |  over  Landets  Naturalier  og  Indbyggernis  |  HandtaBrin- 
ger,  |  Forfattet  af  Hans  Egede,  |  Forhen  Missionair  udi  Gr^n- 
land.  |  —  |  Kj^benhavn,  1741.  |  Trykt  hos  Johan  Christoph  Groth, 
hvende  paa  Ulfelds-platz.  1  vol.  sm.  4to.  6  p.  11.,  pp.  1-131,  -f-  1  1., 
map,  and  11  pll. 

This  is  the  editit  princeps  of  Egede's  celehrated  work  on  Greenland,  though 
there  are  some  earlier  (1729  and  1730)  essays  leading  up  to  it,  and  the  titles  of 
which  begin  similarly.  There  are  very  numerous  editions,  in  various  languages. 
An  English  ed.  of  1745,  q.  v.,  is  fully  cited  below.— ,,  Adskillig  slags  S^e  Fugler", 
Cap.  vi,  pp.  51-55. 

1744.  CHARLEVOIX,  F.   X.    DE.    Histoire  |  et  |  Description   generale  do  la 

Nouvelle  France,  |  avec  |  le  journal  historique  |  d'un  Voyage  fait 
par  1'ordre  du  Roi  dans  |  l'Ame*rique  Septtentrionnale.  |  Par  le  P.  De 
Charlevoix,de  la  Compagnie  de  Jesus.  |  Tome  premier  [-troisieme]. 
|  [Vignette.]  |  A  Paris,  |  Chez  Nyon  Fils,  Libraire,  Quai  des  Augus- 
tins,  a  recession.  |  —  |  M.  DCC.  XLIV.  \  Avec  approbation  et  privi- 
lege du  roi.  3  vols.  4to.  Vol.  I,  4  p.  11.  (2  titles  and  dedication), 
pp.  i-xxvj,  1-664,  9  maps.  Vol.  11,2  p.U.,  pp.i-xvj,  1-582,1-56,  8 
maps  and  22  pll.  (botanical).  Vol.  Ill,  2  p.  11.,  pp.  i-xix,  j-xiv, 
1-543, 10  maps. 

VoL  III,  Des  principals  especea  des  Oiseaux,  qu'on  voit  en  Canada,  pp.  155  et 
suiv.  Aigles,pp.  155,207;  Canards,  p.  156;  Chathuant,  p.  155;  Corbeaux,  p.  155 ; 
Grues,  15fi ;  Oiseaux  Mouches,  pp.  157,158;  Perdrix,  p.  155;  Perroquets,  p.  284; 
Picverts,  p.  156 ;  Koitelets,  p.  156. 

1745.  EGEDE,  H.  A  |  Description  J  of  |  Greenland.  |  Shewing  |  The  Natural 

History,  Situation,  Boundaries,  |  and  face  of  the  Country ;  the  Na- 
ture of  the  |  Soil ;  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  old  Nor-  |  wegian 
Colonies ;  the  ancient  and  modern  |  Inhabitants ;  their  Genius  and 
Way  of  Life,  |  and  Produce  of  the  Soil ;  their  Plants,  Beasts,  | 
Fishes,  &c.  |  with  |  A  new  Map  of  Greenland.  |  And  |  Several  Cop- 
per Plates  representing  different  Animals,  |  Birds  and  Fishes,  the 
Greenlanders  Way  of  Hunting  |  and  Fishing ;  their  Habitations, 
Dress,  Sports  |  and  Diversions,  &c.  |  —  |  By  Mr.  Hans  Egede,  , 
Missionary  in  that  Country  for  twenty  five  Years.  |  —  |  Translated 
from  the  Danish.  |  —  |  London :  I  Printed  for  C.  Hitch  in  Pater- 
noster Row ;  S.  Austen  in  |  Newgate-Street ;  and  J.  Jackson  near 
St.  James's  Gate.  |  MDCCXLV.  1  vol.  sm.  8vo.  pp.  xvi,  -f-  2  11.,  220, 
with  12  copperpll. 

Chap.  V,  pp.  59-65,  "  Of  the  Land  Animals,  and  Land  Fowls  or  Birds  of  Green- 
land ;  and  how  they  hunt  and  kill  them."  Chap.  VI,  pp.  65-99,  "  Of  the  Green- 
land Sea  Animals,  and  Sea  Fowl  and  Fishes";  especially  "Of  Greenland  Sea 
Birds",  pp.  92-99.— See  the  orig.  ed.,  1741. 


18] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1746-1748          579 


1746.  ANDERSON,  J.  Herrn  Johann  Anderson,  |  I.  V.  D.  |  und  weyland 
ersten  Bnrgermeisters  der  freyen  Kayserlichen  |  Reichstadt  Ham- 
burg, |  Nachrichten  |  von  Island,  |  Gronland  und  der  Strasse  Davis,  | 
zum  wahreu  Nutzen  der  Wissenschaften  |  uud  der  Handlung.  |  Mit 
Kupfern,  und  einer  nach  den  neuesten  und  in  diesem  Werke  ange-  | 
gedenen  Entdeckungen,  genau  eingerichteten  Landcharte.  |  Nebst 
einem  Vorberichte  |  von  den  Lebensumstauden  des  Herrn  Verfas- 
sers.  |  [Vignette.]  |  Hamburg,  |  verlegts  Georg  Christian  Grund, 
Buchdr.  1746.  1  vol.  sm.  8vo,  8  leaves  to  a  sig.  Vignette  facing 
title,  title,  reverse  blank,  14  unpaged  11.  ("  Vorrede "  and  "  Vor- 
bericht  ")>  PP-  1-328, 3  unpaged  11.  ("  Register  ") ;  map,  and  4  pll.,  at 
pp.  43  (birds),  204, 224, 254. 

The  author's  name  may  have  been  Andersen,  but  is  printed  Anderson  in 
three  different  editions  I  have  examined.  There  are  numerous  editions ;  besides 
the  three  I  here  give  (see  1750  and  1756),  there  are  these:  German,  Frankfurt  u. 
Leipzig,  1747 ;  Danish,  Copenhagen,  1748;  Engjish,  London,  1758,  folio ;  and  two 
or  three  French  versions  of  later  dates  than  1730.— See  Guv.,  R.  A.,  iii,  331;  BOHM., 
Bibl,  i,  769 ;  AG.  &  STRICKL.,  Sibl.,  i,  127. 

Nachrichten  von  Island,  Vogel,  pp.  39-49,  Taf.  (Tauben,  Snoriper  [Lagopus],  Ad- 
ler,  Habichte,  Falken,  Eulen,  Rabon,  See-Meve,  Ganse,  Enten,  Lumme,  Geyervo- 
gel  [Alca  impennis]  u.  s.  w.).  Nachrichten  von  Gronland  und  der  Straat  Davis, 
Vogel,  pp.  173-184  (Landvogel,  Wasservogel ;  Beschreibnng  einer  Mallemucke 
u.s.  w.). 

1748.  ELLIS,  H.  A  |  Voyage  |  to  |  Hudson's-Bay,  |  by  the  |  Dobbs  Galley 
and  California,  j  In  the  Years  1746  and  1747,  |  For  Discovering  a 
North  West  Passage;  |  with  |  An  Accurate  Survey  of  the  Coast,  and 
a  short  |  Natural  History  of  the  Country.  |  Together  with  |  A  fair 
View  of  the  Facts  and  Arguments  from  |  which  future  finding  of 
such  a  Passage  is  |  rendered  probable.  |  By  Henry  Ellis,  Gent.  | 
Agent  for  the  Proprietors  of  said  Expedition.  |  To  which  is  pre- 
fixed, |  An  Historical  Account  of  the  Attempts  hitherto  made  |  for 
the  finding  a  Passage  that  Way  to  the  East-Indies.  |  Illustrated 
with  proper  Cuts,  and  a  new  and  correct  Chart  |  of  Hudson's-Bay, 
with  the  Countries  adjacent.  1  —  |  London :  |  Printed  for  H.  Whit- 
ridge,  at  the  Royal  Exchange.  |  M.  DCC.  XL VIII.  1  vol.  sm.  8vo. 
pp.  xxviii,  336,  map,  and  cuts. 

There  is  also  a  German  translation,  Reise  nach  HiuLsons  Meerbnsen,  8vo, 
Gottingen,  1750.  —At  pp.  36-41  are  described  a  few  species  of  birds— the  Pelican, 
Heathcock,  Horned  Owl,  and  White-tailed  Eagle  being  figured  on  two  copper- 
plates. 

1748.  MORTIMER,  C.  A  Continuation  of  an  Account  of  an  Essay  towards  a 
Natural  History  of  Carolina,  and  the  Bahama  Islands ;  by  Mark 
Catesby,  F.  R.  S.  with  some  Extracts  out  of  the  Appendix.  <^  Philos. 
Trans.,  xlv,  1748,  pp.  157-173. 

This  concludes  Mortimer's  Commentary  on  Catesby ;  it  treats  of  the  few  birds 
given  in  the  Appendix,  vol.  H. 

1748.  [SWAINE,  CHARLES.]  An  j  account  |  of  a  |  Voyage  |  For  the  Dis- 
covery of  a  |  North- West  Passage  |  by  |  Hudson's  Streights,  |  to 
the  |  Western  and  Southern  Ocean  |  of  |  America.  |  Performed  in 
the  Year  1746  and  1747,  in  the  Ship  |  California,  Capt.  Francis 
Smith,  Commander.  |  By  the  Clerk  of  the  California.  |  Adorned  with 
Cuts  and  Maps.  J  Vol.  I  [II].  |  London,  Printed ;  |  And  Sold  by  Mr 


580  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1T48-1754  []4 

1748.  [SWAINE,  CHARLES.]— Continued. 

Jolliffe,  in  St.  James's-street ;    Mr.  Corbett,  |  in  Fleet-street ;  and 
Mr.  Clarke,  under  the  Royal  Exchange.  |    M.  DCC.  XLVIII.    2  vols. 
sm.  8vo.    Vol.  I,  1  p.  1.,  pp.  vii,  237.    Vol.  II,  1  p.  1.,  pp.  326,  -f  9  11. 
Maps  and  cuts  in  both  vols. 
Somewhat  ornithological  passim. 

1750.  ANDERSON,  J.  Histoire  |  Naturelle  |  deL'Islande,  |  du  Greenland,  |  du 
Detroit  de  Davis,  |  Et  d'autres  Pays  situe's  sous  le  Nord,  |  Tra- 
duite  de  PAllemand  |  De  M.  Anderson,  de  I'Acaddmie  |  Impe"riale, 
Bourg-mestre  en  Chef  |  de  la  Ville  de  Hambourg.  |  Par  M  *  *,  de 
l'Acade"mie  Impe'riale,  &  |  de  la  Societe"  Royale  de  Londres.  |  Tome 
Premier  [Second].  |  [Device.]  |  A  Paris,  |  Chez  Sebastien  Jony, 
Imprimeur-  |  Libraire,  Quai  des  Augustins,  pres  |  le  Pont  S.  Michel, 
aux  Cigognes.  |  —  |  M.  DCC.  L.  |  Avec  Approbation  &  Privilege  du 
Roi.  2  vols.  18mo.'  Vol.  I,  vignette  facing  title,  pp.  i-xl,  map,  pp. 
1-314,  folding  pll.  i,  ii,  opp.  p.  84  (birds)  and  p.  188.  Vol.  II,  1  p.  1. 
(title),  pp.  i-iv,  1-391,  unnumbered  pll.  opp.  pp.  54  (birds),  78,  108, 
168,  220. 

See  the  orig.  ed.,  1746  ;  there  are  said  to  be  later  French  eds.,  of  1754  and  1764. 
In  the  present  French  ed.,  the  bird-matter  of  voL  I,  relating  to  Iceland,  is  at  pp. 
77-97,  with  the  same  plate  of  the  Hawk  and  Owl  as  in  the  original ;  in  vol.  II, 
the  bird-matter  of  Greenland  is  at  pp.  49-68,  with  a  large  folding  plate  of  birds, 
which  is  not  in  the  copy  of  the  original  edition  examined. 

1753-61.  KALM,?.  En  |  Resa  |  Til  |  Norra  America,  |  Pa  |  Kongl.  |  Swenska 
Wetenskaps  |  Academiens  befallning,  |  Och  |  Publici  Kostnad,  | 
Forrattad  |  Af  Pehr  Kalm,  |  Oeconomise  Professor  i  Abo,  samtLeda- 
mot  af  |  Kongl.  Swenska  Wetenskaps- Academien.  |  Tom.  I  [-III]. 
|  —  |  Med  Kongl.  Majrts  Allernadigste  Privilegio.  |  —  |  Stockholm, 
|  Tryckt  pa  Lars  Salvii  Kostnad  1753  [1756, 1761].  3  vols.  16mo  size, 
Svobysigs.  Vol.  1, 1753, 2  p.  11.,  pp.  1-484,  -f  10 11.,  cuts  in  text.  Vol. 
II,  1756,  title,  pp.  1-526,  +  11 11.,  cuts.  Vol.  Ill,  1761,  title,  pp.  1-538, 
-f  7  11.,  cuts,  and  folded  pi.  opp.  p.  200. 

This  is  the  editio  princeps.  There  are  various  other  eds.,  q.  v.,  infrd;  German, 
1754-64;  English,  1770-71,  1772,  and  1812;  Belgic,  2  v.4to,  Utrecht,  1772.  "Ho 
published  the  account  of  his  journey  by  intervals,  for  want  of  encouragement, 
and  fearing  the  expences  of  publishing  at  once,  in  a  country  where  few  booksell- 
ers are  found." 

1754.  CATESBY,  M.  The  Natural  History  of  Carolina,  [etc.]  2  vols.  folio. 
London,  1754. 

Not  seen.  This  is  the  2d  ed.,  by  Edwards.  See  the  orig.  ed.,  1731-48,  and  the  3d 
ed.,  1771. 

1754-64.  KALM,  P.  Des  Herren  |  Peter  Kalms  |  Professors  der  Haus- 
haltungskunst  in  Aobo,  und  Mitglie-  |  des  der  Koniglichen  schwe- 
dischen  Akademie  der  |  Wissenshaften  |  Beschreibung  |  der  Reise  j 
die  er  |  nach  dem  |  nordlichen  Amerika  |  auf  den  Befehl  gedachter 
Akademie  |  und  offentliche  Kosten  |  unternommen  hat,  |  der  erste 
[-dritte]  Theil.  |  Eine  Uebersetzung.  |  —  |  Unter  dem  Koniglichen 
Pohlnischen  und  Chur-  |  furstl.  Sachsischen  allergnadigsten  Privi- 
legio. |  —  |  Gottingen  |  im  Verlage  der  Wittwe  Abrams  Vanden* 
hoek,  1754  [1757,  1764].  3  vols.  8vo.  Vol.1,  1754,  10  prell.  11.,  pp. 
1-568,  Taf.  i-v.  Vol.  II,  1757,  1  p.  1.,  pp.  1-592,  Taf.  i,  ii.  Vol.  Ill, 
1764,  3  p.  11.,  pp.  1-648,  Taf.  i. 


15]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1754-1758          581 

1754-64.  KALM  P.— Continued. 

The  vols.  of  this  German  translation  severally  appeared  shortly  after  the 
successive  publications  of  the  original  Swedish,  3  vols.,  1753-1761.  There  is  a  Bel- 
gian version,  2  vols.  4to,  1772,  and  at  least  three  English  ones,  by  Forster,  with  his 
notes  and  additional  plates  (mammals  and  birds),  3  vols.,  London,  1770-1771,  and  2 
vols.,  London,  1772;  also,  4to,  1812,  in  Pinkertoris  Voyages,  vol.  xiii.  See  these. 
The  present  German  version  is  said  to  be  faithful  and  exact. 

1756.  ANDERSON,  J.  Beschry  ving  |  vaii  |  Yslaud,  j  Greenland  |  en  de  Straat 
Davis.  |  Bevattende  zo  wel  ene  bestipte  bepaling  van  de  liggiug 
en  |  grote  van  die  Eilanden,  als  een  volledige  ontvouwing  van  hun- 
ne  j  inwendige  gesteltenis,  vuurbrakende  Bergen,  heete  en  war-  |  me 
Bronuen  enz.  eeu  omstaudig  Bericht  van  de  Vruchten  |  en  Kruiden 
des  Lauds ;  van  de  wilde  en  tauime  Landdie-  |  ren,  Vogelen  en 
Visschen,  de  Visvaugst  der  Yslanders  |  en  bunne  onderscheide 
bebandeliug,  toebereiding  en  |  drogen  der  Visscben,  voorts  bet 
getal  der  Inwoon-  |  ders,  bunnen  Aart,  Levenswyze  en  Bezighe- 
deu,  j  Woningen,  |  Klediugen,  Handteering,  Arbeid,  |  Veehoe- 
dery,  |  Koophandel,  Maten  en  Ge-  |  wichten,  Huwelyks  Plechtighe- 
den,  Opvoe-  |  ding  bunner  Kindereu,  Godsdieust,  Ker-  |  ken  en  Ker- 
keubestuur,  Burgerlyke  Rege-  |  ring,  Wetten,  Strafoeffeningen  en 
wat  |  wyders  tot  de  Kennis  van  een  Laud  |  vereiscbt  word.  |  Door 
denHeer  |  Job  an  Anderson,  |  Doctor  der  Beide  Recbten,  eninLeven 
eerste  Burgermeester  |  der vryeKeizerlykaRyksstad  Hamburg.  |  Ver- 
rykt  met  Platen  en  een  nieuwe  naauwkeurige  Landkaart  der  |  out- 
dekkinge,  waar  van  in  dit  Werk  gesproken  word.  |  Uit  bet 
Hoogduits  vertaalt.  |  Door  |  J.  D.  J.  |  Waar  by  gevoegt  zyn  de 
Verbeteringen  |  Door  den  Heer  Niels  Horrebow,  |  Opgemaakt  in 
zyn  tweejarig  verblyf  op  Ysland.  |  [Designs.]  |  Te  Amsterdam,  |  By 
Jan  van  Dalen,  Boekverkoper  op  de  Colveniersburgwal  |  by  de 
Staalstraat.  1756.  1  vol.  sm.  4to.  Full-page  vignette,  title,  both 
backed  blank,  7  more  unpaged  11.  ("  Voorbericbt "),  map,  pp.  1-286, 
•4-3  11.  ("Bladwyzer");  with  5  pll.  at  pp.  34  (birds),  149  (birds), 
172, 189, 216.  To  which  to  appended :  Verbeteringen  |  Wegens  de  |  Be- 
scbryving  |  Van  bet  Groot  Eyland  |  Ysland,  |  Bescbreven  |  Door 
den  Heer  |  Joban  Anderson.  |  Opgemaakt  in  een  tweejarig  ver- 
blyf |  op  dat  Eyland,  |  Door  den  Heer  |  Niels  Horrebow.  5  unpaged 
11.,  pp.  1-158. 

See  the  orig.  ed.,  1746,  and  the  French  version,  1750.  In  this  Dutch  version, 
the  bird-matter  relating  to  Iceland  is  at  pp.  33-41,  with  the  original  plate  of  the 
Hawk  and  Owl;  that  relating  to  Greenland  is  at  pp.  146-155,  with  a  plate  of  the 
"  Mallemuk",  which  I  do  not  find  in  my  copy  of  the  original. 

1758.  Du  PRATZ,  LE  P.  Histoire  |  de  la  |  Louisiane,  j  Contenant  la  De*cou- 
verte  de  ce  vaste  Pays ;  |  sa  Description  ge"ograpbique ;  un  Voyage 
|  dans  les  Terres;  1'Histoire  Naturelle;  les  |  Mreurs,  Coutumes  & 
Religion  des  Natu-  |  rels,  avec  leurs  Origines ;  deux  Voyages  |  dans 
le  Nord  du  nouveau  Mexique,  dont  |  un  jusqu'a  la  Mer  du  Sud ; 
orne'e  de  deux  |  Cartes  &  de  40  Planches  en  Taille  douce.  |  Par  M. 
Le  Page  du  Pratz.  |  Tome  premier  [-troisieme].  |  A  Paris,  |  Chez  | 
...  |  —  |  M.  DCC.  LVIII.  3  vols.  12mo.  Vol.  I,  pp.  i-xvj,  1-358. 
Vol.  II,  2  p.  11.,  pp.  1-441.  Vol.  Ill,  2  p.  11.,  pp.  1-451  +  5.  With  42 
maps  and  pll.  in  all. 

This  is  the  orig.  ed. ;  there  are  several  others ;  see  1763  and  1774. 

Vol.  II,  pp.  109-143,  contains  a  commentary  en  various  birds  :  Chap.  IX,  pp.  103- 


582  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      175§-1767  [lC 

1758.  Du  PRATZ,  LE  P.— Continued. 

123,  Des  Oiseaux  Carnaciers  et  Aquatiques.  Chap.  X,  pp.  124-136,  Des  Oiseaux  des 
Bois ;  Chasse  aux  Pigeons  Kamiers ;  Lear  quantite  prodigieuse ;  Chasse  aux 
Etourneaux.  Chap.  XI  (lettered IV),  p.  136,  aeq.,  Suite  des  Oiseaux:  des  armes 
et  de  la  nourriture  du  Pic-bois ;  da  Colibri  ou  Oiseau-Houche ;  des  Insectes 
volans.  Several  of  these  species  are  rudely  illustrated.  The  matter  is  very  wild, 
and  of  no  account. 

1761.  CHARLEVOIX,  F.  X.  DE.  Journal  of  a  Voyage  to  North  America  .... 
In  a  series  of  Letters  to  the  Duchess  of  Lesdiguierres.  Translated 
from  the  French  of  P.  de  Charlevoix.  In  two  volumes.  London, 
printed  for  R.  and  J.  Dodsley  in  Pall  Mall,  1761.  Vol.  I,  half-title, 
title,  and  table,  pp.  viii  +  map  -f  pp.  382.  Vol.  II,  half-title,  title, 
and  table,  pp.  viii  +  380  +  (xxvi). 

Not  seen— title  abridged  from  Field,  who  says:—"  This  is  a  translation  of  the 
third  volume  of  the  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle  France.  Another  edition,  and  an 
entirely  independent  translation  of  Charlevoix's  work,  was  printed  in  London, 
1763,  entitled  Letters  to  the  Duchess  of  Lesdiguicres.  It  is  printed  in  a  much  infe- 
rior manner,  and  somewhat  less  complete."  Whence  it  appears  that  the  present 
work  should  contain  the  bird-matter  mentioned  at  1744,  q.  v. 

1763.  Du  PRATZ,  LE  P.  The  |  History  |  of  |  Louisiana,  |  or  of  |  The  Western 
Parts  |  of  |  Virginia  and  Carolina :  |  containing  |  A  Description  of  the 
Countries  that  lye  |  on  both  sides  of  the  River  Missisipi :  |  with  |  An 
Account  of  the  settlements,  Inhabitants,  |  Soil,  Climate,  and  Pro- 
ducts. |  —  |  Translated  from  the  French,  |  (lately  published.)  |  By 
M.  Le  Page  Du  Pratz ;  |  with  |  Some  Notes  and  Observations  |  re- 
lating to  our  Colonies.  |  —  |  In  Two  Volumes.  |  —  j  Vol.  I  [II].  |  —  | 
London,  |  Printed  f.r  T.  Becket  and  P.  A.  De  Hondt  |  in  the  Strand. 
MDCCLXII1.  2  vols.  16mo.  Vol.  1, 2  p.  1L,  pp.  i-viii,  i-1,  map,  pp. 
1-368.  Vol.  II,  4  p.  11.,  map,  pp.  1-272. 
Vol. II, Chap.  VII,pp.  75-9C,"  Of  Birds,andFlyiugInsect8."  Seetbeorig.  ed.,1758. 

1765.  CRANZ,  D.  David  Cranz  |  Historie  |  von  |  Gronland  |  enthaltend  | 
Die  Beschreibung  des  Landes  und  |  der  Emwohuer  &c.  |  insbeson- 
dere  |  die  |  Geschichte  |  der  dortigen  |  Mission  |  der  j  Evangelischeu 
.Briider  |  zu  |  Neu-Herrnhut  |  und  |  Lichteufels.  |  —  |  Mit  acht 
Kupfertafeln  und  einem  Register.  |  —  j  Barby  bey  Heinrich  Detlef 
Ebers,  und  in  Leipzig  |  in  Commission  bey  Weidmauns  Erben  uud 
Reich.  |  1765.  2  vols.  16mo  size,  8  leaves  to  a  s^g.  Vol.  I,  17  p.  11., 
pp.  1-512.  Vol.  II,  half-title  1.,  pp.  513-1132,  +  13 11.  Maps  and 
pll.  in  both  vols. 

This  is  the  editio  princeps.  For  the  bird-matter,  see  later  eds.,  1767  and  1820. 
The  author's  name  is  David  Cranz  here ;  David  Crantz  in  all  the  other  editions 
I  have  handled. 

1767.  CRANTZ,  D.    Historie  van  Greenland  ....    3  vols.  8vo.    Harl.  1767. 
Kot  seen. — See  the  English  ed.  of  this  date,  and  especially  of  1820. 

1767.  CRANTZ,  D.  The  History  of  Greenland,  containing  ....  By  David 
Crantz.  Translated  from  the  High-Dutch,  and  illustrated  with 
Maps  and  other  Copper-plates.  In  two  Volumes.  London,  printed 
for  the  Brethren's  Society  for  the  Furtherance  cf  the  Gospel  among 
the  Heathen,  1767.  Vol.  I,  pp.  lix,  405,  2  maps,  5  pll.  Vol.  II,  1 
p.  1.,  pp.  498,  2  pll. 

Not  seen— title  abridged  from  Field,  who  says  that  this  first  English  ed. 
is  a  literal  translation  of  the  German,  and  vastly  superior  to  the  late  English  ed. 
of  Ic20,  stated  to  be  not  only  abridged,  but  interpolated.  Field  refers  to  an 
ed,  by  La  Trobe,  1760.  For  the  bird-matter,  see  the  ed.  of  18£0. 


ITj 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       17G8-1??!          583 


1768.  Bossu,  — .  Nouveaux  Voyages  aux  Indes  Occidentales ;  Conteuant 
une  Relation  des  differens  Peoples  qui  habitent  les  environs  du 
grand  Fleuve  Saint-Louis,  appele  vulgairement  le  Mississipi ;  leur 
religion ;  leur  gouvernement,  leurs  moeurs ;  leurs  guerres  &  leur 
commerce.  Par  M.  Bossu,  Capitaine  dans  les  Troupes  de  la  Marine. 
A  Paris,  17G8.  2  vols.  12mo.  Vol.  1,  pp.  xx,  244,  pi.  Vol.  II,  pp. 
262,  2  pll. 

Not  seen— title  and  collation  from  Field.  This  is  the  orig.  ed.  See  the  Eng- 
lish version,  1771. 

1770-71.  KALM,  P.  Travels  |  into  |  North  America;  |  containing  |  Its 
Natural  History,  and  |  A  circumstantial  Account  of  its  Planta- 
tions |  and  Agriculture  in  general,  |  with  the  |  civil,  ecclesiastical, 
and  commercial  |  state  of  the  Country,  |  The  manners  of  the  in- 
habitants, and  several  curious  |  and  important  remarks  on  various 
subjects.  |  By  Peter  Kalm,  |  Professor  of  Oeconomy  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Aobo  in  Swedish  |  Finland,  and  Member  of  the  Swedish 
Royal  Academy  of  Sciences.  |  Translated  into  English  |  By  John 
Reinhold  Forster,  F.  A.  S.  |  Enriched  with  a  Map,  several  Cuts  for 
the  Illustration  of  |  Natural  History,  and  some  additional  Notes. 
|  —  |  Vol.  I  [-III].  |  —  |  Warrington :  Printed  by  William  Eyres.  | 
MDCCLXX.  [London:  Printed  for  the  Editor;  |  And  Sold  by  T. 
Lowndes,  in  Fleet-street.  MDCCLXXL]  3  vols.  8vo.  Vol.  I,  War- 
riugton,  1770,  pp.  i-xvi,  1-400  +  1  p.,  1  pi.  at  p.  322.  Vol.  II,  London, 
1771,  pp.  1-352,  4  pll.  (3  pll.  of  birds,  not  in  the  orig.,  nor  in  the  Ger- 
man). Vol.  Ill,  London,  1771,  pp.  i-viii,  4 11.,  1-310, 6 11.,  no  pll. 
This  is  the  first  English  ed.  There  is  another,  2  v.  8°,  London,  1772,  q.  v. 

1771.  Bossu,  — .  Travels  |  through  that  part  of  |  North  America  |  for- 
merly called  |  Louisiana.  |  By  Mr.  Bossu,  Captain  in  the  |  French 
Marines.  |  Translated  from  the  French,  |  By  John  Reinhold  Forster, 
F.  A.  S.  |  Illustrated  with  Notes  relative  chiefly  to  |  Natural  His- 
tory. To  which  is  added  by  the  translator  |  .  .  .  |  —  |  Vol.  I  [II]. 
|  —  |  [Quotation.]  |  —  |  London  :  |  Printed  for  T.  Davies  in  Russel- 
street,  Covent-Garden.  |  M  DCC  LXXI.  2  vols.  8vo.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
i-viii,  1-407.  Vol.  II,  1  p.  1.,  pp.  1-432. 

Vol.  I,  pp.  94-97,  is  a  formal  list  of  a  few  birds,  by  the  editor,  as  footnote  to  a 
mere  paragraph  of  the  author's.  At  pp.  368-375,  the  author  describes  a  few 
species,  as  the  Karancro  (i.  e.,  Carrion  Urow),  Flamingo,  Stares,  Parrots,  The  Pope 
(Cyanospiza  ciris),  Cardinal-bird,  Hummingbird,  Pelican,  Spoonbill,  etc.  The 
matter  is  not  of  the  slightest  consequence. 

1771.  CATESBY,  M.  The  |  Natural  History  |  of  |  Carolina,  Florida,  |  and  | 
The  Bahama  Islands :  |  containing  the  figures  of  |  Birds,  Beasts, 
Fishes,  Serpents,  Insects,  and  Plants :  |  Particularly,  those  not 
hitherto  described,  or  incorrectly  figured  by  former  Authors,  |  with 
their  Descriptions  in  English  and  French.  |  To  which  is  prefixed,  | 
A  new  and  Correct  Map  of  the  Countries ;  with  Observations  on 
their  Natural  State,  |  Inhabitants,  and  Productions.  |  By  the  late 
Mark  Catesby,  F.  R.  S.  |  Revised  by  Mr.  Edwards,  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Physicians,  London.  |  To  the  whole  is  now  added  a  Lin- 
nssan  Index  of  the  Animals  and  Plants.  |  Volume  the  First  [Sec- 
ond]. |  [French  version  of  the  title  follows.]  |  London.  |  Printed 
for  Benjamin  White,  at  Horace's  Head  in  Fleetstreet.  |  MDCCLXXL 


584  BIBLIOGEAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       ITTl-lWa  [l8 

1771.  CATESBY,  M. — Continued. 

Folio.  Vol.  I,  containing  the  Birds  and  Plants,  2  p.  11.,  pp.  i-vii,  1-100,  -f-  2  pp. 
of  Linnaean  Index,  with  pll.  1-100  intercalated  with  text  opposite  each  page — 
the  numeration  of  the  pll.  being  same  as  the  pagination.  Vol.  II  contains  the 
Mammals,  etc. ;  but  the  Appendix,  pp.  101-120,  -f-  3  pp.,  contains  a  few  additional 
birds,  raising  the  total  number  treated  to  113.  Text  in  English  and  French, 
in  parallel  columns ;  birds  presented  under  names  in  both  these  languages, 
but  primarily  under  Latin  polynomial  names.  This  is  a  later  "revised"  and 
bettered  edition  (original  edition,  1731-48),  with  Linnasan  concordance  at  end  of 
each  volume.  The  plates,  though  violent  both  in  drawing  and  coloring,  like 
the  PI.  Erilum.,  are  recognizable  almost  without  exception ;  most  of  the  species 
treated  were  described  and  figured  for  the  first  time  in  the  original  edition, 
which  furnished  the  source  of  many  Linnsean  species.  The  work  is  classic, 
conspicuous  in  merit  inter  congeneres  sui  temporis,  and  indispensable  for  occa- 
sional consultation. 

1771.  FORSTER,  J.  R.    A  |  Catalogue  |  of  the  |  Animals  |  of  |  North  America. 

|  Containing,  |  An  Enumeration  of  the  known  Quadrupeds,  Birds, 
|  Reptiles,  Fish,  Insects,  Crustaceous  and  |  Testaceous  Animals ; 
many  of  which  are  New,  and  |  never  described  before,  j  To  which 
are  added,  |  Short  Directions  |  for  Collecting,  Preserving,  and 
Transporting,  |  all  Kinds  of  |  Natural  History  Curiosities.  |  By  John 
ReinholdForster,F.A.  S.  |  —  |  [Quotation.]  |  —  j  London:  |  Sold  by 
B.  White,  at  Horace's  Head,  in  Fleet-Street.  |  —  |  M.  DCC.  LXXI. 
8vo.  pp.  43,  pi.  i  (frontispiece).  >  Birds,  pp.  8-17, 36, 37. 

A  scarce  tract.  It  contains,  of  birds,  a  nominal  list  of  302  spp.,  some 
named  binomially,  others  not,  with  references  to  Pennant,  Catesby,  Edwards,  etc. 
The  list,  in  connection  with  those  of  other  classes  of  animals,  is  surprisingly 
extensive,  besides  being  the  first  of  its  kind.  Many  of  the  birds  are  marked 
"n.  s.";  these  names  are  given  by  permission  from  Pennant's  MSS.,  and  this 
is  actually  the  original  appearance  in  print  of  various  species  subsequently 
described  by  Pennant;  but  as  neither  scientific  names  are  imposed  upon  them, 
nor  descriptions  appended,  the  brochure  remains  simply  a  literary  curiosity, 
which  need  not  be  referred  to  except  as  such.  The  plate  is  a  fair  likeness  of 
Falco  sparverius. 

1772.  FORSTER,  J.  R.  An  Account  of  the  Birds  sent  from  Hudson's  Bay ;  with 
Observations  relative  to  their  Natural  History ;  and  Latin  Descrip- 
tions of  some  of  the  most  uncommon.  \  Philos.  Trans.  Lond.,  Ixii, 
1772,  art.  xxix,  pp.  382-433. 

Fifty-eight  species  noticed,  with  descriptive  and  biographical  matter.  The 
second  part  of  the  article,  containing  the  above-mentioned  Latin  descriptions,  is 
separately  entitled  "  Descriptiones  Avium  Kariorum  e  Sinu  Hudsonis",  and  is 
at  pp.  423-433.  The  following  seven  are  new  species :— Falco  S;  adicens,  p.  383  ; 
Strix  Nebulosa,  pp.  386,  424 ;  Emberiza  Leucophrys,  pp.  403,  426  ;  Fringilla  Hud- 
sonias,  pp.  406,  428 ;  Muscicapa  Striata,  pp.  406,  428 ;  Parus  Hudsonicus,  pp.  408, 
430 ;  Scolopax  Borealis,  pp.  411,  431.  Several  other  actually  new  species  are  indi- 
cated varietally  without  names,  or  under  names  of  other  known  species  to  which 
they  are  wrongly  referred.  "  Turdus  no.  22  ",  p.  400,  is  an  early,  if  not  the  first,  no- 
tice of  Scolecophagus  fcrrugineus,  as  "Hirundo,  35"  is  of  Petrochelidon  lunifrons. 

1772.  KALM,  P.    Travels  |  into  |  North  America;   |  containing  |  its  Nat- 

ural History,  and  |  A  circumstantial  Account  of  its  Plantations  | 
and  Agriculture  in  general,  |  with  the  j  civil,  ecclesiastical  and  com- 
mercial |  state  of  the  country,  |  The  manners  of  the  inhabitants, 
and  several  curious  and  |  important  remarks  on  various  subjects.  | 
By  Peter  Kalm,  |  Professor  of  Oeconomy  in  the  University  of  Aobo 
in  Swedish  Finland,  |  and  Member  of  the  Swedish  Royal  Academy 


19]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1772-1778          585 

1772.  KALM,  P.— Continued. 

of  Sciences.  |  Translated  into  English  |  By  John  Reinhold  Forster, 
F.  A.  S.  |  Enriched  with  a  Map,  several  Cuts  for  the  Illustration  of 
Natural  |  History,  and  some  additional  Notes.  |  —  |  The  second  edi- 
tion. |  —  |  In  two  volumes,  |  Vol.  I  [II].  |  —  |  London,  |  Printed  for 
T.  Lowndes,  N°  77,  in  Fleet-street.  1772.  2  vols.  sm.  8vo.  Vol.  I, 
pp.  i-xii,  1-414,  6  pll.  Vol.  II,  map,  pp.  i-iv,  1-423,  with  4  11.  of 
index. 

This  edition  followed  immediately  after  the  first  English  version  of  3  vols.  8vo, 
1770-1771.  "  No  circumstance  interesting  to  natural  history  or  to  any  other  part 
of  literature  has  been  omitted."  The  illustrations,  as  well  as  Forster's  notes, 
are  additional  to  the  original  Swedish.  Xalm  was  a  good  observer,  and  told 
what  he  saw  in  a  straightforward  simple  way.  The  book  is  full  of  zoological 
matter  passim,  in  which  ornithology  is  fairly  represented,  not  under  any  special 
head;  and  these  accounts  are  among  the  bases  of  several  Linnaean  species, 
though  largely  anticipated  by  Catesby  and  Edwards.  Among  the  species  noticed 
are  the  Bluebird,  Catbird,  Crow,  Gull,  Hummingbird,  Maize-thief  (Agelceus), 
Martin,  Mockingbird,  Partridge,  Wild  Pigeon,  Cardinal  Redbird,  Snow  Bunt- 
ing, Ptarmigan,  Swallow  (with  editor's  excursus  on  the  subaqueous  torpidity  of 
these  birds),  Titmouse,  Turkey,  Whippoorwill,  "Woodpeckers  (list  of  the  latter, 
I,  pp.  377-379),  etc.  Figured  in  vol.  I,  Mockingbird  and  Robin,  pi.  opp.  p.  170 ; 
Purple  Grakle  and  Red-shouldered  Blackbird,  pi.  opp.  p.  368 ;  Wild  Pigeon,  pi. 
opp.  p.  374.— Of.  the  ong.  ed.,  1753-61 ;  and  German  version,  1754-64. 

1774.  CURTIS,  R.    Particulars  of  the  Country  of  Labradore,  extracted  from 
the  Papers  of  Lieutenant  Roger  Curtis,  of  His  Majesty's  Sloop  the 
Otter,  with  a  Plane-Chart  of  the  Coast.    <  Philos.  Trans,  for  1774, 
Ixiv,  pt.  ii,  1774,  pp.  372-388. 
Short  account  of  the  birds,  pp.  377, 378. 

1774.  Du  PRATZ,  LE  P.  The  |  History  |  of  |  Louisiana,  |  or  of  |  the  western 
parts  |  of  |  Virginia  and  Carolina:  |  Containing  a  Description  of 
the  I  Countries  that  lie  on  hoth  Sides  of  the  River  Missisippi :  | 
With  an  Account  of  the  |  settlements,  inhabitants,  soil,  climate, 
and  products.  |  —  |  Translated  from  the  French  |  Of  M.  Le  Page 
Du  Pratz ;  |  With  some  Notes  and  Observations  relating  to  our 
Colonies.  |  —  |  A  new  edition.  |  —  |  London,  |  Printed  forT.  Becket, 
Corner  of  the  Adelphi,  in  the  Strand.  |  —  |  MDCCLXXIV.  1  vol. 
8vo.  4  p.  11.,  pp.  i-xxxvi,  1-387,  2  maps. 

In  this  edition,  Chap.  VII,  "  Of  Birds  and  Flying  Insects  ",  is  at  pp.  271-283. 
See  orig.  ed.,  1758. 

1776.  KALM,  P.    Beskrifning  pa  Norr-Americanske  Mulbarstradet,  Morus 

rubra  kalladt.  <  Kongl.  Svensk.  Vetens.  Acad.  HandL,  xxxvii,  1776, 
pp.  143-163. 

Mulberries  as  food  of  various  birds,  etc.,  p.  155. 

1777.  CHARLEVOIX,  F.  X.  DE.    Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle  France Paris, 

1777.     12mo. 

Kot  seen. 

1778.  CARVER,  J.    [Travels,  etc.] 

The  editio  princeps  ;  not  seen  by  me.  There  are  several  others,  two  of  which  are 
fully  cited  below,  1781  and  1796.  The  work  of  the  celebrated  traveller  presents 
formal  notice  and  description  of  about  40  spp.  of  birds,  including  the  tradi- 
tional "  "Wakon-bird  ",  about  which  various  Indian  superstitions  cluster. 


586  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       17§O-1782  [20 

1780.  FABRICIUS,  O.    Favna  |  Groenlandica,  |  systematice  sistens  |  Animalia 

Groenlandiae  occiden-  |  tails  hactenvs  indagata,  qvoad  nomen  |  spe- 
cificvm,  triviale,  vernacvlvmqve;  synonyma  avcto-  |  rvm  plvrivm, 
descriptionem,  locvm,  victvm,  genera-  |  tionem,  mores,  vsvm,  captv- 
ramqve  singvli,  provt  |  detegendi  occasio  fvit,  maximaqve  parte 
secvn-  |  dvm  proprias  observationes  |  Othonis  Fabricii  |  ministri 
evangelii,  qvondam  Groen-  |  landis  ad  Coloniam  Friderichshaab, 
posthac  Norvagis  |  Drangedaliae,  nvnc  vero  Danis  Hopvnti  ivtias, 
mem-  |  bri  societatis  scientiarvm  qvae  est  Hafniae.  |  [Design.]  |  —  | 
Hafniae  et  Lipsiae,  |  Impeusis  Joanuis  Gottlob  Rothe,  |  avlae  atqve 
vnivers.  Reg.  Bibliopolae.  |  MDCCLXXX.  |  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  xvi, 
452,  with  1  folded  pi.  >  II.  Aves.  pp.  53-124. 

The  title  is  sufficiently  explicit.  Classification  chiefly  according  to  Miiller's 
Prodrome.  Species  ostensibly  53  (54);  none  new;  "Species  hactenaa  ignotas, 
vel  saltern  a  scriptoribus  classicis,  quatenus  mihi  notum,  nondum  descriptas, 
asterisco  (*)  notaui.  ...  A  me  vel  nnnquam  visae,  vel  minns  rite  lustratae,  sod 
secundum  effatum  aliorum  allatae  signum  crucis  (t)  sibi  adiunctum  habent" 
(p.  xi). 

1781.  CARVER,  J.    Travels  |  through  the  |  interior  parts  |  of  |  North  Amer- 

ica, |  in  the  |  years  1766,  1767,  and  1768.  |  By  J.  Carver,  Esq.  |  Cap- 
tain of  a  company  of  provincial  |  troops  during  the  late  |  war  with 
France.  |  Illustrated  with  Copper  plates,  |  coloured.  |  The  third  edi- 
tion. |  To  which  is  added,  Some  Account  of  the  |  Author,  and  a 
Copious  Index.  |  London :  Printed  for  C.  Dilly,  in  the  Poultry ;  H. 
Payne,  in  |  Pall-mall ;  and  J.  Phillips,  in  George- Yard,  |  Lombard- 
Street.  |  MDCCLXXXI.  1  vol.  8vo.  Eng.  portrait,  2  p.  11.,  pp.  1-22, 
+  1 1 11.,  i-xvi,  1-543  + 10  11.,  2  maps,  5  pll.  >  Chap.  XVIII.  Of  the 
Beasts,  Birds,  Fishes,  Reptiles,  and  Insects,  which  are  found  in  the 
interior  Parts  of  North  America,  pp.  441-494. 
Birds,  pp.  466-476.— For  notice  of  this  publication,  see  eds.  of  1778  and  1796. 

1782.  JEFFERSON,  T.    Notes  on  the  state  of  Virginia ;  written  in  the  year 

1781,  somewhat  corrected  and  enlarged  in  the  winter  of  1782,  for 
the  use  of  a  foreigner  of  distinction,  in  answer  to  certain  queries 
proposed  by  him  respecting  1.  Its  Boundaries.  2.  Rivers.  3.  Sea 
Ports.  4.  Mountains,  &c.  [Paris.]  MDCCLXXXII.  8vo.  pp.391. 
This  first  edition  of  Jefferson's  "Notes"  was  printed  in  Paris  for  private  cir- 
culation (200  copies),  "without  title-page,  and  is  not  to  be  regarded  as  published. 
I  have  not  seen  a  copy.  Above  title  is  quoted  from  Bartlett's  Catalogue  of  the 
Library  of  John  C  arter  Brown.  From  this  came  a  French  version,  1786 ;  some  say 
also  1785.  For  circumstances  of  the  work  prior  to  the  regular  publication  of  the 
English  edition,  see  Bartlett,  op.  cit.,  192;  and  especially  Randall's  Life  of  Jeffer- 
son, vol.  i,  p.  414  (8vo,  New  York,  1858).— The  date,  1782,  is  supposed  to  be  that  of 
preparation,  not  of  printing,  of  tho  work.  There  have  been  numerous  imprints ; 
O'Callaghan's  list  of  them  (with  some  additional  data)  is  as  follows :— Ed.  of  1782, 
without  a  title-page,  200  copies  [privately  printed]  .—Philadelphia,  1785  [sup- 
posed to  be  merely  circulation  there  of  some  of  the  copies  of  1762  ed.]. — French 
version,  8vo,  Paris,  1785,  and  Paris,  Barrois,  1786.— 8vo,  London,  Stockdale,  1787 
[the  first  properly  published  edition,  from  which  Jefferson's  List  of  Birds  acquires 
date].— 8vo,  Philadelphia,  Prichard  &  Hall,  1788.— Philadelphia,  ^^-Philadel- 
phia, Carey,  1794.— 8vo,  Baltimore,  1800.— 8vo,  New  York,  Davis,  1801  [called  the 
"3d  Arner.  ed.",  which  itisnot].— 8vo,  Philadelphia,  Rawle,  1801,  "1st hot  pressed 
ed."— Boston,  Carlisle,  1801,  the  8th  Amer.  ed.— 18mo,  Boston,  Sprague.  1802,  the 
9th  Amer.  ed.— 16mo,  Trenton,  Wilson  &  Blackwell,  1803.— New  York,  1804.— 


21] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       17§2-1787          587 


1732.  JEFFERSON,  T. — Continued. 

12mo,  Philadelphia,  Ilogaii  &  Thompson,  1815.— Boston,  1829.— 16mo,  Boston, 
1832.— 8vo,  Richmond,  Randolph,  1853.  Also,  8vo,  Washington,  1854,  being  in  vol. 
viii  of  Jefferson's  ""Works".  Many  of  these  eds.  are  entered  in  the  present 
bibliography ;  see  some  of  them,  especially  1786  and  1787. 

1785.  PENNANT,  T.   Arctic  Zoology.  |  Vol.11.  |  Class  II.  Birds.  |  [Engraving.] 

|  Pied  Duck,  N°  488.  |  London :  |  Printed  by  Henry  Hughs.  | 
M.DCC.LXXXV.  [Author's  name  not  on  title-page.]  4to.  pp. 
187-586,  with  7  additional  11.  of  "  Index "  and  "  Errata";  pagination 
and  numeration  of  species  continued  from  vol.  I,  which  consists  of 
the  mammals.  Pll.  ix-xxiii. 

The  whole  work,  in  3  vols.,  dates  1784-1787 ;  there  is  a  German  translation, 
2  vols.  4to,  Leipzig,  17b7,  and  a  3d  ed.,  2  vols.  4to,  1792.— "Designed  as  a  sketch 
of  the  Zoology  of  North  America  ....  supplemented  by  a  description 
of  the  Quadrupeds  and  Birds  of  the  north  of  Europe  and  Asia,  from  latitude 
60°  to  the  farthest  known  parts  of  the  Arctic  World,  together  with  those  of  Kam- 
tschaika  and  the  parts  of  America  visited  on  the  last  voyage  of  the  illustrious 
Cook  ....  in  the  form  of  an  Appendix  to  each  genus,  and  distinguished  by  a 
fieur  de  lis;  and  the  species  by  literal  instead  of  numeral  marks  which  distin- 
guish those  of  North  America"  (extract  from  advertisement  in  1st  vol.).  Two 
Divisions,  of  Land  and  Water  Birds ;  8  Orders,  59  genera,  ostensibly  510  num- 
bered North  American  species,  with  one  additional  under  "  Errata,"  and  numerous 
others  of  Europe  and  Asia  not  enumerated  ;  all  given  only  under  English  names — 
more's  the  pity !— with  moderately  full  Latin  and  other  synonymy  and  references ; 
text  descriptive,  geographical,  historical,  and  biographical,  inventoried  with 
marginal  annotations.  Many  of  the  species  are  the  bases  of  subsequent 
binomial  names  of  Gmelin  and  Latham ;  important  in  this  regard !  The  plates 
are  as  follows  :— pi.  ix,  St.  John's  and  Chocolate-colored  Falcons;  pi.  x,  Swallow- 
tailed  Falcon  ;  pl.xi,  Red,  Mottled,  and  Barred  Owls ;  pi.  xii,  Baltimore  Oriole, 
cf,  ?,  nest;  pi.  xiii,  Ferrugineous  Woodpeck  and  "  Canada"  [but  the  figure  and 
description  are  clearly  of  those  of  the  Carolina]  Nuthatch ;  pi.  xiv,  Passenger 
and  Carolina  Pigeon ;  pL  xv,  Varied  Thrush ;  pi.  xvi,  Spotted  Grosbeak  and 
White  Crowned  Bunting;  pi.  xvii,  Black  Throated  and  Cinereous  Bunting;  pi. 
xviii,  Aculeated  Swallow  and  Long-winged  Goatsucker;  pi.  xix,  Eskimaux  Cur- 
lew and  Little  Woodcock ;  pi.  xx,  Clapper  Rail  and  Semipalmated  Snipe ;  pL  xxi, 
American  Avocet ;  pi.  xxii,  Pied-billed  Grebe  and  Marbled  Guillemot ;  pi.  xxiii, 
Falcated  Duck  and  Western  Duck. 

1786.  JEFFERSON,  T.     Observations  |  sur  |  La  Virginie,  |  Par  M.  J  *  *  * .  | 

Traduites  de  1'anglois  |  [par  1'Abbe"  Morellet].  |  [Vignette.]  j  A 
Paris,  |  Chez  Barrois,  [etc.]  |  —  |  1786.  12mo.  2  p.  11.,  pp.  viii,  290, 
1 1.,  map,  table. 

A  copy  of  the  privately  printed  edition  of  1782  having  been  surreptitiously 
obtained,  this  French  version  was  made,  printed,  and  published  in  advance  of 
the  authentic  English  edition  of  1787.  See  what  is  said  under  heads  of  the  edi- 
tions of  1782  and  1787.  The  French  revision  is  utterly  condemned  by  Jefferson 
(see  Randalls  Life,  vol.  i,  p.  414).  The  bird-matter  in  this  ed.  is  at  pp.  92-99. 

1787.  CLAVIGERO,  F.  S.    The  |  History  |  of  |  Mexico.  |  Collected  from  | 

Spanish  and  Mexican  Historians,  |  from  |  Manuscripts,  and  Ancient 
Paintings  of  the  Indians.  |  Illustrated  by  |  Charts,  and  other  Copper 
Plates.  |  To  which  are  added,  |  Critical  Dissertations  |  on  the  | 
Laud,  |  the  Animals,  |  and  Inhabitants  of  Mexico.  |  By  Abbe"  D. 
Francesco  Saverio  Clavigero.  |  Translated  from  the  Original  Ital- 
ian, |  By  Charles  Cullen,  Esq.  |  In  Two  Volumes.  |  Vol.  I  [II].  | 
London,  |  Printed  for  G.  G.  J.  and  J.  Robinson,  No.  25,  Pater-noster 


588  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1787-1791  [22 

1787.  CLAVIGERO,  F.  S.— Continued. 

Bow.  |  MDCCLXXXVII.    2  vols.  4to.    Title-1.,  pp.  i-xxxii,  2  11.,  pp. 
1-476.    Vol.  II,  2  11.,  pp.  1-463.    2  maps  and  25  pll. 

Vol.  I,  Book  1,  Sect,  xi,  pp.  46-56,  "  Birds  of  Mexico  ",  -with  figure  of  the  "King 
of  the  Zopilots  "  on  pi.  iv. 

The  "  second  edition  "  of  Cullen's  translation  is  cited  beyond,  1807;  there  is  a 
Philadelphia  ed.,  3  vols.  8vo,  Dobson,  1817,  and  doubtless  others. — According  to 
the  Bibliographies  accessible  as  I  write,  the  orig.  ed.,  in  Italian,  dates  1780-81, 
4  vols.  4to.  There  is  a  German  ed.,  Geschichte  von  Mexico,  etc.,  2  vols.  8vo, 
Leipzig,  1789-90 ;  and  several  Spanish  ones. 

1787.  JEFFERSON,  T.  Notes  |  on  the  |  State  of  Virginia.  |  Written  by 
Thomas  Jefferson.  |  Illustrated  with  |  A  Map,  including  the  States 
of  Virginia,  |  Mary-  |  land,  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania.  |  —  |  Lon- 
don: |  printed  for  John  Stockdale,  opposite  |  Burlington-House, 
Piccadilly.  |  M.  DCC.  LXXXVII.  1  vol.  8vo.  2  p.  11.,  pp.  382,  map, 
and  folded  table. 

Contains,  pp.  113-118,  a  nominal  list  of  the  birds  of  the  State,  77  in  number, 
under  Linnaean,  Catesbyan,  and  popular  names,  with  references  to  Brissoris 
Oiseaux;  a  few  others  mentioned  at  end  of  the  list.— The  original  draft  of  the 
work,  which  bears  date  1782,  was  printed  (200  copies)  for  private  circulation, 
without  title-page,  and  cannot  be  considered  as  published.  There  was  an  anony- 
mous French  version  in  1786.  The  English  edition  of  1767  being  the  first  one 
published  with  sanction  oftheauthor,  and  avowed  by  him,  is  the  one  from  which 
Jefferson's  List  of  the  Birds  acquires  its  proper  date  (see  the  eds.  of  1782  and  1786). 

1787.  PENNANT,  T.      Pennant's  Arktische  Zoologie. — Thiergeschichte  der 

nordliehen  Polarlander  aus  dem  Englischen  des  Herrn  Thorn.  Pen- 
nant, mit  Anmerkungen  und  Zusatzen  durch  E.  A.  W.  Zimmermann. 
2  vols.  4to.    Leipzig.    1787. 
Not  seen — title  at  second-hand,  illiteral  and  defective. 

1788.  JEFFERSON,  T.    Notes  |  on  the  |  State  |  of  Virginia.  |  Written  by 

Thomas  Jefferson.  |  —  |  Philadelphia :  |  Printed  and  Sold  by  Prich- 
ard  and  Hall,  [etc.]  |  —  |  M.  DCC.  LXXXVIII.    1  vol.  8vo.    2  p.  11., 
pp.  244,  1  table. 
A  scarce  edition.    The  bird-matter  is  at  pp.  71-77 

1788.  LOSKIEL,  G.  H.    [History  of  his  mission,  etc.]     .    .    . 

Not  seen.— This  is  the  date  of  the  German  orig.  ed. ;  see  the  English  ed.,  1794. 

1791.  BARTRAM,  W.  Travels  |  through  |  North  &  South  Carolina,  |  Geor- 
gia, |  East  &  West  Florida,  |  the  Cherokee  Country,  the  extensive  | 
Territories  of  the  Muscogulges,  |  or  Creek  Confederacy,  and  the  | 
Country  of  the  Chactaws;  |  containing  |  an  account  of  the  soil  and 
natural  |  productions  of  those  regions,  toge-  |  ther  with  observations 
on  the  |  manners  of  the  Indians.  |  Embellished  with  copper-plates. 
|  —  I  By  WiUiam  Bartram.  |  Philadelphia :  |  printed  by  James  & 
Johnson,  |  M,DCC,XCI.  1  vol.  8vo.  1  p.  1.,  pp.  i-xxiv,  1-522,  pll. 

The  next  edition  was  issued  at  London,  and  there  was  a  second  London  ed.,  dated 
1794.  The  ed.  of  Dublin,  1793,  was  a  mere  reprint  of  the  1st  London  ed.  The 
work  was  translated  into  German,  and  published  at  Berlin,  in  1793,  as  thexth  vol. 
of  the  Magazin  von  merkwurdigen  ntuen  Keisebeschreibungen,  with  the  editor's 
(Zimmerman's)  commentary.  A  French  version  appeared  in  1799.  I  give  all 
these  except  the  1st  London  ed. 

Contains  ornithological  matter  passim,  and  especially,  at  pp.  288-296,  a  Cata- 
logue of  Birds  of  Eastern  United  States,  in  which  many  species  are  named 
as  new.  For  a  complete  exposition  of  the  ornithology  of  this  work,  cf.  COUES, 


23] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1791-1792          581) 


1791.  BARTRAM,  W.— Continued. 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1875,  pp.  333-358;  ALLEN,  Am.  Nat.,  x,  Jan.,  1875; 
COUES,  Am.  Nat.,  x,  Feb.,  1875.  Among  Bartram's  new  binomial  names  are  the 
following :— Strix  arcticus,  8.  acclamator,  S.  peregrinator,  Vultur  sacra,  V.  atratus, 
p.  289 ;  Faleo  regalis,  F.  piscatorius,  F.  aquilinus,  F.  gallinarius,  F.  pullarius,  F. 
niger,  F.  ranivorus,  F.  glaucus,  F.  subcerulius,  Gorvus  carnivorus,  O.  maritimus, 
O.frugivorus,  O.  Jloridanus,  p.  290 ;  Gracula  purpurea,  Guculus  carolinensis,  Sitta 
varia,  Certhia  rufa,  O.  picti,  Lanius  griscus,  L.  garrulus,  Muscicapa  nunciola,  M. 
cristata,  M.  rapax,  M.  subviridis,  p.  289  bis ;  M.  cantatrix,  M.  sylvicola,  Alaudacam- 
pestris,  A.  migratoria,  Turdus  melodes,  T.  minimus,  Merula  flammula,  M.  mari- 
landica,  Garrulus  australis,  Lucar  (n.  g.)  lioidus,  Meleagris  americanus  (called  M. 
occidentalis  at  p.  83),  Tetrao  tympanus,  T.  minor,  p.  290  bis;  JEmberiza  livida,E. 
varia,  Carduelus  americanus,  O.  pinus,  O.  pusilus,  Fringilla  rufa,  F.  fusca,  Passer 
domesticus,  P.palustris,  P.  agrestis,  Oalandra  pratensis,  Steruus  predatorius,  S.  ster- 
corarius,  Motacilla  fluviatilis,  M.  domestica,  M.  palustris,  M.  caroliniana,  Regulus 
griceus,  p.  291;  R.  peregrimis,  Ruticilla  americana,  Parus  cristatm,  P.  luteus,  P. 
vanus,  P.  cedrus,  P.  peregrimis,  P.  aureus,  P.  mridis,  P.  griceus,  Hirundo  ccrdo, 
Caprimulgus  lucifugus,  O.  americanus,  Orus  clamator,  p.  292 ;  G.  pratensis,  Ardea 
immaculata,  A.  mugitans,  A.  clamator,  A.  parva,  Tantalus pictus,  T.  ichthyophagus, 
p.  293;  Numenius  americana,  N.  fluvialis,  N.  cinereus,  Tringa  rufa,'T.  cinwea,  T. 
maculata,  T.  fusca,  T.  parva,  Morinella  americana,  Anser  branta,  Anas  subcerulea, 
A.  leucocephala,  A.  caudacuta,  A.  principalis,  p.  £94  ("492");  A.  migratoria,  A. 
fistulosa,  Colymbus  migratorius,  C.  floridanus,  O.  colubrinus,  G.  musicus,  Larus 
alber,  L.  gricrius,  Onocratalus  americanus,  Petrella  pintada,  p.  295 ;  Charadrius 
maculatus,  C.  minor,  Fulica  floridana,  p.  296,  spp.  nn. — some  of  wbich  are  tenable 
by  all  the  rules,  while  others  I  never  claimed  to  be  so.  Barton's  "Fragments", 
1799,  q.  v.,  is  a  valuable  commentary  on  Bartram. 

1791.  MEARES,  J.     Voyages  |  Made  in  the  Years  1788  and  1789,  |  from  China 

to  the  N.  W.  coast  of  America :  |  with  |  an  introductory  narrative  | 
of  |  a  voyage  |  Performed  in  1786,  from  Bengal,  |  in  the  Ship 
Nootka.  |  To  which  are  annexed,  |  observations  on  the  probable  ex- 
istence |  of  |  a  north  west  passage.  |  And  some  account  of  |  the  trade 
between  the  north  west  coast  of  America  |  and  China ;  and  the  latter 
country  and  |  Great  Britain.  |  —  |  By  John  Meares,  Esq.  |  —  |  Vol.  I 
[II].  |  —  |  London :  |  printed  at  the  Logographic  Press ;  J  and  sold 
by  |  J.  Walter,  No.  169,  Piccadilly,  opposite  Old  Bond  Street.  |  1791. 
2  vols.  sm.  8vo.  pp.  i-xii,  i-lxxii,  1-363,  maps,  pll.  Vol.  II,  2  p.  11., 
pp.  1-332,  -f  32  unpaged  11.  (Appendix),  maps. 

Slightly  ornithological  passim;  e.  g.,  Vol.  II,  Chap.  XXII,  "  Various  Kinda  of 
Birds.— Aquatic  Fowls  ",  p.  29. 

1792.  BELKNAP,  J.    The  |  History  !  of  j  New-Hampshire.  |  Vol.  III.  j  Con- 

taining a  geographical  description  of  |  the  State ;  |  with  sketches  of 
its  natural  |  history,  productions,  |  improvements,  and  |  present 
state  of  Society  and  Manners,  |  laws  and  government,  j  By  Jeremy 
Belknap,  A.  M.  |  Member  of  the  Philosophical  Society  in  Phila- 
del-  |  phia,  and  of  the  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  |  in  Massachu- 
setts. |  Printed  at  Boston,  for  the  Author,  |  by  Belknap  and  Young,  J 
State  street.  |  —  |  MDCCXCII.  Sm.Svo.  pp.  1-480, 1-8.  >  Chapter 
X.  Native  Animals  :  Birds,  pp.  165-174. 

The  whole  work  is  in  3  vols.,  of  which  vol.  HI  alone  is  here  cited.  There  is 
said  to  be  another  ed.,  8vb,  Boston,  1813. 

Annotated  list  of  123  spp.  of  birds  of  New  Hampshire.  "  The  most  full,  which 
has  been  collected,  but  cannot  boast  of  perfection."  Picus  maculosus,"  p.  166; 
Charadrius  maculatus,  p.  169 ;  Fringilla  grisea,  Muscicapa  fusca,  p.  173,  spp.  nn., 
but  no  descriptions.  I  have  seldom  seen  this  work  mentioned  with  reference  to 
ornithology,  its  connection  with  which  is  scarcely  recognized. 


590  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1792-1794  [24 

1792.  CARTWRIGHT,  G.  A  |  Journal  |  of  |  Transactions  and  Events,  |  during 
a  |  residence  of  nearly  sixteen  years  |  on  the  |  Coast  of  Labrador ;  | 
containing  !  many  interesting  particulars,  I  both  of  the  |  Country 
and  its  Inhabitants,  |  not  hitherto  known.  |  Illustrated  with  proper 
charts.  |  —  |  By  George  Cartwright,  Esq.  j  —  |  In  three  volumes. 
|  —  |  Vol.  I  [-III].  |  —  |  Newark :  |  .  .  .  .  |  —  |  1792.  3  vols.  4to. 
Vol.  1, 1  p.  1.,  pp.  i-viii,  1-287.  Vol.  II,  pp.  i-x,  1-505.  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  i-x, 
1-248,  [1]-[15]. 
Contains  informal  notices  of  mammals  and  birds  passim. 

1792.  PENNANT,  T.    Arctic  Zoology,  etc.    .  .  .    London,  1792.    2  vols.  4to. 

This  I  have  not  seen,  and  can  say  nothing  about.    See  the  orig.  ed.,  1785. 

1793.  BARTRAM,  W.    Travels  |  through  |  North  and  South  Carolina,  |  Geor- 

gia, |  East  and  West  Florida,  |  the  Cherokee  Country,  |  the  exten- 
sive Territories  of  the  Muscogulges  |  or  Creek  confederacy,  |  and  the 
country  of  the  Chactaws.  |  Containing  an  account  of  the  soil  and 
natural  produc-  |  tions  of  those  regions ;  |  together  with  observa- 
tions on  the  manners  of  the  Indians.  |  Embellished  with  copper- 
plates. |  —  |  By  William  Bartram.  |  —  |  Dublin :  |  for  J.  Moore,  W. 
Jones,  R.  McAllister,  and  J.  Rice.  |  —  |  1793.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  xxiv, 
520,  with  6  11.  index,  pll. 

See  the  orig.  ed.,  1791.  This  Dublin  ed.  is  said  to  be  a  mere  reprint  of  the  first 
London  ed.,  identical  therewith  in  title,  size,  pagination,  plates,  and  index. 

1793.  BARTRAM,  W.     William  Bartram's  |  Reisen  |  durch  |  Nord-  und  Siid- 

Karolina,  |  Georgien,  Ost-  und  West-Florida,  |  das  Gebiet  |  der 
Tscherokesen,  Krihks  und  Tschaktahs,  |  nebst  umstandlichen 
Nachrichten  |  von  den  Einwohneru,  dem  Boden  und  den  Natur- 
produkten  j  dieser  wenig  bekannten  grossen  Lander.  |  —  |  Ans 
dem  Englischen.  |  —  |  Mit  erlauternden  Anmerkungen  |  von  |  E. 
A.  W.  Zimmermann,  |  Hofrath  und  Professor  in  Braunschweig. 
1  vol.  sm.Svo.  pp.  i-xxvi,  1  1.,  1-469,  pi.  =  Magazin  von  merk- 
wurdigen  neuen  Reisebeschreibungen  u.  s.  w.  Zehnter  Band.  Ber- 
lin, 1793. 

See  the  orig.  ed.,  1791.  In  this  edition,  Bartram's  list  of  Birds  is  at  pp.  279-294, 
and  other  bird-matter  follows  to  p.  301.  The  list  is  partly  given  in  the  English, 
partly  translated,  annotated  with  references  to  Seligmann's  Catesby,  and  other- 
wise bedevilled  by  the  editor,  who  undertakes  to  identify  most  of  Bartram's 
species,  and  succeeds  in  many  cases.  Of  Bartram's  genus  Lucar  he  remarks 
very  pertinently,  "Dies  Wort  ist  mir  unbekannt,  vielleicht  ein  Druckfehler." 

1794.  BARTRAM,  W.     Travels  |  through  |  North  and  South  Carolina,  |  Geor- 

gia, |  East  and  West  Florida,  |  the  Cherokee  country,  |  the  ex- 
tensive Territories  of  the  Muscogulges  |  or  Creek  confederacy,  |  and 
the  country  of  the  Chactaws.  |  Containing  |  an  account  of  the  soil 
and  natural  produc-  ]  tions  of  those  regions ;  |  together  with  |  ob- 
servations on  the  manners  of  the  Indians.  |  Embellished  with 
copper-plates.  |  —  (By  William  Bartram.  |  —  |  The  second  edition 
in  London.  |  —  |  Philadelphia:  Printed  by  James  and  Johnson. 
1791.  |  London :  |  Reprinted  for  J.  Johnson,  in  St.  Paul's  Church- 
.  Yard.  |  —  |  1794.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  i-xxiv,  1-520,  -f  4  11.  j  map, 
frontispiece,  and  7  pll. 

See  the  orig.  ed.,  1791.  In  the  present  edition,  which  is  substantially  the 
same  as  the  original,  the  list  of  birds  is  at  pp.  285-294,  and  bird-matter  continues 
to  p.  300 ;  also  occurs  passim,  as  in  the  original. 


25]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1794-1790          591 

1794.  LOSKIEL,  G.  H.  History  |  of  the  |  Mission  |  of  the  |  United  Breth- 
ren |  among  the  |  Indians  in  North  America.  |  —  |  In  Three 
Parts.  |  —  |  By  |  George  Henry  Loskiel.  |  —  |  Translated  from  the 
German  |  by  Christian  Ignatius  La  Trobe.  |  —  |  London  :  |  printed 
for  the  Brethren's  Society  for  the  |  Furtherance  of  the  Gospel :  |  sold 
at  No.  10,  NeviPs  Court,  Fetter  Lane;  |  and  by  John  Stockdale, 
opposite  Burlington  House,  |  Piccadilly.  |  —  |  1794.  1  vol.  sm.  8vo. 
Part  I,  pp.  i-xii,  map,  1-159.  Part  II,  pp.  1-234.  Part  III,  pp.  1-233, 
-|-  11  unpaged  11.  of  index  and  ads. 

Orig.  German  ed.,  1788;  in  the  present  one,  Part  I,  Chap.  VII,  "  Birds  ",  pp.  89-94, 
there  are  remarks  upon  a  few  large  or  otherwise  conspicuous  species,  such  as 
would  be  likely  to  attract  the  casual  observation  of  a  missionary.  These  are 
presented  for  the  most  part  under  binomial  Latin  as  well  as  vernacular  names. 
The  ubiquitous  "  Wakon  bird",  here  called  "the  bird  of  the  Great  Spirit,  and 
probably  a  species  of  the  bird  of  paradise  ",  reappears,  clothed  in  a  very  gorgeous 
description. 

1794.  WILLIAMS,  S.    Natural  and  Civil  History  of  Vermont.     .  .  . 

Walpole,N.H.     1794.    8vo. 

Not  seen.  There  is  a  later  edition,  1809,  q.  v.  About  a  dozen  pages  are  said  to 
be  devoted  to  the  birds  of  the  State,  some  50  species  being  treated,  under  tech- 
nical names,  with  various  notes. 

1795.  HEARNE,  S.    A  |  Journey  |  from  |  Prince  of  Wales's  Fort  in  Hudson's 

Bay,  |  to  |  the  Northern  Ocean.  |  Undertaken  |  by  order  of  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company,  |  for  the  Discovery  |  of  copper  mines,  A  North- 
west passage,  &c.  |  In  the  years  1769, 1770,  1771,  &  1772.  |  —  |  By 
Samuel  Hearne.  |  —  |  London:  |  printed  for  A.  Strahan  and  T. 
Cadell :  |  And  Sold  by  T.  Cadell  Jun.  and  W.  Davis,  (Successors  to  | 
Mr.  Cadell,)  in  the  Strand.  |  1795.  1  vol.  large  4to.  pp.  i-xliv,  1-458, 
1 1.,  9  maps  and  views.  >  Birds.  Chap.  X.  pp.  398-448. 

"  The  account  of  the  principal  quadrupeds  and  birds  that  frequent  those  North- 
ern regions  in  summer,  as  well  as  those  which  never  migrate,  though  not  de- 
scribed in  a  scientific  manner,  may  not  be  entirely  unacceptable  to  the  most  sci- 
entific zoologists,"  says  the  author  modestly,  in  his  preface ;  and  I  entirely  agree 
with  him.  He  gives  a  good,  faithful  account  of  his  observations  on  some  fifty 
or  more  species,  among  them  the  notable  "  Horned  "Wavey  "  (p.  442),  which  after- 
ward became  Anser  rossii  of  Baird.  The  whole  story  of  "  honest  old  Hearne  " 
is  interesting  as  well  as  veracious,  and  may  be  profitably  consulted  to  this  day. 

1796.  CARVER,  J.    Three  years  |  Travels  |  through  the  |  interior  parts  |  of  | 

North  America,  |  for  more  than  |  five  thousand  miles ;  |  containing  j 
an  account  of  the  great  lakes,  and  all  the  lakes,  islands,  |  and  rivers, 
Cataracts,  mountains,  minerals,  |  soil  and  vegetable  productions  of 
the  North-  |  west  regions  of  that  vast  continent ;  |  with  a  |  descrip- 
tion of  the  Birds,  beasts,  |  reptiles,  insects,  and  fishes  |  peculiar  to 
the  country.  |  Together  with  a  concise  |  history  of  the  genius,  man- 
ners, and  customs  |  of  the  Indians  inhabiting  the  lands  that  lie  |  ad- 
jacent to  the  heads  and  to  the  westward  |  of  the  great  river  Missis- 
sippi ;  |  and  an  appendix,  |  describing  the  uncultivated  parts  of 
America  that  |  are  the  most  proper  for  forming  settlements.  |  —  • 
By  Captain  Jonathan  Carver,  |  of  the  provincial  troops  in  Amer- 
ica. |  —  |  Philadelphia :  |  Published  by  Key  &  Simpson ;— 1796. 
1  vol.  "8vo"  (half-sheets,  4  1.  to  a  sig.).  pp.  i-xx,  1-360,  1-20. 
>  Chap.  XVIII.  >  Of  the  Birds,  pp.  309-316. 


592  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1796-1799  [26 

1796.  CARVER,  J. — Continued. 

A  list  of  about  40  species,  with  formal  notice  of  half  as  many,  most  of  which 
are  identifiable.  Here,  as  in  some  other  works  of  the  period,  appears  the  cele- 
brated "Wakon  bird"  (p.  314),  an  object  of  superstition  among  the  Indians, 
which  has  taxed  the  guessing  faculty  of  ornithologists  to  no  avail.  Parts  of 
the  description  suit  Milvulus ;  but  the  bird  is  probably  fictitious,  the  account 
being  drawn  from  "  made-up  "  specimens  used  for  religious  or  ornamental  pur- 
poses.—See  earlier  eds.,  1773, 1781. 

1796.  HEAKNE,  S.    A  |  Journey  |  from  |  Prince  of  Wales's  Fort,  |  in  Hudson's 

Bay,  |  to  |  the  Northern  Ocean.  |  Undertaken  |  by  order  of  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company.  |  For  the  discovery  of  |  copper  mines,  a  north 
west  passage,  &c.  |  In  the  Years  1769,  1770,  1771,  &  1772.  |  —  |  By 
Samuel  Hearne.  |  —  |  Dublin :  |  Printed  for  P.  Byrne,  No.  108,  and 
J.  Rice,  No.  Ill,  |  Grafton-street.  |  —  |  1796.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  i-1, 
1-459,  1  p.,  9  maps  and  plans. 

See  the  orig.  ed.,  1795.  In  the  present  ed.,  the  bird-matter  is  at  pp.  399-450. 
Same  as  the  original,  excepting  in  form.  There  is  said  to  be  another  ed.,  1807. 

1797.  Bosc,  L.  A.  G.    Description  des  objets  nouveaux  d'Histoire  Naturelle 

trouve's  dans  une  traverse'e  de  Bordeaux  a  Charlestown  [S.  Car.]. 
<  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.,  1797,  p.  9. 

Not  seen. 

1799.  BARTON,  B.  S.  Fragments  |  of  the  |  Natural  History  |  of  |  Pennsyl- 
vania. |  —  |  By  Benjamin  Smith  Barton,  M.  D.  |  Correspondent- 
Member  of  the  Society  of  the  Antiquaries  of  Scotland ;  Member  |  of 
the  American  Philosophical  Society ;  Fellow  of  the  American  Acad- 
emy |  of  Arts  and  Sciences  of  Boston ;  Corresponding  Member  of 
the  |  Massachusetts  Historical  Society ;  Member  of  the  Phy-  |  sical 
Society  of  Jena ;  one  of  the  Foreign  Members  |  of  the  Linnaean 
Society  of  London ;  |  and  |  Professor  of  Materia  Medica,  Natural 
History  and  Botany,  |  in  the  |  University  of  Pennsylvania.  |  —  | 
Part  First.  |  —  |  Neglecta,  — sparsa  colligit,  utilia  seligit  — .  |  Bag- 
livi.  |  Quae  Prasenti  Opusculo  desunt  suppleat  ^Etas.  |  Quintilian.  , 
—  |  Philadelphia :  |  Printed,  for  the  author,  by  Way  &  Groff,  |  No. 
48,  North  Third-Street.  |  1799.  Folio.  Paper- cover  title;  other  title, 
dedication,  introduction,  =  pp.  i-xviii ;  and  pp.  1-24  of  main  text. 

No  more  published.  Very  scarce.  Copy  in  Congressional  Library,  formerly 
presented  to  the  National  Institute  of  Washington  by  the  author's  son,  Thomas 
Pennant  Barton.  This  tract,  a  mere  "fragment",  as  the  author  says,  is  one  of 
the  most  notable  special  treatises  on  North  American  ornithology  of  the  last  cen- 
tury. The  author  had  every  qualification  of  a  great  naturalist  except  success, 
his  actual  achievements  being  far  from  commensurate  with  his  eminent  ability 
and  erudition.  Ho  seems  to  have  lacked  the  faculty  of  utilizing  what  he  knew ; 
like  a  saturated  solution  wanting  some  slight  circumstance  to  crystallize,  the 
result  was  never  realized.  Had  Barton  reaped  what  he  sowed,  the  fatherhood  of 
American  ornithology  would  be  put  back  of  "Wilaon.  As  it  is,  his  work  remains 
about  on  a  par  with  that  of  Bartram  in  present  significance,  and  its  author  is  to- 
day chiefly  known  in  ornithology  by  having  proposed  for  the  Barn  Swallow  the 
name  Hirundo  horreorum,  which  has  been  current  since  Baird  revived  it  in  1858. 

The  whole  tract  is  ornithological— a  bird-picture  drawn  in  the  vicinity  of  Penn- 
sylvania. The  ' '  Introduction ' ',  in  effect,  is  chiefly  an  essay  on  migration,  alleged 
torpidity,  etc.,  based  on  extensive  personal  observation,  set  forth  with  elegance, 
erudition,  and  veracity.  The  main  text  consists,  for  the  most  part,  of  a  calendary 
enumeration  of  the  migratory  birds  of  Pennsylvania,  collated  with  the  progress 
of  vegetation  and  various  meteorological  and  miscellaneous  observations.  The 
birds  are  treated  in  two  categories:  Sect  I.  The  Spring  and  Summer  Birds  of 


27]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1799  593 

1799.  BARTON,  B.  S.— Continued. 

Passage.  Sect.  II.  Autumnal  and  "Winter  Birds  of  Passage.  Sect.  Ill  is  an  an- 
notated List  of  the  resident  Birds  of  Pennsylvania,  occupying  two  folios.  Then 
follow  occasional  or  accidental  residents,  occasional  visitants,  and  "Additions  ". 
The  "Appendix",  pp.  15-24,  contains  observations  on  the  greater  number  of  the 
birds  which  are  mentioned  in  the  preceding  tables. 

Barton  was  a  strict  binomialist ;  his  nomenclature,  however,  is  very  imperfect, 
being  modelled  closely  after  Bartram ;  his  tract,  in  fact,  furnishes  a  valuable 
commentary  on  Bartram,  and  a  quasi-concordance  of  the  Bartramian  nomencla- 
.ture.  Some  new  names  are  given  to  birds,  in  Secta  I  and  II,  as  follows,  though 
mostly  without  proper  description,  if  any :—  Fringilla  domestica,  p.  1,  nodescr., 
=  Spizella  socialis ;  F.  exilis,ip.  I,  no  descr.  (undetermined);  F.  pinus  [Bartram], 
p.  1,  nodescr.,  =  Chrysomitris  pinus ;  Certhia  familiaris,  p.  3  [necauct.],  nodescr., 
=  Troglodytes  aedon  V.,  =  Motacilla  domestica  Bartram ;  Certhia  floridana,  p.  5,  no 
descr.,  ==  Thryothorus  ludovicianus ;  Strix  diurnalis,  p.  9,  no  descr.,  indet. ;  these 
being  those  which  are  marked  "  mihi"in  the  calendar,  though  some  of  them  are 
Bartram's,  and  though  the  calendar  also  includes  some  other  names  I  never  saw 
elsewhere.  None  of  these  are  described  at  all.  In  Sect.  Ill,  where  the  birds  are 
noted  "  in  the  order  of  the  Linnsean arrangement ",  and  especially  in  the  "Appen- 
dix", we  find  a  much  better  state  of  things;  some  new  names  occurring  accom- 
panied by  sufficient  description  to  entitle  them  to  recognition,  like  Hirundo  hor- 
reorum  for  example,  and  many  other  species  of  Bartram's  being  here  identified 
and  described  under  their  Bartramian  names.  Whence  it  is  obvious,  that  those 
who  fight  shy  of  Bartram's  names,  for  whatever  reason,  must  take  a  number  of 
them  on  Barton's  characterization.  The  following  commentary  will  make  the 
point  clear  at  which  I  aim  :— 

Page  11. 

"  FALCO  REGALIS  of  Bartram.  Travels.  Great  Gray  Eagle.  This  is  our  largest 
Eagle."  (Obviously  =  Haliaetus  leucocephalus,  juv.) 

"FALCO  AQUiLiNUSof  Bartram.  Travels.  Great  Red-Tailed  Hawk.  This  is 
the  largest  species  of  Hawk  hitherto  discovered  in  Pennsylvania.  The  tail  is  of 
a  red  brick  color."  (Now,  those  who  refuse  to  accept  the  specific  term  aquilinus 
from  Bartram,  1791,  may  say  BUTEO  AQUILINUS  (Barton,  1799) !  instead  of 
B.  borealis  Vieill.) 

"  FALCO  GLAUCUS  of  Bartram.  Travels."  (Bartram's  description  is  repeated. 
Now,  those  who  decline  to  have  anything  to  do  with  Bartram,  on  the  ground  of 
his  untenable  nomenclature,  will  necessarily  observe  that  ELANDS  GLAUCUS 
(Barton,  1799)!  must  replace  E.  leucurus  Teinm.) 

"  STRIX  VARIUS  of  Bartram.  MS."  (The  description  clearly  indicates  that 
this  is  a  synonym  of  S.  nebulosa  Forster,  1772.) 

"LANIUS  COLLURIO?  Red-backed  Shrike."  (Apparently  intended  for  the 
young  plumage  of  L.  borealis. ) 

" CORVUS CORONK.  Carrion  Crow.  (Crow)  This  is  the  Corvus  frugivorus  of 
Bartram."  (As  I  recently  contended  in  Pr.  PhUa.  Acad.,  1875, 346.) 

"CERTHIA  FUSCA  of  Bartram.  MS.  Brown-Creeper."  (Fully  described.  A 
synonym  of  Certhia  rufa  Bartram,  Trav.,  1791,  =  C.  familiaris  auct.) 

Page  13. 

"  PSITTACUS  PERTINAX  ?  Illinois  Parrot  ?  Either  this  or  some  other  species  of 
the  genus  deserves  to  be  mentioned  among  the  birds  of  Pennsylvania."  (Obvi- 
ously referring  to  Conurus  carolinensis.) 

Page  15. 

"  MUSCICAPA  FUSCA.    This  is  the  Muscicapa  nunciola  of  Bartram.    Travels." 

"ALAUDA  RUBRA.  The  Alanda  migratoria  of  Bartram.  Travels.  The  Alauda 
fusca  of  the  same  gentleman." 

"  FRINGILLA  DOMESTICA  (mihi).  Motacilla  domestica,  or  Regulus  rufus  of  Bar- 
tram.  Travels.  In  very  mild  winters,  this  sociable  domestic  little  bird  continues 
with  us.  It  is  the  earliest  of  our  spring  singing  birds.  Its  note  is  tremulous 
and  agreeable.  Catesby  has  figured  it,  Vol.  i,  P.  35."  (This  is  very  uncertain ; 
Catesby's  pi.  35  has  been  supposed  to  be  Spizella  pusitta,  but  never  satisfactorily 
identified,  and  Bartram's  Motacilla  domestica  is  the  House  Wren.) 

38  BO 


594  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       ITO^-ISOO  [2fi 

1799.  BARTON,  B.  S.— Continued. 

"  FRINGILLA  FERRUGINEA.  I  suspect  this  is  the  Hedge-Sparrow  of  Lawson,  P 
144.  It  is  the  Fringilla  rufa  of  Bartram.  Travels.  Edwards  calls  it  Little  Spar- 
row. PL  354.  In  New-York  it  is  called  the  Shepard."  (Wilson  calls  the  Fox 
Sparrow  ( Passer ellailiaca)  "rnfa"  in  one  place,  after  Bartram,  and  "ferruginea" 
in  another,  probably  after  Barton.  But  what  bird  Barton  means  here  is  not 
evident.) 

"  FBINGILLA  EXILIS  [sp.  n.].  This  a  good  deal  resembles  the  Motacilla  Regains, 
or  Golden- crested  Wren.  Perhaps,  they  are  the  same."  (Not  identifiable.) 

"GRACULA  QUISCULA?"  (The  author  carefully  distinguishes  two.  species  of 
Grakles,  one  being  the  common  Crow  Blackbird  (Q.purpureus),  the  other,  here 
called  "  G.  qniscnla? ",  after  Bartram,  being  evidently  the  Q.  major  of  authors, 
or  the  Boat-tailed  Grakle.) 

Page  17. 

"HlRUNDO  RUSTICA?  This  is  not  the  Himndo  rustica  of  Europe.  It  wants  a 
name.  It  may  be  called  Hirundo  horreorum,  from  its  so  generally  frequenting 
our  barns  to  build  its  nest." 

Page  18. 

"  MOTACILLA  TROGLODYTES  ?  This  is  the  Motacilla  palustris,  or  Regulus  mi- 
nor, of  Bartram.  Travels."  (That  is,  Cutothorus  paluatris.) 

"CERTHIA  FAMILIARIS  (mihi).  I  now  suspect,  that  this  is  no  other  than  the 
Certhia  familiaris  of  Linna3us,"  .  .  .  (But  it  certainly  is  not,  if  he  means  the 
same  bird  he  called  "  C.  familiaris  "  on  p.  3.) 

"  LANIUS  TYRANNUS.  This  I  rather  consider  as  a  species  of  Muscicapa.  It  may 
be  called  Muscicapa  rex  "  (sp.  n.  =carolinen$is  Gm.). 

Page  20. 

"CERTHIA  FLORID  ANA  (mihi).  This  bird  I  do  not  find  figured  or  described.  It 
is  mentioned  by  Mr.  Bartram  (Travels),  under  the  name  of  Motacilla  coroliuiaua, 
or  Eegulus  magnus,"  etc.  (Full  description  follows.  The  bird  is  evidently  Thry- 
othorus  ludovicianus  (Lath.).) 

"Fringilla  pinns  (mihi)."  (Given  as  a  new  species;  but  the  name  Carduelus 
pinus  occurs  in  Bartram  for  the  same  species.) 

1799.  BARTRAM,  W.    Voyage  |  daus  les  parties  sud  |  de  l'Ame"rique  |  septen- 

trionale  ;  |  Savoir :  les  Carolines  septentrionale  et  nie'ridio-  |  nale, 
la  Georgie,  les  Florides  orientale  et  |  occidentale,  le  pays  des  Chero- 
k6es,  le  vaste  |  territoire  des  Muscogulges  ou  de  la  confe'de"-  |  ration 
Creek,  et  le  pays  des  Chactaws;  |  Contenant  des  details  sur  le  sol  et 
les  productions  natu-  |  relies  de  ces  contre"es,  et  des  observations  sur 
les  moeurs  des  Sauvages  qui  les  habitent.  |  Par  Williams  [sic]  Bar- 
tram.  |  Imprime'  a  Philadelphie,  en  1791,  et  a  Londres,  |  en  1792, 
et  trad,  de  1'angl.  par  P.  V.  Benoist.  |  Tome  Premier  [Second].  |  A 
Paris,  |  Chez  jCarteret  et  Brosson,  libraires,  rue  Pierre-  |  San-asm, 
nos!3  et7.  |  jDugour  et  Durand,  rue  et  maison  Serpente.  |  An  VII. 
[1799.]  2  vols.  sm.  8vo.  Vol.  I,  half-title,  frontispiece,  title,  pp. 
1-457,  1  1.,  map,  and  pll.  Vol.  II,  half-title,  title,  pp.  1-436,  1 1.,  pi. 

See  the  orig.  ed.,  1791.  In  this  French  version,  the  list  of  birds  is  in  vol.  II,  at 
pp.  40-56,  and  bird-matter  continues  to  p.  66 ;  also  occurs  elsewhere,  as  in  the 
original. 

1800.  D'ERES,  C.  D.  R.    Memoirs   |    of  |   Charles  Dennis  Rusoe  D'Eres,  | 

A  Native  of  Canada:  |  Who  was  with  the  Scanyawtauragahroo- 
ote  |  Indians  eleven  years,  with  a  particular  |  account  of  his  Suf- 
erings,  &c.  during  |  his  tarry  with  them,  and  his  safe  |  return 
to  his  Family  Connec-  |  tions  in  Canada ;  j  to  which  is  added  |  An 
Appendix,  |  containing  |  A  brief  account  of  their  Persons,  Dress, 


29]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       18O<>-1§03          5L'5 

1800.  D'ERES,  C.  D.  R.— Continued. 

|  Manners,  Reckoning,  Time,  Mode  of  Govern-  |  ment,  &c.  Feasts, 
Dances,  Hunting,  Wea-  |  pons  of  War,  &c.  Making  Peace,  Diversions, 
|  Courtship,  Marriage,  Religious  Tenets,  |  Mode  of  Worship,  Dis- 
eases, Method  of  |  Cure,  Burying  their  Dead,  Character  |  of  the 
Scanyawtauragahrooote  Indians,  |  Particular  Description  of  the 
Quadra-  J  peds,  Birds,  Fishes,  Reptiles  and  Insects,  |  which  are  to 
be  met  with  on  and  in  the  |  vicinity  of  Scanyawtauragahrooote  | 
Island.  |  —  |  Copy  Right  Secured.  |  —  |  Printed  for,  and  Sold  by 
Henry  Ranlet,  Exeter.  |  —  j  1800.  1  vol.  sm.  12mo.  pp.  i-vi,  7-176. 
Chapter  XV,  on  the  quadrupeds,  birds,  etc.  (pp.  170-173),  names  many  kinds  of 
the  latter,  and  describes  more  particularly  the  Blackbird,  Hummingbird,  the 
Whetsaw  (Coccygus  erythrophthalmits?),  and  the  famous  "  Wacon-bird".  The 
description  of  the  latter  is  not  reconcilable  with  any  known  species,  but,  in  the 
light  of  other  accounts  of  the  same  bird,  may  be  doubtfully  considered  a  hint  of 
Milvulus  forficatus.  Field  says  of  our  author  that  "  his  narrative  is  at  all  events 
little  better  than  a  fiction". 

1800.  JEFFERSON,  T.    Jefferson's  |  Notes,  |  on  the  State  of  Virginia;  |  with 

the  j  Appendixes — complete.  |  —  [To  which  is  subjoined,  |  [etc.] 
|  —  I  Baltimore  :  |  Printed  by  W.  Pechin,  [etc.]   |   1800.    1  vol.  8vo. 
pp.  1-194,  (l)-(53),  [1]-[21]  (three  separate  paginations). 
In  this  edition,  the  list  of  the  birds  is  at  pp.  72-77. 

1801.  JEFFERSON,  T.    Notes  |  on  the  |  State  of  Virginia.  |  —  |  By  Thomas 

Jefferson.  |  —  |  First  hot-pressed  edition.  |  —  |  Philadelphia.  |  R.  T. 
Rawle,  Publisher,— June,  1801.  |  John  Thompson,  Printer.     1  vol. 
8vo.    2  p.  1.,  pp.  436,  56,  frontisp.,  1  pi.,  and  maps. 
Birds  in  this  edition  at  pp.  133-137. 

1801.  JEFFERSON,  T.    Notes  |  on  the  |  State  of  Virginia.  |  With  an  |  Appen- 

dix. |  —  |  By  Thomas  Jefferson.  |  —  |  Third  American  Edition.  |  — 
|  —  j  New- York :  |  Printed  by  M.  L.  &  W.  A.  Davis.— For  Furman 
&  London,  |  [etc.]  |  —  |  1801.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  392,  frontisp.,  map, 
and  folded  leaf. 

Though  this  is  called  the  "3d",  there  were  certainly  more  than  two  previous 
editions.    Birds  at  pp.  102-107. 

1802.  JEFFERSON,    T.     Notes  |  on   the  |  State  of  Virginia.  |  With   an  | 

Appendix.    |  —  |   By    Thomas  Jefferson.     |   --    |   Ninth  American 
edition.  [  —  |  Boston :  |  Printed  by  H.  Sprague,  No.  44,  Marlboro' 
Street.  |  1802.     1  vol.  18mo.    pp.  368,  map,  tab.,  and  pi. 
Birds  at  pp.  95-100. 

1802.  SEWASTIANOFF,  — .    Description  d'uue  nouvelle  espece  de  Canard  et 

d'une  variete*  de  1'buitrier,  qni  se  trouvent  dai^s  le  cabinet  d'histoire 
naturelle  de  1'Academie  Imperiale  des  Sciences.  <  Nova  Ada  Acad. 
Stient.  Imp.  Petrop.for  1800,  xiii,  1802,  pp.  346-351,  pi.  x. 

Anas  canagica,  sp.  n.,  p.  349,  pi.  x,  and  a  black  Hcematopus,  not  named  (after- 
ward R.  niger  Pall.),  both  from  Northwestern  America. 

1803.  JEFFERSON,  T.    Notes  |  on  the  |  State  of  Virginia.   |  With  an  |  Ap- 

pendix |  relative  to  the  murder  of  Logan's  family.   |  By  Thomas 
Jefferson.  |  —  |  —  |  Trenton :  |  Printed  by  Wilson  &  Blackwell, 
for  Mathew  Carey,  No.  118  Market-st,  |  Philadelphia.  |  —  \  1803.     1 
vol.  16mo.     pp.  356,  no  illustr. 
Birds  at  pp.  94-98. 


596  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1§O5-1§©?  [30 

1805.  BARTON,  B.  S.  Letter  to  M.  Lacepede,  of  Paris,  on  the  Natural  His- 
tory of  North  America.  <  Tilloch's  PJiilos.  Mag.,xxn,  1805,  pp.  97- 
103, 204-211. 

Only  the  second  instalment  of  the  article  relates  to  birds.  It  notices  the 
migrations  of  a  few  North  American  species,  asserts  the  torpidity  in  winter  of 
Swallows,  Swifts,  and  Hummingbirds,  and  the  breeding  of  Aix  sponsa  in  trees. 

1307.  BARTON,  B.  S.  A  |  Discourse  |  on  |  some  of  the  principal  desiderata  | 
in  |  Natural  History,  |  and  on  |  the  best  means  of  promoting  the 
study  |  of  this  |  Science,  |  in  the  United  States.  |  —  |  Read  before  the 
Philadelphia  Linnean  Society,  |  on  the  10th  of  June,  1807.  |  —  |  By 
Benjamin  Smith  Barton,  M.  D.,  |  President  of  the  Society ;  one  of 
the  vice-Presidents  of  the  |  American  Philosophical  Society ;  ?nd 
Professor  of  |  Materia  Med.ca,  Natural  History  and  Botany,  |  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  |  —  |  Philadelphia  :  |  Printed  by  Den- 
ham  &  Town,  No.  278,  South  Second-street.  |  —  |  1807.  "8vo" 
(half-sheets).  3  p.  11.,  pp.  9-90. 
A  rare  tract.  Ornithological  matter  at  pp.  20-22, 68,  79,  88-90. 

1807.  CLAVIGERO,  F.  S.  The  |  History  |  of  |  Mexico.  |  Collected  from  j 
Spanish  and  Mexican  historians,  |  from  |  Manuscripts  and  ancient 
paintings  of  the  Indians.  |  Illustrated  by  |  charts,  aud  other  copper 
plates.  |  To  which  are  added,  |  critical  dissertations  |  on  the  |  land, 
the  animals,  and  inhabitants  of  Mexico.  |  By  Abbe"  D.  Francesco 
Saverio  Clavigero.  |  Translated  .from  the  original  Italian,  |  By 
Charles  Cullen,  Esq.  |  The  second  edition.  |  In  two  volumes.  |  Vol. 
I  [II].  |  London:  |  printed  for  J.  Johnson,  St. Paul's  Churchyard, 
|  by  Joyce  Gold,  Shoe  Lane.  |  —  |  1807.  2  vols.  4to.  Vol.  I,  map, 
titles,  pp.  v-xxxii,  2  11. ,  pp.  1-476,  pll.  24.  Vol.  II,  2  p.  11.,  pp.  1-463. 
Vol.  I,  Book  I,  Sect.  XI,  Birds  of  Mexico,  in  this  edition  at  pp.  46-56;  a  summary 
account  of  sundry  kinds,  of  no  special  value  now,  unless  it  be  for  the  Mexican 
and  Spanish  names  under  which  such  as  are  identifiable  are  presented. 

1807.  HEARNE,  S.    Journey  to  the  Northern  Ocean,  etc.    London,  1807. 
Not  seen.— See  the  earlier  eds.,  1795  and  1796. 

1807.  VIEILLOT,-L.  P.  Histoire  Naturelle  |  des  Oiseaux  |  de  |  L'Ame'rique 
Septentrionale,  |  contenaut  un  grand  nombre  d'especes  de"crites  ou 
figure'es  |  pour  la  premiere  fois.  |  Par  M.  L.  P.  Vieillot,  |  continua- 
teur  de  1'Histoire  des  Colibris  et  des  Oiseaux- Mouches;  auteur  de 
celle  des  Jacamars,  |  des  Grimpereaux,  des  Promerops,  des  Oiseaux 
de  Paradis  et  de  la  plupart  des  articles  d'Ornithologie  |  du  nouveau 
Dictionaire  d'Histoire  Naturelle,  etc.  |  Tome  premier  [second].  |  —  | 
A  Paris,  |  chez  Desray,  Libraire,  Rue  Hautefeuille,  N°  4.  j 
M.  DCCC.  VII.  |  De  1'Imprimerie  de  Crapelet.  |  2  vols.  folio,  pll. 
Vol.  I,  2  p.  11.,  pp.  iv,  90,  pll.  ]-57.  Vol.  II,  1  p.  L,  pp.  ii,  74,  pll.  57 
&is-124  (in  each  vol.  some  numbers  of  the  pll.  duplicated).  Stated 
to  have  been  published  in  22  livraisons  of  6  pll.  each.  Pretre  pinx. 
Bouquet  sculp.  Langlois  imp. 

"C'est  done  cet  Ouvrage,  fruit  d'une  longue  suite  derecherches  sur  les  mceurs 
et  le  genre  de  vie  des  Oiseaux  de  1'Amerique  septentrionale  et  de  Saint-Domin- 
gue,  qne  je  presente  au  public.  II  contient  1'histoire  de  prds  de  quatre  cents 
especes,  dont  cinquante  au  moins  sont  nouvelles,  et  dont  environ  cent  soixante 
n'ont  point  et6  d6crites  par  Catesby,  Edwards  et  Buffon."  (Avertissement.) 
Plusieures  de  ces  especes  tiennent  la  priorit6  sur  celles  d^crites  par  Wilson 


31] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§O7-I8O8          597 


1807.  VIEILLOT.  L.  P. — Continued. 

Lea  nouvelles  eapecea  aont  indiqu6ea  dans  la  liate  auivante.— Vol.  L  PL  1,  bees 
de  plusieures  especes.  2,  Vultur  urubu,  n.  s.,  p.  23.  2  bis,  V.  aura.  3,  Aquila 
leucocephala.  3  bis,  A.  maculosa,  n.  s.,  p.  28.  4,  A.  piscatrix,  n.  s.,  p.  29.  5,  Buteo 
fascus,  n.  s.,  p.  31.  6,  B.  ferruginicaudua,  n.  s.,  p.  32.  (B.  gallinivorua,  n.  s.,  p.  33,  no 
pi.)  (B.  fulvus,  n.  s.,  p.  34,  no  pi.)  7,  Circus  hiemalis.  8,  C.  europogistus.  9,  C. 
hudsonius.  (C.  variegatus,  n.  s.,  p.  37,  no  pi.)  10,  Milvus  furcatus.  10  bis,  Mil- 
vus  cenchris,  n.  s.,  p.  38.  11,  Tinnunculus  coluinbarius.  12,  13,  T.  sparverius. 
14,  Accipiter  atriatua,  n.  s.,p.  42.  14  bis,  Accipiter  ruficaudus,  n.  s.,p.  43.  15, 
Strix  phalaenoides.  16,  S.  nudipes.  17,  S.  nebulosa.  18,  S.  nyctea.  19,  Bubo 
pinicola,  n.  s.,  p.  51.  20,  B.  clainator,  n.  s.,  p.  52.  21,  B.  asio.  22,  B.  nudipes,  n.  s., 
p.  53.  (B.  striatus,  n.  s.,  p.  54,  no  pi.)  23,  Caprimulgus  virginianus  [=  Antrostomua] . 
24,  C.  popetue,  n.  s.,  p.  56.  25,  C.  rufus  [  VieilL,  nee  Bodd.,  =  Antroat.  carolinensis], 
p.  57.  26,  27,  Hirundo  caeraloa,  n.  s.,p.57.  28,  29,  H.  dominicensis.  30,  H.  rnfa, 
n.  s.,  p.  60.  31,  H.  bicolor,  n.  s.,  p.  61.  32,  H.  fulva,  n.  s.,  p.  62.  33,  H.  pelasgia.  34, 
Muscicapa  gilva,  n.  s.,  p.  65.  35,  36,  M.  ruticilla.  37,  M.  albicapilla,  n.  a.,  p.  66. 
38,  M.  altiloqua,  n.  s.,  p.  67.  39,  M.  querula,  n.  s.,  p.  68.  40,  M.  fusca.  41,  M.  flava, 
n.  s.,  p.  69.  42,  M.  armillata,  n.  s.,  p.  69.  (M.  flaviventris,  n.  s.,  p.  70,  no  pi.)  43,  Ty- 
rannus  savana,  n.  s.,  p.  72.  44,  T.  pipiri,  n.  s.,  p.  73.  45,  T.  ludovicianus,  n.  s.,  p.  75. 
46,  T.  griseus,  n.  s.,  p.  76.  47,  T.  sulphuratus.  48,  T.  atricapillus,  n.  s.,  p.  78.  49,  T. 
canadenaia.  50,  Lauius  borealis,  n.  s.,  p.  80.  51,  L.  ardosiacus,  n.  s.,  p.  81.  52,  Vireo 
musicus,  n.  a.,  p.  83.  53,  V.  virescens,  n.  s.,  p.  84.  54,  V.  flavifrons,  n.  s.,  p.  85. 
55,  Icteria  dumicola,  n.  s.,  p.  85.  56,  Todus  viridis.  57,  Bombycilla  cedroruiu, 
n.  s.,  p.  88.— Vol.  II.  PI.  57  &i«,  Turdus  fuscatus,  n.s.,p.  1.  58,  T.  plumbeus.  59,  T. 
rafus.  60, 61,  T.  migratorius.  62,  T.  mnstelinus.  63,  T.  minor  "Gm."  [-j-fuscus 
"Gin."].  64,  T.  coronatus,  n.  s.,  p.  8.  65,  T.  motacilla,  n.  s.,p.  9.  66,  T.  naevins. 
67,  T.  felivox,  n.  s.,  p.  10.  68,  T.  orpheus.  68  bis,  T.  gilvus,  n.  s.,  p.  15.  69,  70,  T. 
palmarum.  71,  Sylvia  russeicauda,  n.  s.,  p.  17.  72,  S.  pensilis.  73,  S.  palmarum. 
74,  S.  velata,  n.  s.,  p.  22.  75, 76,  S.  atriata.  77,  S.  mitrata.  78, 79,  S.  coronata.  80,  S. 
cceruleacena.  81,  S.  aequinoctialia.  82,  S.  noveboracensis.  83,  S.  protouotariua. 
84,  S.  leucoptera,  n.  s.,  p.  28.  85,  86,  S.  trichas.  87,  S.  griseicollis,  n.  a.,  p.  29.  88,  S. 
caerulea.  89,  S.  flava,  n.  s.,  p.  31.  90,  S.  icterocephala.  90  bis,  S.  bicolor,  n.  a.,  p.  32. 
91,  S.  petechia.  92,  S.  virens.  93,  S.  maculosa.  94,  S.  tigrina  "Lath."  95,  S. 
aestiva.  96,  S.  blackburniae.  97,  S.  cbrysoptera.  98,  S.  discolor.  99,  S.  torquata, 
n.  s.,  p.  38.  100,  S.  purailia,  n.  a.,  p.  39.  101, 102, 103,  S.  aialia.  (S.  vireaceus,  n.  s., 
p.  42,  no  pi.)  (S.  flavopygia,  n.  s.,  p.  47,  no  pi.)  104,  105,  Regulus  rubineus,  n.  s  , 
p.  49.  106,  R.  cristatus  [V., nee  Lath.].  107,  Trogl.  sedon,  n.  s.,  p.  52.  108,  T.  arundi- 
naceus,  n.  a.,  p.  55.  109,  Picus  principalia.  1 10,  P.  pileatua.  Ill,  P.  cinnaraomeus. 
112,  113,  P.  erythrocephalus.  114,  P.  atriatua.  115,  P.  passerina.  116,  P.  griaens, 
n.  s.,  p.62.  117,  P.  rubidicollia,  n.  a.,  p.  63.  118,  119,  P.  variua.  120,  P.  villoaua. 
121,  P.  puboacens.  122,  P.  borealis,  n.  a.,  p.  66.  Isfl,  P.  auratus.  (P.  flaviventris, 
n.  a.,  p.  67,  no  pi.)  124,  P.  hirsutus,  n.  s.,  p.  68.  (P.  undulatua,  n.  a.,  p.  69,  no  pi.) 

1808-14.  WILSON,  A.  American  Ornithology  ;  |  or,  |  the  Natural  History  |  of 
the  |  Birds  of  the  United  States :  |  Illustrated  with  Plates  |  En- 
graved and  Colored  from  Original  Drawings  taken  from  Nature.  | 
By  Alexander  Wilson.  |  Vol.1  [-IX].  |  Philadelphia:  |  Published  by 
Bradford  and  Inskeep.  |  Printed  by  Robert  Carr  [mut.  mut.].  |  —  | 
1808  [1810,  1811,  1811,  181-2,  1812,  1813,  1814,  1814].  9  vols.,  imp. 
4to.  Vol.  I,  1808,  pp.  i-vi,  1-158,  pll.  1-9.  Vol.  II,  1810,  pp.  iii- 
xii,  13-167,  pll.  10-18.  Vol.  Ill,  1811,  pp.  iii-xvi,  17-120,  pll.  19-27. 
Vol.  IV,  1811,  pp.  iii-xii,  13-100,  pll.  28-36.  Vol.V,  1812,  pp.iii- 
xii,  13-122,  pll.  37-45.  Vol.  VI,  1812,  pp.  iii-xx,  13-102,  pll.  46-54. 
Vol.  VII,  1813,  pp.  iii-xii,  13-132,  pll.  55-63.  Vol.  VIII,  1814,  pp.  i-xi, 
13-146,  pll.  64-72,  woodcc.  opp.  pp.  117, 118.  Vol.  IX,  1814,  pp.  iii- 
Ivii,  1  1.,  pp.  61-133,  +  11 1.,  pll.  73-76. 

Vol.  I,  1808.— Oorvuft  cristatus,  pi.  1,  f.  i ;   Fringilla  tristis,  f.  2 ;  Icterus  balti- 
more,  f.  3 ;  Turdus  melodus  (sp.  n.,  p.  29),  pi.  2,  f.  1 ;  T.  migratorius,  f.  2 ;  Sitta  caro 


598  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX,       1§O8  [32 

1808-14.  WILSON,  A.— Continued. 

linensis,  f.  3;  Sitta  varia  (Bartr.),  p.  43,  pi.  2,  f.  4  ;  Picus  auratus,  pi.  3,  f.  1;  Em- 
beriza  americana,  f.  2 ;  Sylvia  sialis,  f.  3 ;  Oriolus  mutatus  (sp.  n.,  p.  G4),  pi.  4,  cf  ? , 
yg.,  egg ;  Lanius  excubitor,  pL  5,  f.  1 ;  Loxia  enucleater,  f.  2 ;  Sylvia  calendula 
f.  3 ;  JJawda  alpestris,  f.  4  ;  Sylvia  marilandica  (sp.  n.,  p.  88),  pi.  6,  f.  1 ;  Piprapoly- 
glotta  (sp.  n.,  p.  90),  f.  2 ;  Tanagra  cestiva,  f.  3,  4 ;  Fringilla  eyanea,  f.  5 ;  Jluscicapa 
ruticilla,  f.  6;  JLmpeKs  americana  (sp.  n.,  p.  107),  pi.  7,  f.  1;  Picus  carolinus,  f. 
2 ;  Muscicapa  sylvicola  (sp.  n.,  p.  117),  f.  3 ;  Fringilla  purpurea,  f.  4 ;  Certhia  famili- 
aris,  pi.  8,  f.  1 ;  Sylvia  regulus,  f.  2 ;  House  "Wren  (not  hero  named  biuomially,  but 
with  ref.  to  Motacilla  domestica  Bartr.),  f .  3  ;  Partis  atricapillus,  f.  4 ;  P.bicolor, 
f.  5 ;  Sylvia  troglodytes  ?  [Winter  Wren],  f.  6 ;  Picus  erythrocephalus,  pi.  9,  f.  1 ;  P. 
varius,  f.  2 ;  P.  villosus,  f.  3  ;  P.  pubescens,  f.  4. 

Vol.  II,  1810.— Turdus  polyglottus,  pi.  10,  f.  1,2;  Trochilus  colubris,  f.  3, 4;  Embe- 
riza  erythropthalma  [sic],  f.  5,  6;  Loxia  cardinalis,  pL  11,  f.  1,2;  Tanagra  rubra, 
f.  3,  4;  Emberiza  oryzivora,  pi.  12,  f.  1,2;  Sylvia  [Vireo]  olivacea,  f .  3  (text  disa- 
prees) ;  Certhia  palustris  (sp.  n.  [Bartram],  p.  58),  f.  4;  C.  caroliniana,  sp.  n. 
(Bartr.),  p.  61,  f.  5;  Sylvia  Jlavicollis,  f.  6 ;  Lanius  tyrannus,  pi.  13,  f.  1 ;  Muscicapa 
crinita,  f.  2;  M.  querula  (sp.  n.,  p.  77),  f.  3;  M.  nun'ciola  (sp.  n.  [Bartr.],  p.  78),  f.  4  ;  M. 
rapax  (sp.  n.,  p.  81),  f.  5 ;  Turdus  rufus,  pi.  14,  f .  1 ;  T.  aurocapilla,  f.  2 ;  T.  lividus  (sp. 
n.,  p.  00),  f.  3 ;  Sylvia  castanea  (sp.  n.,  p.  97),  f.  4;  S.  pennsylvanica,  f.  5 ;  S. Philadel- 
phia (sp.  n.,  p.  101),  f.  <' ;  Picus  querulus  (sp.  n.,  p.  103),  pi.  15,  f.  1 ;  Sitta pustlla  (sp.  n., 
p.  105),  f.  2 ;  Falco  columbarius,  f.  3 ;  Sylvia  sclitaria  (sp.  n.,  p.  109),  f.  4 ;  S.  citrinella 
(sp.  n.,  p.  Ill),  f.  5 ;  S.  chrysoptcra,  f.G;  S.  canadensis,  f.  67  ;  Falco  sparverius,  pi.  16, 
f.  1 ;  Fringilla  pusilla  (sp.  n.,  p.  121),  f.  2 ;  F.  arborfa  (sp.  n.,  p.  123),  f.  3 ;  F.  melodia 
(sp.  n.,  p.  125),  f.  4 ;  F.  socialis  (sp.  n.,  p.  127),  f.  5;  F.  nivalis  (sp.  n.  (Bartr.),  p.  129), 
f.6;  F.pinus  (sp.n.,  p.  133,  Bartr.),  pi.  17,  f.  1 ;  Loxia  rosea  (sp.  n.,  p.  135),  f.2; 
Sylvia  virens,f.3;  S.coronata,  f.4;  S.  cerulea  (sp.  n.,p.  141),  f.  5;  Muscicapa  soli- 
taria  (sp.  n.,  p.  143),  f.  6 ;  Emberiza  pecoris,  pi.  18,  f.  1, 2,  3 ;  Sylvia  mardandica,  ?, 
f.  4 ;  Muscicapa  ccerulta,  f .  5  ;  If.  cantatrix  (sp.  n.  (Bartr.),  p.  166),  1'.  6. 

Vol.  Ill,  1811.— Strix  ncevia,  pi.  19,  f.  1;  Alauda  ma^na,  f.  2;  Certhia  maculata 
(sp.  n.,  p.  23),  f.  3 ;  Sylvia  pinus,  f.  4  ;  Tanagra  ludoviciana  (sp.  n.,  p.  27),  pi.  20,  f.  1  ; 
Corvus  columbianus  (sp.n.,  p.  29),  f.  2;  Picus  torquatus  (sp. n., p. 31),  f. 3 ;  Corvus 
canadensi's,  pi.  21,  f.  1;  Emberiza  nivalis,  f.  2 ;  Gracula  f?rru<,inea,  f.  3;  Gracula 
quiscala,  f.  4 ;  Fringilla  palustris  (Bartr.)  (sp.  n.,  p.  49),  pi  22,  f .  1 ;  F.  albicollis,  f.  2  ; 
F. rufa  (Bartr.)  (sp.  n.,  p. 53),  f.4;  F. savanna  (^p. n., p. 55),  f. 3 ;  Lanius carolinensis 
(sp.  n.,  p.  57),  f.  5 ;  Alcedo  alcyon,  pi.  23,  f.  1 ;  Sylvia  magnolia  (sp.  n..  p.  63),  f.  2 ;  8. 
blackburnia,  f .  3  ;  S.  autumnalis  (sp.  n ,  p.  65),  f.  4  ;  Turdus  aquaticus  (sp.  n.,  p.  66), 
f.  5;  Emberiza  ciris,  pi.  24,  f.  1,  2  ;  Sylvia  protonotarius,  f.  3;  S.vermivora,  f.  4; 
Fringilla  passerina,  f.  5;  Loxia  ccerulea,  f.  6;  Falco  misisippiensis  (sp.n., p.  80), 
pi.  25,  f.  1 ;  Sylvia  peregrina  (sp.  n.,  p.  83),  f.  2 ;  S.formosa  (sp.  n.,  p.  85),  f.  3  ;  S.  mi- 
nuta  (sp.n.,  p.  87),  f.4;  Psittacus  carolinensis,  pi.  *6,  f.  1;  Muscicapa  canadensis, 
f.  2 ;  M .  cucullata,  f.  3 ;  M. pusilla  (sp.  n.,  p.  103),  f.  4  ;  Tetrao  cupido,  pi.  27,  f.  1 ;  Syl- 
via rara  (sp.  n  ,  p.  119),  f.  2  ;  S.  ruficapitta,  f.  3. 

Vol.  IV,  1811.— Cuculus  carolinensis  (sp.  n.  [Bartr.J,  p.  13),  pi.  28,  f.  1;  O.  ery- 
thropthalma [sic]  (sp.  n.,  p.  14),  f.2  ;  Sylvia  pusilla  (sp.  n., p.  17),  f.  3;  S.petechia, 
f.  4 ;  Picus  principalis,  pi.  29,  f.  1 ;  P.pileatus,  f.  2  (text  disagrees) ;  Sturnus  preda- 
torius  (sp.  n.  [Bartr.],  p.  30),  pi.  30,  f.  1,  2 ;  Sylvia striata,  f.  3  ;  Fringilla  linaiia,  f.  4  ; 
Curvirostra  americana,  pi.  31,  f.  1, 2  ;  G.  leucoptera,  f.  3  ;  Emberiza  Icucophrys,  f.  4  ; 
E.  graminea,  f.  5  ;  Strix  nyctea,  pi.  32,  f.  1 ;  Falco  sparverius,  f.  2 ;  Falco  lagopus,  pi. 
33,  f.  1 ;  Strix  nebulosa,  f.  2 ;  S.  brachyotos,  f.  3 ;  Strix  passerina,  pi.  34,  f.  1 ;  Fringilla 
maritima  (sp.  n.,  p.  68),  f.  2  ;  F.  caudacuta,  f.  3  ;  F.  savanna,  f.  4  ;  Falco  hyemalis, 
pi.  35,  f.  1 ;  Corvus  pica,  f.  2 ;  'C.  corone,  f.  3  ;  Falco  leucocephdlus,  pi.  36. 

Vol.  V,  1812. — Falco  halicetus,  pi.  37,  f.  1 ;  Corvus  ossifragus  (sp.  n.,  p.  27),  f.  2; 
Charadrius  hiaticula,  f.  3  ;  Tringa  pusilla,  f.  4  ;  Hirundo  americana  (sp.  n.,  p.  34), 
f.  1,  2;  H.  viridis  (sp.  n.,  p.  44),  f .  3  ;  H.  n'paria,  f.  4  ;  H.pelasgia,  pi.  39,  f.  1 ;  H. 
purpurea,  f.  2,  3  ;  Sylvia  agilis  (sp.  n.,  p.  64>,  f.  4  ;  Caprimulgus  americanus  (sp.  n., 
p.  65),  pi.  40,  f.  1, 2  ;  Caprimulgus  vociferus  (sp.  n.,  p.  71 ),  pi.  41,  f.  1, 2, 3 ;  Strix  asio, 
pi.  42,  f.  1 ;  Miiscicapa  melodia  (sp.  n.,  p.  85),  f.  2 ;  Fringilla  purpurea,  f.  3 ;  Alauda 
rufa,  f.  4  ;  Columba  carolinensis,  pi.  43,  f.  1 ;  Turdtis  solitarius  (sp.  n.,  p.  95),  f.  2  ; 
T.  mustelinus  (nee  Gm.,  sp.n.,  p.  98),  f.  3;  Sylvia  pusilla  (sp.  n.,  p.  ICO),  f.4;  Co- 
lumba migratoria,  pi.  44,  f.  1  ;  Sylvia  montana  (sp.  n.,  p.  113 — never  has  been  iden- 


33j  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      18O8  599 

1808-14.  WILSON,  A.— Continued. 

tified — is  it  not  young  D.  virent  ?),  f.  2 ;  S.  parus  (sp.  n.,  p.  114),  f.  3 ;  Falco  velox, 
pi.  45,  f.  1 ;  Muscicapa  ruticilla,  f.  2 ;  Sylvia  coronata,  f.  3. 

VoL  VI,  1812.— Preface  contains  a  "List  of  the  Land  Birds  of  the  United 
States,  with  their  generic  characters,  according  to  the  arrangement  of  Latham". 
In  a  few  cases,  the  names  do  not  agree  with  those  in  the  text.  The  list  is  stated 
to  indicate  tho  new  species  by  italics  ;  but  it  does  not  thus  mark  the  many  old 
species  to  which  Wilson  gave  new  names,  and  which  are  thus  de  jure  new.— 
Falco  pennsylvanicus  (sp.  B  ,  p.  13),  pi.  46,  f.  1  (this  is  Accipiter,  afterward  cooperi 
Bp. ,  nv  t  Buteo) ;  Columba  passerina,  f.  2,  3 ;  Scolopax  gaUinago,  pL  47,  f.  1 ;  Teirao 
virginianus,  f.  2  ;  Rattus  virgmianus  [—Porzana  Carolina},  pi.  48,  f.  1;  Scolopax 
minor,  f.  2 ;  Tetrao  umbtllus,  pi.  49  ;  Strix  virginiana,  pi.  50,  f.  1 ;  S.  flammea,  f.  2 ; 
Muscicapa  minuta,  f.  5  (sp.  n.,  p.  62— never  identified) ;  Strix  hudsoma,  f.  6  (figs.  3 
and  4  of  this  plate  are  quadrupeds) ;  Falco  uliginosus,  pi.  51,  f.  1;  Falco  furca- 
tus,  f.  2 ;  Strix  otus,  f.  3 ;  Falco  borealis,  pL  52,  f .  1 ;  F,  leverianus  ?,  f.  2  (young 
of  borealis) ;  F.  atricapillus  (sp.  u.,  p.  80),  f.  3;  F.  niger  (sp.  n.,  p.  80),  pi.  53,  f. 
1 ;  var.,  f.  2 ;  F.  lineatus,  f.  3  ;  Oriolus  baltimorus,  f.  4 ;  Emberiza  erythropthalma 
[sic],  f.  4 ;  Falco  pennsylvanicus  bis,  pi.  54,  f.  1  (this  is  the  Buteo— not  the  Ac- 
cipiter which  is  also  called  pennsylvanicus  earlier  in  this  volume) ;  Caprimul- 
gus  Caroline  in>is,  f.  2 ;  Sylvia  maritima  (sp.  n.,  p.  99),  f.  3  ;  S.  atriata,  f.  4. 

Vol.  VII,  1813— the  last  published  by  the  author  himself.— Falco  fulvus,  pi.  55, 
f.  1;  Falco  oss-ifragus,  f.  2;  Scolopax  borealis  (nee  Lath.,  sp.  n.,  p.  22),  pi.  56,  f.  1; 
Tringa  alpina,  f.  2 ;  Scolopax  semi-palmata,  f.  3 ;  S.  fedoa,  f.  4 ;  Tringa  interpret,  pi. 
57,  f.  1 ;  T.  cinerea,  f.  2 ;  2\  cinclus,  f.  3 ;  Charadrius  apricarius,  f.  4 ;  Tringa  rufa 
(sp.  n.,  p.  43),  f.  5:  Scolopax  noveboracensis,  p.  58,  f.  I ;  Itecurvirostra  himantopus,  f. 
2;  Tringa  solitaria  (sp.  n.,  p.  53),  f.  3 ;  Scolopax  flavipes,  f.  4 ;  S.  vociferus  (sp.  u.,  p. 
57),  f.  5;  Tringa  macularia,  pi.  59,  f.  1 ;  T.  bartramia  (sp.  n.,  p.  63),  f.  2 ;  T.  hiaticula 
f.  3;  Charadriuscalidris,f.4;  C.pluvialis,f.5;  C.  vocifera,  f.  6 ;  Sterna  hirundo,  pi. 
60,  f.  1 ;  S.  minuta,  f.  2 ;  S.  plumbea  (sp.  n.,  p.  83),  f.  3  ;  Rhynchops  nigra,  f.  4  ;  Procel- 
laria pelagica,  f.  6 — there  is  no  fig.  5 ;  Ardea  virescens,  pi.  61,  f .  1 ;  A.  nyclicorax,  f.  2, 
3 ;  A.egretta,  f.  4 ;  Rallus  virginianus  bis,  pi.  62,  f.  1  (this  is  rightly  so  named) ;  It. 
crepitans,  f.  2 ;  Ardea  ccerulea,  13;  A.  candidissima,  f.  4 ;  Platalea  ajaja,  pi.  63,  f.  1 ; 
Itecurvirostra  americana,  f.  2 ;  Charadrius  rubidvs  (sp.  n.,  p.  129),  f.  3 ;  Tringa,  semi- 
palmata  (sp.  n.,  p.  131),  f.  4. 

Vol.  VIII,  1814—"  which  was  left  unfinished  by  its  ingenious  and  indefatigable 
author",  and  appeared  under  the  editorship  of  G.  Ord,  who  furnished  the  preface. 
"The  historical  part  of  the  present  volume  was  fully  completed  and  printed  off; 
and  all  th^  plates,  except  one,  were  engraved,  under  tho  superintendence  i>f  the 
author  himself." — Ardea  ludoviciana  (sp.  n.,  p.  13),  pi.  64,  f.  1 ;  Haematopus  ostro- 
legus,  f.  2;  Ardea  [  Grus]  americana,  f.  3 ;  Numenius  longirostra  (sp.  n.,  p.  23),  f.  4 ; 
Ardea  violacea,  pi.  65,  f.  1 ;  A.  herodias,  f.  2 ;  A.  minor,  f.  3 ;  A.  ex.lis,  f.  4 ;  Tantalus 
loculator,  pi.  66,  f.  1;  T.  ruber,  f. 2;  T.  albus,f.3;  Fhoenicopteros  ruber,  f.  4:  Anas 
perspicillata,  pi.  67,  f.  1 ;  A.  albeola,  f.  2,  3;  Anas  canadensis,  f.  4 ;  A.  fuligula,  f.  5; 
A.  clangula,  f.  6 ;  A.  clypeata,  f.  7  ;  Hergus merganser,  pL  68,  f.  I,  "Z;Anasacuta,  f.  3;  A. 
discors,  f.  4;  A.  hyperborea,  f.  5;  Mergus  cucullatus,  pi.  69,  f.  1 ;  M.  serrator,  f.  2;  Anas 
marila,  f.  3 ;  A.  americana,  f.  4;  A.  hyperborea,  yg.,  f.  5 ;  A.  labradora,  f.  6 ;  A.  glaci- 
alis,  pi.  70,  f.  1, 2 ;  A.  sponsa,  f.  3 ;  A.  crecca,  f.  4 ;  A.  valisimria  ([sic],  sp.  n.,  p.  103),  f. 
5 ;  A.fenna  ?,  f.  6 ;  A.  boschas,  f.l;A.  strepera,  pL  71,  f.  1 ;  A.  mollissima,  f.  2,  3 ;  Mer- 
gus albettus,  f.  4 ;  Anas  rubidus  (sp.  n.,  p.  128),  f.  5,  6 ;  A.  bernicla,  pi.  72,  f.  I ;  A. 
nigra,  f.  2 ;  A.fusca,  f.  3 ;  A.  histrionica,  f.  4 ;  A.  obscura,  f.  5 ;  Sterna  aranea  (sp.  n., 
p.  143),  f.  6 ;  S.  ful-ginosa,  f.  7. 

Vol.  IX,  1814— published,  like  VIII,  under  editorship  of  G.  Ord,  who  signed  the 
preface,  and  furnished  the  "Biographical  Sketch  of  Alexander  Wilson",  pp. 
xiii-xlviii.  A  "  List  of  the  Water  Birds  of  the  United  States,  with  their  generic 

Characters,  according  to  the  arrangement  of  Latham",  follows  (pp.  xlix-lv:i). 

Fulica  atra  (sp.  n.,  p.  61),  pL  73,  f.  1 ;  Gallinula  porphyrio,  f.  2 ;  Pnalaropus  lobata, 
f.  3;  Phalaropus  hyperborea,  f.  4;  Charadrius  Wilsonia  (Ord,  sp.  n.,  p.  77),  f.  5; 
Plotus  melanogaster,  pi.  74,  f.  1, 2  ;  Colymbus  glacialis,  f.  3 ;  Larus  rudibundus, 
f.  4 ;  Alca  alle,  f.  5 ;  Vultur  aura,  pi.  75,  f.  1 ;  Vultur  atratus,  f.  2 ;  Corvus  corax, 
f.3;  Fako  ptregrinus,  pi.  76.  (Fringilla  linaria,  ref.  topi.  333,  f.  4;  Falco  leuco- 


600  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       18°8  [34 

1808-14.  WILSON,  A. — Continued. 

cepkalus,  ref.  to  pi.  36 ;  Mergus  merganser,  ref.  to  pi.  68,  f.  1.)  "  General  Index  "  and 
"List  of  Subscribers"  conclude  the  volume  and  the  work.  It  is  not  necessary, 
though  often  done,  to  call  this  work  Wilson's  Ornithology  "  with  Ord's  Con- 
tinuation ".  Wilson's  work  was  simply  completed  under  Ord's  editorship,  hut  the 
latter  did  not  "  continue  "  it.  Some  of  the  text  in  vol.  VIII,  and  IX,  are  by  Ord, 
but  the  editor  himself  would  have  been  the  last  person  to  claim  joint-authorship. 

No  other  work  on  American  ornithology  has  been  so  much  talked  and  vr.  itten 
about  as  this;  and  the  time  for  comment  on  its  character  is  long  gone  by.  The 
"  melancholy  poet-naturalist "  occupies  a  place  as  changeless  as  the  hills,  and 
wholly  peculiar.  He  stands  toward  American  ornithologists  in  a  position  corre- 
sponding somewhat  to  that  which  is  occupied  in  England  by  White  of  Selbourne, 
in  Germany  by  Bechstein,  and,  I  will  add,  among  anglers  by  Iziak  Walton. 
Perhaps  no  other  work  on  ornithology  of  equal  extent  is  equally  free  from  error ; 
and  its  truthfulness  is  illumined  by  a  spark  of  the  "  fire  divine  ".  This  means 
immortality.  Among  the  disproportionately  large  number  of  new  species  de- 
scribed by  Wilson,  there  are  but  two  (Sylvia  montana  and  Muscicapa  ininuta) 
remaining  unidentified.  Being  no  scholar,  in  fact  a  very  unlearned  man,  he 
labored  under  the  usual  disadvantage  of  insufficient  knowledge  of  his  predeces- 
sors' labors ;  consequently  he  renamed  many  species  as  new  which  were  not 
such,  and  wrongly  referred  many  that  were  new  to  previously  described  ones. 
Science  would  lose  little,  but,  on  the  contrary,  would  gain  much,  if  every  scrap 
of  pre-Wilsoniiin  writing  about  United  States  birds  could  be  annihilated. 

What  is,  or  at  least  long  was,  the  most  valuable  commentary  on  "  Wilson  ",  is 
Bonaparte's  "Observations  on  the  Nomenclature  of  Wilson's  Ornithology" 
(1824-25  and  1826,  q.  v.).  The  total  number  of  species  described  and  figured  by 
Wilson  is  said  to  be  278. 

There  are  said  to  be,  and  there  doubtless  are,  a  "  Supplement"  by  Ord,  "Phila. 
1825",  and  a  "2d  ed.,  Phila.  1824-28, 3  vols.  4to"  ;  neither  of  which  have  I  seen. 

The  editions  and  continuations  of  "  Wilson  "  which  have  come  to  my  knowl- 
edge are  as  follows  :— 

1808-14.  WILSON  :  editio  princeps,  as  given  above.    9  vols.  4to.    Philadelphia. 

1825-33.  BONAPARTE  -.American  Ornithology.  4  vols.  4to.  New  York.  An  en- 
tirely different  work,  but  in  similar  style,  and  incorporated  by  subsequent 
editors  with  "  Wilson". 

1828-29.  ORU'S  ed.  3  vols.  8vo.  1  folio  atlas.  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 
Does  not  contain  "  Bonaparte  ".  There  are  later  issues  of  this. 

1831.  JAMESON'S  ed.,  forming  part  of  Constable's  Miscellany.    4  vols.  18mo. 
Edinburgh.    Contains  "Bonaparte",  and  much  irrelevant  matter. 

1832.  JARDINE'S  ed.    3  vols.  8vo.    London  and  Edinburgh.    Contains  "  Bona- 
parte". 

1840.  BREWER'S  ed.  1  vol.  12mo.  Boston.  Contains  "Bonaparte",  and  an 
original  synopsis  by  the  editor.  There  are  later  issues  of  this. 

(date  unknown).  EDITOR  unknown.  An  edition  published  in  London,  by 

W.  Spooner.  16mo?  18mo?  No.  1,  containing  8  plates.  (.1840  or  later?) 

18 — .  WILSON,  A.  American  Ornithology.  |  Illustrations  |  of  ]  American  Or- 
nithology ;  |  reduced  from  the  |  original  work  of  Alexander  Wil- 
son. |  London :  |  published  by  William  Spooner,  259,  Regent  Street, 
|  Oxford  Street;  |  Hurst,  Chance,  and  Co.,  65  St.  Paul's  Church- 
Yard;  |  and  Constable  and  Co.,  Edinburgh.  |  [No  date.]  16mo? 
18mo  ?  (say  4x6  inches).  No.  1,  containing  8  plates. 

I  am  favored,  through  the  attentions  of  my  friend  Prof.  A.  Newton,  of  Cam- 
bridge, England,  with  the  above  title  of  an  edition  of  Wilson  I  never  otherwise 
heard  of.  Prof.  N.  has  no  further  information  to  convey  respecting  it.  It  would 
seem  to  indicate  an  undertaking,  which  may  not  have  been  carried  out  to  com- 
pletion, of  an  edition  of  the  work  (but  this  is  only  a  guess  of  mine,  quite  in  the 
dark).  Will  any  bibliomaniac  or  sane  person  resolve  the  uncertainty  3 


35] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1809-1814          601 


1809.  WILLIAMS,  S.  The  |  Natural  and  Civil  |  History  |  of  |  Vermont.  |  —  | 
By  Samuel  Williams,  LL.  D.  |  Member  of  the  Meteorological  Society 
in  Germany,  of  the  Philosophical  Society  in  Philadelphia,  and  of 
the  |  Academy  of  Arts  aud  Sciences  in  Massachusetts.  |  —  |  In  two 
volumes.  |  ::::::  |  Volume  I  [II].  |  :::::]  The  second  edition, 
corrected  and  |  much  enlarged,  f  —  |  Burlington,  Vt.  |  Printed  by 
Samuel  Mills.  |  Sold  at  his  Bookstore  in  Burlington,  by  Mills  and 
White,  |  Middlebury,  Isaiah  Thomas,  Jun.  Worcester,  Thomas  |  and 
Andrews,  Boston,  Thomas  and  Whipple  and  |  S.  Sawyer  and  Co. 

Newburyport.  | |  1809.    2  vols.  12mo  size,  but  only  4  11.  to  a 

sig.    Vol.  I,  map,  pp.  1-514,  1 1.    Vol.  II,  pp.  1-487  + 1  p. 

Orig.  ed.,  1794,  q.  v.  Vol.  I,  Chap.  VI,  pp.  93-159,  Birds,  pp.  134-146.  A  cursory 
account,  in  which  the  birds  are  treated  by  lists  in  several  categories,  as  "  birds 
of  passage  ",  "  singing  birds  ",  "  water  fowl ",  and  those  "  which  do  not  fall  under 
either  of  the  above  descriptions"  (!).  There  are  also  miscellaneous  accounts  of 
several  species,  as  the  Snow  Bird  [Junco  hyemalis],  "Wild  Goose,  Passenger 
Pigeon,  and  especially  sundry  kinds  of  Swallows— direct  and  circumstantial  evi- 
dence being  offered  of  the  subaqueous  torpidity  of  Swallows,  and  of  the  hiberna- 
tion of  the  Chimney  " Swallow "  [Chcetura  pelagica]  in  hollow  trees.  "From 
these  accounts,"  says  the  author,  referring  to  what  he  has  just  narrated,  "I  am 
led  to  believe  that  the  house  swallow  [by  which  he  means  the  Chcetura]  gene- 
rally resides  during  the  winter,  in  the  hollow  of  trees;  and  that  the  ground 
swallows  [Cotyle  riparia],  find  security  in  the  mud,  at  the  bottom  of  lakes, 
rivers,  and  ponds  "  (p.  143). 

1812.  KALM,  P.  Travels  into  North  America ;  |  containing  |  its  Natural  His- 
tory, and  a  circumstantial  account  of  its  |  plantations  and  agricul- 
ture in  general,  |  .  .  .  .  <  PinJcerton's  Voyages,  vol.  xiii,  pp.  374-700. 
4to.  London,  1812. 

This  is  from  the  2d  London  ed.,  Forster's  translation,  2  vols.  8vo,  1772.— See 
above  for  various  earlier  eds.,  1753-61,  1754-64,  1770-71,  1772. 

1814.  LEWIS,  M.,  and  CLARKE,  W.  History  j  of  |  The  Expedition  |  under  the 
command  of  |  Captains  Lewis  and  Clark,  |  to  |  the  sources  of  the 
Missouri,  |  thence  |  across  the  Rocky  Mountains  |  and  down  the  ] 
River  Columbia  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  |  Performed  during  the  years 
1804-5-6.  V|  By  order  of  the  |  Government  of  the  United  States,  j 
Prepared  for  the  press  |  by  Paul  Allen,  Esquire.  |  In  two  Volumes,  j 
Vol.  I  [II].  |  Philadelphia:  |  Published  by  Bradford  and  Inskeep; 
and  |  Abm.  H.  Inskeep,  Newyork.  |  J.  Maxwell,  Printer.  |  1814.  2 
vols.  8vo.  Vol.  I,  pp.  i-xxviii,  1-470,  maps.  Vol.  II,  pp.  i-ix,  1-522, 
maps.  >  Vol.  II,  Chap.  VII,  "  A  general  description  of  the  beasts, 
birds,  and  plants,  &c.  found  by  the  party  in  this  expedition,"  pp. 
148-201. 

Thisis  the  editio  princeps  of  the  authentic  narrative.— See  especially  COUES,  Butt. 
~U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.,  2dser.,  No.  6,  Feb.  8,  1876,  pp.  417-444,  giving  an 
account  of  the  books  of  this  series,  and  a  commentary  on  the  zoology  they  con- 
tain. There  are  sundry  accounts  of  birds,  passim,  in  these  volumes ;  and  a 
formal  notice  of  the  birds  at  the  place  above  marked.  None  of  the  species  are 
given  under  technical  names ;  but  here  we  have  the  first  accounts  of  various  spe- 
cies, subsequently,  in  1815,  named  by  G.  Ord,  in  Guthrie's  Geography.  See  be- 
yond for  various  later  editions  and  versions  of  this  work,  under  1814, 1815, 1816-18, 
1817,  and  1842-75. 

1814.  LEWIS,  M.,  and  CLARKE,  W.  Travels  |  to  the  |  Source  of  the  Missouri 
River  1  and  across  the  |  American  Continent  |  to  the  |  Pacific  Ocean. 


602  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       I §14-1 81  j  [36 

1814.  LEWIS  M.,  and  CLARKE,  W. — Continued. 

|  Performed  |  by  order  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  j  in 
the  Years  1804, 1805,  and  1806.  j  —  |  By  Captains  Lewis  and  Clarke. 
|  —  |  Published  from  the  Official  Report,  |  and  |  illustrated  by  a  map 
of  the  route,  |  and  other  maps.  |  —  |  London :  Printed  for  Long- 
man, Hurst,  Rees,  Orme,  and  Brown,  |  Paternoster-Row.  |  —  |  1814. 
I  vol.  4to.  pp.  i-xxiv,  1-663, 1  folding  and  2  full-page  maps.  ^>  Chap. 
XXIV,  "A  general  Description  of  the  Beasts,  Birds,  and  Plants,  &c., 
found  by  the  Party  in  this  Expedition,"  pp.  450-489. 

"The  present  edition  is  printed  nearly  verbatim  irom  the  original ;  the  fliects 
of  which  were  forwarded  to  this  country  by  the  American  proprietors:  the  only 
liberty  that  has  been  taken  with  the  language,  has  been  merely  the  correction  of  a 
few  inadvertent  grammatical  or  typographical  errors.  The  American  copy  con- 
tained an  Appendix  drawn  up  by  Captain  Lewis  on  the  Slate  cf  the  Indian  Xa-  . 
tions ;  .  .  .  .  but  as  the  subject  is  altogether  of  a  local  nature,  and  the  observa- 
tions possess  little  interest  for  the  British  reader,  it  has  been  omitted."  Besides 
the  whole  of  the  Appendix,  which  occupies  89  pages  of  tho  original,  the  Lifo  cf 
Lewis  and  the  American  editor's  Preface  are  also  omitted  ;  in  place  of  tho  latter 
being  introduced  a  new  preface  by  the  English  editor.  Excepting  these  points 
and  those  mentioned  above  in  quotation-marks,  this  English  4to  ed.  is  identical 
with  the  original  iJ  vol.  8vo  American  one,  q.  v. 

1815.  CLINTON,  DE  WITT.     An  Introductory  Discourse  delivered  en  tho  4th  of 

May,  1814.  <  Trans.  Lit.  $  Philos.  Soc.  New  York,  i,  1815,  pp.  21-184. 
The  character  of  the  discourse  may  be  inferred  from  the  man  and  the  occasion. 
The  paper  is  ornithological  at  pp.  60-G3,  and  in  tho  following  particulars :— Xote 
E,  pp.  121-125,  review  of  Wilson's  Ornithology  and  eulogy  of  its  author.  Koto  S, 
pp.  125-128,  on  the  origin  of  the  Turkey,  and  on  the  plumages  and  migrations 
of  tDe  Bobolink.  Note  T,  p.  129,  on  the  Raven.  Note  Y,  pp.  131-133,  on  the  mi- 
gration of  birds.  Note  W,  estimates  of  the  total  number  of  birds  known. 
Note  X,  pp.  134-137,  on  various  birds  which  are  or  may  be  domesticated  for  useful 
or  ornamental  purposes. 

1815.  LEWIS,  M.,  and  CLARKE,  W.  Travels  |  to  the  sour*  e  of  |  the  Missouri 
River  |  and  across  the  |  American  Continent  |  to  |  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  |  Performed  by  order  of  |  the  Government  of  the  United 
States,  |  in  the  years  1804,  1805,  and  1806.  |  —  |  By  Captains  Lewis 
and  Clarke.  |  —  |  Published  from  the  Official  Report,  |  and  illus- 
trated by  a  map  of  the  route,  |  and  other  maps.  |  —  [  A  i  ew  edition, 
in  three  volumes.  |  Vol.  I  [II,  III].  |  —  |  London :  |  Printed  for 
Longman,  Hurst,  Rees,  Orme,  and  Brown,  |  Paternoster-Row.  |  1815. 
3  vols.  8vo.  Vol.  I,  pp.  i-xxvi,  1 1.  not  p^ged,  1-411,  3  maps.  Vol.  II, 
pp.  i-xii,  1-434, 3  maps.  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  i-xii,  1-394.  >  Vol.  Ill,  Chnp. 
XXIV,  "  A  general  description  cf  the  beasts,  birds,  plants,  &c., 
found  by  the  party  in  this  expedition,"  pp.  1-73. 

Except  in  form,  and  in  some  minor  details  of  typography  incident  to  resetting 
of  tho  type,  this  is  identical  with  the  4to  ed.  of  1814.  This  edition,  conveni- 
ent in  form,  and  otherwiso  unexceptiorable,  is  a  favorite  one,  perhaps  oftener 
met  with,  even  in  this  country,  than  the  original  of  1814.  It  was  reissued  under 
date  of  1817,  apparently  from  the  same  plates ;  though  I  observe,  on  the  last  two 
pages  of  vol.  I,  a  slight  discrepancy  in  the  set  of  the  type. 

1815.  LEWIS,  M.,  and  CLARKE,  W.     "Tagebuch  e.  Entdeckungsreise  durch 
Nord-Amerika  in  d.  Jahren  1804-6.     Aus  d.  Engl.  v.  Weylaud.    Mit 
1   Karte."    <^  Neue  Bibliothek  der  wichtiguten  Beschreibungen  u.  s.  w, 
(Weimar,  gr.-8°,  Bd.  I.  1815). 
Title  of  a  German  version,  quoted  from  Kayser.    See  the  original,  1814. 


37] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       18 15-1  §1?          603 


1815.  ORD,  G.  A  New  |  Geographical,  Historical,  |  and  |  Commercial  Gram- 
mar ;  |  and  present  state  of  the  |  several  Kingdoms  of  the  world.  | 
Containing  |  ....  |  to  which  are  added  j  .  .  .  .  |  Second  American 
Edition.  Philadelphia.  Johnson  &  Warner.  1815.  "  2  vols."  Svo. 
Vol.  II,  2  p.  11.  (title  and  contents),  pp.  603,  maps.  >  Ornithology, 
pp.  313-357. 

Above  title  defective  after  the  first  two  lines,  the  only  copy  I  ever  handled 
having  part  of  the  title-page  torn  off. 

This  edition  of  "Guthrio's  Geography  "  contains  articles,  important  in  some 
respects,  on  the  zoology  of  North  America,  by  George  Ord.  The  work  does  not 
appear  to  be  common,  and  the  zoological  articles  can  scarcely  be  said  to  have 
come  into  current  quotation  until  1857-58,  when  S.  F.  Baird's  citation  and 
necessary  adoption  of  some  of  Ord's  names  called  attention  to  then).  The  ornitho- 
logical portion  consists  of  a  bare  list  of  vernacular  and  binomial  names,  appar- 
ently compiled  from  Turton's  (at  any  rate,  from  some)  edition  of  Linnaeus,  with 
addition  of  two  new  species,  and  a  few  others  described  by  Lewis  and  Clarke. 
To  these  latter,  scientific  names  are  now  for  the  first  time  given.  This  list,  pp. 
315-311J,  is  followed,  pp.  320-337,  with  biographical  sketches  of  a  number  of  lead- 
ing species  (under  vernacular  names  only),  mainly  drawn  directly  from  Wilson, 
and  is  preceded,  pp.  313-315,  by  a  few  general  remarks,  chiefly  from  the  same 
source.  The  folio  wing:  are  the  "new  species": — Vultur  columbiamts,  p.  315  (Lewis 
and  Clark,  ii,  183) ;  Falco  ccesius,  p.  315  (no  description  or  reference) ;  Pieus  rnon- 
tanus,p.  316  (L.  &  C.,  i,  398);  Phaaianus  columbianus,  p.  317  (L.  &  C.,  ii,  180); 
Tetrao  phaAanellus,  p.  317  (L.  &  C.,  ii,  181) ;  T.  fuxca,  p.  317  (L.  &  C.,  ii,  182) ; 
Sterna  Philadelphia  and  Larus  delawarensis,  p.  319,  descrr.  origg.;  Anas  coiumbi- 
anus,  p.  319  (L.  &  C.,  ii,  192).  The  last  named  is  a  Cygnus.  The  list  contains, 
besides  numerous  nominal  species  of  the  older  writers,  quite  a  number  that  are 
certainly  not  North  American. 

1816-18.  LEWIS,  M.,  and  CLARKE,  W.  Reize  |  naar  |  de  Bronneu  van  den 
Missouri,  |  en  door  het  vaste  laud  van  America  |  nar  de  Zuidzee.  | 
Gedaau  op  last  van  de  regeriug  der  Vereenigde  Staten  van  America,  j 
in  de  jaren  1804,  1805'  en  1805.  |  Door  de  Kapiteius  |  Lewis  en 
Clarke,  j  Met  eene  kaart.  |  —  |  Hit  het  Engelsch  vertaald  door  |  N. 
G.  Van  Kariipen.  |  —  |  Eerst^,  [tweede,  derdo  en  laatste,]  deel.  |  *  | 
Te  Dordrecht,  |  bij  A.  Bluest  &  Zoon,  |  1816  [1817, 1818].  3  vols.  8vo. 
Vol.  I,  1816,  pp.  i-xxxii,  1-398,  map.  Vol.  II,  1817,  pp.  i-viii,  1-390. 
Vol.  Ill,  1818,  pp.  i-xii,  1-335. 

This  appear*  to  be  a  fair  and  complete  version,  probably  made  from  the  Lon- 
don 3-vol.  ed.  of  1815,  q.  v. 

1817.  BRADBURY,  J.  Travels  |  in  |  the  interior  of  America,  |  in  the  |  Years 
1809, 1810,  and  1811 ;  |  including  |  a  description  of  Upper  Louisiana, 
|  together  with  |  the  States  of  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  and  |  Ten- 
nessee, |  with  the  |  Illinois  and  Western  T»  rritories,  |  and  contain- 
ing |  remarks  and  observations  |  useful  |  to  |  persons  emigrating  to 
those  countries.  |  —  |  By  John  Bradbury,  F.  L.  S.  London,  |  [etc.] 
|  —  j  Liverpool :  |  printed  for  the  author,  |  By  Smith  and  Galway, 
|  and  published  by  Sherwood,  Neely,  and  Jones,  London.  |  —  |  1817. 
1  vol.  Svo.  pp.  i-xii,  9-364. 
Very  slightly  ornithological  passim  ,•  Wood  Pigeon  described,  p.  44. 

1817.  LEWIS,  M.,  and  CLARKE,  W.    Travels,  etc. 

Merely  a  reissue  of  the  3-vol.  Svo  London  ed.  of  1815,  q.  v. 

1817.  LEWIS,  M.,  and  CLARKE,  W.    Travels,  etc. 

An  Irish  ed.  of  the  work,  which  I  have  not  seen;  "2  vols.  8°,  Dublin,  J. 
Christie.  1817."  Said  to  be  like  the  original. 


604  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§1§-1  §19  [38 

1818.  O'REILLY,  B.  Greenland,  |  the  |  Adjacent  Seas,  |  and  |  the  North-west 
Passage  |  to  |  The  Pacific  Ocean,  |  illustrated  in  a  voyage  to  Davjs's 
Strait,  |  during  the  Summer  of  1817.  |  —  |  With  charts  and  numer- 
ous plates,  |  from  drawings  of  the  author  taken  on  the  spot.  |  —  |  By 
I  Bernard  O'Reilly,  Esq.  |  —  |  London  :  |  printed  for  Baldwin,  Cra- 
dock,  and  Joy,  |  47,  Paternoster-Row.  |  —  |  1818.  1vol.  4to.  pp. 
viij,293,pll. 

I  have  nowhere  seen  this  work  cited  in  ornithology ;  nevertheless,  it  gives  a 
formal  account  (pp.  135-147)  of  various  (15  spp.)  birds,  several  of  which  are  de- 
scribed as  new,  and  figured ;  the  narrative  portion  of  the  work,  moreover,  abounds 
with  allusions  to  birds.  PL  xii,  f.  2,  Procellaria  glacialis,-  p.  140,  pi.  xii,  f.  1,  Procel- 

toria  gravis,  n.  sp.  (  =  Pujfinus );  p.  141,  pi.  xiii,  Larus  maximus,  n.  sp. 

(  =  L.  glaucus) ;  pi.  xiv,  f.2,  Colymlus  grylle;  p.  146,  pi.  xiv,  f.  1,  Colymbus  gloti- 
tans,  n.  sp.  (  =  Mergulus  alle). 

1818.  RAFINESQUE,  C.  S.  Further  Account  of  Discoveries  in  Natural  His- 
tory, in  the  Western  States,  by  Constantine  Samuel  Rafinesque, 
Esq.  communicated  in  a  Letter  from  that  Gentleman  to  the  Editor. 
<  Am.  Monthly  Mag.,  iv,  1818,  pp.  39-42. 

The  only  ornithological  matter  is  Rimamphvs  (usually  quoted  Rhimanphiis) 
dtrinus,  gen.  sp.  n.,  p.  41,  supposed  to  be  the  MotaciUa  cestiva  Gin. 

1818.  RAFINESQUE,  C.  S.    General  Account  of  the  Discoveries  made  in  the 
Zoology  of  the  Western  States.    <  Am.  Monthly  Mag.,  iv,  1818,  pp. 
106, 107. 
On  p.  106  are  named,  but  not  described,  Ramphosteon  and  Symphemia,  genn.  nn. 

1818.  SABINE,  E.    A  Memoir  on  the  Birds  of  Greenland ;  with  Descriptions 

and  Notes  on  the  Species  observed  in  ihe  late  Voyage  of  Discovery 
in  Davis's  Straits  and  Baffin's  Bay.  <  Trans.  Linn.  &oc.,  xii,  pt.  ii, 

1818,  pp.  527-559,  pi.  30. 

A  notable  paper,  well  known  and  often  cited,  giving  extended  field-notes,  de- 
scriptions, synonymy,  etc.,  of  28  spp.  Concordance  of  the  54  spp.  given  by 
Fabricius.  Tracheae  of  Somateria  spectabilis  and  Alias  glacialis  figured,  pL  30. 

1819.  [ANON.]  Americanische  Ornithologie,  oder  Naturgeschichte  der  Vogel 

der  vereinten  Staaten.    Hit  nach  der  Natur  ges;ochenen  und  ausge- 
malten  Kupfern  ;  von  Alex.  Wilson.    9  Bde  in  Folio.    Philadelphia. 
1809  bis  1814.    (Bibl.  univ.  18.)    <  Oken's  Ms,  Jahrg.  iii,  1819,  pp. 
116-130. 
An  extended  editorial  notice. 

1819.  LEACH,  W.  E.  Notice  of  some  Animals  from  the  Arctic  Regions. 
<  Thomson's  Annals  of  Philos.,  xiii,  1819,  pp.  60, 61. 

Aves,  p.  61.  A  "hasty  list"  (the  author  says)  of  23  spp.,  among  them  Grylle 
scapularis,  Uria  francsii,  spp.  nn.  Leach  introduces  the  Fork- tailed  Gull  in  the 

following  letters  and  figures:—"  19. ?    Sabini.— A  paper  on  this  bird 

(which  forms  an  intermediate  genus  between  Larus  .and  Sterna)  has  been  read  to 
the  Linnean  Society,  by  Joseph  Sabine,  Esq.  who  named  it  Lariis  aabini,  after 
his  brother  who  first  killed  it."  He  also  says  in  a  foot-note,  "  See  Linnasan  So- 
ciety report,  p.  67."  This  may  be  actually  the  first  publication  of  the  species, 
though  it  appears  to  have  been  first  formally  described  and  figured  in  Trans. 
Linn.  S<  c.  xii,  1818, 520,  pi.  29. 

1819.  RAFINESQUE,-  C.  S.  Prodrome  de  70  Nouveaux  genres  d'animaux 
d£couverts  dans  1'inte'rieur  des  fitats-Unis  d'Ame'rique  duraut 
l'ann€e  1818.  <  Journ.  de  Phys.  Chim.  et  dJHist.  Nat.,  Ixxxviii,  juin 

1819,  p.4l7,8e<z. 

Not  seen— cited  from  Baird.    Genera  Rimamphus.  Helmitheros,  Symphemia. 


39] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§19-182O          605 


1819.  Ross,  J.  ?  A  |  Voyage  of  Discovery,  |  made  under  the  orders  of  the 
Admiralty,  |  in  |  His  Majesty's  ships  |  Isabella  and  Alexander,  |  for 
the  purpose  of  |  exploring  Baffin's  Bay,  |  and  inquiring  into  the 
probability  of  a  |  Northwest  Passage.  |  —  |  By  John  Ross,  K.  S. 
Captain  Royal  Navy.  |  —  |  London  :  |  —  |  John  Murray,  Albemarle- 
street.  |  —  |  1819.  1  vol.  4to.  2  p.  11.,  pp.  i-xl,  1-252,  1  1.,  pp. 
i-cxxxvi,  maps,  plates. 

Appendix  II,  pp.  xlviii-lx,  contains  an  article  on  the  birds  observed,  about  20 
in  number.  The  authorship  is  not  clear.  Ross  acknowledges  his  indebtedness 
"for  the  article"  to  J.  Edwards  and  C.  J.  Beverley,  respectively  surgeon  and 
assistant  surgeon  of  the  '  Isabella';  but  the  birds  are  apparently  treated  by  E. 
or  J.  Sabine  and  W.  E.  Leach.  Grylle  scapularis  "Leach",  p.li;  Uria  francsii 
"Leach  ",  p.  lii ;  Xema  ("  Leach  ",  but  named  first  in  1816)  sabini  "  Sabine  ",  "non- 
descript", p.  Ivii, plate  (but  with  reference  to  Thomson's  Ann.  of  Philos.,  vol.  xiii), 
are  described  as  if  spp.  nn.,  but  were  named  elsewhere  earlier. 

1819.  SCORESBY,  W.,  JUN.    Narrative  of  an  Excursion  upon  the  Island  of  Jan 

Mayeu ;  containing  some  Account  of  its  Appearance  and  Produc- 
tions.   <  Edinb.  Philos.  Journ.,  i,  1819,  pp.  121-126. 
Contains  slight  allusions  to  the  birds. 

1820.  [ANON.]    Die  Expedition  des  Kapitaus  Ross  zu  Erforschung  der  Baf- 

finsbai  und  Untersuchung  der  Moglichkeit  einer  nordwestlichen 
Durchfahrt.  <  Oken's  Isis,  Jahrg.  iv,  1820,  Litter.  Anzeig.,  pp. 
120-127. 

Bemerkungen  des  Herausgebers,  nebst  des  Leach'schen  Verzeichnisses  von 
25  Arten,  pp.  115-119,  mit  Anmerkungen  von  dem  Originale.  Grylle  scapularis 
Leach,  p.  116 ;  TTria  francsii  Leach,  p.  116 ;  Xema  sabini  Leach,  p.  118. 

1820.  CRANTZ,  D.  The  |  History  of  Greenland :  j  including  |  an  account  of 
the  Mission  |  carried  on  by  the  |  United  Brethren  |  in  that  country. 
J  —  |  From  the  German  of  David  Crantz.  |  —  |  With  |  a  continua- 
tion to  the  present  time;  |  illustrative  notes;  |  and  an  appendix, 
containing  a  sketch  of  the  Mission  |  of  the  brethren  in  Labrador. 
|  _  |  [Quotation.]  |  —  |  In  Two  Volumes.  |  Vol.  I  [II].  |  London: 
|  printed  for  Longman,  Hurst,  Rees,  Orme,  and  Brown,  |  Paternos- 
ter-row. |  1820.  8vo.  Vol.  I,  frontisp.,  pp.  xi,  359,  map,  plates. 
Vol.  II, frontisp.,  pp.  vi,  323. 

VoL  I,  Book  II,  Chap.  I,  pp.  66-84.— III.  Land  birds.  IV.  Different  varieties  of 
sea-fowl.  V.  First  class,  with  spoon-shaped  bills.  YI.  Second  class,  with  short 
wings.  VII.  Third  class,  with  long  wings.  VILE.  Nourishment  of  sea-fowl  and 
their  propagation.  This  bird-matter  occupies  pp.  71-84,  being  a  very  respectable 
treatise  on  Greenland  ornithology,  considering  when  it  was  written ;  the  species 
are  readily  identifiable,  for  the  most  part,  and  the  remarks  are  those  of  an  actual 
observer.  This  is  a  late  edition ;  see  1765,  and  especially  what  is  said  at  1767 ;  I 
am  unable  to  make  an  actual  comparison. 

1820.  HARMON,  D.  W.  A  |  Journal  |  of  |  Voyages  and  Travels  |  in  the  |  In- 
teriour  of  North  America,  |  between  the  47th  and  58th  Degrees  of 
Latitude,  .  .  .  [etc.,  11  lines].  |  Illustrated  by  a  map  of  the  coun- 
try. |  By  Daniel  Williams  Harmon,  |  a  Partner  in  the  North  West 
Company.  |  —  |  Andover :  |  Printed  by  Flagg  and  Gould.  |  1820.  1 
vol.  sm.  8vo.  pp.  i-xxiii,  25-432,  portrait,  map. 

Ends  with  "A  concise  account  of  the  principnl  animals  which  are  found  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  North  America",  pp.  415-432;  but  this  is  confined  to  mam- 
mals, and  the  book  is  scarcely  citable  as  to  ornithology ;  still  it  contains  some 
slight  notices  of  birds,  here  and  there. 


600  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       I82O-1§23  [40 

1820.  LEACH,  [W.  E.]  Leach  hat,  zu  gleicher  Zeit  folgendes  Verzeiehniss  in 
Thomson's  Annals  of  Philosophy  1819.  mitgetheilr.  <  Olcen'*  Isia, 
Jahrg.  iv,  1820,  pp.  127, 128. 

Die  auf  der  des  Kapitans  Ross  Reise  naoli  dem  Nordpol  gesammelton  Vogeln  ; 
22  AT  ten.  Vergl.  1819,  LEACH,  W.  E. 

1820.  [OiiD,  G.]  A  |  Universal  Geography;  |  or,  |  a  view  of  the  present 
state  of  |  the  known  world.  |  Containing  |  .  .  .  |  To  which  are 
added,  (...)  Originally  compiled  |  By  William  Guthrie,  Esq.  |  The 
astronomical  part  by  James  Ferguson,  F.  R.  S.  |  To  which  have  heen 
added  |  .  .  .  |  Accompanied  with  twenty-one  correct  maps.  |  Third 
American  edition,  |  with  extensive  additions  and  alterations,  by 
several  American  editors.  |  In  Two  Volumes — Vol.  I  [II].  |  —  | 
Philadelphia  :  |  Published  by  Benjamin  Warner,  No.  171,  High  street. 
|  ...  |  —  |  1820.  2  vols.  8vo.  Vol.  I,  Title,  Contents,  (pp.  i-iv), 
Adv.  (1 1.),  pp.  1-514.  Vol.  II,  Title  (1 1.),  Contents  (1 1.),  pp.  9-640. 
1  vol.  of  maps. 

Vol.  I,  Zoology,  pp.  141-189 ;  Birds,  pp.  155-187  —This  matter  consists  of  that 
given  in  the  second  ed.,  1815,  q.  v.,  but  with  the  omission  of  the  systematic  lists, 
which  represented  the  whole  of  the  technical  value  of  the  matter.  Ord's  name 
does  not  appear  in  connection  with  this  performance. 

1822.  MANBY,  G.  W.     Journal  |  of  a  |  Voyage  to  Greenland,  |  in  the  year 

1821.  | —  |  With  graphic  illustrations.  |  By  George  William  Manby, 
E  q.  |  —  |  London:  |  Printed  for  G. and  W. B. Whittaker,  |  13,Ave- 
Maria  Lane.  |  1822.    pp.  viii,  143,  maps,  pll.,  and  woodcc. 

Orig.  ed. — see  also  2d  ed.,  1823.  Plate  of  Lestria  parasitica  opp.  p.  90;  cut  of 
Fratercula  arctiea  on  p.  106. 

1823.  [ANON.]   Journey  to  the  shores  of  the  Polar  Sea ;  .  .  .  par  J.  Franklin. 

.  .  .     Appendice  Zoologiqne ;    par  J.  Sabine,  eeq.  .  .  .     Londres ; 

1822.  .  .  .    <  F6ru*8.  Bull,  2e  sect.,  iii,  1823,  pp.  406,  407. 
Une  revue  anonyme  de  1'ouvrage ;  voir  1823,  SABINE,  J. 

1823.  CORMACK,  W.  E.     Account  of  a  Journey  across  the  Island  of  Newfound- 
land.    <  Edinb.  Philos.  Journ.,  x,  1823,  pp.  156-162. 
Mere  allusion  to  some  of  the  birds  seen. 

1823.  MANBY,  G.  W.  Journal  |  of  a  |  Voyage  to  Greenland,  |  in  the  year 
1821.  |  With  graphic  illustrations.  |  —  |  By  George  William  Manby, 
Esq.  |  —  |  The  Second  Edition.  |  London  :  |  Printed  for  G.  and  W.  B. 
Whittaker,  |  Ave-maria  Lane.  |  —  |  MDCCCXXIII.  1  vol.  8vo. 
pp.  xi,  225,  maps,  pll.,  and  woodcc. 

Ornithological  passim.  Plate  of  Lestris  parasitica  facing  p.  141.  Orig.  ed.  4to, 
London,  same  imprint,  1822,  q.  v. 

1823.  REINHARDT,  J.  Sur  I'e'tat  actuel  de  nos  Connaissances  relativement  & 
1'Ornithologie  du  Greenland.  <  Tidskr.  Nat.  Videnslc.^ii,  1823,  pp. 

52 .     (Ftru*8.  Bull,  2e  sect.,  i,  1824,  p.  86.) 

Not  seen — above  French  version  of  the  title  derived  from  AG.  &  STRICKL.  Bibl. 

1823.  SABINE,  J.  Narrative  of  a  Journey  |  to  the  shores  of  |  the  Polar  Sea,  | 
in  the  years  1819,  20,  21,  and  22.  |  By  |  John  Franklin,  Captain  R.  N., 
F.  R.  S.,  |  and  commander  of  the  expedition.  |  —  |  With  an  appen- 
dix on  various  subjects  relating  to  |  science  and  natural  history.  | 
Illustrated  by  numerous  plates  and  maps.  |  —  |  Published  by 
authority  of  the  right  honorable  the  earl  Bathurst.  |  —  |  London  :  | 


4l]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       t §23-1  §24         G07 

1823.  SABINE,  J.— Continued. 

John  Murray,  Albemarle-street.  |  —  |  MDCCCXXIII.  1  vol.  4to. 
pp.  xv,  783,  maps,  &  pll.  >  Zoological  Appendix,  by  Joseph 
Sabine,  Esq.  Birds,  pp.  669-703. 

An  extended  and  important  contribution  to  North  American  Ornithology. 
The  collection  upon  which  the  report  is  based  was  chiefly  procured  at  Cumber- 
land House ;  but  many  of  the  specimens  were  from  the  route  to  Great  Slave 
Lake,  and  on  its  borders.  Corvus  hudsonius,  p.  671,  sp.  n. 

1823.  SAY,  T.  Account  |  of  |  an  Expedition  |  from  |  Pittsburgh  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  |  perfor  ued  in  the  years  1819  and  '20,  |  by  order  of  | 
the  Hon.  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Sec'y  of  War :  |  under  the  command  of 
|  Major  Stephen  H.  Long.  |  From  the  Notes  of  Major  Long,  Mr.  T. 
Say,  and  other  gen-  |  tlemen  of  the  exploring  party.  |  —  |  Compiled 
|  by  Edwin  James,  |  botanist  and  geologist  for  the  expedition.  |  —  | 
In  two  Vols.— With  an  Atlas.  |  Vol.  I  [II].  |  —  |  Philadelphia:  |  H.C. 
Carey  and  I.  Lea,  Chestnut  st.  |  1823.  2  vols.  8vo.  Vol.  1, 2  p.  11.,  pp. 
1-503.  Vol.  II,  3  p.  11.,  pp.  1-442,  i-xcviii. 

Long's  Expedition  bore  excellent  ornithological  fruit,  in  the  shape  of  the  many 
important  notices  and  descriptions  of  new  species  by  Thomas  Say,  which  are 
scattered  inconveniently  through  the  book  in  foot-notes.  Vol.  I,  Fringilla  gram- 
maca, p.  139 ;  Sylvia  celatus !,  p.  1 69 ;  S.  bifasciata,  Limosa  scolopacea,  p.  170 ;  Pelidna 
pectoralis,  p.  171 ;  Pelidna  cinclus  var.  [=  bonapartii  Schleg.],  p.  172.  List  of  Birds, 
pp.  370-375.  Observations  on  Birds  at  Engineer  Cantonment,  pp.  376-378.  Vol. 
II,  Troglodytes  obsoleta,  p.  4 ;  Columbafasciata,  p.  10 ;  Tetrao  obscurits,  p.  14 ;  FringHla 
psaltria,  F.frontalis,  p.  40 ;  Hirundo  lunifrons,  Emberiza  amoena,  p.  47 ;  Tyrannus 
vertically,  p.  60.  ( A 11  good  spp.  except :  S.  bifasciata  =  Dendrceca  coerulea  ;  Limosa 
scolopacea, = Macrorhamphus  grisaus  ;  Pelidna  pectoralis  =  Tringa  maculata.) 

1823.  SAY,  T.      Account  of  an  Expedition  from  Pittsburgh  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains.     ...    3  vols.  8vo.    London.    1823. 

An  English  edition,  not  handled  by  me.  There  are  also  various  other  accounts 
of  Say's  zoological  matter,  which  will  be  found  fully  cited  in  this  Bibliography. 

1823.  SCORESBY,  W.,  JR.     Journal  |  of  a  voyage  to  the  |  Northern  Whale- 

fishery ;  |  including  |  researches  and  discoveries  on  the  eastern 
Coast  |  of  |  West  Greenland,  |  made  in  the  summer  of  1822,  in  the 
ship  |  Baffin  of  Liverpool.  |  By  William  Scoresby,  Junior,  |  F.  R. 
S.  E.,  M.  W.  S.  <fec.  &c.  |  Commander.  |  —  |  Edinburgh :  j  printed 
for  Archibald  Constable  and  Co.  Edinburgh:  |  and  Hurst, 
Robinson  and  Co.  Cheapside,  London.  |  —  |  1823,  1  vol.  sm.  Hvo. 
pp.  xliii,  472,  maps,  and  pll.  >  App.  No.  III.  List  of  Animals  met 
with  on  the  Eastern  Coast  of  West  Greenland,  with  Notes  and 
Memoranda,  pp.  416-429.  II.  Aves,  pp.  421, 422. 
Annotated  list  of  17  spp. 

1824.  [ANON.]  Account  of  an  expedition  from  Pittsburgh  to  the  Rocky-moun- 

tains. 1819,  20.  compiled  by  Edwin  James,  botanist  and  geologist. 
3  Vol.  London,  1823.  8.  <  Oken's  /sis,  Jahrg.  viii,  1824,  Litter. 
Anzeig.,  pp.  225-291. 

An  extended  review  of  Long's  Expedition,  with  copious  extracts,  and  repro- 
ducing Say's  descriptions  of  r.ew  species  in  German.— Fringilla  grammaca,  Sylvia 
celatus  /,  p.  252 ;  S.  bifasciata,  Limosa  scolopacea,  p.  253 ;  Pelidna  pectoralis,  P. 
cinclus  var.,  p.  254.  Nominal  list  of  146  spp.,  pp.  257-260.  Troglodytes  obsoleta,  p. 
271;  Columbafasciata,  p.  272;  Tetrao  obscurus,  p.  273 ;  Fringilla  psaltria,  p.  273 : 
Fringilla  frontalis,  p.  274;  Emberiza  amoena,  p.  277;  Hirundo  lunifro'ns,  p.  277; 
Tyrannus  vcrticalis,  p.  231. 


608  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1824-1825  [43 

1824.  DESM  .  .  ST,  [DESMAREST,  A.  G.]    Ameri can  Ornithology  or  the  History 
of  the  birds  of  the  United  States,  etc.    .   .    par  Alex.  Wilson.    .    .    . 
<Ffruss.  Bull,  2e  sect., iii,  1824,  pp. 77-79. 
TJne  revue  de  1'ouvrage. 

1824.  SABINE,  E.    A  |  Supplement  |  to  |  the  Appendix  of  Captain  Parry's 

Voyage  for  the  |  Discovery  of  a  north-west  passage,  |  in  the  years 
1819-20.  |  Containing  |  an  account  of  the  subjects  j  of  |  Natural 
History.  |  —  |  London ;  |  John  Murray,  Albemarle-street.  |  —  j 
MDCCCXXIV.  4to.  5  p.  11.  each  backed  blank,  pp.  clxxxiii-cccx, 
with  6  pll. 

The  copy  examined  of  this  Supplement  to  the  Appendix  of  Parry's  First 
Voyage  is  bound  together  with  the  Appendix  to  Parry's  Second  Voyage.  A 
good  deal  of  confusion  exists  in  citing  the  zoological  matter  of  Parry's  several 
Voyages,  and  writers  may  be  cautioned  that  they  can  hardly  be  too  careful  to 
say  what  they  mean,  and,  if  possible,  to  handle  the  volumes  instead  of  guessing 
at  second-hand.  The  present  article,  as  far  as  the  Birds  go,  is  by  Capt,  E.  Sabine ; 
it  occupies  pp.  cxciii-ccx,  and  treats  of  32  spp.,  with  descriptive  matter,  field- 
notes,  and  some  little  synonymy.  It  refers  to  the  same  collection  upon  which 
was  based  E.  Sabine's  Memoir  on  the  Birds  of  Greenland,  in  vol.  xii  of  the 
Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  1818,  q.  v. 

1824-25.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  Observations  on  the  Nomenclature  of  Wilson's 
Ornithology.  <  Jaurn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. ,  iii-v,  1824-1825,  in  sev- 
eral parts,  published  at  different  times,  as  follows :— Part  1st :  III,  ii, 
pp.  340-352  (read  Mar.  9,  pub.  Apr.  5,  1824,  containing  Nos.  1-22  of 
Wilson's  list  in  vol.  vi  of  Am.  Orn.),  pp.  353-371  (read  Mar.  9,  pub. 
Apr.  27,  1824,  Noe.  23-58).  Part  2d :  IV,  i,  pp.  25-32  (read  Mar.  2b, 
pub.  July,  1824,  Nos.  59-69),  pp.  33-66  (read  Mar.  23,  pub.  Aug.  1824, 
Nos.  70-112).  Part  3d :  IV,  i,  pp.  1&3-200  (read  Nov.  9,  pub.  Dec.  1824, 
Nos.  113-167).  Part  4th  :  IV,  ii,  pp.  251-277  (read  Nov.  23, 1824,  pub. 
Feb.  1825,  Nos.  168-184,  with  various  Nos.  previously  treated  re- 
viewed). Part  5th :  V,  i,  pp.  57-64  (read  May  31,  pub.  July,  18£5,  Nos. 
185-194),  pp.  65-106  (read  May  31,  pub.  Aug.  1825,  Nos.  195-227). 

Marked  "to  be  continued";  but  there  is  no  more  of  it  in  this  publication.  Also 
published  separately,  1  vol. 8vo,  Philadelphia,  Finley,  1826— See  F&russ.  Bull.,iv, 
1825,115;  vii,  1826, 244,  375 ;  xi,  1827,  110. 

A  critical  commentary  on  227  of  Wilson's  species,  seriatim,-  and  as  such  one  of 
the  most  notable  and  in  some  respects  the  most  important  of  early  American 
papers.  Vieillot  comes  in  also  for  a  large  share  of  criticism,  chiefly  unfavorable 
to  him.  Contains  many  new  identifications  and  much  rectification  of  synonymy. 
Spiza,  iv,  45,  Hcmipalama,  v,  87,  genn.  nn.  No  new  species  are  propose  J,  but 
many  species  her«  appear  under  new  combinations  of  gem  ric  and  specific  terms, 
and  several  are  renamed  specifically  for  one  reason  or  another,  constituting  de 
jure  new  species.  Such  are :  Falco  wilsonii,  iii,  348 ;  Turdus  wilsonii,  iv,  34 ;  Icterus 
agripennis,  iv,  48 ;  Fringilla  locustella,  iv,  51 ;  Sylvia  pardalina,  iv,  179 ;  Sylvia 
wilsonii,  iv,  179 ;  Sylvia  sphagnosa,  iv,  199;  Charadrius  semipalmatus,  v,  98. 

1825.  BONAPARTE,  C.  [L.]     Descriptions  of  two  new  species  of  Mexican 

Birds.     <  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  iv,  1825,  pp.  387-390. 
Corpus  ultramarinus,  p.  367 ;  Icterus  melanicterus,  p.  389. 

1825.  BONAPARTE,  C.  [L.]  Additions  to  the  Ornithology  of  the  United 
States.  <  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  v,  1825,  pp.  28-31. 

Falco  melanopterus.  Sylvia  palmarum,  Cohmba  leucocephala,  C.  zenaida  (n.  sp., 
p.  30);  Rallus  gifjantcus  (n.  sp.,p.  31);  Sterna  cayana — G  spp.  collected  in  Florida 
by  T.  R.  Peale. 


43] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1825  609 


1825.  DESM  .  .  ST,  [DESMAREST,  A.  G.]    Observations  sur  la  nomenclature 
de  1'ornithologie  de  Wilson  ;  par  Charles  Bonaparte.     .  .    <  Fdrusa. 
Bull,  2«  sect.,  iv,  1825,  pp.  115-117. 
Extrait.    Yoir  1824-25,  BONAPARTE,  C.  L. 

1825.  MM.  LES  PROFESSEURS.  Extrait  D'un  Rapport  fait  a  FAdministration 
du  Musdura  par  une  Commission  composed  de  plusieurs  de  MM.  les 
Professeurs,  sur  les  re'sultats  de  la  mission  que  M.  Milbert  a  remplie" 
aux  ^tats-Unis  d'Ame'rique  pendant  sept  ans  (de  1817  a  la  fin  de 
1823).  <  M6m.  du  Mm.  ffHist.  Nat.,  xii,  1825,  pp.  18-29. 
Oiseaux,  2,000.  Voir  pp.  21,  23, 29. 

1825.  RICHARDSON,  J.  Appendix  |  to  |  Captain  Parry's  Journal  |  of  a  | 
Second  Voyage  |  for  |  the  discovery  of  a  northwest  passage  from  j 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  |  performed  in  |  his  Majesty's  Ships  Fury 
and  Hecla,  |  in  |  the  years  1821-22-23.  |  —  |  Published  by  authority 
of  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty.  |  —  |  London  :  |  John 
Murray,  |  Publisher  to  the  Admiralty  and  Board  of  Longitude.  |  —  | 
MDCCCXXV.  4to.  2  p.  11.,  pp.  1-432.  >  Zoological  Appendix.— 
No.  I.  Account  of  the  Quadrupeds  and  Birds,  by  John  Richardson, 
M.  D.,  M.  W.  S.  pp.  287-399. 

Birds,  pp.  342-379.  An  extended  and  formal  notice  of  38  spp. ,  with  synonymatic, 
descriptive,  and  miscellaneous  matter.  The  page  looks  wonderfully  like  that  of 
the  Fauna  Boreali- Americana,  and  doubtless  Bichardson  drew  upon  this  article 
for  that  work. 

1825-33.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  American  |  Ornithology ;  |  or,  |  The  Natural 
History  |  of  |  Birds  inhabiting  the  United  States,  |  not  given  by 
Wilson.  |  With  figures  drawn,  engraved,  and  coloured,  from  Na- 
ture. 1  By  |  Charles  Lucian  Bonaparte.  |  Vol.  I  [-IV].  |  Philadel- 
phia :  |  Carey,  Lea,  &  Carey — Chestnut  Street.  |  London  : — John 
Miller,  40  Pall  Mall.  |  William  Brown,  Printer.  |  1825  [  1828, 1828, 
1833].  4  vols.  imp.  4to.  Vol.  1, 1825,  pp.  i-vi,  1 1.,  pp.  1-105,  pll.  1-9. 
Vol.  II,  1828,  pp.  i-vii,  1  1. ,  1-94,  pll.  10-15.  Vol.  Ill,  1828,  2  p.  11.,  pp. 
1-60,  pll.  16-21.  Vol.  IV,  1833,  2  p.  11.,  pp.  1-142,  pll  22-27. 

This  is  a  quasi-continuation  of  Wilson,  gotten  up  in  similar  style,  if  not  spirit ; 
it  is  united  with  Wilson  by  several  of  the  editors  of  the  latter,  making  a  "  WiU 
son  and  Bonaparte's  "  American  Ornithology.  But  the  original  distinction  and 
complete  separation  of  the  two  works  must  be  fully  recognized.  See  Jameson's, 
Jardine's  and  Brewer's  "Wilson  ",  1831, 1832, 1840. 

Vol.  1, 1825.— PI.  1,  f.  1,  Muscicapa  savana,-  f.  2,  MyiotJicra  obsolete/,,-  f.  3,  Sylvia 
chrysoptera  ?.  PL  2,  f.  1,  Muscicapa  forficata ;  f.2,  M.  verticalis ;  f.  3,  M.  &ayaY 
sp.  n.,  p.  20 ;  f.  4,  Regulus  cristatus.  P.i.  3,  f.  1  <f ,  2  $ ,  Icterus  wterocephalus,  sp.  n. ! 
(nee  L. ;  excl.  the  synonymy  here  given  !),  p.  27 ;  f.  3,  Sylvia  maritima  <j> .  PL  4t 
f.  1  cf ,  2  ? ,  Quiscalus  major.  PL  5,  f.  1,  Q.  versicolor;  f.  2,  Sylvia  celata;  f.  3,  Frin- 
gilla grammaca.  PL  6,  f.  1  rf,  2  ?,  Pyrrhula  frontalis;  f.  3,  Fringilla  psaltria  ,• 
f.  4  9 ,  F.  tristis;  f.  5,  F.  amcena.  PL  7,  f.  1,  Hirun<  o  luni/rons ;  f.  2,  Strix  cunicu- 
laria.  PL  8,  f.  1, 2,  Picus  varivs  /  f.  3,  Columbafasciata.  PL  9,  Meleagris  gallopavo. 

Vol.  II,  1828.— PL  10,  f.  1,  Falco  coopcrii,  sp.  n.,  p.  1 ;  f.  2,  Sylvia palmarum.  PL  11, 
Falco  dispar;  f.  2  9,  Sylvia  azurca.  PL  12,  Falco  cyaneus.  PL  13,  f.  1,  Garnilus 
ttdleri;  f.2rf,  3  ?,  Embeiiza  lapponica.  PL  14,  f.  1,  Garrulus  floridanw ;  f.  2, 
Picus  tridactylus ;  f.  3,  Picus  erythrocephalus.  PL  15,  f.  1,  Fringilla  vespertina,- 
f. 2  ?,  Fringilla  ludoviciana;  f.  3  ?,  Loxia  leucoptera,-  f.  4  $,  Fringilla  cyanea. 

VoL  III,  1828.— PL  16,  f.  1,  Cinclus  pattasii;  f.  2,  Bombycilla  garrula ,•  f.  3  ?, 
Pyrrhula  enucleator.  PL  17,  f.  1,  Oolumba  leucocephala  ,•  f.  2,  C.  zcnaida.  PL  18  ? , 
Tetrao  obscurus.  PL  19,  T.  phasianellug.  PL  20,  Tetrao  canadcnsis  tf  [this  isfrank- 
lini .'].  PL  21,  f.  2,  the  same,  ? .  PL  21,  f.  1,  T.  urophasianus  (text  and  number  of 
figg.  on  this  pi.  disagree). 

39  B  c 


610  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1825-1826  [44 

1825-33.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L. — Continued. 

VoL  IV,  1833.— PL  22,  Cathartes  gryphus.  PL  23,  f.  1,  Ibisfalcinellus ;  f.  2,  Tringo, 
pcctoralis;  f.  3,  Scolopax  giisea.  PL  24,  f.  1,  Phalaropuo  wilsonii ;  f.  2,  Tr.nga 
schinzii;  f.  3,  Charadrius  melodus.  PL  25.  f.  1,  Phalaropus  wilsoni  juv. ;  f.  2,  P. 
hyperboreus ;  f.  3,  Tringa  himantopus;  f.  4,  Charadrius  semipilmatus.  PL  26, 
f.  l,Ardea  pealii;  f.^Aramus  scolopaceus;  f.  3,  Numenius  borealis.  PL  27,  f.  1, 
Gallinula  galeata ;  f.  2,  Eallus  noveboracensis. 

1826.  [ANON.]  Vogel  von  Gronland,  von  E.  Sabine,  beobacbtet  im  Jahr 
1818.  <  Oken's  Ms,  Jahrg.  x,  1826,  pp.  97-99. 

Aus  Linn.  Trans.,  xii,  pt.  ii,  pp.  527-559,  q.  v.,  1818.  „  Synonymie  und  Beschrei- 
bungen  sind  sehr  ausfiihrlich ;  wir  geben  nur  den  Auszug." 

1826.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  [Catalogue  of  tbe  Birds  of  tbe  United  States,  etc.] 
"8vo,  London,  1826." 

Not  seen.  If  tbero  is  any  such  tract,  it  must  bo  a  mere  reissue,  or  different 
imprint,  of  one  given  elsewhere. 

1826.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.    [Comparative  Catalogue,  in  parallel  columns,  of 
tbe  Birds  of  Rome  and  Philadelphia.]     "  8vo,  London,  1826." 
Not  seen.    Is  there  any  such  tract  ?    Compare  beyond,  1827-32. 

1826.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  Observations  |  on  the  |  Nomenclature  j  of  |  Wil- 
son's Ornithology.  |  —  j  By  Charles  Lucian  Bonaparte.  |  —  |  Phila- 
delphia:  |  Published  by  Anthony  Finley.  |  —  |  1826.  1vol.  8 vo.  125 
unpaged  11. 

Reissued,  -without  pagination,  from  the  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.,  which  see,  1824-25. 
The  observations  relate  to  278  spp.  of  Wilson's;  119  of  Wilson's  rames  are 
changed ;  only  8  of  his  species  are  rejected  as  nominal.  Bonaparte  here  raises 
the  total  number  of  United  States  species  to  360,  which  he  disposes  in  80  genera. 

1826.  DESM  .  .  .  ST,  [DESMAREST,  A.  G.]    American  ornithology  or  the  nat- 
ural history  of  the  Birds  etc.  .  .  .    par  Charles  Lucien  Bonaparte. 
Tom.  1  .  .    .   <  F&U88.  Bull.,  2e  sect.,  vii,  1826,  pp.  100, 101. 
Revue  dn  tome  ler  de  cet  ouvrage. 

1826.  LESSON,  [R.]  P.    Observations  sur  la  nomenclature  de  1'Ornithologie 
de  Wilson ;  par  Charles  Bonaparte.    ...    <C  Ffrws.  Bull.,  2e  sect., 
vii,  1826,  pp.  244,  245. 
Journ.  Acad.  Phila.,  iv,  1824-25,  q.  v. 

1826.  LESS[ON,  R.  P.]     Observations  sur  la  nomenclature  de  1'Ornithologie 
de  Wilson ;  par  Ch.  Bonaparte.    .  .  .    <  Ftruss.  Bull,  2*  sect.,  vii, 
1826,  p.  375. 
Journ.  Acad.  Phila.,  v,  1825,  q.  v. 

1626.  LESS[ON,  R.  P.]  Supplement  to  the  American  Ornithology,  .  .  :  par 
George  Ord.  .  .  .  <  Ffrms.  Bull.,  2e  sect.,  vii,  1826,  pp.  438-440. 

1826.  Ross,  J.  C.  Journal  |  of  a  |  Third  Voyage  for  the  discovery  of  a  | 
North-west  Passage  |  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific ;  |  performed  in 
the  years  1824-25,  |  in  His  Majesty's  Ships  |  Hecla  and  Fury,  |  under 
the  orders  of  |  Captain  William  Edward  Parry,  R.  N.,  F.  R.  S.,  |  and 
commander  of  the  expedition.  |  —  |  Illustrated  by  plates  and 
charts.  |  —  |  Published  by  authority  of  the  Lords  Commissioners  | 
of  the  Admiralty.  |  —  |  London  :  |  —  |  John  Murray,  |  publisher  to 
the  Admiralty,  and  Board  of  Longitude.  |  —  |  MDCCCXXVI.  1  vol. 
4to.  pp.  i-xxviii,  1-186,1  1.,- 1-151,  maps,  pll.,  and  woodcc.  ^Ap- 
pendix. Zoology.  By  Lieut.  James  Clark  Ross.  Birds,  pp.  96 
(&is)-108  (bis). 
A  formal  treatise ;  synonymy  and  field-notes  on  29  spp.  of  birds. 


45] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       182?  611 


1827.  [ANON.]  Mr.  Audubon's  Ornithology  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

<  Edinb.  Journ.  Sci.,  vi,  1827,  p.  184. 
A  short  anticipatory  notice. 

1827.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  the  United  States,  sys- 
tematically arranged  in  Orders,  Families,  Genera,  and  Subgenera. 

<  Contrib.  Maclurian  Lye.  Arts  and  Sci.,  i,  1827,  pp.  8-34. 

Nominal  list  of  362  species  under  81  genera,  28  families,  5  orders,  with  some 
little  synonymy  and  a  few  notes. 

1827.  BUONAPARTE,  C.  L.  Supplement  to  the  Genera  of  North  American 
Birds,  and  to  the  Synopsis  of  the  Species  found  within  the  territory 
of  the  United  States.  <  Zoological  Journ.,  iii,  1827,  pp.  49-53. 

The  number  of  genera  named  raised  from  80  to  83 ;  of  species  to  366.— Phaleri.8 
cerorhynca  (sic),  p.  53,  sp.  n. 

1827.  LESSON,  [R.  P.]    Addition  a  1'ornithologie  des  Etats-Unis ;  par  Ch. 
Bonaparte.     .  .  .    <  JFVfru**.  Bull,  2«  sect.,  x,  1827,  pp.  399-400. 
Journ.  Phila.  Acad.,  1825,  p.  28. 

1827.  LESSON,  [R.  P.]  Genera  des  Oiseaux  de  l'Ame"rique-Septentrionale,  et 
Synopsis  des  especes  .  .  .  j  par  Charles  Lucien  Bonaparte.  .  .  . 

<  Ffrusa.  Bull.,  2e  sect.,  xi,  1827,  pp.  108-110. 
Precis  de  cet  ouvrage :  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.,  voL  ii,  p.  7. 

1827.  LESSON,  [R.  P.]  Observations  on  the  nomenclature  of  Wilson's  Orni- 
thology .  .  .;  par  Charles-Luoien  Bonaparte.  .  .  .  <^F6rw8.  Bull., 
2°  sect.,  xi,  1827,  pp.  110,  111. 

Seulement  une  notice  de  son  article :  Journ.  Phila.  Acad. 

1827.  LESSON,  [R.  P.]    Genera  des  oiseaux  du  nord  de  l'Ame"riqne  et  Sy- 
nopsis des  especes  qui  vivent  aux  Etats-Unis ;  par  Charles-Lucien 
Bonaparte.    .  .  .     <  Feruss.  Bull,  2e  sect.,  xii,  1827,  pp.  337, 338. 
Analyse  de  son  travail :  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  ii,  p.  101. 

1827.  SWAINSON,  W.  A  Synopsis  of  the  Birds  discovered  in  Mexico  by  W. 
Bullock,  F.  L.  S.  and  H.  S.,  and  Mr.  William  Bullock,  jun.  <  Philos. 
Mag.,  i,  1^27,  pp.  364-369,  433-442. 

Important  from  the  number  of  new  species  described ;  101  species  in  all  arc 
given.  The  descriptions  of  the  new  ones  are  all  short,  and  in  many  cases  insuf- 
ficient ;  they  have  given  much  trouble.  A  large  number  of  new  genera  are  also 
here  named,  bat  not  characterized ;  these  names  actually  anticipate  in  point  of 
date  (May  and  June)  their  publication  with  characters  in  Zool.  Journ.,  Xo.  10 
(which  is  here  referred  to,  before  its  publication),  but  the  year  is  the  same  (1827), 
and  they  are  generally  accredited  to  the  latter  journal.  Hirundo  melanogaster, 
H.  thalassinus,  PlatyrhyncTius  pusillus,  p.  3(i6 ;  Tyrannula  (g.  n.)  obscura,  T.  affl- 
nis,  T.  barbirostris  (not  Mexican,  but  West  Indian),  T.  nigricans,  T.  pallida,  p. 
367;  T.  musica,  Setophaga  (g.  n.)  miniata,  S.  rubra,  Ptiliogonys  (g.  n.)  cincreus, 
Cinclus  mexicanus,  p.  368;  Merula  flamrostris,  M.  triatis,  M.  silens,  Orpheus  (g.  n.) 
curvirostris,  O.  ccerulescens,  Seiurus  (g.  n.)  tenuirostris.  Sialia  (g.  n  )  azurea  (descr. 
nulld),  p.  369;  Trichas  (g.  n.)  personalus  (renaming  of  old  sp.),p.  433;  Sylvicola 
(g.  n.,  p.  433)  inornata,  Vermivcra  (g.  n.),  Pipilo  macronyx,  P.  maculata,  P.  fusca, 
P.  rufescens,  p.  434 ;  Ammodramus  (sr.  n.)  bimazulatus,  Chondestes  (g.  n  )  strigatus, 
Fringilla  cinerea,  Carduelis  mexicanus,  Dolichonyx  (g.  n.),  p.  435;  AgcJaus  (sic) 
(g.  n.)  lonyipes,  Xctnthornus  bullockii,  Cassiculusfa.n.)  coronatua,  Icterus  cucullatun, 
p.  436 ;  Scaphidurus  (g.  n.)palu^tris,  Garrulus  sordid-its,  O.  coronatus,  Pica  formosa, 
Spcrmaj^a  (g.  n.)  erythrocephala,  p.  437 ;  Pyranga  livida,  P.  hepatica.  P.  bidentata, 
Tiaris  (jr.  n.)  pusillus,  Guiraca  (g.  n.)  melanocephala,  Pxittacus  leuccrhynchus,  p. 
438;  Macrocercuspachyrhynchus,  Picufiform'civorua,  P.  dcyans,  P.  albifrons,  p.  439; 


612  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§27-1§2§  [46 

1827.  SWAINSON,  W. — Continued. 

Colaptes  (g.  n.)  mexicanus,  Xiphorhynchus  (g.  n.)  leucogaster,  O.  flavigaster,  Oxy- 
glossus  (g.  n.)  maculatus,  Ouculus  maculatus,  Crotophaga  sulcirostris,  Trogon  mexi- 
canus,p.  440;  Trochilus  fulgens,  T.  thalassinus,  T.  melanotus,  T.  platyccrcus,  Cynan- 
thus  (g.  n.)  latirontris,  O.  bifurcatutt,  C.  minimus,  p.  441 ;  0.  lucifcr,  Lampornis  (g. 
n.)  amethystinus,  Momotus  mexicanus,  p.  442,  spp.  nn.  For  all  the  new  genera, 
excepting  Scaphidurus,  which  is  simply  proposed  as  a  substitute  for  Quiscalus, 
preoccupied  in  botany,  reference  is  made  to  the  then  still  unpublished  No.  10  of 
Zool.  Journ.for  1827. 

1827-32.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.     Specchio   comparative    delle    Ornitologie  di 
Roma  e  di  Filadelfia.    8vo.    Pisa,  Nistri,  1827. — Supplement©  alia 
Specchio  comparative,  etc.     1832. 
Not  seen— cited  from  BAIRD. 

1827-38.  AUDUBON,  J.  J.  The  |  Birds  of  America ;  |  from  Original  Draw- 
ings |  By  John  James  Audubon,  |  [etc.,  etc.]  |  London.  |  Published 
by  the  Author.  [Mut.  mut.]  4  vols.,  double  elephant  folio,  size 
about  38  X  28  inches.  Vol.  I,  1827-1830,  title-leaf  and  Plates  I-C. 
Vol.  II,  1831-1834,  title-leaf  and  Plates  CI-CC.  Vol.  Ill,  1834-1835, 
title-loaf  and  Plates  CCI-CCC.  Vol.  IIII,  title-leaf  and  Plates 
CCCI-CCCCXXXV.  435  colored  plates  (1065  figures). 

Originally  published  in  87  parts,  supposed  to  be  of  5  pll.  each  (  =  435  pll.), 
during  the  years  specified ;  subsequently  bound  in  4  vols.,  each  furnished  with 
a  title-leaf,  but  no  other  tost.  More  strict  tf  ates  of  some  of  the  earlier  parts  are : — 
Parts  i-v,  pll.  1-25, 1827.  Parts  vi-x,  pll.  26-50, 1828.  Parts  xi-xv,  pll.  51-75, 1829. 
Parts  xvi-xx, pll.  76-100, 1830.  The  series  was  completed  June  20,1838.  "The 
plates  were  published  without  any  text,  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  furnishing 
copies  gratis  to  the  public  libraries  in  England,  agreeably  to  the  laws  of  copy- 
right. Triibner,  p.  174,  quotes  the  work  with  plain  plates.  I  have  never  seen  one 
in  that  condition.  Owing  to  the  destruction  by  fire  of  the  stock  and  copper- 
plates the  work  has  become  extremely  rare,  and  even  small  sections  command 
high  prices"  (Sabin).  A  perfect  copy  now  fetches  about  $1,000.  Purchasers 
should  see  that  the  size  is  not.  much,  if  any,  less  than  above  given,  otherwise 
the  Turkey's  head  may  be  trimmed  off.  There  are  some  defective  copies  of  the 
original  in  the  market,  containing  selections  of  some  of  the  smaller  plates,  or 
with  some  of  the  larger  ones  folded  or  mutilated,  or  lacking  title-leaf,  etc.  There 
is  a  late  smaller  folio  ed.  of  1861,  containing  only  140  pll.,  to  be  carefully  distin- 
guished from  the  original. 

This  is  by  far  the  most  sumptuous  ornithological  work  ever  published.  The 
accompanying  text,  entitled  "Ornithological  Biography",  etc.,  is  in  5  large  8vo 
vols.,  1831-1839,  q.  v. 

1828.  AUDUBON,  J.  J.     Account  of  the  Method  of  Drawing  Birds  employed 

by  J.  J.  Audubon,  Esq.  F.  R.  S.  E.  <  Edinb.  Journ.  Sd.,  viii,  1828, 
pp.  48-54. 

1828.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  The  Genera  of  North  American  Birds,  and  a  Synopsis 
of  the  Species  found  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States; 
systematically  arranged  in  Orders  and  Families.  <[  Ann.  Lye. 
Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  ii,  1828,  pp.  7-128,  293-451.  (Read  Jan.  24, 
1826.) 

This  is  the  ostensible  date,  being  that  of  the  completed  volume  of  the  Annals; 
and  the  separate  issue  of  the  paper  is  also  dated  1828.  But  it  is  certain  that  the 
paper,  or  parts  of  it,  appeared  earlier,  for  iris  reviewed  iu  Ferussac's  Bid  etm,  1827. 
The  actual  date,  of  a  part  of  the  paper  at  least,  is  probably  Ib26 ;  but  my  efforts 
to  fix  it  with  precision  have  been  nn  availing. 

A  notable  article,  occupying  the  greater  part  of  the  volume.  382  spp. ;  charac- 
ters of  the  higher  groups  as  well  as  of  the  species  ;  synonymy  and  much  miscel- 
laneous critical  matter ;  distribution,  and  notes  on  habits.  An  Appendix  (pp. 


47] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1828-1829       613 


1828.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.— Continued. 

433-451)  retraces  the  ground,  giving  additional  particulars.  Accounts  of  various 
species,  not  North  American,  are  interpolated.  I  find  no  new  specific  names  in 
these  articles,  Bonaparte's  new  species  having  been  just  previously  character- 
ized. Cerorhinca,  g.  n.,  p.  4J7.  The  article  was  republished  in  one  vol.  8vo,  New 
York,  Seymour,  1828. 

1828.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  The  Genera  of  North  American  Birds.  ...  By 
Charles  Lucian  Bonaparte.  1  vol.  8vo.  New  York,  Seymour,  1828. 
pp.  1-12H,  293-451. 

Not  seen. — The  work  commonly  quoted  as  "  Bonaparte's  Synopsis  "  ;  consisting 
of  his  paper  in  the  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  separately  issued,  without  repagination. 

1828.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  Further  Additions  to  the  Ornithology  of  the 
United  States ;  and  Observations  on  the  Nomenclature  of  certain 
Species.  <  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  ii,  1828,  pp.  154-161. 
(Read  Nov.  6, 1826.) 

Ardea  pealii.  p.  154  (Florida);  Tringa  himantopus,  p.  157  (New  Jersey),  spp. 
nn.  Allied  species  treated  for  comparison.  Synopsis  of  the  genus  Phalaropus. 

1828.  LESSON,  [R.  P.]     Genera  des  Oiseaux  du   Nord  de  VAme'rique,   et 

Synopsis  des  especes  qui  vivent  aux  fitats-Unis;  par  Charles- 
Lucien  Bonaparte.  .  .  .  <F£rMas.JBjtM.,2esect.,xiii,  1828,  pp.  122-125. 
"Dans  un  premier  article,  nous  avons  presente  les  especes  decrites  par  M. 
Ch.  B. ;  dans  celui-ci,  nous  reunirons  celles  que  cet  auteur  signals  comme  nou- 
velles,  ou  comme  ayant  ete  mal  d6crites  ou  peu  connues."— 18  espdces. 

1828.  LESSON,  [R.  P.]    Birds  of  America  from  drawings  made  during  a  resi- 
dence of  twenty-five  years  in  the  United  States  and  its  territories. 
.  .  .  par  John  James  Audubon.    <  .Ferns*.  Bull.,  2e  sect.,  xv,  1828, 
pp.  301-303. 
TJne  courte  notice  du  commencement  do  I'ouvrage. 

1828-29.  WILSON,  A.  (ed.  ORD,  G.)  American  Ornithology  ;  |  or,  |  the  Natural 
History  |  of  the  |  Birds  of  the  United  States.  |  Illustrated  with 
plates  |  engraved  and  coloured  from  original  drawings  taken  |  from 
nature.  |  By  Alexander  Wilson.  |  —  |  With  a  sketch  of  the  author's 
life,  |  by  George  Ord,  F.  L.  S.  &c.  |  —  |  In  three  vols.— Vol.  I  [-III]. 
|  —  |  Published  by  Collins  &,  Co.,  New  York,  |  and  |  Harrison 
Hall,  Philadelphia.  |  1828  [1829].  3  vols.  8vo.  Vol.  I,  pp.  i-cxcix, 
1-231,  1828 ;  II,  1828 ;  III,  1829.  With  a  folio  atlas  of  76  pll.,  1829. 

In  this  edition,  which  consists  of  three  8vo.  vols.  of  text  and  one  folio  atlas,  the 
species  are  rearranged  in  systematic  order,  with  synonymy  and  references  to  the 
plates.  The  preliminary  matter  consists  of  contents  (pp.  iii,  iv),  editor's  preface 
(pp.  v,  vi),  preface  to  life  of  "Wilson  (pp.  vi-viii),and  Ord's  sketch  of  the  author's 
life  (pp.  ix-cxcix).  It  does  not  appear  who  was  the  editor.  The  text  appears  to 
be  that  of  the  original  in  full,  and  many  notes,  some  of  them  signed  'G.  Ord',  are 
interpolated.— The  folio  atlas  has  no  text  except  the  title  .-—American  Orni- 
thology; |  or,  |  the  Natural  History  |  of  the  |  Birds  of  the  United  States.  |  —  |  By 
Alexander  Wilson.  I  Plates  |  Engraved  and  Coloured  from  Original  Drawings 
taken  from  Nature.  |  —  |  Published  by  Collins  &  Co.  New  York,  |  and  |  Harri- 
son Hall,  Philadelphia.  |  1829.  It  consists  of  76  colored  plates.  This  is  the  editio 
princeps  ( 1  What  was  a  "  3  vol.  4to  ed.  Phila.  1824-1828  "  ?)  of  "  OBD'S  Wilson  " ; 
there  are  later  issues  of  the  same. 

1829.  [ANON.]     Sur  les  oiseaux  chanteurs  de  l'Ame"rique  [du  nord] ;    par 

M.  Rennie.      ...      <  Fdmss.  Bull,  2e  sect.,  xviii,  1829,  p.  454. 

Extrait  du  Magaz.  Nat.  Hist.,  mars  1829,  pp.  414-421. 

1829.  COMMITTEE.  Report  of  a  committee  appointed  by  the  Lyceum  of  Nat- 
*ral  History  af  [sic]  New  York  to  examine  the  splendid  work  of  Mr. 


614  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1829-lSdl  [48 

1829.  COMMITTEE. — Continued. 

Audubon  upon  the  Birds  of  North  America.     May,  1829.     <  Sillim. 

Am.  Journ.  Sti.,  xvi,  1829,  pp.  353, 354. 
1829.  DOUGLAS,  D.    Observations  on  some  Species  of  the  Genera  Tetrao  and 

Ortyx,  natives  of  North  America;  with  Descriptions  of  Four  new 

Species  of  the  former,  and  Two  of  the  latter  Genus.     <  Trans.  Linn. 

Soc.,  xvi,  1829,  pp.  133-149.     ("Read"  Dec.  16,  1828.    Published 

in  1829.    Whole  vol.  dated  1833.) 
Tetrao  urophasianus,  p.  133  (not  new ;  see  BP.,  Zool.  Journ.,  iii,  212) ;  T.  uropha- 

sianellus,  p.  136  ;  T.  sabini,  p.  137 ;  T.  franklinii,  p.  139;  T.  richardsonii  ("Sabine 

MSS."),  p.  141 ;  Ortyx  picta,  p.  143;  O.  douglassii  ("  Vigors  MSS."),  p.  145,  spp.  nn. 

1829.  DOUGLAS,  D.    Observations  on  some  species  of  the  Genera  Tetrao  and 
Ortyx,  natives  of  North  America,  with  descriptions  of  four  [lately] 
new  species  of  the  former,  and  two  of  the  latter  genus.    <[  Philos. 
Mag.,  v,  1829,  pp.  73, 74. 
From  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  xvi,  1829,  pp.  133-149,  q.  v. 

1829.  RENNIE,  J.    Sketches  of  Twenty-four  [North]  American  Song  Birds. 

<  London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1829,  pp.  414-421. 

In  evidence  against  a  prejudice  of  their  inferiority  as  songsters. 

1829.  SWAINSON,  W.    Some  Account  of  the  Work  now  publishing  by  M. 
Audubon,  entitled  The  Birds  of  America.     <  London's  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  i,  1829,  pp.  43-52,  figg.  19,20. 
Highly  commendatory. 

1829.  VIGORS,  N.  A.     On  some  species  of  Birds  from  the  North-west  Coast  of 

America.  <  Zool.  Journ.,  iv,  Oct.  1828— Jan.  1829  (1829),  pp.  352-358. 
A  sub-head  of  Art.  XLVII,  "Sketches  in  Ornithology,  &c.",  p.  345.— Birds  of 
Beechey's  Voyage.  Pica  beecheii,  Pica  collieii,  p.  353;  Coccothraustes  ferreo- 
rostris,  Picus  icapularis,  Colaptes  collar-is,  Ortyx  douglasii,  p.  354 ;  Streps-Has 
tnelanocephalus,  Numenius  rufiventris,  Recurv^rostra  occidentalis,  p.  356 ;  Anas 
urophasianus,  Uria  brevirostris,  p.  357 ;  Fratercula  carinata,  Larus  beJaheri,  p.  358, 
spp.  nn. 

1830.  BONAPARTE,  C.   L.      Nachtrag   zu  den  nordaniericanischen  Vogeln. 

<  Oken's  Isis,  Bd.  xxiii,  1830,  p.  1068. 
Aus  d.  Zool.  Journ.,  iii,  1827,  pp.  49-53,  q.  v. 

1830.  DOUGLAS,  D.     Ueber  einige  nordamericanische  Ga.ttuugen  von  Tetrao 
u.  Ortyx.     <  Oken's  Ms,  Bd.  xxiii,  1830,  pp.  917-921 . 
Uebersetzt  aus  d.  Linn.  Trans.,  xvi,  1829,  pp.  133-149,  q.  v. 

1830.  LESSON,  [R.  P.]    Observations  surquelquesespecesdes  genres  Tetrao 

et  Ortyx,   de  PAme'rique  septentrionale,    .    .     .     par  M.   David 
Douglas.    .    .    .    <  Feruss.  Bull.,  2e  sect.,  xx,  1830,  pp.  326-331. 
Les  descriptions  originales  se  trouvent  r6produites  ici.    Voir  1829,  DOUGLAS,  D. 

1831.  [ANON.]    Ueber  einige  Vogelgattungen  von  den  nordwestkuste  von 

America.    <  Oken's  Isis,  Bd.  xxiv,  1831,  pp.  218-220. 

Zool.  Journ.,  iv,  1829,  pp.  352-358;  vergl.  1829,  VIGORS,  N.  A. 

1831.  [EDITOR.]  Compendium  of  American  Ornithology,  by  Thomas  Nut- 
tall,  A.  M.,  F.  L.  S.,  &c.  <Sillim.Am.  Journ.  Sci., xx,  1831, pp.  154, 155. 

Announcement  of  the  work. 

1831.  LESS[ON,  R.  P.]  Les  genres  des  oiseaux  du  nord  de  1'Arne'rique,  avec 
un  synopsis  dcs  especes  qui  vivent  sur  la  territoire  des  Stats-Unis; 
par  Charles-Lucien  Bonaparte.  <  Feruss.  Bull.,  2e  sect.,  1831,  pp.  — . 

Tin  tableau  des  families,  des  genres  et  des  especes,  en  commenc.ant  au  4e  ordre, 
aux  Grallos  ou  fichassiers,  tire  des  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1827,  pp.  293  et  suiv. 


49] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.        1831  615 


1831.  "  ORNITHOPHILUS."  [SwAiN3ON,W.f]  Remarks  on  Audubon- a  "Birds 
of  America,"  and  tl  Ornithological  Biography."  <^Edinb.  New  Philoa. 
Journ.,  x,  1831,  pp.  317-332. 

A  very  elaborate  and  extended  review,  intended  to  be  impartially  critical,  and 
evincing  a  very  just  appreciation  of  the  great  work. 

(1811)  1831.  PALLAS,  P.  S.  Zoographia  |  Rosso-Asiatica,  |  sistens  |  omnium 
auimalium  |  in  extenso  Imperio  Rossico  |  et  |  adjacentibus  maribus 
observatorum  |  recensionein,  domicilia,  mores  et  descriptiones,  |  ana- 
tomen  atque  icones  plurimorum.  |  Auctore  |  Petro  Pallas,  |  Eq. 
Aur.  Academico  Petropolitano.  |  —  |  Volumen  primum  [secun- 
dum].  |  —  |  —  |  Petropoli  |  in  officina  Caes.  Academies  Scientiarum 
impress.  MDCCCXI.  |  Edit.  MDCCCXXXI.  |  3  vols.  4to  (with  folio 
atlas?).  Vol.1.  > Imperil  Rossici  |  Aves.  |  —  |  Pars  prinia.  pp. 
297-568,  pll.  9.  Vol.  II.  Imperil  Rossici  |  Aves.  |  —  |  Pars  altera. 
pp.  vii,  374,  pll.  15. 

This  celebrated  work  is  differently  quoted  at  1811  and  1831 ;  but,  as  it  clearly 
appears  upon  the  title-page  that  it  was  not  published  until  1831,  though  printed 
in  1811,  the  later  date  must  be  taken  as  that  of  the  introduction  of  the  new 
species,  what'ever  may  have  been  the  actual  opportunities  for  consulting  and 
quoting  the  pages  during  the  twenty  years  they  remained  ined.  The  title-page 
sufficiently  indicates  the  scope  of  this  general  systematic  account  of  the  birds  of 
the  Asiatic-Russian  Empire,  425  in  number.  In  consequence  of  the  previous 
writings  of  this  author  covering  much  the  same  ground,  it  is  difficult  to  say 
which  are  the  new  names  of  this  work.  The  following  are  figured  on  the  (un- 
numbered) 4to  colored  plates  accompanying:— (Vol.  I.)  Stryx  barbata,  p.  318; 
Aquila pelagica,  p.  343  ;  Corvus  dauricus,  p.  387 ;  C.cyanus,  p.  391 ;  Turdusfuscatus, 
p.  451 ;  T.  ruficollis,  p.  452 ;  Muscicapa  albidlla,  p.  462  ;  Motadlla  cyanura,  p.  490  ; 
Alauda  mongolica,  p.  516 ;  Hirundo  alpestris,  p.  534.  (Vol.  II.)  Passer puaillus,  p. 
28  ;  P.  roseus,  p.  42 ;  Emberiza  fuscata  <f  $ ,  p.  41 ;  E.  rustica,  p.  43  ;  E.  coronata,  p. 
44;  E.  chrysophrys,  p.  46;  E.  chrysops,  p.  45;  Tetrao  arenaria,  p.  73;  T.caucasica, 
p.  76 ;  Charadrius  caspius,  p.  136 ;  Trynga  giareola,  p.  194 ;  Anser  cynoides  ferus,  <• 
p.  218;  A.  hyperboreus,  p.  227;  A.  pictus,  p.  233;  Phalacrocorax pygmceus,  p.  300; 
Larus  niveus,  p.  320 ;  Cepphus  perdix,  p.  351. 

The  following  are  the  references  to  plates  given  in  the  text  ( ?  to  the  folio  atlas 
accompanying  the  work,  not  seen  by  me;  it  is  quoted  as  fa*c.  1-6,  Petrop.  1834- 
1842,  fol.):— PL  i,  Stryx  doliata.  ii,  S.  barbata.  ii\,Falcogyrfalco.  iv,  v,  F.  peregri- 
nus.  vi,  F.  vespertinus.  vii,  jP.  aesalon.  viii,  Aquila  nobilis.  —1  A.pelagica.  x, 
Accipiter  lagopus.  xi,  A.  a-atur.  xii,  A.  nisus.  xiii,  Vultur  barbatus.  xiv,  V. 
tneleagris.  xv,  Corvus  dauricus.  xvi,  C.  cyanus.  xvii,  C.  stetteri.  xviii,  Sturnus 
cinclus.  xix,  Xanthornus  caucasicus.  — ?  Merops  per&ica,  xxi,  Tardus  leucocellus. 
xxii  ("xii"),  T.fuscatus.  xxiii,  T.  ruficollis.  xxiv,  A. muscicapa grisola.  — ?  fig. 

1,  M.  albidlla.  xxv,  Motacdla  rubicola.  xxvi,  M.  montanella.  xxvi,  f.  1,  M.  cyanea. 
xxvii,  M.  aurorea.    xxviii,  M .  leucomela.    xxix,  M.  calliope,    xxx,  f.  1,  M.  cyanura. 
xxiv,  f.  2,  M.  melanope.    xxxi,  M.  citrinella.    xxxii,  Alauda  tartarica.    xxxiii,  f .  2, 
A.  leucoptera.    xxx,  f.  2,  Hirundo  alpestris.     — ?  Paruy  cyanus.    xxxiv,  f.  2,  P.  pa- 
lustris.   xxxvi,  Pyrrhula  erythrina.    xxxvii,  P.  caudata.    xxxviii,  Passer  carduelis. 
xxxix,  P.  calcaratus.     xl,  xii,  P.  arctous.    xlii,  P.  roseu*.     xliii,  f.  1,  P.  pusillus.    f. 

2,  Emberizd  hyperborea.    xliv,  E.  pithyonds.    xlv,  E.  da.    xlvi,  E.  fucata.    xlvii, 
f.l,E.pusilla.    f.2,E.rust;ca.   xlviii,f.  I.E.  chryg'ps.    f.  2,  E  chrysophrys.    xlix, 
f.  1,  E.  pyrrhuloides.    f .  2,  E.  spodocephala.    I,  E.  aureola.    li,E.rutila.    Hi,  Tetrao 
tetrix.    **,  T.  caucaaica.    liv,  Grus  Icucogeranus.    Iv,  Ardea  comcta.     Ivi,  Cliara- 
drius  gregarius.     Ivii,  C.  morinellus.    Iviii,  C.  caspius.    lix,  C.  hypomelanun.    Ixi, 
Trynga  salina.     —  ?  Trynga  cinclus.     Ixii,  Ihalaropus  rvficdhs.     Ixiii,  P.  rufux. 
1  xiv,  Anser  cygnoidex.     Ixv,  A.  hyperboreus.     "Ixvii"   (=lxvi?),  Anxer  ruficuLis. 
Ixvii,  A.pictus.    lx\-u},Anassteileri.   Ixix,  A.  rufina.    Ixx,  A.falcata.    l\Ki,A.glO' 
dtans.    Ixxii,  A.  hyemalis.    Ixxiii,  A.  mersa.    Ixiv,  f.  1,  Phalacrocorax  pygmaeus. 
Ixv,  f.  2,  P.  bicristatus.    \x.xv\,P.pelagicus.    Ixxvi,  Larus  niveus.    Ixx  vii,  L.  ict, thy- 


616  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1831  [50 

(1811)  1831.  PALLAS,  P.  S.— Continued. 

aetus.  Ixxviii,  Sterna  caspia.  Ixxx,  Gepphus  perdix.  Ixxxii,  Lunda  cirrhata. 
Ixxxiii,  Lunda  arctica.  Ixxxiv,  Lunda psittacula.  Ixxxv,  "Uria  senicula.  Ixxxvi, 
Z7.  cristutella.  Ixxxvii,  Z7.  dubia.  Ixxxviii,  U.  tetracula.  Ixxxix,  U.  mystacea. 
xc,  V.  pusilla.—l  cannot  resolve  the  uncertainty  about  these  plates  and  should 
be  thankful  for  information.  They  are  said  to  have  appeared  (some  or  all  of 
them),  and  I  have  seen  them  quoted  as  "Icones  ad  Zoographiaiu  Rosso-Asiati- 
cam,  fasc.  i-vii,  1834  et  seq." 

1831.  RICHARDSON,  J.    [Exhibition  of  New  Species  of  Birds  from.  British 
America,  about  to  be  described  in  the  forthcoming  '  Fauna  Boreali- 
Americana'.]    <  P.  Z.  S.,  i,  1831,  p.  132. 
Twenty-three  species ;  names  only. 

1831.  SWAINSON,  W.,  and  RICHARDSON,  J.  Fauna  |  Boreali-Americana ;  |  or 
the  j  Zoology  |  of  the  |  northern  parts  |  of  |  British  America :  |  con- 
taining |  descriptions  of  the  objects  of  natural  history  collected 
by  the  late  northern  land  |  expeditions  under  command  of  Captain 
Sir  John  Franklin,  R.  N.  |  Part  Second,  |  The  Birds.  |  By  William 
Swainson,  Esq.,  F.  R.  S.,  F.  L.  S.,  |  honorary  or  corresponding  mem- 
ber of  several  foreign  societies.  |  And  John  Richardson,  M.  D.,  F.  R. 
S.,  F.  L.  S.,  |  member  of  the  geographical  and  zoological  societies  of 
London,  of  the  Wernerian  natural  history  society  of  Edinburgh,  of 
the  |  literary  and  historical  society  of  Quebec,  and  foreign  member 
of  the  geographical  society  of  Paris,  |  Surgeon  and  Naturalist  to 
the  Expeditions.  |  —  |  Illustrated  by  numerous  plates  and  wood- 
cuts. |  —  |  Published  under  the  authority  of  the  right  honourable 
the  Secretary  of  State  |  for  colonial  affairs.  |  —  |  London :  |  John 
Murray,  Albemarle-street.  |  —  |  MDCCCXXXI.  1  vol.  4to.  pp. 
lxvi,524,  pll.  24-73  (cont.  from  vol.1),  and  41  woodcc. 

The  influence  which  this  work  exerted  cannot  well  be  overstated.  It  occu- 
pied in  the  present  century  the  place  previously  filled  by  the  works  of  Edwards, 
Forster,  Pennant,  and  Latham,  so  far  as  the  birds  of  America  north  of  49°  N. 
lat.  are  concerned;  for  forty  years  following  its  publication, it  was  the  chief 
source  of  inspiration  of  numberless  writers  upon  the  same  subject,  and  it  con- 
tinues to  be  a  standard  authority.  The  book  has  considerable  unwritten  his- 
tory, touching  its  joint-authorship  and  (some  other  matters,  scraps  of  which 
have  come  to  the  surface,  as,  for  instance,  in  a  passage  of  the  memorable  contro- 
versy between  Mr.  Swainson  and  N.  A.  Vigors ;  but  Dr.  Richardson's  policy 
seems  to  have  always  kept  the  surface  smooth,  whatever  went  on  underneath. 

The  work  has  a  twofold  character — it  is  an  account  of  the  Birds  of  the  Fur 
Countries,  interspersed  with  contributions  from  Mr.  Swainson  to  general  orni- 
thology—the latter  in  the  shape  of  disquisitions,  foreign  to  the  scope  "and 
purpose  of  the  book,  upon  the  quinary,  miscalled  the  natural,  system;  wildly 
speculative  articles  which,  though  in  the  fashion  at  the  time,  add  considerably  to 
the  bulk  of  the  volume  without  perceptibly  increasing  its  value,  and  are  chiefly 
noticed  now  because  they  include  several  new  tenable  generic  names. 

Dr.  Richardson's  Introduction  (pp.  i-xl),  constituting  a  treatise  by  itself,  opens 
with  a  historical  sketch  of  the  subject.  The  collectiois  made  on  the  Arctic 
coasts  during  the  voyages  of  Ross  and  Parry  are  described  along  with  those 
made  in  the  interior  on  the  Franklin  expeditions  which  Tr.  Richardson  accom 
panied.  The  circumstances  under  which  the  latter  were  made  arc  detailed,  and 
the  general  character  of  the  avifauna  ia  sketched.  Various  elaborate  tables 
follow,  displaying  the  several  categories  of  species,  their  movements,  etc.  The 
remainder  of  the  Introduction  is  occupied  by  Mr.  Swaiuson,  more  suo;  the  Pre- 
face is  from  the  same  hand,  though  it  is  less  distinctively  quinarian.  The  body 
of  the  work  treats  formally  of  238  species,  giving  detailed  descriptions,  miscel- 


51] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1§31  617 


1831.  SWAINSON,  W.,and  RICHARDSON,  J. — Continued. 

laneons  biographical  items,  and  considerable  synonymy,  together  with  the  fcr- 
eiga  disquisitions  above  commented  upon,  which  are  discontinued,  however-,  at 
page  342.  The  nomenclature,  as  well  as  the  classification,  appears  to  bo  Mr. 
Swainson's  for  the  land  birds;  for  the  rest,  Temminck's  Manual  is  followed. 
The  minute  descriptions  suffice  for  the  identification  of  nearly  every  species  of 
the  work,  while  Swainsou's  plates  have  long  been  famous  for  their  faithfulness 
both  in  drawing  and  coloring ,  copies  vary,  however,  in  the  latter  respect 

The  following  appear  to  be  new  names  (some  of  extralimital  species),  de- 
scribed for  the  moat  part  by  Mr.  Swainson,  some  being,  however,  by  Dr.  Rich- 
ardson, and  two  or  three  by  the  authors  conjointly  :— Accipiter  mexicanus,  p.  45; 
Buteo  (Circus)  cyaneusf  var.f  Americanus,  p.  55;  Lanius  excubitorides,  p.  115; 
L.  elegans,  p.  122 ;  Tyrannus  borealis,  p.  141 ;  Tyrannula,  pusilla,  p.  144 ;  T.  richard- 
aoni,  p.  146 ;  Oinclus  Americanus,  p.  173  [altered  name  from  C.  mexicanus  of  1827] ; 
Orpheus  meruloides,  p.  187  [renamed  from  confessedly  beforenamed  species] ; 
Sialia  mexicana,  p.  202;  Erythaca  (Sialia)  arctica,  p.  209 ;  Vireo  Bartramii,  p.  235 ; 
V,  longirostris,  p.  237 ;  Emberiza  (Plectrophanes)  picta,  p.  250 ;  Emberiza  pallida, 
p.  251 ;  Pyrgita  (Pipilo)  arctica,  p.  260 ;  Linaria  (Leucosticte)  tephrocotis,  p.  265 ; 
Garrulusbrachyrynchus,'p.2d6;  Picus  auduboni,  p.  306 ',  Picus  (Apternus)  arcticus, 
p.  313;  Tetrao  Franklinii,  p.  348 ;  Tetrao  (Lagopus)  leucurus,  p.  356 ;  Tringa  Don- 
glasii,  p.  379 ;  Limosa  Edwardsii,  p.  398 ;  Scolopax  Drummondii,  S.  Dovglasii,  and 
8.  Braziliensis,  p.  400 ;  Larus  Hutchinsii,  p.  419  (note) ;  L.  zonorhynchus,  p.  421 ; 
L.  brachyrhynchus,  p.  422;  L.  Franklinii,  p.  424;  L.  Bonapartii,  p.  425;  Lestris 
Richardsonii,  p.  433;  Oidemia  americana,  p.  450 ;  Cygnus  buccinator,  p.  464 ;  Anser 
Hutchiwii,  p.  470 ;  Pelecanus  (Carbo)  dilophus,  p.  473. 

The  work  closes  with  two  appendices  by  Mr.  Swainson,  in  which  a  number 
of  new  genera  and  other  groups  are  characterized.  Appendix  No.  1,  "Charac- 
ters of  genera  and  sub-genera  hitherto  undefined,"  pp.  481-497.  New  generic 
names,  many  of  which  were,  however,  used  in  earlier  pages  of  the  work,  are 
ostensibly  as  follows  (but  all  of  them  are  not  actually  new  here)  -.—Telophorus, 
Laniellus,  p.  481 ;  Platylophus,  Teprodornis,  Analcipus,  p.  482;  Erucivora,  Oxynotus, 
p.  483;  Saurophagus,  Tyrannula,  p.  484;  Brachypus,  Andrnpadus,  Hcematomis, 
p.  485;  Micropus,  Phyllastrephus,  JDasyccphala,  Chaetops,  p.  486  (C.  Burchelli, 
n.  s.,  p.  487) ;  Pellorneum  (P.  ruficeps,  n.  s.),  Crateropus,  p.  487;  Aipuneinia,  Ery- 
thaca, p.  483 ;  Phcenicura,  Thamnobia,  Dumecola  (D.  ruficauda,  n.  s.),  p.  489 ;  Pari- 
soma,  Lessonia,  Leiothrix,  p.  4'JO;  Pteruthius,  Calyptura,  Metopia,  Phcenicircus, 
p.  91;  Chrysopteryx  (C.  erythrorhynchus,  n.  s.),  Laniisoma,  Eopsaltria,  p.  492; 
Zonotrichia,  Leucosticte,  p.  493;  Scaphidurus,  Scolecophagus,  Molothrus,  p.  494; 
Dysornithia,  Cyanurus  (u,  composite  group,  embracing  several  more  recent  gen- 
eric forms ;  no  type  named,  C.  cristatus  mentioned  first),  Anthreptes,  p.  495 ;  Selas- 
phorus,  Ohordeiles,  Centrocercus,  p.  496 ;  Lyrurus,  Dendronessa,  p.  497.  Appendix 
No.  II,  pp.  498-501,  discusses  aflinities.and  presents  Scolopax  leucurus,  sp.  n.,  p.  501. 

The  plates,  mainly  representing  new  species,  are  as  follows  (they  are  not 
bound  consecutively) :— 24,  Falco  sparverius;  25,  F.  aesalon,-  26,  Accipiter  (Astur) 
palumbarius  ;  27,  Buteo  vulgaris ;  28,  B.  lagopus ;  29,  Circus  cyaneus  var.  Ameri- 
canus ;  30,  Bubo  arcticus  ;  31,  Strix  cinerea ;  32,  S.  tengmalmi ;  33,  Lanius  borealis  ; 
34,  L.  excubitorides ;  35,  Tyrannus  borealis;  36,Merula,  minor,-  37,  Merula  solita- 
ria  [marked  "35"];  38,  Orpheus  meruloiries;  39,  Erythaca  (Sialia)  arctica;  40, 
Sylvicola  maculosa ;  41,  Sylvicola petechia ;  42,  Sylvicola  (Termivora)  rubricapilla, 
np.  fig.,  and  S.  (F.)  per<grina,  low.  fig.;  43,  Seiurus  aquatints ,-  44,  Anthus  aquati- 
cus;  45,  Tyrannula  say  a ;  46,  T.  pusilla,  up.  fig.,  T.  richardsonii,  low.  fig.;  47,  Scto- 
phaga  Bonapartii;  48,  Plectrophanes  lappoi,ica ,-  49,  P. picta;  50,  Linaria  tephro- 
cotis ;  51,  Pyrgita  (Pipilo)  arctica  cf;  52,  eadem,  $;  53,  Pyrrhula  (Corythus)  em- 
flcator ;  54,  Garrulus  stelleri ;  55,  <?.  brachyrhynchus ;  56,  Picus  tridzctylus ;  57. 
P.  arcticus ;  58,  Centrocercus  urophanianus ;  59,  Tetrao  obscuru»-  cf ;  60,  idem,  $ ; 
61,  T.  Franklinii,  marked  T.  " canadensis  cf";  60,  T.  canadeusis  $;  63,  Lagopus 
leucurus;  64,  L.  rupestris ;  65,Numeniui  borealis;  66,  Tringa  Douglasii;  67,  To- 
tanus  semipalmatas ,-  68,  Coccothraustes  vespcrtina, ;  69,  Phalaropus  Wilsonii ,-  70, 
Clangula  Barrovii ;  71,  Larus  Franklinii ;  72,  L.  Bonapartii;  73,  Lcntris  Richo.rd- 
sonii. 


618  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1831  [52 

1831.  WAGLER,  J*  Einige  Mittheilungen  iiber  Thiere  Mexicos.  <  Ofaw's 
Isis,  Bd.  xxiv,  1831,  pp.  510-535. 

II,  Aves,  pp.  515-533,  74  spp.  Larus pipixcan,  p.  515 ;  Parra  gjmnostoma,  p.  517 ; 
Fulica  iKicopyga,  p.  518 ;  Columba  flavirostris,  p.  519 ;  Scolopax  trachydactyla,  p. 
521 ;  Phalaropus  atenodactylus,  p.  523 ;  Geococcyx  variegata  (—  Cuculus  viaticus 
Licht,  Mns.  Berol.),  p.  524 ;  Fringilla  haemorrh'  a  (Licht.,  M.  B.) ;  F.  xanthoma- 
schalis,  p.  525;  Atlapetes  (g.  n.)  pileatus,  lunco  phaeonotus,  p.  526;  Corwus  cacalotl, 
p.  527 ;  Toxostoma  (g.  n.)  vetula,  p.  528 ;  Muscicapa  vulnerata,  p.  5C9 ;  Alauda  chry- 
solaema,p.530;  Ardealessonii,p.  531,  spp.  nn.  Sowie  O^srujicollin^p.  520,  sp.  n., 
aus  Sudafrika. 

1831.  WILSON,  A.,  and  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  (ed.  JAMESON,  R.)  American 
Ornithology;  |  or  the  |  Natural  History  |  of  |  the  Birds  of  the  United 
States.  |  By  Alexander  Wilson,  |  and  Charles  Lucian  Bonaparte.  | 
Edited  by  Robert  Jameson,  Esq.  F.  R.  S.  E.  &  L.  F.  L.  S.  M.  W.  S.  | 
Regius  Professor  of  Natural  History  in  the  University  |  of  Edin- 
burgh, &c.  |  In  four  volumes.  |  Vol.  I  [-IV"].  |  Edinburgh:  | 
Printed  for  Constable  and  Co.  Edinburgh  ;  |  and  Hurst,  Chance,  and 
Co.  London.  |  1831.  4  vols.  18mo.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xcvi,  271.  Vol.  II,  pp. 
ix,  334.  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  viii,  320.  Vol.  IV,  pp.  x,  362.  Each  vol.  with 
engr.  title,  and  the  1st  with  portrait  of  Wilson.  (No  other  illustra- 
tions.) Forming  vols.  LXVIII-LXXI  of  Constable's  Miscellany. 

The  first  European  edition  of  "  Wilson  ",  including  Ord's  additions  and  Bona- 
parte's continuation,  with  rearrangement  in  systematic  order  of  the  matter  by 
the  editor,  and  frequent  commentary  by  him ;  with  a  memoir  of  Wilson,  by 
W.  M.  Hetherington,  prefixed  to  the  1st  vol.  The  concluding  volume  contains 
"Bonaparte  "  ;  also,  an  Appendix,  in  which  are  given  some  extracts  from  Audu- 
bon,  considerable  matter  from  Swainson  and  Richardson,  and  outlines  of  Brehm's 
arrangement  of  various  groups. 

1831-39.  AUDUBON,  J.  J.  Ornithological  Biography,  |  or  an  account  of  the 
habits  of  the  |  Birds  of  the  United  States  of  America;  J  accom- 
panied by  descriptions  of  the  objects  represented  |  in  the  work  en- 
titled |  The  Birds  of  America,  |  and  interspersed  with  delineations 
of  American  |  scenery  and  manners.  |  By  John  James  Audubon, 
F.R.SS.  L.  &  E.  |  [etc.,  5  lines.]  |  [Vol.  L]  Edinburgh:  |  Adam 
Black,  55.  |  North  Bridge,  Edinburgh  ;  |  [etc.,  5  lines.]  |  —  | 
MDCCCXXXI. 

Vol.  I,  as  above,  pp.  i-xxiv,  512,  -f- 15  pp.  of  Prospectus,  &c.  It 
is  the  text  to  plates  I-C  of  the  elephant  folios.  The  date  is  1831. 
This  same  1st  vol.  (other  copies)  is  said  to  also  bear  the  imprint 
"  Philadelphia,  E.  L.  Carey  and  A.  Hart,  MDCCCXXX1I,"  and  to  be 
often  missing. 
Vol.11.  Edinburgh:  Adam  and  Charles  Black,  .  .  .  MDCCC- 

XXXIV.  pp.  i-xxxii,  1-588.    Date  1834.    The  text  to  plates  CI-CC. 
Other  copies  said  to  also  bear  the  imprint  u  Boston,  Hilliard,  Gray, 
and  Company,  MDCCCXXXV." 

Vol.  III.     Edinburgh :   Adam   and  Charles   Black,  .  .  .    MDCC- 

XXXV.  pp.  i-xvi,  1-638, 9  woodcuts  in  text.    Date  1835.    The  text 
to  plates  CCI-CCC. 

Vol.  IV.  Edinburgh :  Adum  &  Charles  Black,  .  .  .  MDCCC- 
XXXVIII.  pp.  i-xxviii,  1-618,  with  39  woodcuts  in  text.  Date  1838. 
The  text  to  plates  CCCI-CCCLXXXVII. 

Vol.  V.  Edinburgh:  Adam  &  Charles  Black,.  .  .  MDCCC- 
XXXXIX  [sic/],  pp.  i-xl,  1-664,  with  93  v oodcuts  in  text.  Date 


53] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1831-1832          619 


1831-39.  AUDUBON,  J.  J. — Continued. 

1839.  The  text  to  plates  CCCLXXXVIII-CCCCXXXV,  ending  at 
p.  304.  Vol.  continues  with  "  Descriptions  of  species  found  in 
North  America,  but  not  figured  in  the  '  Birds  of  America'",  pp.  305- 
336;  and  with  an  "Appendix;  comprising  additional  observations 
on  the  habits,  geographical  distribution,  and  anatomical  structure 
of  the  Birds  described  in  this  work ;  together  with  corrections  of 
errors  relative  to  the  species  ",  pp.  337-646. 

Five  vols.  roy.  3vo,  printed  by  Neill  &  Co.,  Old  Fishmarket,  Edin- 
burgh. 

The  work  above  described  is  the  editio  princeps  of  the  text  belonging  to  the 
elephant  folio  plates.  In  1840-44,  the  whole  text  was  systematically  rearranged, 
with  omission  of  the  " Delineations  of  American  scenery  and  manners",  the 
addition  of  some  new  matter,  and  the  renaming  of  the  species  to  agree  with  the 
"Synopsis"  of  Id39.  With  the  text  thus  modified  were  intercalated  the  folio 
plates,  reduced  by  camera  lucida,  and  renumbered  to  agree  with  the  rearrange- 
ment; and  the  whole  work,  thus  modified,  became  the  7-vol.  roy.  8vo  ed., 
entitled  "The  Birds  of  America",  etc.,  1840-44,  q.  v. 

Vol.  I,  1831.— Muscicapa  bonapartii,  p.  27,  pi.  5  (pub.  1827) ;  M.  selbii,  p.  46,  pi.  9 
(pub.  1827) ;  Falco  washingtonii,  p.  58,  pi.  11  (pub.  1827) ;  Troglodytes  bewickii,  p. 
96,  pi.  18  (pub.  1827) ;  Turdus  ludovicianus,  p.  99,  pi.  19  (pub.  1827) ;  Sylvia  roscoe, 
p.  124,  pi.  24  (pub.  1827) ;  Sylvia  vigorsii,  p.  153,  pi.  30  (pub.  1828) ;  Sylvia  childrenii, 
p.  180,  pi.  35  (pub.  1*23) ;  Falco  stanleii,  p.  186,  pi.  36  (pub.  1828) ;  Muscicapa  traillii, 
p.  236,  pi.  45  (pub.  1823) ;  Regulus  cuvierii,  p.  288,  pi.  55  (pub.  182!») ;  Sylvia  car- 
bonata,  p.  308,  pi.  60  (pub.  1829) ;  Sylvia  rathbonia,  p.  333,  pi.  65  (pub.  1829) ;  Embe- 
riza  henslowii,  p.  360,  pi.  70  (pub.  1829) ;  Falco  temerarius,  p.  381,  pi.  75  (marked  85 
in  text)  (pub.  1829) ;  Anthus  pipiens,  p.  408,  pi.  60  (pub.  1830);  Falco  harlani,  p. 
441,  pi.  86  (pub.  1830),  spp.  nn. 

Vol.  II,  1834.— Emberiza  townsendii,  p.  183  (pi.  400,  fig.  4) ;  FringiUa  rnacgil- 
livraii,  p.  285  (pi.  355);  Corvus  americanus,  p.  317,  pi.  156;  Pants  caroiinensis,  p. 
341,  pi.  160 ;  FringiUa  bachmami,  p.  366,  pi.  165 ;  Troglodytes  americana,  p.  452,  pi. 
179;  Sylvia  bachmanii,  p.  483,  pi.  185;  FringiUa  lincolnii,  p.  539,  pi.  193;  Sylvia 
swainsonii,  p.  563,  pi.  198,  spp.  nu. 

Vol.  Ill,  1835.— Rallm  elegans,  p.  27,  pi.  203;  Phalacrocorax  floridanus,  p.  387, 
pi.  252  ;  Ardea  occidentalis,  p.  542,  pi.  281,  spp.  nn. 

Vol.  IV,  1838.— Pelecanus  americanus,  p.  88,  pi.  311 ;  Anas  brewcri,  p.  302,  pi. 
338 ;  Corvus  nuttaUi,  p.  450,  pi.  362 ;  Hirundo  serripennte,  p.  593,  figs.  1, 2, 3,  in  text, 
no  pi.,  spp.  nn. 

Vol.  V,  1839.— Falco  harrisii,  p.  30,  pi.  392;  Sylvia  macgittivrayi,  p.  75,  pi.  399; 
Diornedea  fusca,  p.  116,  pi.  407 ;  Sterna  havelli,  p.  122,  pi.  409,  fig.  1 ;  S.  trudeani,  p. 
125,  pi.  409,  f.  2 ;  Phalacrocorax  resplendens,  p.  148,  pi.  412,  f.  1;  P.  townsendii,  p. 
149,  pi.  412,  f.  2;  Picus  martince,  p.  181,  pi.  417,  figs.  1,2;  P.  phiUipsii,  p.  186,  pi. 
417,  f.  5,  6 ;  P.  harrisii,  p.  191,  pi.  417,  figs.  8, 9 ;  Ptilogonys  townsendi,  p.  206,  pi.  419, 
f.  2 ;  FringiUa  townsendi,  p.  236,  pL  424,  f.  7 ;  Hcematopus  bachmani,  p.  245,  pi.  427, 
f .  1 ;  H.  townsendi,  p.  247,  pi.  427,  f.  3;  Aphriza  (g.  n.)  townsendi,  p.  249,  pi.  438; 
Uria  townsendi,  p.  251,  pi.  429,  f.  1 ;  Sylvia  delafieldii,  p.  307,  no  pi. ;  Troglodytes 
parkmanii,  p.  310,  no  pi. ;  FringiUa  mortonii,  p.  312,  no  pi. ;  Picus  gairdnerii,  p.  317, 
no  pi. ;  Larus  occidentalis,  p.  320,  no  pi. ;  Diornedea  nigripes,  p.  327,  no  pi. ;  Pro- 
cellaria,  pacijica,  p.  321,  no  pi. ;  P.  tcnuirostris,  p.  333,  no  pi.,  spp.  nn. ;  and  the  fol- 
lowing, "not  characterized":  Falco  bachmanii,  Strix  forficata,  Tantalus  fuscus, 
p.  334;  Phasianus  americanus,  Caprimulgus  nuttallii,  Picus  pyrrhonotus,  p.  335; 
Frinfjilla  chlorura,  Turdus  townsendi,  Phalacrocorax  Icucurus,  P.  leuconotus,  p.  336. 
1832.  [ANON.]  American  Ornithology  or  the  natural  history  of  the  birds  of 
the  united  States.  Illustrated  with  plates,  engraved  and  coloured 
from  original  Drawings  taken  from  Nature,  by  Al.  Wilson.  Phila- 
delphia by  Bradford,  i-ix,  1808-1814.  4.  76  pi.  <  Oken's  Ms,  Bd. 
xxv,  1832,  pp.  979-987. 

Uebersicht.    Inhaltsverzeichniss.    Stiick  der  Classification  bier  mitgetheilt. 


620  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1832  [54 

1832.  [ANON.]    American  Ornithology  or  the  natural  history  of  Birds  inhab- 
iting the  United  States,  not  given  by  Wilson.     With  figures  drawn, 
engraved  and  coloured  from    nature.    By  Charles  Lucian  Bona- 
parte ;  gr.  4.    Philadelphia.    <OArew's  Ms,  Bd.  xxv,  1832,  pp.  987-991. 
Inhaltsverzeichniss.    Beschreibung  der  neuen  Arteru 

1832.  [ANON.]  [Review  of  Swainson  and  Richardson's  Fauna  Boreali-Ameri- 
cana.  Part.  II.,  containing  the  Birds.  London,  Murray,  1831.] 
^London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  v,  1832,  pp.  360-364. 

1832.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  L.  C.  Bonaparte.  Die  Sippen  der  nordamericani- 
schen  Vogel  und  eine  Synopsis  der  Gattungen  in  den  vereinigten 
Staaten.  Gelesen  am  24.  Jann.  1826  (Annals  of  the  Lyceum  of  nat. 
history  of  New- York.  Vol.  II,  1828,  p.  1-128  et  293-451.  <  Oken's 
Ms,  Bd.  xxv,  1832,  pp.  1135-1197. 
Vollatandig,  nach  dem  Originals. 

1832.  [EDITOR.]    A  Manual  of  the  Ornithology  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada.    By  Thomas  Nuttall,  A.  M.  F.  L.  S.    Cambridge,  Hilliard 
&  Brown,  pp.  682.    <Sillim.  Am.  Journ.  Sd.,  xxii,  1832,  pp.  178, 179. 
Keview  of  the  first  volume  of  Nuttall 'a  work. 

1832.  GREEN,  J.    Fragmente  zur  Thiergeschichte.    <  Oken's  Ms,  Bd.  xxv, 
1832,  p.  1042. 
Fringilla  tristis,  Oriolus  phceniceus  ;  Am.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  iv,  1822,  p.  309. 

1832.  JAMESON,  W.  Reise  in  der  Davisstrasse  1820.  <^0ken's  Ms,  Bd.  xxv, 
1832,  p.  594. 

Auszug  aus  The  Edinb.  Philos.  Journ.,  Bd.  iii,  1821,  Heft  5,  p.  309. 

1832.  RICHARDSON,  J.  Ueber  Clima  und  Vegetation  an  der  Hudsonsbay. 
<0fcen's  Ms,  Bd.  xxv,  1832,  p.  607, 608. 

Auszug  aus  The  Edinb.  Philos.  Journ.,  Bd.  xii,  1825,  Heft  24,  p.  197. 
1832.  WILSON,  A.     American  Ornithology,  or  the  Natural  History  of  the 
birds  of  the  United  States.     .  .  .    The  illustrative  notes  and  life  of 
Wilson  by  Sir  Wm.  Jardine,  Bart.    3  vols.  8vo.    London  and  Edin- 
burgh.    1832. 

Not  seen !    Above  title  quoted  from  memory  of  a  catalogue. 

1832.  WILSON,  J.     Ueber  einige  neue  Tetrao  (Grouse),  von  D.  Douglas  in  den 
Rockygebirgen  von  Nordamerica  entdeckt.    ^Oken's  Ms,  Bd.  xxv, 
1832,  p.  919. 
Auszng  aus  The  Edinburgh  New  Philos.  Journ.,  1830,  Bd.  viii,  Heft  16,  p.  372. 

1832-34.  NUTTALL,  T.  A  |  Manual  |  of  the  |  Ornithology  |  of  the  |  United 
States  and  of  Canada.  |  By  |  Thomas  Nuttall,  A.  M.,  F.L.  S.  |  —  | 
[Vol.  L]  The  Land  Birds.  |  —  |  —  |  Cambridge:  |  Hilliard  and 
Brown,  |  booksellers  to  the  university.  |  —  |  MDCCCXXXIL  |  12mo. 
pp. viii,  683, 53  woodcc.  [Vol.  II.]  The  Water  Birds.  |  —  |  —  |  Eos- 
ton  :  |  Hilliard,  Gray,  and  Company.  |  —  |  MDCCCXXXIV.  12mo. 
pp.  vii,  627,  woodcc. 

The  original  edition,  long  out  of  print,  and  not  common.  Vol.  I:  Sylvania,  g 
n.,  p.  290 ;  Falco  butenidea,  p.  100;  Muscicapa  cooperi  sive  M.  inornata,  p.  282 ;  Regu- 
lus  tricolor,  p.  420 ;  Troglodytes  brevirostris,  p.  43R ;  Fringilla  ambigua,  p.  484  ;  F. 
littoralis,  p.  504,  spp.  nn.  Vol.  II :  Beteropoda,  p.  135 ;  Euliga,  p.  167  ;  Microptera, 
p.  192;  Amblyrhynchus,  p.  247;  Hydroka,  p.  259;  Gymnathus,  p.  403;  Gymnura, 
p.  425,  genn.  nn. ;  Ardea  discors,  p.  54;  Numenius  intermedius,  p.  100;  Tringa 
wilsonii,  p.  121 ;  Tringa  audubonii,  p.  140,  spp.  nn.— Nuttull,  like  good  wine,  does 
not  deteriorate  with  age,  and  needs  none  of  my  bush  here. 


55] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   API  ENDIX.       1833  621 


1833.  AUDCBOX,  V.  G.  Mr.Audubou,  Juu.,  in  Reply  to  Mr.  Waterton's 
Remarks  on  Audubou's  Biography  of  Birds.  ^London's  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vi,  1833,  p.  369. 

1833.  DOUGLAS,  D.  Observations  on  some  Species  of  the  Genera  Tetrao  and 
Ortyx,  natives  of  North  America ;  with  Desciiptious  of  Four  new 
Species  of  the  former,  and  Two  of  the  latter  Genus.  <C  Trans.  Linn. 
Soc.,  xvi,  pt.  iii,  1833,  pp.  133-140.  (Read  Dec.  1828 ;  pub.  18?9.) 

T.  urophasianus  Bp.  fully  described ;  T.  urophasianellus,  p.  126 ;  T.  sabini,  p. 
137;  T.franklinii,  p.  139;  T.  richardsonii  "Sab.  MSS.",  p.  141;  Ortyx  picta,  p. 
143;  O.  douglassii  "  Vig.  MSS.",  p.  145,  spp.  nn.  Account  of  habits  of  some 
of  these  is  full;  followed  by  field-notes  on  various  other  North  American 
Tetraonidce.  (See  same  title,  under  its  actual  date,  18-29.) 

1833.  EMMONS.  E.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Animals  and  Plants  of  Massachusetts. 
II.  Birds.  By  Ebenezer  Emruons,  M.  D.  etc.  <  .Hite/icocfc's  Rep. 
Geol.  Min.  Bot.  and  Zool.  Mass.,  Aniherst,  1833,  pp.  545-551. 

"A  list  cf  160  species,  sparingly  annotated;  symbols  employed  if)  indicate 
whether  rare  or  common,  resident  or  migratory,  and  whether  known  to  breed  in 
the  State.  The  list  includes  two  synonyms,  but  only  one  species  (Rhynchops 
nigra),  not  confirmed  as  an  inhabitant  of  the  State.  Very  incomplete,  but,  so 
far  as  it  goes,  trustworthy  and  important.  The  first  attempt  at  a  scientific 
enumeration  of  the  birds  of  Massachusetts."— (J.  A.  ALLEN,  in  epist.) 

1833.  JOSSELYN,  J.    An  Account  of  Two  Voyages  to  New  England.  .  .  . 

<  Collect.  Mass.  Historical  Soc.,  3d  ser.,  iii,  1833,  pp.  211-396. 
A  reprjnt — see  the  original,  1674. 

1833  ?  NUTTALL,  T.  Remarks  and  Inquiries  concerning  the  Birds  of  Massa- 
chusetts. <[  Mem.  Amer.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  new  ser.,  i,  1833,  pp. 
91-106,  fig.  on  p.  98.  (Actual  date  probably  1831.) 

44  spp.  treated.  Troglodytes  brevirostris,  p.  98,  fig.,  Musdcapa  inornata,  p.  102, 
marked  as  nn.  spp.,  and  articlo  dated  April,  1831 ;  the  pagination  is  quoted 
in  Man.  Orn.  [1<332],  so  that  this  may  be  the  original  notice  of  these  spp.,  though 
the  vol.  containing  it  is  dated  1833. 

1833.  "R.  B."    Observations  on  Mr.  Waterton's  attacks  on  Mr.  Audubon. 

<  London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  1833,  pp.  369-372. 

1833.  VIGORS,  N.  A.     [On  a  Collection  of  Skins  of  Birds  from  California.] 

<  P.  Z.  S.,  i,  1833,  p.  65. 
Only  a  short  paragraph. 

1833.  WATERTON,  C.    On   the  "  Biography  of  Birds "  of  J.  J.  Audubon. 

<  London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  1833,  pp.  215-218. 

"Waterton  appears  to  ha.ve  been  satisfied  that  Audubon  was  a  lying  charlatan, 
and  accordingly  attacked  him  with  a  very  pointed  pen.  Audubon's  friends  ral- 
lied to  his  vindication,  and  Waterton  then  abused  him  worse  than  ever.  I  have 
probably  missed  some  of  the  papers,  but  most  of  the  controversy  is  duly  entered 
here. 

1833.  WILSON,  J.  Historical  view  |  of  |  the  progress  of  discovery  |  on 
the  |  more  northern  Coasts  |  of  |  America,  |  from  the  earliest  period 
to  the  present  time.  |  By  Patrick  Fraser  Tytlcr,  Esq.,  |  P.  R.  S.  & 
F.  S.  A.  |  With  |  descriptive  sketches  |  of  the  |  Natural  History 
of  the  North  American  |  Regions.  |  By  James  Wilson,  Esq., 
F.  R.  S.  E.  &  M.  W.  S.  |  —  |  To  which  is  added  an  appendix,  con- 
taining |  remarks  on  a  late  memoir  of  Sebastian  Cabot,  with  |  a 


622  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§33-1§35  t  [56 

1833.  WILSON,  J.— Continued. 

vindication  of  Richard  Hakluyt.  |  —  |  Illustrated  by  a  map,  and 
nine  engravings  by  Jackson.  |  Second  Edition.  |  —  |  Edinburgh  :  | 
Oliver  &  Boyd,  Tvveeddale-court ;  |  and  Simpkiu  &  Marshall.  Lon- 
don. |  MDCCCXXXIII.  IGuio.  pp.444.  >  Chap.  VII.  The  Birds  of 
the  Northern  Regions  of  America,  pp.  357-382,  pi. 

Summary  and  cursory  sketch  of  North  American  ornithology,  treating 
various  leading  species  at  some  length.  The  plate  represents  Larus  sabinei. 

1834.  [ANON.]    Audubon's  "  Birds  of  America,"  and  "  Ornithological  Biogra- 

phy."   <  Edinl.  New  PMlos.  Journ.,  xviii,  1834,  pp.  131-144. 

Highly  laudatory  review. 

1834.  BACHMAN,  J.  Remarks  in  defence  of  the  author  of  the  "Birds  of 
America."  <  Journ.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  pt.  i,  1834,  pp.  15-31. 

Chiefly  occupied  in  a  discussion  of  the  scansorial  ability  of  Crotalus,  repre- 
sented by  Auduhon  as  attacking  the  nest  of  M imus  polyglottus,  and  in  estimat- 
ing the  value  of  Andubcn's  experiments  on  the  senses  of  sight  and  smell  in 
Cathartes. 

1834.  EMMONS,  E.  Observations  on  the  time  of  the  appearance  of  the 
Spring  Birds,  in  Williamstown,  (Mass.)  in  the  years  1831,  1832  & 
1833.  <  Sillim.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxvi,  1 834,  p.  208. 

Twenty-three  species. 

1834.  GOULD,  J.     [On  a  Collection  of  Birds  from  North  America,  presented 
by  Mr.  Folliott.]    <  P.  Z.  S.,  ii,  1834,  pp.  14,  15. 
Critical  remarks  on  a  few  species. 

1834.  GOULD,  J.     [Remarks  on  exhibition  of  some  Birds  from  the  United 
States.  1     <  Lond.  and  Edinb.  PMlos.  Mag.,  v,  1834,  pp.  72, 73. 
From  P.  Z.  S.,  Feb.  25, 1834. 

1834.  "  O."  Notices  on  [sic]  a  few  of  the  Birds  of  Lower  Canada.  <  Low- 
don's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1834,  pp.  508-511. 

1834.  SWAINSON,  W.  Synopsis  von  Bullocks  Vogeln  aus  Mexico.  <^  OJcen's 
Isis,  Bd.  xxvii,  1834,  pp.  783-788. 

Auszug  aus  d.  PMlos.  Magaz.,  Bd.  i,  1827,  pp.  364-369, 433-442,  q.  v.— 103  Arten. 

1834.  WATERTON,  C.    Mr.  Audubon  and  his  Work,  the  Biography  of  Birds. 

<  London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1834,  pp.  66-74. 

Further  instalment  of  this  person's  flippant  and  supercilious  animadversion. 

1835.  [ANON.]    Audubon'd  Biography  of  Birds.    <  North  American  Review, 

July,  1835,  pp.  194-231. 

One  of  the  most  extended  and  minute  accounts  (formal  biographies  aside)  ex- 
tant of  the  "American  backwoodsman"  and  his  great  work. 

1835.  [ANON.]    Manuel  of  the  Ornithology  of  the  united  states  and  of  Canada, 
by  Thomas  Nuttall.    Cambridge  by  Hilliard.    Vol.  I.  1832.  8.  683. 
II.  1834. 627.  fig.  296.     <  Oken's  Ms,  Bd.  xxviii,  1835,  pp.  68-72. 
Hier  nur  ein  Verzeichniss  der  beschriebenen  Arten. 

1835.  B.  [Review  of  Audubon's  Ornithological  Biography.]  <^Loudon's 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  viii,  1835,  pp.  184-190. 

1835.  BROWN,  THOMAS.    Illustrations  of  the  American  Ornithology  of  Alex. 
Wilson  and  Charles  Lucien  Bonaparte,  with  all  the  new  discoveries, 
and  the  addition  of  the  whole  Forest  Sylvia.    Folio,  Edinburgh,  1835. 
Not  seen— title  from  AG.  &  STRICKL.  Bill 


f,7]  BTBLIOGRAPniCAL    APPENDIX.       1§35-I§36  623 

1835.  FRANKLIN,    J.      [Verzeichniss  cler  neuen  Arten  von  seiner  Polfahrt.] 
<  Oken's  Ms,  Bd.  xxviii,  1835,  pp.  351,  352. 
Auszug  ans  P.  Z.  S.,  Sept.  27, 1931,  p;  132. 

1835.  Ross,  J.  C.  Appendix  |  to  the  Narrative  |  of  a  |  Second  Voyage  in 
search  |  of  a  |  North-west  Passage,  |  and  of  a  |  Residence  in  the  Arc- 
tic regions  |  during  the  years  1829,  1831,  1832,  1833.  |  By  |  Sir  John 
Ross,  C.  B.,  K.  S.  A.,  K.  C.  S.,  &c.  &c.  |  Captain  in  the  Royal 
Navy.  |  Including  the  reports  of  |  Commander,  now  Captain,  James 
Clark  Ross,  R.  N.,  F.  R.  S.,  F.  L.  S.,  &c.  |  and  |  the  discovery  of  the 
northern  magnetic  pole.  |  —  |  London :  |  A.  W.  Webster,  156,  Re- 
gent street.  |  —  |  1835.  1  vol.  4to.  pp.  i-xii,  1-120,  I-CIII,  pll. 
>  Birds,  pp.  xxv-xlv. 

This  Appendix  forms  a  separate  vol.,  treating  of  various  matters.  Of  birds,  41 
species  are  given,  with  local  synonymy  and  field-notes.  Of.  Arch.  f.  Naturg., 
1836,  (I),  pp.  193-201. 

1835.  TAYLOR,  R.  C.    On  the  Geology  and  Natural  History  of  the  North- 

Eastern  Extremity  of  the  Alleghany  Mountain  Range  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, United  States.  ^London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  viii,  1835,  pp. 
529-541. 

Contains,  pp.  539,  540,  list  of  56  spp. 

1836.  BACHMAN,  J.    On  the  Migration  of  the  Birds  of  North  America.    Read 

before  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Charleston,  (S.  C.) 
March  15th,  1833.  <Sillim.  Am.  Journ.  Sd.,  xxx,  1836,  pp.  81-100. 

One  of  the  earliest,  if  not  the  first,  of  the  scientific  treatises  on  this  subject. 
1836.  Fox,  C.  Notice  of  some  American  Birds.  <^Sillim.  Am.  Journ.  Sd.j 
xxix,  1836,  pp.  291-294. 

Scolopax  pygmcea  ?  (=Tringa  subarquata)  shot  on  Long  Island,  May  27,  1835; 
Phalaropus  hyperboreus ;  Corvus  canadensis ;  Emberiza  peeoris ;  with  list  of  about 
40  spp.  of  birds  seen  in  Fulton  Market,  New  York  City. 

1836.  KING,  R.  Narrative  |  of  a  |  Journey  to  the  shores  |  of  |  The  Arctic 
Ocean,  |  in  1833,  1834,  and  1835 ;  |  under  the  command  of  Capt.  Back, 
R.  N.  |  By  Richard  King,  M.  R.  C.  S.,  &c.  j  surgeon  and  naturalist 
to  the  Expedition.  |  In  two  volumes,  j  Vol.  I  [II].  London  :  |  Rich- 
ard Bentley,  |  Publisher  in  Ordinary  to  His  Majesty.  |  New  Burling- 
ton street.  |  1836.  2  vols.  12mo.  Vol.  I,  pp.  ix,  312.,  pll.  Vol.  II, 
pp.  viii,  321,  pU. 
Ornithological  notes  passim. 

1836.  KING,  R.  Temperature  of  Quadrupeds,  Birds,  Fishes,  Plants,  Trees, 
and  Earth,  as  ascertained  at  different  times  and  places  in  Arctic 
America,  during  Captain  Back's  Expedition.  <^Edirib.  New  Philos. 
Journ.,  xxi,  1836,  pp.  150,  151. 

1836.  RICHAKDSON,  J.  Narrative  |  of  the  |  Arctic  Land  Expedition  |  to  the 
mouth  of  |  the  great  Fish  river,  |  and  |  along  the  shores  of  the  arc- 
tic Ocean,  |  in  the  years  1833,  1834,  and  1835 ;  |  by  |  Captain  Back, 
R.  N.,  j  commander  of  the  Expedition.  |  —  |  Illustrated  by  a  map 
and  plates.  |  —  |  London :  |  John  Murray,  Albemarle  street.  | 
MDCCCXXXVI.  1  vol.  8vo.  (other  copies  in  4to).  pp.  i-x,  1 1.,  1- 
663,  map,  and  pll.  >  Appendix  No.  1.  Zoological  Remarks,  by  John 
Richardson,  M.  D.  F.  R.  S.  &c.  pp.  477  et  seq. 

Nominal  list  of  81  spp.  of  birds,  pp.  482-485;  followed,  pp.  502-518,  by  a  com- 
mentary on  many  of  them.  There  is  also,  pp.  590-594,  a  table  giving  the  temper- 
ature of  mammals,  birds,  etc.,  at  different  times  and  places,  by  Mr.  King. 


624          BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1§36-I837  [s-J 

1836.  TAYLOR,  R.  C.  A  Supplement  to  the  List  of  Species  of  Birds  occurrent 
on  the  North-eastern  extremity  of  the  Alleghany  Mountain  Range, 
printed  in  [op.  cit.]  VIII.  539,  540  ;  and  Information  on  Traits  in  the 
Habits  of  the  Passenger  Pigeon  (Columba  migratoria),  and  of  the 
Wolf  (Canis  Lupus).  ^London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ix,  1836,  pp.  72-74. 

1836.  WIEGMANN,  A.  F.  A.    Zoolcgische  Resultate  von  John  Ross  zweiter 

Nordpol-Reise.    <Jrc/i./.  Naturg.,  ii,  (1),  1836,  pp.  183-203. 
Vogel,  pp.  192-201 ;  41  Arten. 

1837.  [ANON.]    American  ornithology  by  Alex.  Wilson,  with  a  continuations 

by  Ch.  Lucian  Bonaparte.  The  illustrative  notes  et  life  of  Wilson 
by  W.  Jardine,  in  three  volumes.  London  Whittaker.  1832.  8. 
408,  390,  507.  Tab.  1-76.  1-21.  < Oken's  Ms,  Bd.  xxx,  1837,  p.  261 . 
Take  this  and  the  next  as  samples  of  the  hideous  manner  in  which  the  7*w 
reviewers  used  to  compound  their  titles. 

1837.  [ANON.]  Ornithological  Biography,  or  an  account  of  the  habits  of  the 
birds  of  the  united  States  of  America  by  John  James  Audubon. 
Edinburgh,  Black ;  London,  Havell,  Longman  etc.  I.  1831.  8.  512. 
II.  1834. 588.  III.  1835. 638.  <0ken'a  Isis,  Bd.  xxx,  1837,  pp.  922-928. 

1837.  BREWER,  T.  M.    Some  additions  to  the  catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Mas- 
sachusetts in  Prof.  Hitchcock's  Report,  &c.    <^Journ.  Boston  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  i,  pt.  iv,  1837,  pp.  435-439.    (Read  Dec.  6,  1836.) 
Eorty-five  species. 

1837.  EDITORIAL.     [Summary  of  J.  Richardson's  Report  on  North  American 

""•K        Birds,  sixth  meeting  of  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.]    <^Mag.  of  Zool.  and 
Bot.,  i,  1837,  p.  300. 
See  the  Report  itself,  this  date,  RICHARDSON,  J. 

1837.  GRAAH,  W.  A.  Narrative  of  an  Expedition  |  to  the  |  East  Coast  of 
Greenland,  |  sent  by  order  of  the  King  of  Denmark,  |  in  search 
of  |  the  lost  colonies,  |  under  the  command  of  |  Captn  W.  A.  Graah, 
of  the  Danish  Royal  Navy,  |  Knight  of  Dannebrog,  &c.  |  —  |  Trans- 
lated from  the  Danish,  |  by  |  the  late  G.  Gordon  Macdougall,  F.  R. 
S.  N.  A ,  |  for  the  |  Royal  Geographical  Society  of  London.  |  With 
the  |  original  Danish  chart  completed  by  the  Expedition.  |  —  |  Lon- 
don :  |  John  W.  Parker,  West  Strand.  |  —  |  M.DCCC. XXXVII.  1  vol. 
8vo.  pp.  xvi,  199,  map. 

The  Appendix  contains,  pp.  178, 179,  a  list  of  Greenland  birds,  24  in  number, 
among  them  Cygnus  musicus. 

1837.  RICHARDSON,  J.  Report  on  North  American  Zoology.  <  Eep.  Sixth 
Meeting  Brit.  Ass.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836,  v,  1837,  pp.  121-224. 

Important.  In  its  scope  arc  included  an  enumeration  of  the  animals  inhabit- 
ing North  America ;  the  peculiarities  of  the  fauna  which  they  constitute ;  the 
geographical  range  of  groups  or  individual  species,  with  influencing  circum- 
stances, such  as  configuration  of  the  land,  climate,  vegetation,  etc.  Aves,pp. 
164-197 :  annotated  list  of  the  species  inhabiting  N.  A.  (including  Mexico),  un- 
fortunately classified  in  a  fanciful  manner,  caught  from  Swainson,  and  inter- 
spe-sed  with  reflections  on  "quinary"  matters.  The  historical  portion  oi  the 
paper  and  that  relating  to  the  migration  of  species  are  full  of  interest.  This 
paper  was  probably  also  published  separately,  under  a  different  title,  as  I  have 
seen  it  quoted  simply  "List",  and  I  think  with  a  different  pagination. 

1837.  TOWNSEND,  J.  K.  Description  of  Twelve  New  Species  of  Birds,  chiefly 
from  the  vicinity  of  the  Columbia  river.  <  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Kd. 
Phila.,  vii,  1837,  pp.  187-193. 


59] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1837-1839          625 


1837.  TOWNSEND,  S.  K.~ Continued. 

Bead  Nov.  15,  1?36.  Sialia  occidentals,  Fringilla  orcgana,  p.  188;  F.Ucolor, 
Plectrophanes  ornata,  p.  189 ;  Parus  rufescens,  P.  minimus,  Sylvia  occidentalis,  p. 
190 ;  £  nigrescent,  S.  auduboni,  S.  townsendi  il  Nutt.",  p.  191 ;  Orpheus  montanus, 
Charadrius  montanus  (quotes  AUDUB.,  Ora.  Biog.,  pi.  350),  p.  192.  Concludes  with 
a  list  of  7;i  spp.,  "  prepared  by  the  Ornithological  Committee"  ,  from  the  Colum- 
bia IJiver. 

1838.  [ANON.]    Reise  des  Prinzen  Maximilian  von  Wied  durch  Nordamerica. 

Coblenz  bey  Holscher.  1838.  Heft  3.  4.  4.  Bogen  13-33.  8  Tafeln 
in  Fol.  <  OkenJ8  Ms,  Bd.  xxxi,  1838,  pp.  794-796. 

1838.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  A  |  Geographical  and  Comparative  |  List  |  of  the  | 
Birds  |  of  |  Europe  and  North  America.  |  —  |  By  Charles  Lucian  Bo- 
naparte, |  Prince  of  Musignano.  |  —  |  London :  |  John  Van  Voorst, 
7,  Paternoster-Row.  |  1838.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  vii,  67. 

Systematic  list  of  names,  with  a  few  references  and  indication  of  habitata,  in 
parallel  columns.  European,  503  spp. ;  American,  471  sp.  European,  not  North 
American,  403 ;  American,  not  European,  371;  100  spp.  thus  peculiar  to  each 
country.  The  list  was  much  uped  and  quoted,  especially  by  American  writers, 
for  several  years. 

There  are  a  number  of  new  names,  generic  and  specific,  in  the  list ;  but  as 
there  is  no  indication  which  are  newly  proposed,  it  is  the  business  of  the  orni- 
thologist, and  not  the  duty  of  the  bibliographer,  to  find  them  out.  The  familiar 
Bonapartean  "Nobs"  are  with  lavish  impartiality  distributed  through  the 
list,  not  necessarily,  however,  indicating  a  new  name,  but  merely  that  method, 
happily  characterized  by  Temminck  as  "amoi  la  cargaison",  in  which  Bona- 
parte was  an  expert  beyond  other  men.  The  list  has  proven  full  of  errors  and 
omissions,  though  it  was  perhaps  up  to  the  then  times,  at  least  as  far  as  Amer- 
ica was  concerned.  Cf.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat  Hist.,  vol.  i,  1839,  318 ;  Arch,  fur  Naturg., 
1839,  (2),  pp.  395, 396. 

1838.  REINHAKDT,  J.    Ichthyologiske  Bidrag  til  den  Gronlandiske  Fauna 

....  Indledning,  indeholdeude  Tillseg  og  Forandringer  i  den 
fabriciske  Fortegnelse  paa  gronlandske  Hvirveldyr.  <^Kongel. 
Damlce  Fid.  Selslc.  Naturvid.  og  Math.  Afh.,  vii.  Deel,  1838,  pp.  85-105, 
pll.  1-3. 

B.  Fugle.  1.  Tilva3xt  af  Fuglearter  som  ere  faelleds  for  Europa  og  Nord- 
amerika,  22  spp.  2.  Tilvasxt  af  Fuglearter,  som  ere  ebendommelige  for  den 
ostlige  Hemisphere,  2  spp.  3.  Tilvaext  af  Fuglearter,  som  ere  ebendommelige 
for  Nordamerika  eller  fortrinsviis  forekommeder,  9  spp.  PI.  I,  f.  1,  Helmintho- 
phaga  " ruficapilla" (1).  PI.  I,  f.  2,  Zonotrichia  leucophrys.  PL  II,  Numenius 
hudsonicus  (borealis  Wils.).  PL  III,  Platypus  tarrowu.— Uebersetz.  Isis,  1848, 
pp.  247-258.  See  1848,  REINHARDT,  J. 

1839.  AUDUBON,  J.  J.    A  |  Synopsis   of   the  Birds   |   of  |  North  America. 

|  By  |  John  James  Audubon,  F.  R.  SS.  L.  &  E.  |  Member  of  various 
scientific  associations  in  |  Europe  and  America.  |  Edinburgh :  | 
Adam  and  Charles  Black.  Edinburgh;  |  Longman,  Rees,  Brown, 
Green,  and  Longman,  London.  |  MDCCCXXXIX.  |  1  vol.  8vo.  pp. 
xii,  359  -f  1. 

A  descriptive,  synonymatic,  and  geographical  list  of  491  species  systematically 
arranged,  with  characters  of  the  genera  and  higher  groups,  tho  main  reference 
being  to  the  plates  of  the  folio  ed.  of  the  Birds  of  Americ  •,  to  which  the 
present  publication  serves  as  a  methodical  index.  The  very  notable  changes 
throughout  in  classification  and  nomenclature  from  those  adopted  in  the  work 
just  mentioned  have  obviously  their  source  in  W.  Macgillivray ;  but  as  the 
arrangement  between  him  and  Audubon  was  presumedly  mutually  satisfactory, 
it  is  no  part  of  the  public's  to  enquire  into  thoir  respective  shares  in  tho  author- 
ship of  the  present  volume. 

40  B  c 


626  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       l§39  [60 


1839.  [EDITORIAL.]      Ornithology  of    the    United  States.      <^Sillim.   Am. 
Journ.  Sci.,  xxxvi,  1839,  p.  201. 
J.  K.  Townsend's  proposed  work  —  notice  of  Part  I. 

1839.  LICHTENSTEIN,  H.  Beitrag  zur  ornithologischen  Fauna  von  Califoruien 
nebst  Bemerkungen  iiber  die  Artkennzeichen  der  Pelikane  und  iiber 
einige  Vogel  von  den  Sandwich-Inselu.  <^  AWiand.  Konlgl.  Akad. 
Wi88.  Berlin  aus  dem  Jahre  183H,  1839,  pp.  417-451,  pll.  1-5.  (Gelesen 
Juni  1837.) 

Vultus  calif  ornianus,  p.  424,  pi.  1.  Falco  (Buteo)  ferruginous,  -p.  428,  8i>.n.  Strix 
frontalis,  p.  430,  sp.  n.  Fringilla  hudsonia,  Forat.,  p.  4'J2.  Pelecanus  trachyrynchus, 
p.  433,  pi.  2,  p.  440,  pi.  3,  f.  5.  P.  mitratus,  p.  436,  pi.  3,  f.  2,  sp.  n.  P.  onocrotalus,  p. 
436,  pi.  3,  f.  1.  P.  crispus,  p.  437,  pi.  3,  f.  4.  P.  rvfescens,  p.  439,  pi.  3,  f.  3.  P.fuscus, 
p.  441,  pi.  3,  f.  6.  P.  conspicillatus,  p.  444,  sp.  n.  Hylomancs  momotula,  p.  449,  pi.  4, 
sp.  n.  (Mexico)  ;  Hcmignathus  obscurus,  p.  449,  pi.  5,  f.  1  (Oahu)  ;  H.  lucidus,  p.  451, 
pi.  5,  f.  2,3  (Oahu),  spp.  nn.—  Noch  eine  spatere  in  der  Isis  erschienene  Ausgabe 
dieses  Artikels  geben  wir,  1844. 

1839.  PEABODY,  W.  B.  O.  Reports  |  on  the  |  Fishes,  Reptiles  and  Birds  | 
of  |  Massachusetts.  |  —  |  Published  agreeably  t^  an  order  of  |  the 
Legislature,  |  by  the  Commissioners  on  the  Zoological  and  Botanical 
|  Survey  of  the  State.  |  —  |  Boston  :  |  Button  &  Wentworth,  State 
printers.  |  —  |  1839.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  xii,  426,  pll.  iv.  >  A  |  Report 
|  on  the  |  Ornithology  of  Massachusetts.  |  By  |  William  B.  O.  Pea- 
body.  pp.  255-404. 

Biographical  notices,  more  or  less  extended,  of  265  spp.  known  or  believed  to 
occur  in  Massachusetts,  given  in  form  of  a  communication  to  the  Governor  of 
Massachusetts,  dated  and  signed  in  conclusion.  Ihe  author  was  one  of  several 
persons  commissioned  to  take  charge  of  the  State  Survey  above  mentioned, 
according  to  resolution  of  the  Legislature  of  12th  April,  1837.  His  report,  with 
the  two  others,  together  constituting  the  present  volume,  was  presented  to 
Governor  Everett,  February  11,  1839,  and  the  volume  ordered  to  be  printed  by 
Legislature,  resolution  of  April  9,  1839,  in  an  edition  of  1,500  copies.  Tho  book 
has  become  somewhat  scarce.  In  consequence,  perhaps,  of  difficulty  of  consul- 
tation, the  ornithological  portion  has  been  quoted  as  if  it  appertained  to  Tro- 
fessor  Hitchcock's  later  report  on  the  Mineralogical  and  Geological  Survey  of  the 
State,  the  continuation  of  which  was  directed  by  the  Legislature  at  the  same 
time  that  the  Zoological  and  Botanical  Survey  was  ordered.  Hitchcock's  origi- 
nal report  was  published  in  1833,  which  see.  Hitchcock  was  appointed  by  act 
of  Legislature  of  June  5,  1830,  to  make  a  geological  examination  of  the  Common- 
wealth of  Massachusetts  in  connection  with  the  general  Trigonometrical  Survey 
ordered  by  act  of  March  3,  1830,  and  by  act  of  February  2,  1831,  was  directed  to 
cause  to  be  annexed  to  his  report  a  list  of  the  native  mineralogical,  botanical, 
and  zoological  productions  of  the  Commonwealth,  as  far  as  practicable  and 
within  the  limits  of  the  appropriation. 

1839.  TOWNSEND,  J.  K.  List  of  the  Birds  Inhabiting  ihe  Region  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  the  Territory  of  the  Oregon,  and  the  North  West 
Coast  of  America.  <  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  &ci.  Phila.,  viii,  1839,  pp. 
151-158. 

231  spp.—  names  only.  A  few  names  occur  which  had  not  apparently  up  to  that 
time  been  described,  some  of  which  have  not  since  been  described. 

1839?  TOWNSEND,  J.  K.  Ornithology  of  the  United  States.  The  descrip- 
tive part  by  J.  K.  Towusend.  The  drawings  from  nature  by  French 
Artists.  8vo.  Philadelphia.  J.  B.  Chevalier.  (About  1839?) 

Not  seen  —  cited  from  Baird,  who  says,  —  "  This  was  apparently  only  a  specimen 
number."  See  infra,  1849,  same  author. 


61] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL     APPENDIX.       1839  62 


1839.  TOWNSEND,  J.  K.  Narra  ive  |  of  a  |  Journey  across  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains, |  to  |  The  Columbia  River,  |  and  |  a  visit  to  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  Chili,  &c.  |  With  |  a  Scientific  Appendix.  |  By  John  K.  Town- 
send,  |  Member  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadel- 
phia, j  Philadelphia:  |  Henry  Perkins,  134  Chestnut  street.  I  Bos- 
ton :  Perkins  &  Marvin.  |  —  |  1839.  8vo.  pp.  viii,  352.  >  Ap- 
pendix: Catalogue  of  Birds  found  in  the  Territory  of  the  Oregon, 
pp.  331-352. 

The  personal  narrative  of  a  journey,  performed  by  the  author  in  1834  under 
Captain  Wyeth,  in  company  with  Thomas  Nuttall,  which  resulted  in  the  addi- 
tion of  some  25  spp.  of  birds  to  the  fauna  of  the  United  States.  These  were 
described  partly  by  (he  author,  partly  by  Audubon.  There  is  ornithological  mat- 
ter passim ,-  but  the  portion  of  the  Appendix  above  quoted  is  the  only  part  of 
the  work  that  foimally  treats  of  birds.  It  consists  of  a  nominal  list  of  208 
spp.,  followed  by  descriptions  of  24  "new"  species.  All  of  these  discoveries, 
however,  had  been  previously  named  and  described,  either  by  the  author  himself, 
in  pt  ii  of  voL  vii  (1837)  cf  the  Philadelphia  Academy's  Journal,  or  by  Mr.  Au- 
dubon, in  vol.  iv  of  the  Orn.  Biogr.,  these  works  being  cited  in  every  case.  A 
few  others  are  indicated  in  the  catalogue,  but  neither  named  nor  described.  It 
is  to  be  noted  that  the  bird  named  Phalacrocorax  "  resplendens  "  by  Audubon  is 
here  given  as  P.  "splendens"  Towns.  MS.,  making  in  fact  a  synonym ;  and  that 
a  curious  generic  term,  Frinca,  is  applied  to  the  Aphriza.  It  looks  like  a  misprint 
for  Tringa,  but  is  twice  printed,  with  an  asterisk,  to  indicate  novelty.  Audubon 
dedicated  no  fewer  than  seven  of  the  species  to  Mr.  Townsend. 

1839.  VIGORS,  N.  A.  The  |  Zoology  |  of  |  Captain  Beechey's  Voyage ;  |  com- 
piled from  the  |  collections  and  notes  made  by  Captain  Beechey,  | 
the  officers  and  naturalist  of  the  expedition,  |  during  a  voyage  to 
the  Pacific  and  Behring's  straits  performed  in  |  his  majesty's  ship 
Blossom,  |  under  the  command  of  |  Captain  F.  W.  Beechey,  R.  N., 
F.  R.  S.,  &c.  &c.  |  in  the  years  1825, 26. 27,  and  28  |  By  |  .  .  .  .  N.  A. 
Vigors,  Esq.,  A.  M.,  F.  R.  S.,  &c. ;  [and  others].  |  —  |  Illustrated 
with  up  wards  of  |  fifty  finely  coloured  plates  by  So  werby.  |  —  |  Pub- 
lished under  the  authority  of  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the  Ad- 
miralty. |  —  |  London :  |  Henry  G.  Bohn,  4,  York  Street,  Covent 
Garden.  |  —  |  MDCCCXXXIX.  1  vol.  4to.  pp.  xii,  1-11,  9*-13», 
13-180,  pll.  col'd  i-xliv,  1-3.  >  Ornithology,  pp.  13-40,  pll.  iii-xiv.. 
"  The  expedition  touched  at  various  points,  without  making  a  lengthened  stay 
at  any;  and  the  collection  consequently  consists  of  a  variety  of  species  met  with 
at  detached  and  distant  localities,  rather  than  cf  an  extensive  series  which  mi^ht 
serve  to  illustrate  the  zoology  of  a  particular  spot "  (p.  13).  The  specimens  also 
appear  to  have  reached  naturalists  in  poor  state  of  preservation.  The  matter 
appears  to  have  been  written  about  1830,  but  the  appearance  of  the  volume  wns  de- 
layed several  years  by  J.  E.  Gray's  dilatoriness  in  preparing  the  Mollusca. — Text 
descriptive,  synonymatic,  and  briefly  biographical ; — it  is  a  subject  of  lasting  regret 
that  indications  of  locality  are  not  more  frequent  aud  more  precise.  Of  about  100 
spp.  treated,  three-fourths  are  North  American,  and  the  principal  collections 
appear  to  have  been  made  on  the  coast  of  California.  The  collection  afforded 
Mr.  Vigors  numerous  new  species  (few  of  which  have  proven  really  new) ;  many 
of  these  were  previously  described  by  him  in  the  Zoological  Journal,  though 
here  marked  "n.  s."  several  years  subsequently.  Those  so  marked  without 
reference  to  this  journal  areas  follows: — Muscicapa  semiatra,  Tyrannus  cinereus, 
Orpheus  Icucopterua,  p.  17;  Slalia  caeruleocollis  (pi.  iii),  Motacilla  leucoptera,  Trog- 
lodytes spilurus  (pi.  iv,  f.  1),  p.  18;  JSaxiccla  oenanthoides.  Saltator  rufiventris, 
Fringilla  crissalis,  Fringilla  meritloides,  p.  19;  P yrrhula  inornata,  p.  20 ;  Garrulus 
californicus  (pi.  v),  p.  21 ;  Pious  chrysogenys,  Colaptes  collaris  (pi.  ix),  p.  24 ;  Sitta 
pygmcea  (pi.  iv,  f.  2),  Columba  metallica,  p.  25;  O.  monilis  (pi.  x) ,  p.  26;  Nycticorax 
crassirostris,  p.  27 ;  Mergulus  cirrocephalus,  p.  32.— See  1829,  VIGORS,  N.  A. 


628  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1839-184O  [62 

1839.  VIGORS,  N.  A.— Continued. 

Plates  additional  to  those  just  noted  are  -.—Pica  beecheti,  pi.  vi ;  P.  colliei,  pi.  vii ; 
Coccothraustes  ferreo-rostris,  pi.  viii ;  Ortyx  douglasii,  pi.  xi ;  Ilecurvirostra  occi- 
dentalis,  pi.  xii ;  Anas  carolinenkis,  pL  xiii ;  A.  urophasianus,  pi.  xiv. 

1839-41.  MAXIMILIAN,  PRINZ  zu  WIED.  Reise  |  in  |  das  Innere  Nord- 
America  |  in  den  Jahren  1832  bis  1834  |  von  |  Maximilian  Prinz  zu 
Wied.  |  —  |  Mit  48  Kupfern,  33  Vignetten,  vielen  Holzschnitten 
und  einer  Charte.  |  Erster  [Zweiter]  Baud.  |  —  |  Coblenz,  1839 
[1841].  |  Bei  J.  Hcelscher.  2  vols.  4to.  Vol.  I,  1839,  pp.  v-xvi,  2  11., 
pp.  1-654, 1  1.  Vol.  II,  1841,  pp.  i-xxiv,  1-688. 

Ornithologisches  passim.  Vol.  I,  Anhang,  Teilage  B,  Verzeiehniss  der  in  den 
Wintermonaten  am  Wabasch  vorkoinmenden  Vogel,  pp.  643, 644.  Vol.  II, 
Anhang,  Beilage  A,  Vogelkalender  liir  die  Gegeud  der  Mandau-Dorfer  im 
Winter  1833-34,  pp.  654-637.  Vol.  I,  Cathartes  septentrionalia,  p.  1(5-2,  gp.  n. 
Vol.  II,  Gytnnorhinus  (g.  n.)  cyanocephalus,  sp.  n.,  p.  22.  Von  dieser  wichtigen 
Arbeit  kennt  man  verschiedene  Auflagen  und  Uebersetzungen,  franzosische 
uud  engliscbe. 

1840.  BACHMAN,  J.    Ueber  den  Zug  der  Vogel  in  Nordamerica,    <  OJcenb 

Isis,  Bd.  xxxiii,  1840,  pp.  171-176. 

Uebers.  aus  d.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Art*,  Bd.  xxx,  1836,  pp.  81-100. 

1840.  [EDITORIAL.]  A  Synopsis  of  the  Birds  of  North  America  .  .  .  The 
Birds  of  America,  from  drawings  made  in  the  United  States  and 
their  Territories.  <Sillim.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxxix,  1840,  pp.  343-357. 

Formal  review. 

1840.  GOSSE,  P.  H.  The  |  Canadian  Naturalist.  |  A  series  of  conversations  | 
on  the  |  Natural  Hi  story  of  Lower  Canada,  j  By  |  P.  H.  Gosse.  |  Corr. 
Mem.  of  the  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  of  Montreal,  and  of  the  |  Lit.  and  Hist. 
Soc.  of  Quebec.  |  [Vignette  ]  |  "  Every  kingdom,  every  province, 
should  have  its  own  monographer."  |  Gilbert  White.  |  Illustrated 
'  with  forty-four  engravings.  |  London :  |  John  Van  Voorst,  1  Pater- 
noster Row.  |  M.DCCC.XL.  1  vol.  12mo.  pp.  iii-xii,  1-372,  44 
woodcc.  in  text. 

Pleasant  gossip  here  and  there  about  birds,  several  of -which  are  figured. 
1840.  NTJTTALL,  T.  A  |  Manual  |  of  the  |  Ornithology  |  of  the  |  United  States 
and  of  Canada.  |  By  |  Thomas  Nuttall,  A.  M.,F.L.S.  &c.  |  Second 
edition,  with  additions  |  —  |  [Vol.1.]  The  Land  Birds.  |  —  |  —  | 
Boston:  |  Hilliard,  Gray,  and  Company.  |  —  |  MDCCCXL.  [Vol. II.] 
|  The  Water  Birds.  |  [Same  imprint  and  date.]  2  vols.  12mo. 
Vol.  I,  pp.  viii,  832.  Vol.  II,  pp.  — ,  — ;  woodcc.  in  both  vols. 

While  the  general  appearance  and  arrangement  remain  the  same  as  in  the 
first  edition,  there  aro  a  good  many  additional  species,  and  other  nf  w  matter, 
derived  partly  from  the  journey  -which  the  author  and  J.  K.  Townsend  performed 
across  the  continent,  partly  from  Audubon,  and  Swainson  and  Richardson. 

Vol.  I.  Buteo  montana  (=swainsoni  Bp.),  p.  112;  Agelaiv*  calacephalus,  p. 
186 ;  Turdus  cestulatus,  p.  400  (ustulatus,  corrected,  p.  vi) ;  Trichas  tcphrocotis,  p. 
462;  Troglodytes  maculosa,  p.  492;  Fringilla  querula,  p.  555:  F.  aurocapilla,  p. 
555;  F.gambelii,  p.  556;  F.guttata,  p.  581;  Picus  septentrionalis,  p.  684;  P.rubri- 
capttlus,  p.  685;  Mniotilta  borealis,  p.  705;  Trochilus  icterocephalus,  p.  712;  Peiulope 
borealis,  p.  780,  spp.  nn. 

1840.  PEABODY,  W.  B.  O.  A  report  on  the  Birds  of  Massachusetts  made  to 
the  Legislature  in  the  Session  of  1838-9.  <  Journ.  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  iii,  pts.  i-ii,  1840,  pp.  65-266. 

The  same  as  that  in  the  State  Eeport,  1839,  q.  v. 


63] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§4O  629 


1840.  WILSON,  A.  (ed.  BREWER,  T.  M.)  Wilson's  |  American  Ornithology,  | 
with  |  notes  by  Jardine :  |  to  which  is  added  |  A  synopsis  of  Ameri- 
can Birds,  |  including  those  described  |  by  |  Bonaparte,  Audubon, 
Nuttall,  and  |  Richardson ;  j  by  T.  M.  Brewer.  |  —  |  Boston :  |  Otis, 
Broaders,  and  Company.  |  —  |  1840.  1  vol.  12mo.  pp.  viii,  746,  pll. 
(not  numbered),  figg.  315  on  the  pll.,  and  a  few  woodcc.  in  text. 

Out  of  print  for  several  years,  and  now  rather  scarce.  The  only  American 
edition  of  Wilson  except  the  original  and  one  other  (ORD's).  The  original  text 
and  nomenclature  are  followed,  with  interpolation  of  the  nomenclature  and  com- 
mentary of  .Jardine.  The  illustrations  are  the  originals,  but  uncolored,  and  so 
greatly  reduced  that  three  of  Wilson's  4to  plates  generally  constitute  one 
plate  of  the  present  12mo  edition  ;  the  pll.  are  not  numbered,  but  the  numera- 
tion of  the  individual  figg.  is  consecutive,  1-315  ;  figg.  316,  317, 318,  322,  are  wood- 
cuts in  text.  The  special  feature  of  the  edition  is  the  editor's  synopsis  of  the 
Birds  of  North  America  (pp.  682-746),  491  spp. ;  those  aot  givue  by  Wilson 
being  briefly  described,  with  additional  biographical  items  in  many  cases.  The 
classification  and  nomenclature  of  this  synopsis  are  1839  Audubonian. 

There  is  another  issue  of  this  work,  "  8vo,  Now  York,  1852  ".  Communicat- 
ing with  the  editor,  respecting  this  issue,  not  seen  by  me,  I  am  informed  by 
him  that  "  when  Weeks  and  Jordan  failed  the  plates  were  bought  by  some  per- 
sons in  New  York  and  a  cheap  edition  was  printed  and  sold  for  awhile ;  it  was 
identically  the  same." 

1840-43.  MAXIMILIEN,  PRINCE  DE  WIED-NEUWIED.  Voyage  |  dans  Pinte'- 
rieur  |  de  |  I'Amdrique  du  Nord,  |  exe'cute'  pendant  les  anne*es  1832, 
1833  et  1834,  |  par  |  le  prince  Maximilien  de  Wied-Neuwied.  |  Ou- 
vrage  |  accompagndd'un  Atlas  de 80  planches  environ,  |  format  demi- 
colombier,  |  dessinees  sur  les  lieux  |  par  M.  Charles  Bodmer,  |  et  | 
grave"es  par  les  plus  habiles  artistes  de  Paris  etdeLondres.  |  —  |  Tome 
premier  [deuxieme,  troisieme].  |  —  |  Paris,  |  chez  Arthus  Bertrand, 
e*diteur,  |  Libraire  de  la  Socie'te'  de  Geographic  de  Paris,  |  et  de  la 
Soci6t6  royale  des  antiquaires  du  Nord,  |  Rue  Hautefeuille,  25.  |  —  | 
1840  [1841,  1843].  3  vols.  8vo.  Vol.  1, 1840, 2  p.  11.,  pp.  383.  Vol.  II, 
1841,  2  p.  11.,  pp.  487.  Vol.  Ill,  1843, 2  p.  11.,  pp.  407,  deux  cartes. 

Dans  cette  6dition  frangaise,  l«s  notes  zoologiques  originalement  affix6es  anx 
chapitres  sont  reunies  au  fin  du  tome  III. 

1840-44.  AUDUBON,  J.  J.  The  |  Birds  of  America,  |  from  |  drawings  made 
in  the  United  States  |  and  their  Territories.  |  By  John  James  Audu- 
bon, F.  R.  SS.  L.  &  E.  |  [etc.  etc.]  |  —  |  Vol.  I  [-VII].  |  —  |  New 
York:  |  published  by  J.  J.  Audubon.  |  Philadelphia:  |  J.B.  Cheva- 
lier. |  1840  [-1844].  7  vols.  large  8vo.  Vol.  1, 1840,  pp.  i-viii,  9-256, 
pll.  1-70.  Vol.  II,  1841,  pp.  i-viii,  9-205,  pll.  71-140.  Vol.  Ill,  1841, 
pp.  i-viii,  9-233,  pll.  141-210.  Vol.  IV,  1842,  pp.  i-viii,  9-321,  + 1  1., 
pll.  21 1-280.  Vol.  V,  1842,  pp.  i-viii,  9-346,  +  11.,  pll.  281-350.  Vol. 
VI,  1843,  pp.  i-viii,  9-457,  + 1  1.,  pll.  351-420.  Vol.  VII,  1844,  pp. 
i-ix,  9-371,  -f  1 1.,  pll.  421-500. 

This  is  the  first  8vo  ed.,  which  may  be  distinguished  from  subsequent  8vo  re- 
issues by  the  different  dates  of  the  vols..  number  of  vols.,  allotment  of  plates  to 
each  vol.,  the  double  imprint  (Chevalier's  name  not  in  vols.  vi  and  vii),  and 
other  particulars  above  given.  There  are  several  later  8vo  issues,  some  of  a 
different  number  of  vols.,  some  without  plates,  some  not  dated.  Seo  1856,  1856 
again,  1861,  1861  again,  18C5,  and  1871.  The  present  is  the  only  8vo  ed.  published 
by  the  author  himself;  it  was  issued  in  100  parts,  to  be  bound  in  7  vols.,  at  the 
dates  above  given.  Since  "Audubon  "  was  reduced  to  this  8vo  shape,  there  has 
been  no  material  change  in  the  text  of  his  work,  no  matter  what  changes  in  the 


630  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       184O-1§41  [61 

1840-44.  ATJDUBON,  J.  J.— Continued. 

make-up  of  the  volumes  were  introduced  in  successive  issues  ;  und  the  numera 
tion  of  all  the  8vo  plates  is  the  same,  however  indifferent  tho  coloring  may  be 
found  in  some  of  the  late  issues. 

This  work  consists  of  the  original  "Ornithological  Biography"  ;  with  omission 
of  the  "Delineations  of  American  scenery  and  manners",  which  were  interpo- 
lated in  the  original;  with  systematic  rearrangement  of  the  articles ;  with  changes 
in  nomenclature  of  the  genera  and  species  to  conform  with  the  author's  Synopsis 
of  1839;  and  with  addition,  in  the  7th  vol.,  of  an  appendix  containing  a  number  of 
species  not  described  or  figured  in  the  original.  The  plates  are  reduced  by  tho 
camera  lucida  from  the  originals. in  folio,  systematically  rearranged  and  renum- 
bered, conformably  with  the  sequence  of  the  species  in  the  text,  in  which  they  are 
interpolated.  In  quoting  Audubon's  plated,  therefore,  it  is  necessary  to  state 
whether  the  numbering  of  the  foLo  or  8vo  series  is  meant.  In  the  original  folios, 
there  are  only  435  pll. ;  in  the  present  8vo  ed.,  there  are  483,  exclusive  of  the  17 
additional  ones  in  the  Appendix  (500  in  all).  The  discrepancy  arises  from  the 
fact  that  in  the  original  several  species  were  occasionally  introduced  on  the  same 
plate,  but  all  such  being  given  a  separate  plate  in  this  edition.  The  additional 
species  of  this  edition  are  the  following,  being  chiefly  those  procured  during 
the  author's  journey  to  the  Upper  Missouri  in  1843  : — Fringilla  harrisii,  p.  331, 
pi.  484;  Yireo  bellii,  p.  333,  pL485;  Alaudaspragueii,  p.  334,  pi.  486 ;  Plectropkanes 
smithii,  p.  336,  pi.  487 ;  Emberiza  LcConteii,  p.  3J8.  pi.  488 ;  Sturndla  neglecta,  p.  339, 
pi.  489 ;  Muscicapa  flaviventris  (Baird,  not  sp.  u.),  p.  341,  pi.  490 ;  M.  minima  (Baird, 
not  sp.  n.),  p.  343,  pi.  491 ;  Quiscalus  brewcrii,  p.  345,  pi.  492;  Emberiza  shattuckii, 
p.  347,  pi.  493;  Picus  ayresii,  p.  348,  pi.  494;  Caprimulgus  nuttallii,  p.  330,  pL  495 
(named  in  the  Orn.  Biogr.,  v,  p.  335) ;  Colv.mba  trudeauii,  p.  352,  pi.  496 ;  Alauda 
rufa  ("  Lath."),  p.  353,  pi.  497 ;  Fuligula  marila  (auct.),  p.  355,  pi.  498 ;  Icterus  vul- 
garis  Daud.,  p.  357,  pi.  499 ;  Emberiza  bairdii,  p.  359,  pi.  500 ;  all  of  which,  with  the 
six  exceptions  noted,  are  spp.  nn.  An  index  to  the  whole  work  concludes  vol.  VII. 

If  a  trace  of  sentiment  be  permissible  in  bibliography,  I  should  say  that  the 
completion  of  this  splendid  series  of  plates  with  the  name  bairdii  was  significant; 
the  glorious  Audubonian  sun  had  bet  indeed,  but  in  the  dedicating  of  the  species 
to  "his  young  friend  SPENCER  F.  BAIRD"  the  sceptre  was  handed  to  one  who  was 
to  wield  it  with  a  force  that  no  other  ornithologist  of  America  has  ever  exercised. 

1841.  BARNSTON,  G.    Observations  on  the  Progress  of  the  Seasons  as  affect- 
ing Animals  and  Vegetables  at  Martin's  Falls,  Albany  River,  Hud- 
son's Bay.     <  Edinl.  New  PMlos.  Journ.,  xxx,  1841,  pp.  252-256. 
General  observations,  and  calendar  of  natural  phenomena,  Mar.  15-Nov.  20. 

1841.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  Neue  Vogel  aus  Mexico  und  Sudamerica.  <C Oken's 
Isis,  Bd.  xxxiv,  1841,  pp.  937-939.  [Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.,  1837  (Nov. 
14),  p.  107.] 

Verzeichniss  dor  Alien,  nebst  Anmerkungen  iiber  die  neuen  Arten  und 
Gattungen. 

[To  AUTHOR  :— You  have  omitted  the  original  in  P.  Z.  S.,  1837,  and  also  the 
Italian  version  in  Nuovi  Atti  Sc.  Bologna.— PROOFREADER] 

1841.  GIRAI  D,  J.  P.  A  Description  |  of  |  Sixteen  new  Species  |  of  |  North 
American  Birds,  |  described  in  the  Annals  |  of  the  New  York  Ly- 
ceum. |  of  Natural  History.  |  By  J  acob  P.  Giraud,  Jr.  |  Collected  in 
Texas,  1838.  |  —  |  New  York,  j  George  F.  Nesbit!.  printer,  Tontine 
Building,  |  corner  of  Wall  and  Water  streets.  |  —  |  1841.  1  vol. 
folio,  not  paged  (18  11.),  pll.  (not  numbered)  viii. 

The  16  spp.  were  never  described  in  the  "Annals",  as  stated,  and  are  therefore 
here  spp.  nn  They  are  Ic  erus  audubonii,  folio  3,  no  pi. ;  Muscicapa  texemis,  fol.  5, 
pi.  1 ;  M.  lawrenceii,  fol.  7,  pi.  2,  f.  1 ;  M.fulvifrons,  fol.  9,  pi.  2,  f.  2 ;  Sylvia  halseii, 
fol.  11,  pi. 3,  f .  1 ;  Muscicapa  " derhamii"  (should  be  De  lihami;  named  on  pi. 
"Derahias"  Flycatcher,  aad  sometimes  quoted  '•  Durhanri";.  iol.  13,  pl.3,f.2; 


65] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1  §11-1  §12          631 


1841.  GIRAUD,  J.  P.— Continued. 

M.  belli,  fol.  15,  pL  4,  f.  a ;  Paivs  Icucotifi,  fol.  17,  pi.  4,  f.  1 ;  Fringilla  texensis,  iol.  19, 
pi.  5,  f.  1 ;  Pipra  galericulata,  fol.  21,  pi.  5,  f.  2 ;  Muscicapa  leucow,us,  fol.  23,  pi,  6,  f.  1 ; 
M .  brasierii,  fol.  25,  pi.  6,  f.  2 ;  M.  rubrifrons,  fol.  27,  pi.  7,  f.  1 ;  Sylvia  olivacea,  foL  29, 
pi.  7,  f.  2;  Certhia  albifrons,  Iol.  31,  pi.  8;  Alauda  minor,  fol.  33,  no  pi.  Doubt  is 
usually  entertained  that  these  birds  were  taken  in  Texas ;  but  the  author  stoutly 
so  maintained  to  the  day  of  his  death,  and  recent  discoveries  along  our  southwest 
border  render  it  more  probable  than  it  formerly  seemed.  Most  of  the  species 
have  been  identified  with  earlier  named  ones ;  the  work  has  been  made  the  sub- 
ject of  several  special  critiques;  cf.  especially  SCLATER,  P.  Z.  £,  1855,  pp.  65,  66. 

1841.  HALDEMAN,  S.  S.  [Note  on  Habits  of  four  species  of  North  American 
Birds.]  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  i,  1841,  p.  54. 

Falco  peregrinus,  Quiscalns  versicolor,  Anser  hyperboreus,  Cygnus  americanus. 

1841.  KIRTLAND,  J.  P.    Fragments  of  Natural  History.    No.  II.  Ornithology. 
<  Sillim.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xl,  1841,  pp.  19-24. 
Desultory  field-notes  on  a  dozen  species  of  North  American  birds. 

1841.  LEIB,  G.  C.  [Description  of  the  nest  and  eggs  of  Fulica  Americana 
and  Anas  discors.]  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  i,  1841,  pp.  124, 125. 

1841.  MOORE,  E.     [Exhibition  of  some  Newfoundland  Birds.]    <  P.  Z.  S.,  ix, 

1841,  p.  24. 

1842.  ABBOTT,  S.  L.     [Remarks  on  exhibition  of  some  Birds  from  Connecti- 

cut.]   <  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1842,  p.  56. 

1842.  ABBOTT,  S.  L.  [Remarks  on  exhibition  of  3  spp.  of  United  States 
birds — Larus  tridactylus,  L.  atricapilla,  Numeuius  longirostris.] 
<Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1842,  p.  61. 

1842.  [ANON.]  Ornithological  Biography,  or  an  account  of  the  habits  of  the 
birds  of  the  united-States  of  America,  by  J.  J.  Audubon.  Edin- 
burgh by  Adam.  iv.  1838.  gr.  8.  618.  < Oken'8  Ms,  Bd.  xxxv,  1842, 
pp.  157,  158. 

1842.  BRANDT,  J.  F.  "  Dissertatio  inauguralis  sistens  topographiam  medicam 
portus  novarchaugelcensis,"  auct.  Blaschke.  St.  Petersburg.  1842. 

Not  seen — cited  from  Baird,  who  took  it  from  Baer  and  Helmerson,  who  are 
said  to  state  that  it  contains  a  list  of  the  birds  of  Russian  America  by  Brandt. 

1842.  CABOT,  S.,  JR.  [Remarks  on  Meleagris  and  other  Gallinas  of  North 
America,]  <  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1»42,  pp.  80, 81. 

1842.  [EDITORIAL.]     The  Birds  of  America,  from   drawings  made  in  the 
United  States  and  their  Territories ;  .  .  .    <^  Sillim.  Am.  Journ.  Sci., 
xlii,  1842,  pp.  130-136. 
Review  of  vol.  II  of  Audubon's  work. 

1842.  HALDEMAN,  S.  S.  Notice  of  the  Zoological  Writings  of  the  late  C.  S. 
Rafinesque.  <  Sillim.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xlii,  1842,  pp.  280-291. 

A  very  useful  summary  and  commentary  for  those  who  have  to  refer  to  the 
writings  of  this  enigmatical  man. 

1842.  REINHARDT,  J.    Meddelelse  af  nogle  hidindtil  i  Gronland  ikke  trufne 
Fugle.    <  Krtfyer's  Naturh.  Tidskrift,  iv,  Heft  1, 1842,  pp.  72-75. 
Compare  1843,  same  author. 

1842-75.  LEWIS,  M.,  and  CLARKE,  W.  History  |  of  |  the  Expedition  |  under 
the  command  of  |  Captaius  Lewis  and  Clarke,  !  to  |  the  sources  of 
the  Missouri,  thence  across  the  Rocky  |  Mountains,  uud  down  the 
River  Columbia  to  the  |  Pacific  ocean  :  performed  during  the  |  years 
1804,  1805,  1806,  |  by  order  of  the  j  Government  of  the  United 


632  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1842-1843  [66 

1842-75.  LEWIS,  M.,  and  CLARKE,  W.— Continued. 

States.  |  Prepared  for  the  press  |  by  Paul  Allen,  Esq.  |  Revised  and 
abridged  by  the  omission  of  unimportant  de-  |  tails,  with  an  intro- 
duction and  notes,  j  by  Archibald  M'Vickar.  |  In  two  volumes.  |  Vol. 
I  [II].  |  New  York :  |  Harper  &  Brothers,  Publishers,  Franklin 
Square.  |  1868.  Two  vols.  18mo,  some  of  the  issues  forming  part  of 
Harpers'  series,  "The  Family  Library."  Vol.  I,  pp.  i-vi,  i*-v*,  vii- 
li,  53-371,  3  maps*.  Vol.  II,  pp.  i-x,  11-395,  3  maps.  >  Vol.  II,  Ap- 
pendix, "Further  enumeration  and  description  of  the  Quadrupeds, 
Birds,  Fishes,  and  Plants  noticed  during  the  Expedition,"  pp.  339- 
378. 

Memoranda  of  the  dates  of  the  successive  issues,  most  of  which  consisted  of 
250  copies :— September,  1842;  January,  1843;  May,  1843;  January,  1844 ;  July, 
1845;  April,  1847;  May,  1850;  August,  1851;  June,  1855;  April,  18r>8;  Novem- 
ber, I860;  February,  1868;  March,  1871  (vol.  II);  April,  1872  (voLI);  February, 
1874  (vol.  II) ;  December,  1875  (vol.  I)— in  all,  fourteen  issues  of  the  whole  work, 
under  sixteen  different  dates. 

This  is  an  editorial  abridgment,  or  digest,  of  the  original;  the  natural-history 
chapter,  besides  being  relegated  to  an  appendix,  is  transposed  as  to  its  botanical 
and  zoological  portions,  the  botany  coming  first  in  the  original,  the  zoology  in 
the  present  edition ;  it  is,  furthermore,  like  the  rest  of  the  work,  abridged  at  the 
editor's  discretion,  the  omissions  being  indicated  by  asterisks ;  a  new  feature, 
moreover,  is  introduced,  being'  foot-note  references  to  the  pages  of  the  body  of 
the  work  on  which  the  various  species  were  before  mentioned.  This  is  a  valu- 
able set  of  cross-references,  for  the  narrative  accounts  scattered  through  the 
work  are  often  no  less  important  than  the  formal  notices  themselves. 

1843.  GAMBEL,  W.  Descriptions  of  some  new  and  rare  Birds  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  California.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  i,  1843, 
pp.  259-262. 

Picus  nuttalii,  Parus  montanua,  Fringilla  blandingiana,  LopJiortyx  gambdii 
"  Nutt.",  p.  260,  spp.  nn.  Six  other  species  treated. 

1843.  HALDEMAN,  S.  S.  A  |  Geography  of  Pennsylvania :  |  containing  |  an 
account  |  of  the  |  .  .  .  |  to  which  is  appended  |  .  .  .  |  —  |  By  Charles 
B.  Trego,  |  .  .  .  |  —  |  Philadelphia :  |  Edward  C.  Biddle,  6  South 
Fifth  street.  |  Stereotyped  by  C.  W.  Murray  &  Co.  |  —  |  1843.  1  vol. 
sm.  12mo.  pp.  384,  map,  cuts. 

At  pp.  77, 78,  occurs  a  short  note  on  the  birds  of  the  State  by  Professor  Halde- 
man  (as  appears  by  Preface,  p.  6).  Here  occurs  the  first  use  of  the  term  SMia 
sialis  for  the  Bluebird. 

1843.  HOLBOLL,  C.  Bemaerkninger  over  nogle  Pattedyrs  og  Fugles  Dyk- 
keevne.  <  Krjyer's  Naturhist.  TidsJc.,  iv,  1843,  pp.  277, 278. 

1843.  HOLBOLL,  C.  Ornithologiske  Bidrag  til  den  gr^nlanditske  Fauna. 
<  Krfaier'8  Naturh.  Tidslc.,  iv,  1843,  pp.  361-457. 

An  extended  and  one  of  the  more  important  of  the  earlier  contributions  to  this 
subject,  the  species,  nearly  or  about  90  in  number,  being  treated  in  detail.  Gorvus 
corax  var.  littoralis,  n.  v.,  p.  390 ;  Linota  hornnemanni,  p.  398  ;  Larus  brachytarsus, 
p.  422,  spp.  nn. ;  Zema  for  Xema,  p.  423. — A  German  translation,  by  Dr.  Paulsen, 
was  published  at  Leipsic  in  1846,  and  reissued  in  1854.  See  1845,  sarno  author. 

1843.  LINSLEY,  J.  H.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Connecticut,  arranged 
according  to  their  natural  families.  <\  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts,  xliv, 
No.  2,  Apr.  1843,  pp.  249-274. 

302  spp.,  including,  with  those  actually  detected  in  the  State,  those  presumed 
to  occur,  and  also  domesticated  species  ;  this  list  is  reduced  by  Merriam's  analy- 
sis to  239,  eliminating  63  spp.  See  especially  MEKHIAM,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  iv, 
1874,  pp.  144-147.  Obituary  of  the  author,  op.  cit.,  xlvi,  1844,  216. 


6?J  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX        1843-1844          633 

1843.  REINIIARDT,  J.  Mittbeiluiig  iiber  einige  bisher  in  Gronland  nicht 
angetroffene  Vogel.  <  Okw's  Ms,  Bd.  xxxvi,  1843,  pp.  59, 60. 

Xrfyer's  Tidskrtft,  Bd.  iv,  Heft  1,  1642,  pp.  72-75.— Tyrannula  phoebe,  Sylvicola 
coronata,  Icterus  frenatus,  Kylvia  "  tnexicana  Liclit." 

1843.  RICHARDSON,  R.    Geographical  Distribution  of  Some  [Nortb]  Amer- 

ican Birds.     < Ann.  $  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xi,  1843,  p.  484. 

Merely  a  list  of  12  spp.  collected  at  Port  Simpson,  McKenzie's  K.,  lat.  62°  11' 
N.,  by  M.  McPherson.  Nothing  on  geographical  distribution  beyond  what  the 
collection  indicates. 

1844.  [ANON.]    Reise  in  das  innere  Nordamerica  in  den  Jabren  1832  bis  1834, 

von  Maximilian,  Prinz  zu  Wied.  Coblenz  bey  Holscher.  I.  1839 
gr.  4°  654.  II.  1841.  687.  Taf.33.  in  fol.,  48  in  gr.  fol.;  neue 
Charte  nebst  vielen  Holzschnitten.  <  Oken's  /sis,  Bd.  xxxvii,  1844, 
pp.  297-299. 

1844.  [ANON.]  Ch.  L.Bonaparte,  a  geographical  and  comparative  List  of  the 
Birds  of  Europe  and  North-America.  London  1838.  8.  <  Oken's 
Ms,  Bd.  xxxvii,  1844,  p.  604. 

1844.  [ANON.]    A  Synopsis  of  the  Birds  of  North- America  by  J.  J.  Audubon. 
London  1839.    8.   359.    <  Ofccn's  Ms,  Bd.  xxxvii,  1844,  pp.  713-718. 
Verzeichniss  der  Arten. 

1844.  BAIRD,  W.  M.,  and  BAIRD,  S.  F.  List  of  Birds  found  in  the  vicinity  of 
Carlisle,  Cumberland  County,  Penn.,  about  Lat.  40°  12  N.,  Lon.  77° 
11'  W.  <Sillim.  Am.  Journ.,  xlvi,  1844,  pp.  261-273. 

201  spp.,  annotated;  breeders  marked  and  times  of  appearance  given.  Sum- 
mer visitors,  112;  permanent  residents, 38 ;  winter  visitors,  14;  4  other  spp. 
indicated. 

1844.  BRANDT,  J.  F.    Eine  Liste  von  Thieren,  welche  der  Gouverneur  Ku- 
prianoff  aus  den  russisch  americanischen  Colonien  geschenkt  hat, 
<0ken's  Ms,  Bd.  xxxvii,  1844,  p.  133. 
JBuU.  Sci.  Acad.  Imp.  Sci.  St.  Peters.,  Bd.  ix,  1841,  p.  281.     10  Arten  der  Vogel. 

1844.  DE  KAY,  J.  E.  Zoology  |  of  New- York,  [  or  the  |  New- York  Fauna ;  | 
comprising  detailed  descriptions  of  all  the  animals  hitherto  observed 
within  the  |  State  of  New- York,  with  brief  notices  of  those  occa- 
sionally found  near  |  its  borders,  and  accompanied  by  appropriate 
illustrations.  |  —  |  By  James  E.  De  Kay.  |  —  |  Pa,rt  II.  Birds.  |  Al- 
bany: |  printed  by  Carroll  and  Cook,  prinrers  to  the  Assembly.  |  . .  . . 
|  1844.  1  vol.  4to.  Eng.  title-p.,  pp.  xii,  380,  1 1.,  pll.  col'd  141. 

A  systematic  treatise,  the  species  nnd  higher  groups  formally  characterized,  the 
former  treated  also  with  synonymy  and  general  account  of  habits,  distribution, 
etc.  At  the  conclusion  of  each  genus,  the  North  American  species  not  found  in 
the  State  are  enumerated  and  briefly  characterized.  308  spp.  formally  treated  in 
the  work  are  figured  in  colored  lithographs,  each  plate  containing  two  or  three  fig- 
ures. The  plates  are  all  recognizable  illustrations,  but  not  of  the  highest  order  of 
artistic  merit,  the  drawing  being  especially  defective.  Appearing  at  a  time  when 
American  works  on  ornithology  of  similar  magnitude  were  very  few,  the  work 
held  for  a  time  a  high  place  ;  but  its  scientific  character  is  not  such  as  to  per- 
manently maintain  that  position.  Though  still  constantly  quoted— and  properly 
to  be  referred  to— it  has  ceased  to  be  regarded  as  an  authority. 

1844.  GIRAUD,  J.  P.  The  |  Birds  of  Long  Island.  |  —  |  By  J.  P.  Giraud, 
Jr.,  |  Member  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  corre- 
sponding |  member  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadel- 
phia, &c.  |  —  |  New  York :  |  published  by  Wiley  &  Putnam,  161 


634  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1841  1846  [68 

1844.  GIKAUD,  J.  P.— Continued. 

Broadway.  |  Tobitt's  Print,  9  Spruce  st.  |  1844.  I  vol.  8vo.  (4  11.  to 
a  sig.).  pp.  xxiv,  397. 

The  book  has  become  scarce.  Audubon's  classification  and  nomenclature. 
Some  little  synonymy,  from  Audubon.  Short  characters  of  genera  and  species, 
and  general  .account  of  the  latter. 

1844.  LAFRESNAYE,  F.  de.  Oiseaux  uouveaux  du  Mexique.  <^Rtvue  Zoolo- 
gique,  vii,  1844,  pp.  41-43. 

Merula  ivfvscata,  Saltator  magnoides,  S.  icterophr^s,  S.  rubico'ides,  p.  41 ;  Colaptes 
mexicanoides,  p.  42. 

1844.  LICHTENSTEIN,  H.  Beytrag  zur  ornitbologiscben  Fauna  von  Cali- 
fornien,  nebst  Bemerkungen  iiber  die  Artkennzeicheu  der  Pelicane 
uud  iiber  einige  Vogel  von  den  Sandwicbiuseln.  <  Oken's  Isis,  Bd. 
xxx vii,  1844,  p.  851. 

Aus  Abhand.  Berlin.  Acad.,  xxii,  Jahrg.  1838,  erschienen  1839,  pp.  417-451,  mit  5 
Taf.  Vultur  californiauus,  Falco  (Buteo)  ferrugineus,  Strix  frontalis,  Friugilla 
hudsonia,  Pelecanus  trachyrhynchus  u.  s.  w.  Yergl.  1839,  LICHTEXSTEIX,  H. 

1844.  [UNKNOWN.]    Verzeicbuiss  der  in  Labrador  befindlicbeu  Landsauge- 

tbiere  und  Vogel.     <  Bullet.  Akad.  Munchen,  1844,  pp.  122, 129. 
Not  seen— title  from  Giebel. 

1845.  BAIRD,  S.  F.    Catalogue  of  Birds  found  in  tbe  neigbbourbood  of  Car- 

lisle, Cumberland  County,  Pa.  <  Lit.  Eec.  and  Joarn.  Linn.  Assoc.  of 
Penna.  College,  i,  1845,  pp.  249-257. 

Annotated  list  of  202  +  1  spp.  Breeding,  104 ;  summer  visitors,  66 ,  resident, 
38 ;  transitory  in  spring  and  autumn,  90;  seen  in  autumn  only,  8.  Compare  Am. 
Journ.  Sci.  xlvi,  1844,  pp.  261-273. 

1845.  CABOT,  S.,  JR.  [List  of  5  species  of  Birds  observed  to  breed  on  tbe  Mar 
galloway  River.]  <^  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nai.  Hist.,  ii,  1845,  p.  55. 

1845.  GAMBEL,  W.  Descriptions  of  new  and  little  known  Birds,  collected  in 
Upper  California.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  ii,  1H45,  pp.  263-266. 
Harpes  (g.  n.)  redivivus,  p.  264;  Parus  inornatus,  p.  265 ;  Hergulus  cassinii,p. 
266,  spp.  nn.;  with  note  on  Leptosoma  longicauda  Sw. 

1845.  HOLBOLL,  C.    Ornitbologiscber  Beytrag  zur  giouliindiscbeu   Fauna. 
<  Oken's  Isis,  Bd.  xxxviii,  1845,  pp.  739-792. 
Krjyer's  Naturh.  Tidtk.,  Bd.  iv,  1843,  pp.  361-457,  q.  v.—88  Arten. 

1845.  STOKER,  D.  H.    [Occurrence  of  Fringilla  pinea  (sic)  and  Bombycilla 

garrula  in  Obio,  in  July.]     <  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1845,  p.  52. 

1846.  ABADIE,  E.  H.      List  of  Nortb  American  Birds  [collected   and  pre- 

sented by  bim  to  tbe  Institute].  Arranged  in  accordance  witb  tbe 
nomenclature  of  C.  L.  Bonaparte.  <  Fourth  Bull,  of  the  National 
Institute  of  Washington,  1846,  pp.  526^530. 

Merely  a  list  of  names,  preceded  (p.  525)  by  letters  from  Dr.  Abadie  and  Surg. 
Gen.  Lawson  relative  to  the  collection. 

1846.  [ANON.]  Ornitbologiscber  Beytrag  zur  Fauna  Gronlands  von  C.  Hoi- 
boll,  iibersetzt  von  Dr.  J.  H.  Paulseu.  Leipzig  bey  E.  Fleiscber. 
1846.  8.  102.  <  Oken's  Isis,  Bd.  xxxix,  1846,  p.  794. 

1846.  GAMBEL,  W.  Remarks  on  tbe  Birds  observed  in  Upper  California. 
<Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  iii,  1846,  pp.  44-48,  110-115,  154-158, 
200-205. 

Extended  field-notes  on  numerous  species,  with  some  little  critical  matter, 
constituting  one  of  the  most  important  of  our  earlier  advices  on  the  habits  and 
distribution  of  Ca'ifomian  birds. 


69]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1846-1818          635 

184G.  HOLBOLL,  C.    Ornithologischer  Beitrag  zur  Fauna  Gronlands 

Uebersetzt  und  mit  einem  Anhange  von  Paulsen.     Leipzig,  1846. 
8vo.    2d  ed.    Leipzig,  1854.    pp.  102,  pi.  1. 

Not  seen.— A  German  translation  of  "  Ornithologiske  Bidrag  til  den  grb'nland- 
iske  Fauna",  Krjyer's  Naturh.  Tidsk.,  1843,  pp.  361-457. 

1846.  PARKER,  S.  Journal  |  of  an  Exploring  Tour  |  beyond  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  |  under  the  direction  of  the  |  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  |  containing  | 
[etc.]  |  with  a  map  of  Oregon  Territory.  |  —  |  By  Rev.  Samuel  Par- 
ker, A.  M.  |  —  |  Fifth  edition.  |  —  |  Auburn  :  |  J.  C.  Derby  &  Co. ; 
|  [etc.]  |  1846.  1  vol.  12mo.  pp.  i-xvi,  17-422,  map,  cut. 

Chap.  XV,  pp.  216-219,  brief  and  unimportant  summary  of  Oregon  birds. 
1847-49.  GAMBEL,  W.    Remarks  on  tbe  Birds  observed  in  Upper  California, 
with  descriptions  of  New  Species.     <^Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila., 
i,  pt.  i,  Dec.  1-S47,  pp.  25-56,  pll.  viii,  ix ;  pt.  iii,  Aug.  1849,  pp.  215-229. 

176  spp.,  extensively  and  variously  annotated  with  descriptive,  critical,  and 
biographical  matter.  The  said  "new  species"  were  before  described  in  Proc. 
Acad.  Phila.,  except  Saurophagus  bairdii,  p.  40.  Chamcea,  p.  34,  Cleptcs,  p.  46, 
genn.  nn.  PI.  viii,  f.  1,  Parus  montanus ;  f.  2,  P.  inornatus  ;  f.  3,  Chamcea  fasciata  ; 
pi.  ix,  f.  1,  Zonotrichia  chlorura ;  f.  2,  Picus  "  scalaris  "  rf  ;  f .  2,  do.  $  ( =  nuttalli). 

1848.  ABERT,  J.  W.  Notes  of  a  military  reconnoissance,  |  from  Fort  Leaven- 
worth,  in  Missouri,  |  to  |  San  Diego,  in  California  |  .  .  .  .  |  By  W.  H. 
Emory  |  .  .  .  .  |  Washington:  |  Wendell  and  Van  Benthuysen, Print- 
ers. |  —  [  1848.  1  vol.  8vo.  >  Appendix  No.  6.  Notes  of  Lieuten- 
ant J.  W.  Abert,  pp.  386-405. 

An  itinerary,  with  continual  reference  to  plants  and  animals  observed  en  route. 
The  birds  collected  on  this  journey  perhaps — at  any  rate  by  Lieut.  Abert  in  Now 
Mexico  about  this  time— are  elaborated  by  S.  F.  BAIBD  (Pipilo  abcrti,  etc.)  in  H. 
STANSBURY'S  Rep.  Expl.  Great  Salt  Lake,  1852,  q.  v. 

1848.  [ANON.]    Zoology  of  New  York.     Part.  II.  Birds,  by  James  J.E.de 
Kay.    Albany  1844.    4.    380.   tab.  141.      <  Oken's  Isis,  Bd.  xli,  1848, 
pp.  1035-1040. 
Gives  a  list  of  the  species  treated  in  De  Kay's  work. 

1848.  CASSIN,  J.  Catalogue  of  Birds  collected  by  Mr.  Wm.  S.  Pease,  during 
tbe  March  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States  from  Vera  Cruz  to  the 
City  of  Mexico.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  iv,  1848,  pp.  87-91. 

45  spp.,  with  brief  critical  and  field  notes.  Micrastur  guerilla,  p.  87,  sp.  n. 
The  article  is  marked,  "  To  be  continued." 

1848.  GAMBEL,  W.  Contributions  to  American  Ornithology.  <Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  iv,  1848,  pp.  126-129. 

Rostrhamus  sociabilis,  Vireo  altiloquus,  Egretta  pealei,  p.  127.  Sterna  frcnata,  p. 
128;  S.  regia,  p.  128 ;  S.  elegans,  p.  129,  spp.  nn. 

1848".  GAMBEL,  W.  Ueber  die  in  Oberkalifornien  beobachteten  Vogel. 
<  Arch.f.  Naturg.,  1848,  (1),  pp.  82-117. 

Aus  den  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  iii,  1846,  q.  v.  Mit  Bemerkungen  von  J. 
Cabanis. 

1848.  GIBBES,  L.  R.  Report  |  on  the  |  Geology  of  South  Carolina ;  |  by  |  M. 
Tuomey,  [etc.]  |  —  |  Columbia,  S.  C.  |  Printed  and  published,  for 
the  State,  by  |  A.  S.  Jobnston.  |  1848.  1  vol.  4to.  2  p.  11.,  pp.  i-vi,  1- 
293,  i-lvi,  maps  and  pll.  >  Appendix.  Catalogue  of  the  Fauna  of 
South  Carolina.  (By  Lewis  R.  Gibbes).  2.  Class.  Birds,  pp.iii-viii. 
Nominal  list  of  the  birds  of  the  Srate  (271  spp.  under  111  genera),  with  short 
characters  of  the  families  and  higher  groups.  The  list  appears  to  be  a  mere 


636  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1848-1849  [; 

1848.  GIBBES,  L.  R.— Continued. 

compilation  of  species  whose  range  is  given  as  including  South  Carolina  by  An- 
dubon  in  his  Synopsis  of  1839. 

1848.  McCALL,  G.  A.  Some  notes  on  Mexican  Birds  [Orpheus  curvirostiis, 
Columba  leucoptera],  heretofore  not  fully  described.  <^  Proc.  Acad. 
Ifat.  Sci.  Phila.,  iv,  1848,  pp.  63, 64. 

1848.  REINHARDT,  J.  [Ueber  Vogel  aus  Gronland.]  <  Oken's  Ms,  Bd.  xli, 
1848,  pp.  129, 130. 

"  K.  Dansk.  Vid.  Selsk.  Eopenh.,  vi,  1836-37,  pp.  xxi-xxii." 

1848.  REINHARDT,  J.  Ichthyologische  Beytrage  zur  gronlandischen  Fauna ; 
Einleitung,  enthaltend  Zusiitze  und  Veranderungen  zu  dem  Fabri- 
cius'schen  Verzeichnisse  gronlaudischer  Wirbelthiere.  <^  Oken's 
Isis,  Bd.  xli,  1848,  pp.  247-299. 

Uebers.  aus  d.  Kongel.  Dansk.  Vid.  Selsk.  Nat  og  Math.  Afhand.,  Deel  vii,  1838, 
pp.  83-196. — Vogel,  pp.  248-258.  I.  Einleitung,  enthaltend  Zusatze  und  Ver- 
andernngen  zu  dem  Fabricius'schen  Verzeichnisse  gronlandischer  Wirbel- 
thiere. B.  Vogel.  1.  Zuwaohs  an  Vogelarten,  welche  Europa  uud  Nordarnerika 
gemeinschaftlich  sind— 22  Arten.  2.  Zuwachs  an  Vogelarten,  wtlche  der 
ostlichen  Hemisphere  eigenthiimlich  acgehoren— 2  Arten.  3.  Zuwachs  an  Vo- 
golarten,  welche  Nordamerika  eigenthiimlich  sind  oder  dort  vorzugsweise 
vorkommen— 9  Arten.  Vergl.  1838,  REINHARDT,  J. 

1848.  SIEDHOF,  CARL.     Naturgeschichtliches  aus  den  Vereinigten   Staatei 

von  Nordamerica.   <  Oken's  Ms,  Bd.  xli,  1848,  pp.  409-421. 
Behandelt  Procellariidce,  Turdidce,  Corvidce,  FringiUidce  u.  s.  w. 

1849.  McCALL,  G.  A.    Some  Notes  on  Mexican  Birds,  heretofore  not  fully 

described.   <  Am.  Journ.  Sei.,  vii,  1849,  pp.  114, 115. 

Orpheus  curvirostris  /  Columba  leucoptera.  From  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila., 
1848,  pp.  63,  64. 

1849.  STRACHEY,  W.  The  |  Historic  of  Travaile  |  into  I  Virginia  Britannia ; 
|  expressing  the  |  cosmogra.phie  and  comodities  of  the  country,  | 
togither  with  the  manners  and  |  customes  of  the  people.  |  Gathered 
and  observed  as  well  by  those  who  went  |  first  thither  as  collected 
by  |  William  Strachey,  Gent.,  |  the  First  Secretary  of  the  Colony.  | 
—  |  Now  first  edited  from  the  original  manuscript,  in  the  |  British 
Museum,  by  |  R.  H.  Major,  Esq.,  ]  of  the  British  Museum.  |  London  : 
|  Printed  for  the  Hakluyt  Society.  |  M.DCCC.XLIX  1  vol.  8vo.  pp. 
i-viii,  i-xxxvi,  3  11.,  1-203,  map,  plL 

Caput  x,  Of  the  commodities  of  the  country,  &c.,  pp.  125, 126,  mentions  various 
birds — Turkeys,  Partridges,  Parakitoes,  a  kind  of  Wood  Pigeon,  and  others.  Cf. 
1612,  SMITH,  J. 

1849.  TOWNSEND,  J.  K.  Ornithology  of  the  United  States  of  North  America, 
or  descriptions  of  the  Birds  inhabiting  the  States  and  Territories  of 
the  Union,  -with  an  accurate  figure  of  each  drawn  from  nature. 
Edited  by  John  K. Townsend,  Vol.1.  Philadelphia:  J.  B.  Cheva- 
lier. 1849.  8vo.  pp.  12,  pll.  4. 

Not  seen. — "  Of  this  volume  and  work  only  the  first  number  of  12  pp.  and  4 
plates  (Cathartes  3  species  and  Pnlyborus)  was  published.  It  was  then  super- 
seded by  the  work  of  Mr.  Audubon,  in  8vo." 

1849-50.  [JARDINE,  W.]  Ornithology  of  the  Bermudas.  <  Jard.  Contrib. 
Om.,  1849,  pp.  76-87  ;  1850,  pp.  5-14,  35-38, 67. 

From  notes  and  observations  of  Lieut.  Wedderburn  and  H.  B.  Tristram.  Gen- 
eral sketch  of  the  subject,  and  several  extended  annotated  lists  of  species. 


7l]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§5O-1§52  637 

1850.  CABOT,  J.  E.  Lake  Superior :  |  its  physical  Character,  Vegetation,  and 
Animals,  |  compared  with  those  of  other  and  similar  Regions.  |  By  | 
Louis  Agassiz.  j  With  a  narrative  of  the  Tour.  |  By  |  J.  Elliot  Ca- 
bot. |  [Woodcut.]  |  And  |  contributions  by  other  Scientific  Gentle- 
men. |  Elegantly  illustrated.  |  Boston :  |  Gould,  Kendall  and  Lin- 
coln, |  59  Washington  Street.  |  [Apr.]  1850.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  x  +  2, 
9-428,  pU.  >  Chap.  VIII.  Report  of  the  Birds  collected  and  ob- 
served at  Lake  Superior.  By  J.E.Cabot,  pp. 383-385.  * 

Curt  general  observations ;  nominal  list  of  C9  spp.  Corvus  cedrorum,  n.  sp. 
(error  for  Ampelis  cedrorum) ;  Ampelis  cacalotl,  n.  sp.  (error  for  Oorvus  cacalotl). 
There  is  a  German  transl.  by  Zuchold,  Naumanma,  ii,  Heft  iii,  1852,  pp.  64-66. 

1850.  GRAY,  G.  R.    Narrative  |  of  an  |  Expedition   to  the   Shores  |  of  |  the 

Arctic  Sea  |  in  1846  and  1847.  |  —  |  By  John  Rae,  |  Hudson  Bay 
Company's  Service,  commander  of  the  Expedition.  |  —  |  With 
Maps.  |  London :  |  T.  &  W.  Boone,  29,  New  Bond  Street.  |  —  |  1850. 
1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  viii,  247,  maps. 

Contains,  pp.  201-204,  "  List  of  the  species  of  Birds  Collected  by  Mr.  Kae  during 
his  late  Expedition,  named  according  to  the  'Fauna  Boreali- Americana',  by  G.  B. 
Gray,  Esq.,  F.  L.  S."  ;  being  a  nominal  list  of  81  spp, 

1851.  BURNETT,  W.  I.     [Notes  on  the  Fauna  of  the  Pine  Barrens  of  upper 

South  Carolina.]    <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1851,  pp.  115-118. 
List  of  numerous  spp.  of  birds  observed,  with  a  few  words  on  the  "  confor- 
mability  of  individuals  of  the  Fauna  to  each  other  "—whatever  that  may  be. 

1851.  GURNEY,  J.  H.    Notes  on  the  Zoology  of  California.    <  Zoologist,  ix, 

1851,  pp.  3297-3299. 

Communicated  by  Mr.  Gurney ;  anonymous  (by  A.  S.  Taylor?),  from  Mon- 
terey ;  brief,  no  scientific  names. 

1851.  HARRIS,  E.    List  of  Birds  and  Mammalia  found  on  the  Missouri  River 
from  Fort  Leaven  worth  to  Fort  Union,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yellow- 
stone River.   <FifthAnn.  Rep.  Smiths.  Inst.  for  1850, 1851,  pp.  136-138. 
Merely  a  nominal  list  of  about  120  spp. 

1851.  McCALL,  G.  A.    Some  Remarks  on  the  Habits,  &c.,  of  Birds  met  with 

in  Western  Texas,  between  San  Antonio  and  the  Rio  Graide,  and  in 
New  Mexico;  with  descriptions  of  several  species  believed  to  have 
been  hitherto  undescribed.  <^Proc.Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  v,  1851, 
pp.  213-224. 

68  spp.  Cyanocorax  cassinii,  p.  216 ;  Otocoris  occidental™,  p.  218 ;  Garpodacu* 
obscurus,  p.  220,  spp.  nn. 

1852.  BAIRD,S.F.     Special  Session,     >     genate>    <    Executive.    ,  _  (  Ex_ 

March,  1851.         )  (        No.  3. 

ploration  and  Survey  |  of  the  |  Valley  |  of  the  |  Great  Solt  Lake  of 
Utah,  |  including  |  a  reconnoissauce  of  a  new  route  through  |  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  |  By  Howard  Stansbury,  |  Captain  Corps  Topo- 
graphical Engineers,  |  U.  S.  Army.  |  Printed  by  order  of  the  Senate 
of  the  United  States.  |  Philadelphia :  |  Lippincott,  Grambo  &  Co.  | 

1852.  1   vol.  8vo.      pp.   487,   pll.       >  Appendix  C.— Birds.     By 
Spencer  F.  Baird.    pp.  314-335. 

31  spp.  (one,  Sialia  macroptera,  p.  314,  n.  s.),  with  field-notes  and  some  synonymy, 
followed  by  a  similar  list  of  9  spp.  of  birds  collected  in  New  Mexico  by  Lt.  Abert 
(Pipilo  aberti,  p.  325,  n.  s.) ;  supplemented  by  a  nominal  "  List  of  Birds  inhabiting 
America  West  of  the  Mississippi,  not  described  in  Audubou's  Ornithology  "  (a 
few  species  from  enst  of  the  Mississippi  being  included).  This  list  of  153  spp. 


638  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1852  [72 

1852.  BAIRD,  S.  F.— Continued. 

contains  a  large  proportion  of  synonyms  or  species  not  since  satisfactorily  de- 
termined to  inhabit  North  America  north  of  Mexico.  The  list  makes  no  appa- 
rent claim  to  critical  precision,  ostensibly  showing  what  species  have  been 
ascribed  to  the  region  in  question,  bnt  not  necessarily  vouching  for  their  occur- 
rence there.  "California  "  long  remained  a  vpgue  term  with  ornithologists. 

1852.  BAIRD,  S.  F.    An  |  Expedition  |  to  the  |  Valley  of  the  Great  Salt 
Lake  |  of  |  Utah :  |  including  |  a  description  of  its  Geography,  Na- 
•  tural  History,  and  |  Minerals,  and  an  analysis  of  its  waters :  |  with 

an  |  Authentic  Account  of  the  Mormon  Settlement.  |  Illustrated  by 
numerous  beautiful  plates,  |  from  Drawings  taken  on  the  spot.  | 
Also,  |  A  Reconnoissance  of  a  New  Route  through  the  |  Rocky 
Mountains,  |  and  |  two  large  and  accurate  maps  of  that  region.  |  —  | 
By  Howard  Stansbury,  |  Captain  Corps  Topographical  Engineers, 
United  States  Army.  |  —  |  Philadelphia :  |  Lippincott,  Grarabo  & 
Co.  |  1852.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  487,  pll. 

This  is  merely  a  reissue,  from  the  same  stereotypes,  of  the  original  official 
publication,  under  a  modified  title ;  the  text  and  illustrations  being  identical. 

1852.  BAIRD,  S.  F.  Zoology  of  the  Valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  of  Utah. 
.  .  .  Extracted  from  Capt.  H.  Stansbury's  Report.  .  .  .  8vo. 
Philadelphia,  1852. 

Not  seen  in  this  form,  which  is  merely  a  pamphlet  ed.,  separate,  of  Baird's 
zoological  matter,  published  and  distributed  in  June,  1852. 

1852.  BREWER,  T.  M.  A  few  Ornithological  Facts,  gathered  in  a  hasty 
Trip  through  portions  of  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia,  in  June, 
1850.  <  Jourrt.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  pt.  iii,  1852,  pp.  297-308. 

On  habits  of  Somateria  mollissima,  Clangula  histrionica,  Thalassidroma  leachii, 
Larus  argentatus,  Turdus  brunneus  (pallaai  auct.  recent),  Plectrophanes  nivalis, 
Zonotrichia  (i.  e.  Spizella)  monticola. 

1852.  BREWER,  T.  M.     [On  some  Species  of  North  American  Birds'  Eggs.] 
<  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1852,  p.  167.     [  Cf.  p.  168.] 
Turdidce,  2  spp.— Empidonax  "traillii",  TJria  brunnichii. 

1852.  CABOT,  J.  E.    Btricht  iiber  die  am  Obersee  gesammelten  und  beo- 
bachteten  Vogel.    <  Naumannia,  ii,  Heft  iii,  1«52,  pp.  64-66. 
Deutsch  von  Zuchold,  aus  Louis  Agassiz's  ,,Lake  Superior",  Boston,  1850,  q.  v. 

1852.  CASSIN,  J.  [Remarks  on  the  Birds  of  the  Arctic  Regions,  presented 
by  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane.]  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PMla.,  vi,  1852,  p.  107. 

1852.  HARTLAUB,  G.  Ueber  einige  neue  oder  weniger  bekannte  Vogel 
Amerika's.  Aus  brieflichen  Mittheilungen  des  Herzogs  Paul  Wil- 
helm  von  Wiirttemberg  mitgetheilt  und  mit  Anmerkungen  verse- 
hen  von  Dr.  G.  Hartlaub.  <  Naumannia,  ii,  Heft  ii,  1852,  pp. 
50-56. 

50  spp.  Nos.  1-35,  Lebensweise,  Lokalitat.  Falco  mercurialis,  F.  plumbiceps, 
p.  52 ;  Strix  dominicensis,  Corvus  erythrophthalmus,  p.  54 ;  Corvus  solitarius,  Picits 
leucurus,  Ooccyzus  rufigularis,  Saurothera  domingeiisis,  Coccyzus  viridirostris, 
p.  55;  Plectrophanes  atrolo.rvatus,  Certhiola  clusice,  Ohamaepelia  hortulana,  Tyran- 
nuseximius,  Dafila  caribaea,  p.  56.— "Herz.  v.  Wiirtt." 

L852.  LAWRENCE,  G.  N.  Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Birds  of  the  genera 
Conirostrum,  D'Orb.  et  Lafr.,  Embernagra,  Less.,  and  Xanthornus, 
Briss.,  together  with  a  List  of  other  species  not  heretofore  noticed 
as  being  found  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States.  <  Ann.  Lye. 
Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  v,  1852,  pp.  112-117,  pi.  v.  (Read  Apr.  28, 1851  ) 


73] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1852-1853  639 


1852.  LAWRENCE,  G.  N. — Continued. 

G.  ornatum,  p.  112,  pi.  v,  f .  1 ;  E.  rufivirgata,  p.  112,  pi.  v,  f.  2;  X.  ajfinis,  p.  113.— 
Concludes  with  a  "List  of  Birds  from  Texas  with  short  specific  descriptions", 
giving  11  spp.  new  to  U.  S.  fauna. 

1852.  LAWRENCE,  G.  N.    Additions  to  North  American  Ornithology.    No.  1. 

<  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  v,  1852,  pp.  117-119.     (Read  1851.) 

Thalassidroma  fregetta,  Geryle  americana. 

1852.  LAWRENCE,  G.  N.    Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  Birds,  of  the  Gen- 
era Toxostoma  Wagler,  Tyrannula  Swainson,  and  Plectrophanes 
Meyer.     <  Ann.   Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  v,  1852,  pp.  121-123. 
(Read  Sept.  8, 1851.) 
Toxostoma  Le  Contei,  Tyrannula  cinerascens,  p.  121 ;  P.  McOownii,  p.  122. 

1852.  LAWRENCE,  G.  N.    Additions  to  North  American  Ornithology.   No.  2. 

<  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  Neiv  York,  v,  1852,  pp.  123, 124.    (Read  1851.) 
Centurus  Santa  Cruzi,  Oulidvora  atricapilla,  Spermophila  albinularis. 

1852.  LAWRENCE,  G.  N.    Ornithological  Notes.    [No.  1.]    <  Ann.  Lye.  Nat. 
Hist.  New  York,  v,  1852,  pp.  220-223. 
On  9  spp.  of  North  American  birds. 

1852.  WOODHOUSE,  S.  W.    Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Birds  of  the  gen- 

era Vireo,  Vieill.,  and  Zonotrichia,  Swains.    <^  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.,  vi,  1852,  pp.  60, 61. 
V.  atricapUla,  Z.  eassinii,  p.  60. 

1853.  ALLAN,  G.  W.    "  On  the  Land-birds  wintering  in  the  neighbourhood 

of  Toronto."    <  Canad.  Journ.,  i,  1853,  pp.  169-172. 
Good  running  commentary  on  the  whole  series,  with  some  descriptive  matter. 

1853.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.    Notes  stir  les  collections  rapporte'es  en  1853  par 
M.  A.  Delattre,  de  son  voyage  en  Californie  et  dans  le  Nicaragua. 

<  Rev.  el  Mag.  de  Zool,  v,  1853,  pp.  577-579. 

Resume  d'un  "remarquable"  travail  ornithologiqne  In  le  28  Nov.  1853  a 
1'Acad.  de  Paris.  Premiere  communication,  Perroquets  et  Rapaces,  Accipiter 
fontanieri,  A.  castanilius,  p.  578.  Secondo  Partie,  lu  le  5  D6c.  1853,  Passereaux 
cultrirostres.  Ostinops  guatimozinus,  Thilius  major,  p.  583.  Continuation,  19 
Dec.  1853,  Passereaux  conirostres,  Chondestes  rnficauda,  Passerculus  elaudi- 
nus,  p.  583 ;  P.  anthinus,  Chlorospingus  spodocephalus,  p.  584,  spp.  nn.  (Plu- 
sieures  lectures  en  suite;  la  lecture  du  3  Avril  1854  forme  la  fin  des  communi- 
cations sur  ce  sujet.  Le  travail  complet  se  trouve  tire  a  part,  Paris,  in-4°,  1854.) 

1853.  CASSIN,  J.    [Untitled  fasciculus  of  his  Illustrations  of  the  Birds  of 
Texas,  California,  etc.] 

The  first  part  issued  of  this  work  was  a  trial  or  specimen  number,  which  was 
cancelled  as  unsatisfactory,  and  is  therefore  scarcely  citable.  Several  bound 
copies,  however,  are  extant :  they  bear  no  title,  date,  or  imprint,  and  are  not 
paged.  They  consist  of  15  11.  of  text  and  5  pll.,  representing  Xanthura  luxuosa, 
Melanerpes  formicivorus,  Chamcea  fasciata,  Lophophanes  atricristatus,  and 
Oyrtonyx  massena.  See  1853-55,  and  1856,  CASSIN,  J. 

1853.  GERHARDT,  A.    Etwas  iiber  den  Vogelgesang  im   sudlichen   Nord- 
Amerika.    <Naumannia,  iii,  1853,  pp.  37-39. 

Kurze  unbedeutende  Bemerkungen  iiber  circa  30  Arten.  Einige  dieser  Arten 
konnen  nicht  identifizirt  werden ;  ais,  Regulus  mihi,  R.  americanus,  Parus  cana- 
denote. 

1853.  GERHARDT,  A.    Die  jagdbaren  Vogel   der  Vereinigten  Staaten   von 
Nord-Amerika.     <^Naumannia,  iii,  1853,  pp.  378-391. 
Bemerkungen  iiber  verschiedene  Gallince,  Limicolce,  und  Anserres. 


640  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1853  [74 

1853.  HARTLAUB,  G.  [Notiz  fiber  das  zu  erscheinende  Werk  J.  Cassin's: 
„  Birds  of  Texas,  California  "  u.  s.  w.]  <  J.f.  0.,  i,  1853,  p.  80. 

1853.  HEERMANN,  A.  L.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  California,  observed  during 
a  residence  of  three  years  in  that  country.  <^Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
PMla.,  ii,  pt.  iii,  Jan.  1853,  Art.  xxv,  pp.  259-272. 

Systematic  list  of  about  130  spp.  of  land  birds,  with  notes  of  habits,  distribu- 
tion, etc. 

1853.  HOY,  P.  R.  Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  Wisconsin.  <Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  PJtila.,  vi,  1853,  pp.  304-313,  381-385,  425-429. 

Annotated  systematic  list  of  283  spp.  It  was  reissued,  with  additions,  in  the 
Trans.  Wife.  State  Agric.  Soc.  of  same  date.  Peteria  (lege  Icteria) !  g.  n. 

1853.  HOY,  P.  R.    Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  Wisconsin.    <  Trans.  Wis- 
consin State  Agric.  Soc.  for  1852,  vol.  ii,  (1853),  pp.  341-364. 
283  spp.    From  Pr .  PhUa.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  1853,  q.  t?.,  with  additions. 

1853.  JEFFERSON,  T.  Notes  |  on  the  |  State  of  Virginia,  |  by  |  Thomas 
Jefferson :  |  illustrated  with  |  a  map,  including  the  States  of  Vir- 
ginia, Maryland,  |  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania.  |  A  new  edition,  | 
prepared  by  the  author,  |  containing  notes  and  plates  never  before 
published.  |  —  |  J.  W.  Randolph,  |  121  Main  street,  Richmond,  Va.  | 
1833.  1vol.  8vo.  pp.  vi,  1  1.,  pp.  275,  cuts,  pll.,  maps,  and  fold.  tab. 
The  list  of  birds,  pp.  73-77,  is  reprinted  from  one  of  the  old  editions  without 
ostensible  alteration,  being  thus  one  of  the  most  curiously  antiquated  of  Lite 
ornithological  lists— matching  the  1860  ed.  of  LAWSON'S  Carolina,  for  example. 

1853.  LAWRENCE,  G.  N.  Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  Birds  of  the  Gen- 
era Ortyx  Stephens,  Sterna  Linn.,  and  Icteria  Vieillot.  <^Ann.  Lye. 
Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vi,  1853,  pp.  1-4. 

Ortyx  texanus,  p.  1 ;  Sterna  pikei,  p.  3  ;  Icteria  longicauda,  p.  4. 

1853.  LAWRENCE,  G.  N.  Additions  to  North  American  Ornithology.— No.  3. 
<Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vi,  1853,  pp.  4-7. 

Bphialtes choliba,  Pujfimis ?  (i.e.Adamastortypus'Bp.),  Procellaria  capensis. 

1853.  LAWRENCE,  G.  N.  Ornithological  Notes,  No.  2.  <^Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist. 
New  York,  vi,  1853,  pp.  7-9. 

On  Stercorarius  catarractcs,  Sylvia  pensilis,  Buteo  pennsylvanicus. 

1853.  McCowN,  J.  P.  Facts  and  Observations  from  Notes  taken  when  in 
Texas.  <Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vi,  1853,  pp.  9-14. 

Field-notes  on  18  spp. 

1853.  READ,  M.  C.  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Northern  Ohio.  <^Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vi,  1853,  pp.  395-402. 

Shortly  annotated  list  of  145  spp. ;  land  birds  only.  Marked  "  To  be  con- 
tinued." No  continuation  found. 

1853.  THOMPSON,  Z.  Natural  |  History  of  Vermont,  |  with  |  numerous  En- 
gravings, |  and  an  |  Appendix.  |  1853.  |  —  |  By  Zadock  Thompson. 
|  —  |  [State  Arms.]  |  Burlington:  |  published  by  the  Author.  |  Stacy 
&  Jameson,  Printers.  |  1853.  1  vol.  "  8vo  "  (half-sheets,  4 11.  to  a  Big., 
double  columns).  2  p.  11.,  pp.  1-224,  1-63  (Appendix),  with  1|  11. 
(Indexes).  >  Chapter  III.  Birds  of  Vermont,  pp.  56-112,  with 
additions  a,t  pp.  20-28  of  the  App. 

The  volume  above  described  appears  to  be  a  reissue  of  Part  I  (on  the  Natural 
History)  of  the  author's  "Natural,  Civil  and  Political  History  of  Vermont", 
which  was  published  in  1842;  the  copies  thus  reissued  being  famished  vritb  a 


75] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1853  641 


1853.  THOMPSON,  Z.— Continued. 

new  title-page,  preface,  and  a  separately-paged  Appendix,  relating  chiefly  to  nat- 
ural history.  The  preface  states  the  circumstances  which  resulted  in  this  mode 
of  publication.  The  Appendix  may  very  likely  be  found  separate.— Chap.  Ill 
is  devoted  to  the  Ornithology,  and  there  is  supplementary  matter  of  the  same 
kind  at  pp.  20-28  of  the  Appendix ;  161  spp.  altogether  (being  about  three-fourths 
the  avifauna  of  the  State)  are  described,  with  brief  biographical  items,  and  illus- 
trated by  numerous  small  woodcuts,  reduced  from  various  well-known  originals. 
The  nomenclature  of  NUTTALL'S  Manual  is  followed. 

{ Erte>  \  -  \  *» 

port  of  an  Expedition  |  down  the  |  Zuni  and  Colorado  Rivers,  |  by  | 
Captain  L.  Sitgreaves,  |  Corps  Topographical  Engineers.  |  —  |  Ac- 
companied by  maps,  sketches,  views  and  illustrations.  |  —  |  Wash- 
ington :  |  Robert  Armstrong,  Public  Printer,  j  1853.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp. 
198,  pll.,  map.  >  Birds.  By  S.  W.  Woodhouse,  M.  D.  pp.  58-105, 
pll.  i-vi. 

The  report  of  the  Expedition  occupies  only  the  first  29  pages,  the  remainder 
being  devoted  to  natural  history.  Ornithology  occupies,  besides  the  pages  above 
given,  portions  of  pp.  33-40 ;  219  spp.  are  given,  with  field-notes  and  some  syno- 
nymy. As  the  ground  actually  passed  over  is  greater  than  appears  from  the 
title  of  the  book  (Indian  Territory  and  Texas  to  California),  including  portions 
of  different  faunal  provinces,  ornithologists  have  had  frequent  occasion  to  regret 
that  geographical  discriminations  were  not  more  strictly  made.  Various  species 
discovered  on  this  expedition  were  previously  named  in  tho  Philadelphia  Acad- 
emy's Proceedings,  vol.  vi,  excepting  Acanthylis  saxatalis  (sic),  here  n.  sp.,  p  64. 
PL  I,  Vireo  atricapillus;  II,  missing;  III,  Struthus  caniceps;  IV,  Passerculus 
cassini  /  V,  Ectopistes  marginellus ;  VI,  Numenius  occidentalis. 

1853-54.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  Notes  sur  les  collections  rapporte*es  en  1853,  par 
M.  A.  Delattre,  de  son  voyage  en  Californie  et  dans  le  Nicaragua. 
<  Compt.  Bend,  de  VAcad.  Sci.,  xxxvii,  1853,  pp.  806-810, 827-835, 913- 
925 ;  xxxviii,  1854,  pp.  1-11, 53-66, 258-266, 378-389, 533-541, 650-665. 

The  Delattre  collections  are  but  a  slender  thread  of  text,  on  which  to  string 
an  intricate  running  commentary  and  criticism  on  the  classification  and  nomen- 
clature of  birds  of  the  groups  represented  and  of  others.  The  paper  is  a  notable 
one,  containing  indications  of  many  of  the  classificatory  changes  which  Bona- 
parte was  in  the  habit  of  making  toward  the  end  of  his  life ;  remarkable  for 
its  numerous  impressive  and  authoritative  blunders,  and  the  saroamss  directed 
against  Cabanis,  who  published  early  parts  of  the  Mv&.  Hein.  about  the  time  of 
BP.'B  Consp.  Av.  Many  new  genera  and  species  are  named  in  this  paper,  but 
generally  indicated  in  such  loose  way  as  not  to  show  whether  they  are  really 
new,  or  lately  described  by  him  elsewhere.  I  indicate  the  names  that  may 
be  new :  the  species  are  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  paper  is  also  separately 
published,  4to,  Paris,  1854. 

Premiere  communication,  1853,  pp.  806-810 ;  Perroquets  et  Rapaces :  Sittace 
primoli,  Psittacula  pyrilia,  p.  807.— Accipiter  (leraspizia)  fontanieri,  Ace.  cas- 
tanilius,  p.  810. 

2°  comm.,  pp.  827-835 ;  Passereaux  cultrirostres.— Garrulus  cervicalis,  Gazzola 
typica,  p.  828.  Physocorax,  Amblycorax,  Lycocorax,  p.  829.  Lamprocorax, 
Hartlaubins,  p.  830.  Melanopyrrhus,  p.  831.  Ostinops  guatimozinus,  p.  833.  Ba- 
nanivorus,  p.  834. 

3°  comm.,  pp.  913-925 ;  Pass,  conirostres.  Passer  pallasi,  Passer  Confucius,  p. 
914.  Pyrgitopsis,  p.  915.  Chlorospiza  aurantiiventris,  Gymnoris  petria,  p.  916. 
Auripasser  mulleri,  Sycalis  aureipectus,  Metoponia,  p.  917.  Passerculus  alaudi- 
nus.  Chondestes  ruficauda,  p.  918.  Passerculus  anthinus,  p.  920.  P.  geospizopsis, 
p.  921.  Chlorospingus  spodocephalus,  p.  922.  Hemispingus  vencris,  p.  922,  Salta- 
tor  plumbeus,  p.  923.  Melopyrrha,  p.  924.— Fulica  cornuta !,  p.  925  (19  Dec.  1853). 

41  B   C 


642  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1853-1854  [?6 

1853-54.  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.— Continued. 

4°  comm.,  1854,  pp.  1-11;  Chanteurs  snbulirostres.  Turdus  densus,  p.  2;  Pla- 
nesticus,  p.  3 ;  Turdus  (Plan.)  lereboulleti,  Plan,  albiventer,  p.  3 ;  PI.  cabaniei,  p.  4  ; 
Cichlalopia,  Cichlopasser,  Agricola,  Oreicola,  Gervaisia,  p.  6  ;  Thamnolsea  casio- 
gastra,  Myrmecocichla  quartini,  Saxicola  stricklandi,  p.  7;  Bernieria,  Drymoi- 
pus,  p.  11. 

5°,  pp.  53-66,  les  memes.  Leucodioptron  "Schiff",  p.  55;  Malacias,  p.  56;  Bug- 
lodytes  (g.  n.)  albicilius,  p.  57 ;  Meropixus,  Ixocherus,  p.  53 ;  Apalopteron  "  Schiff", 
Trichophoropsis  typus,  p.  59 ;  T.  viridis ;  Troglodytes  bonapartei  "  Mus.  Francf.", 
Campylorhynchus  pardus  (Verr.,  descr.  nulla),  p.  61. 

6»,  pp.  258-266,  Chanteurs  curvirostres.  Caereba  trinitatis,  p.  258;  Certhiola 
minima,  C.  minor,  C.  albigula,  p.  259 ;  Xanthoraelus,  p.  262 ;  Myzomela  melano- 
gastra,  p.  263 ;  M.  major,  Oreosterops,  Malacirops,  Cyclopterops,  p.  264. 

7°,  pp.  378-389,  Chant,  dentirostret*.  Vireolanius  icterophrys,  V.  chlorogaster, 
p.  380 ;  Basileuterue  delatrii,  p.  383 ;  B.  medins,  B.  majusculus,  B.  maximus,  Seto- 
phaga  minor,  p.  384  (decrits,  "sans  les  nommer");  Thaumasioptera  "Schiff",  p. 
389  (type  inconnu). 

8°,  pp.  533-541,  les  memes.  Caiicalicus,  p.  535 ;  Balicassius,  p.  539 ;  Dicrurus 
ooracinus,  Gruncalus  lagunensis,  p.  540;  Lalage  uropygialis,  p.  541. 

9°,  pp.  650-665,  Chant,  fissirostres,  etc.  Metabolus,  Pomarea,  Symposiachrua 
[sic],  HyJeota  violacea,  p.  650;  Charidhylas,  p.  651;  Erythrosterna  tricolor  (Kuhl 
et  Van  Hass.  ined.),  Uromitris,  Artomyias,  Xeocephus,  Elminia,  Todopsis,  p. 
652 ;  Dasycephala  citreopygia,  Myiodynastes  luteiventris,  p.  657  ;  Picolaptes  ver- 
reanxorum,  Dendrocincla  delatrii,  Pachyramphus  latirostris,  p.  658 ;  Procellaria 
melania,  p.  662;  Antigone  montignesiana,  p.  661 ;  Tinamus  delatrii,  T.  Julius,  p.  663. 

1853-55.  CASSIN,  J.    Illustrations  of  the  Birds  of  California,  .  .  . 

These  are  the  dates  of  issue  of  the  10  parts  of  vol.  I  of  the  work,  completed 
and  bound  in  1856,  q.  v.  See  also  1853,  CASSIX,  J. 

1854.  BARRY,  A.  C.     [On  the  Ornithological  Fauna  of  Wisconsin.]     <Proc. 
Boston  8oc. Nat. Hist.y\,  1854, pp.  1-13. 
Systematic  list  of  218  spp.,  annotated.  Anser  bruchi,  sp.  n.  ? 

1854.  BREWER,  T.  M.    [List  of  Birds,  found  both  in  Europe  and  Americi, 
with  others  not  identical,  but  confounded  together  from  close  re- 
semblances.]   <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1854,  pp.  324-328. 
113  spp.,  including  the  stragglers  from  either  country.   . 

1854.  COUCH,  D.  N.   Descriptions  of  New  Birds  of  Northern  Mexico.   <Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sti.  Phila.,  vii,  1854,  pp.  66, 67. 

Cvrvus  cryptoleucus,  Icterus  scottii,  p.  66 ;  Struthus  atrimentalis,  p.  67. 

1854.  GERHARDT,  A.    Skizzen  aus  dem  Vogelleben  Nordamerika's.     <  Nau- 
mannia,  iv,  1854,  pp.  192-194. 
Kurze  Bemerkungen  iiber  einige  Vogel  des  nordlichcn  Floridas. 

1854.  HOPKINS,  W.     [Letter  containing  a  List  of  eight  Birds  of  Auburn, 
N.  Y.]    <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  v,  1854,  p.  13. 

1854.  LECONTE,  J.    Notice  of  American  Animals,  formerly  known,  but  now 
forgotten  or  lost.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vii,  1854,  pp.  8-14. 

Of  birds,  Vultur  sacra,  Bartr. ;  Ferruginous  "Woodpecker,  Lath. ;  Florida 
Pheasant,  p.  20  of  Stork's  Introd.,  Bartram's  Trav. ;  Norton  Sound  Bustard, 
Penn. ;  Bed-billed  Heron,  Penn. 

1854.  REINHARDT,  J.    Notitser  til  Gronlauds  Ornithologie.    <  Fidensk.  Mcd- 
del.  Naturh.  Foren.for  Aaret  1853, 1854,  pp.  69-65. 

A.  Europteiske  Arter,  5 ;  B.  Nord  Amerikaniske  Arter,  12— Podiceps  holbollii. 
p.  76 ;  Larus  affinis,  p.  78,  spp.  nn.  C.  Arter,  som  forekomme  i  begge  Hemispha> 
rer,  1.  Arter  fundne  i  Gronland,  107. 


77]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1854-1§5,5          643 

1854.  RKIXIIARDT,  J.  Bemerkungeu  zur  OrnithologieGronlands.  <«/./.  O., 
ii,  1854,  pp.  423-443. 

Aus  dem  Videnskabeligc  Mtddclclser  fra  den  naturhistoriske  Fvrcning  i  Kjobcn- 
havn  fur  das  Jahr  1853, 1854,  S.  69  u.  fgg.,  q.  v.— Mit  Bemerkuugen  von  J.  Cabanis 
und  C.  W.  L.  Gloger. 

1854.  WAILES,  B.  L.  C.    Report  |  on  the  |  Agriculture  and  Geology  |  of  |  Mis- 

sissippi. |  Embracing  a  sketch  of  the  |  Social  and  Natural  History 
of  the  State.  |  By  B.  L.  C.  Wailes,  |  Geologist  of  Mississippi ;  |  [etc. 
etc.]  |  —  |  Published  by  order  of  the  legislature.  |  —  |  Lippincott, 
Grambo,  and  Co.,  |  for  E.  Barksdale,  |  State  printer.  |  [No  place  of 
publication  given.]  |  1854.  1vol.  8vo.  pp.  xx,  371,  map  and  pll. 
>  VI,  Fauna.  >  Class  II.  Aves,  or  Birds,  pp.  317-327. 

Very  defective  nominal  list  of  89  spp.,  followed  by  brief  general  commentary 
on  the  avifauna  of  the  State. 

1855.  HEAD,  J.  F.     Some  Remarks  on  the  Natural  History  of  the  country 

about  Fort  Ripley,  Minnesota.  <  Ninth  Ann.  Rep.  Smiths.  Inat.  (for 
1854),  1855,  pp.  291-293. 

List  of  about  60  spp.  of  birds  observed,  with  brief  remarks. 

1855.  HENRY,  T.  C.  Notes  derived  from  observations  made  on  the  Birds  of 
New  Mexico  during  the  years  1853  and  1854.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.,  vii,  1855,  pp.  306-317. 

Field-notes  of  habits;  170  spp. 

1855.  KENNICOTT,  R.  Catalogue  of  Animals  observed  in  Cock  County, 
Illinois.  <  Trans.  III.  Stale  Agric.  Soc.  for  1853-54,  i,  1855,  pp.  577- 
595.  >  Birds,  pp.  580-591. 

List,  briefly  annotated,  of  187  spp.,  to  which  are  added  a  few  speciea  (22)  of 
Middle  and  Southern  Illinois  omitted  from  H.  Pratten's  List,  1855,  q.  v. 

1855.  LE  BARON,  W.  Observations  upon  some  of  the  Birds  of  Illinois  most 
interesting  to  the  agriculturist.  <  Trans.  III.  State  Agric.  Soc.  for 
1853-54,  i,  1855,  pp.  559-565. 

"I  have  thus  hastily  run  over  those  families  of  land  birds  which  are  most 
interesting  to  the  agriculturist,  either  for  the  depredations  they  commit,  or  for 
the  benefits  they  confer  .  .  .  ." — (Author.) 

1855.  PRATTEN,  H.  Catalogue  of  South  Illinois  Birds.  A  contribution  to 
the  Natural  History  of  Illinois.  <  Trans.  III.  State  Agric.  Soc.  for 
1853-54,  i,  1855,  pp.  596-609. 

Nominal  list  of  184  spp.  "  The  following  catalogue  of  the  birds  of  the  State 
is,  by  no  means,  a  complete  one.  With  the  exception  of  a  few  of  the  water  birds, 
which  were  shot  on  the  Ohio  River,  they  were  all  obtained  in  the  two  conn- 
ties  of  "Wayne  and  Edwards." — (Author's  preface.) 

1855.  SCLATER,  P.  L.  Note  on  the  Sixteen  Species  of  Texan  Birds  named 
by  Mr.  Giraud  of  New  York,  in  1841.  <P.Z.S.,  xxiii,  1855,  pp. 
65,  66. 

Identifications  and  rectifications  of  nomenclature  in  cases  of  nearly  all  of  them. 
1855.  STRANG,  J.  J.    Some  Remarks  on   the  Natural  History  of  Beaver 
Islands,  Michigan.    <Ninth  Ann.  Rep.  Smiths.  Inst.  (for  1854),  1855, 
pp.  282-288. 

Birds  merely  mentioned  in  a  paragraph  of  throe  lines. 
1855.  WOLFORD,  H.  L.    On  the  Importation  and  Protection  of  useful  Birds. 

<  Agric.  Rep.  U.  S.  Patent  Office  for  1854,  1855,  pp.  71 . 

Not  seen. 


644  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1855-1856  [78 

1855-56.  GERHARDT,  A.    Ueber  die  Lebensweise  der  Vogel  Nordamerikas, 
welche  im  Staate  Georgia  vorkommeD.     <  Nauminnia,  v,  1855,  pp. 
380-397,  458-469  ;  vi,  1856,  pp.  1-18. 
Nebst  einem  Verzeichnisse  der  Vb'gel  Georgias  nach  "White.    273  Arten. 

1856.  AUDUBON,  J.  J.  The  |  Birds  of  America,  |  from  |  drawings  made  in 
the  United  States  |  and  their  Territories.  |  By  |  John  James  Audu- 
bon,  F.  R.  S.,  &c.,  &c.  \  Vol.  I  [-VII].  |  New  York :  |  Published  by  V. 
G.  Audubon,  |  1856.  7  vols.roy.8vo.  Vol.  I,  pp.  i-viii,  1 1.  (signed 
J.  J.  Audubon,  and  dated  New  York,  Nov.,  1839),  pp.  11-246,  pll.  1-70. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  i-viii,  1  1.  (J.  J.  A.,  N.  Y.,  August,  1840),  11-199,  pll.  71-140. 
Vol.  Ill,  pp.  i-viii,  9-233,  pll.  141-210.  Vol.  IV,  pp.  i-viii,  9-321,  pll. 
211-280.  Vol.  V,  pp.  i-viii,  9-346,  pll.  281-350.  Vol.  VI,  pp.  i-viii, 
9-457,  pll.  351-420.  Vol.  VII,  pp.  i-x,  11-371,  pll.  421-500. 

This  is  the  first  republication  of  Audubon's  8vo  ed. — a  mere  reissue,  retitled, 
nos.  of  vols.  and  the  text  and  plates  the  same.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  title- 
page  bears  no  regular  publisher's  imprint;  nor  does  the  person  who  occasioned 
the  reprint  make  any  explanatory  note.  There  are  defective  copies  of  this, 
without  any  plates,  same  date,  q.  v. 

1856.  AUDUBON,  J.  J.  The  |  Birds  of  America,  |  from  |  drawings  made  in 
the  United  States  |  and  their  Territories.  |  By  |  John  James  Audu- 
bon, F.  R.  S.,  &c.,  &c.  |  Vol.  I  [II,  III,  IV,  ?,  VI,  VII].  |  New  York:  | 
Published  by  V.  G.  Audubon,  |  1856.  Roy.  8vo  in  size,  4to  by  printer's 
sigs.,  ostensibly  in  seven  vols.  Vol.  I,  pp.  iii-viii,  11-2-16.  Vol.  II, 
pp.  i-viii,  11-199.  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  i-viii,  9-233.  Vol.  IV,  pp.  iii-viii,  9- 
321.  Vol.  V  missing.  Vol.VI,  pp.  iii-viii,  9-456.  Vol. VII,  pp.  i-viii, 
9-372.  No  plates. 

This  is  the  same  as  the  last,  without  the  plates.  It  is  a  singular  circumstance 
that  the  fifth  volume  of  the  set  is  missing,  or  at  least  not  in  general  circulation; 
I  have  never  seen  it.  It  may  have  been  destroyed  by  accident,  or,  possibly,  was 
never  reproduced.  Owing  to  this  imperfection  of  the  set,  and  the  absence  of 
illustrations,  this  edition  is  very  cheap — it  may  be  bought  for  about  $1  a  volume. 
My  copy  has  pencilled  on  the  title  of  vol.  VI  what  seems  to  be  directions  to 
printer  for  getting  up  the  1861  ed.,  Now  York,  Lockwood  &  Son,  as  a  reissue 
by  John  "W.  Audubon,  q.  v. 

1856.  [BILLINGS,  E.]    On  some  of  the  Game  Birds  of  Canada.   <  Canad.  Nat. 
and  Geol.,  i,  1856,  pp.  284-305,  fig. 
Five  species.     The  article  is  anonymous. 

1856.  BREWER,  T.  M.  [Note  on  the  occurrence  of  Plotus  anhinga  and  Tan- 
talus loculator  in  Illinois.]  <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  v,  1856, 
p.  391. 

1856.  CABANIS,  J.  Die  wissenschaftliche  Ausbeute  der  neuesten  Reise- 
unternehmung  des  Herzogs  P.  W.  v.  Wiirttemberg  [in  Amerika]. 
<  J.  f.  0.,  iv,  1856,  p.  336. 

1856.  CASSIN,  J.  Illustrations  |  of  the  |  Birds  |  of  |  California,  Texas,  Oregon, 
British  and  |  Russian  America.  |  Intended  to  contain  descriptions 
and  figures  |  of  all  |  North  American  Birds  |  not  given  by  former 
American  authors,  |  and  a  |  General  Synopsis  of  North  American  Or- 
nithology. |  By  John  Cassin,  |  Member  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia;  of  the  American  Philosophical  |  Society; 
of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  Pennsylvania ;  of  the  National  Insti- 
tute ;  |  of  the  South  Carolina  Natural  History  Society ;  of  the  New 


79] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1§56  645 


1856.  CASSIN,  J.—  Continued. 

York  |  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  ;  of  the  Natural  History  |  Society 
of  Montreal,  etc.  etc.  |  1853  to  1855.  |  —  |  Philadelphia  :  |  J.  B.  Lip- 
pincott  &  Co.  |  1856.  1  vol.  large  8vo  size,  4to  by  sigs.  pp.  viii, 
298,  pll.  50. 

Issued  in  10  "  parts  ",  -with  continuous  pagination,  during  the  years  specified  ; 
collected  in  1  vol.  in  1856,  with  preface,  contents,  and  index,  forming  the  "first 
series"  of  a  work  discontinued  at  this  point.  Text  technical,  descriptive,  bio- 
graphical (from  field-notes  of  various  correspondents,  especially  Gr.  A.  McCall 
and  A.  L.  Heermann),  and  general.  50  spp.  described  and  figured  in  colors; 
besides  which  all  the  then  known  North  American  species  of  Parince,  Falco- 
nidce,  Strigidce,  and  Fiasirostres  are  systematically  treated  in  the  "General 
Synopsis  ",  interpolated  at  pp.  17-20,  85-120,  175-197,  235-256.  New  species  are  :— 
Falco  nigriceps,  p.  87  (Dec.,  1853)  ;  Falco  polyagrus,  pp.  88,  121,  pi.  16  ;  Buteo  insig- 
natus,  pp.  102,  198,  pi.  31  (March,  1854).  See  1853,  and  1853-55,  CASSIN,  J. 

1856.  CASSIN,  J.  Notes  on  North  American  Birds  in  the  Collection  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  and  National  Museum, 
Washington.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  viii,  1856,  pp.  39-42. 

Critical  and  descriptive.  7  spp.  •  Spizella  breweri,  p.  40  ;  Anser  albatus,  p.  41, 
spp.  nn. 

1856.  CASSIN,  J.  Ornithology  of  the  United  States,  and  British  and  Russian 
America.  <  United  States  Magazine,  iii,  1856,  pp.  18-29,  109-114, 
205-207,  481-484,  figg.  13. 

In  consequence  of  the  suspension  of  the  Magazine,  the  contemplated  series  of 
articles  was  discontinued  with  the  fourth  instalment.  The  matter  consists  of  a 
general  popular,  but  strictly  scientific,  account  of  Cathartidce  and  Falconidce. 

1856.  HAYMOND,  R.    Birds  of  South-eastern  Indiana.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.,  viii,  1856,  pp.  286-298. 
Systematic  list  of  139  spp.,  shortly  annotated. 

1856.  HENRY,  J.  Registry  of  Periodical  Phenomena.  <  Tenth  Ann.  Eep. 
Smiths.  Imt.  (for  1855),  1856,  pp.  259-263. 

Includes  a  list  of  16  spp.  of  birds  whose  movements,  etc.,  should  be  noted  in 
connection  with  observation  of  meteorological  phenomena. 

KWNTNTTRTV  f  B  T?    33d  Congress,  ?    aftnnt«    J  Ex.  Doc.    ,          ,  _ 
KEH      ,RLY,  C.  13.  K.  >        tte.  |    - 


ports  I  of  |  Explorations  and  Surveys,  |  to  |  ascertain  the  most  prac- 
ticable and  economical  route  for  a  railroad  |  from  the  |  Mississippi 
River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  |  Made  under  the  direction  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  War,  in  |  1853-4,  \  according  to  acts  of  Congress  of  March  3, 
1853,  May  31,  1854,  and  August  5,  1854.  |  —  |  Volume  IV.  |  —  |  Wash- 
ington :  |  Bovcrley  Tucker,  printer.  |  1856.  4to.  >  Part  VI.  Re- 
port on  the  Zoology  of  the  Expedition.  No.  I.  Field  Notes  and 
Explanations.  By  C.  B.  R.  Keunerly,  M.  D.,  Physician  and  Natural- 
ist to  the  Expedition,  pp.  1-17. 

This  is  simply  a  preliminary  account  of  the  game  animals  of  Lt.  Whipple's 
Route  near  the  thirty-fifth  parallel,  with  a  summary  statement  of  the  zoological 
collections.  A  note  appended  states  that  "the  remainder  of  the  Zoological  Re- 
port [of  this  particular  Route]  will  appear  in  a  subsequent  volume  '".  It  ap* 
peared  in  the  x.  vol.  of  the  series  of  P.  R.  R.  Reports,  entirely  superseding  the 
present  article,  which  is  scarcely  citable  for  any  practical  purposes. 

1856.  McCLiNTOCK,  [P.  L.]     Extracts  from   Captain   M'Cliutock's  Diary 
(plate  IV).    <  Nat.  Hist.  Rev.  (Pr.  Soc.),  iii,  1856,  pp.  40-42. 

Kept  in  the  Arctic  regions  during  the  search  for  Sir  John  Franklin.  Many 
allusions  to  the  birds. 


646          BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§56-1857  [80 

1856.  MCSCHLER,  — .  Notiz  zur  Ornithologie  Gronlands.  <  J.  f.  0.,  iv, 
1856,  p.  335. 

Alca  cirrhata,  Totanus  flavipes,  Picus  auratus, 

1856.  MULLER,  J.  W.  VON.  Einige  Notizen  tiber  die  Vogel  des  hochsten 
Nordens  von  Amerika.  <  J.f.  0.,  iv,  1856,  pp.  304-306. 

Von  Dr.  Elisha  Kent  Kane  dem  Verfasser  mitgetheilt. 

1856.  PUTNAM,  F.  W.  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Essex  County,  Massachu- 
setts. <  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  i,  1856,  pp.  201-231. 

Annotated  list  of  235  spp.  with  10  additional  stragglers ;  and  appendix  of  48 
spp.  given  on  other  authority,  of  Massachusetts  birds  not  observed  in  Essex 
County.  The  classification  and  nomenclature  accord  with  AUDUBCXN'S  Synopsis. 
1856.  SCLATER,  P.  L.  Note  ou  the  Sixteen  Species  of  Texan  Birds  named 
by  Mr.  Giraud  of  New  York,  in  1841.  <  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  (2), 
xvii,  1856,  pp.  426-427. 

From  P.  Z.  S.,  March  27,  1855,  pp.  65,  66,  q.  v. 

1856.  SCLATER,  P.  L.     Catalogue  of  the  Birds  collected  by  M.  Auguste  Salle* 

in  Southern  Mexico,  with  Descriptions  of  New  Species.    <  P.  Z.  S., 
xxiv,  1856,  pp.  283-311,  pll.  (Aves)  cxx,  cxxi. 

233  spp.,  with  brief  miscellaneous  annotations.  Certhiola  mexicana,  p.  286 ;  Ana- 
bates  rubiginosus,  A.  cervinigularis,  p.  288;  Anabazenpps  variegaticeps,  Xenops 
mexicanus,  p.  289 ;  Sclerurus  mexicanus,  Scytalopus  prostheleucus,  p.  290  ;  Parus 
meridionalis,  p.  293;  Formicarius  rnoniliger,  p.  294;  Todirostrum  eineregulare, 
p.  295 ;  TyrannuLa  sulphureipygia,  p.  296 ;  Elaenia  variegata,  p.  297 ;  Pipra  men- 
talis,  p.  299,  pi.  cxxi ;  Myiadestes  unicolor,  p.  299.  The  other  plate  represents 
Granatellus  sallcei. 

1857.  BAIRD,  S.  F.    American  Oology.    <  Edinb.  New  Phiko.  Journ.,  new 

ser.,  v,  1857,  p.  374. 
Extract  from  a  letter  relating  to  T.  M.  Brewer's  work. 

1857.  BEESLEY,  T.  Geology  |  of  |  the  County  of  Cape  May,  |  State  of  |  New 
Jersey.  |  [State  arms.]  j  Trenton :  |  printed  at  the  office  of  the  True 
American.  |  1857.  1  vol.  8vo.  Frontisp.,  pp.  211,  map.  ]>  Birds, 
pp.  138-145. 

At  the  pp.  indicated,  a  "  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  the  County  of  Cape  May. 
By  Thomas  Beesley,  Esq."  196  spp.,  briefly  annotated;  the  breeders  marked 
with  an  asterisk  (*). 

1857.  BLAKISTON,  T.    Notes  of  a  Naturalist  on  his  Passage  towards  the  Far 
West,    v  Zoologist,  xv,  1857,  pp.  5840-5843. 
Voyage  from  England  to  York  Factory,  Hudson's  Bay. 

1857.  BRENDEL,  F.  Vogel  der  Umgegend  Peorias  in  Illinois.  <^Zeitschr. 
gesammt.  Naturw.,  ix,  1857,  pi>.  420-425. 

„  Nachfolgend  theile  ich  das  Verzeichniss  der  in  der  Gegend  von  Peoria  von 
mir  bis  jetzt  beobachteten  Vogel  nebst  einigen  speziellen  Untersuchungen  mit, 
indem  ich  mir  vorbehalte,  dasselbe  durch  spatere  Mittheilungen  zu  vervoll- 
standigeu." — Namenverzeichniss  von  circa  80  Arten,  nebst  kurzen  Bemer- 
kungen;  auch  anatomist-he  Xotizen  iiber  Halicetus  leucocephalus  und  Buteo 
borealis. 

1857.  BREWER,  T.M.  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge.  |  —  |  North 
American  |  Oology.  |  By  |  Thomas  M.  Brewer,  M.  D.  |  —  |  Part  L— 
Raptores  and  Fissirostres.  |  —  |  [Accepted  for  publication,  Febru- 
ary, 1856.]  |  [Washington:  1857.]  lvol.4to.  pp.  viii,  132,  pll.  v 
(figg.  74).  (Forming  part  of  vol.  xi,  1859,  of  Smithsonian  Contributions 
to  Knowledge.  Originally  thus  published  separately,  1857.) 


8l]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1857  647 

1857.  BREWER,  T.  M.— Continued. 

The  foregoing  is  the  title  of  the  work  as  it  appears  in  the  separate  copies. 
The  fuller  title  of  the  work,  as  one  of  the  papers  of  the  Smithsonian  Contribu- 
tions, is,  "North  American  Oology  ;  being  an  account  of  the  geographical  distri- 
bution of  the  Birds  of  North  America  during  their  breeding  season,  with  figures 
and  descriptions  of  their  eggs."  The  work  was  not  continued  beyond  Pait  I, 
which  treats  of  the  Raptores  and  the  "  Fissirostres"  (i.  e.,  Caprimulgidce,  Hirun- 
dinidce,  Cypselidce,  and  Alcedinidce).  The  text  is  a  general  account  of  the  habits, 
to  some  extent,  of  the  species  during  the  breeding  season,  as  well  as  of  the  sub- 
jects mentioned  in  the  full  title,  and  includes  a  copious  synonymy ;  no  descrip- 
tive, technical,  or  critical  matter.  Sixty  species  are  treated,  the  eggs  of  49  of 
them  being  beautifully  figured,  printed  in  colors,  and  touched  up  by  hand— 74 
figures,  on  5  plates— too  many  to  be  here  recapitulated.  Only  a  small  part  of  the 
edition,  however,  is  in  colors ;  the  regular  ed.  in  the  S.  I.  Conk  being  plain, 
printed  from  another  set  of  stones.  The  work  is  notable  as  the  only  purely 
oological  treatise  of  any  extent  as  yet  produced  in  America,  and  is  the  standard 
as  far  as  it  goes.  It  contains  a  fair  proportion  of  blunders,  most  of  wmhich  have 
been  exposed  in  the  critiques  the  work  has  called  forth  from  time  to  time,  though 
no  one  has  been  more  zealous  than  the  author  in  setting  them  right.  The  egg 
ofButeo  borealis?  is  figured  for  that  of  Astur  atticapillus ;  of  Accipiter  cooperi? 
for  that  of  Falco  columbarius;  of  Hirundo  lunifrons?  for  that  of  H.  thalassina  ; 
and  that  figured  as  Archibuteo  ferrugineus  is  doubtful.  Cf.  BKEWER,  Am.  Nat.,  i, 
1867,  pp.  121-123 ;  COUES,  B.  Colorado,  i,  1878, 421. 

1857.  BREWER,  T.  M.    List  and  Descriptions  of  Eggs  obtained  in  California 
by  E.  Samuels.     <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  1857,  pp.  145-149. 
[See  p.  66.] 
Sixteen  specimens. 

1857.  BRYANT,  H.  A  list  of  Birds  observed  at  Grand  Manan  and  at  Yar- 
mouth, N.  S.,  from  June  16  to  July  8,  1856.  <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist,  vi,  1857,  pp.  114-123.  [Continued  by  discussion,  by  several 
ornithologists,  on  various  points  relative  to  North  American  Orni- 
thology, pp.  123-125.] 
55  spp. ;  fully  annotated. 

1857.  BRYANT,  H.     [Remark  on  the  early  migration  of  certain  American 
Birds  ihis  year.]     <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  1857,  p.  170. 

1857.  CASSIN,  J.    Notes  on  the  North  American  species  of  Archibuteo  and 
Lanius,  and  description  of  a  new  specie?  of  Toucan,  of  the  genus 
Selenidera,  Gould.   <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  ix,  1857,  pp.  211-214. 
Archibuteo,  3  spp. ;  Lanius,  5  spp. ;  Selenidera  spectabilis,  p.  214. 

1857.  D'URBAN,  W.  S.  M.     Notes  on  the  Land  Birds  observed  round  [sic] 
Montreal  during  the  winter  of  1856-7.    <  Canad.  Nat.  $  Geol,  ii, 
1857,  pp.  138-145. 
Field-notes  on  a  score  of  species. 

1857.  D'URBAN,  W.  S.  M.    Notice  of  the  Occurrence  of  the  Pine  Grosbeak 
and  Bohemian  Chatterer,  near  Montreal.    <^  Canad.  Nat.  fy  Geol.,  i, 
1857,  pp.  465-472,  fig. 
More  extended  notice,  with  figure  of  the  latter,  by  E.  Billings,  appended. 

Bemerkungen  zu  Vorigern  [d.  h.  Vogel  der  Umgegend 
Peorias  in  Illinois  von  Fr.  Brendel]  iiber  Cathartes  aura,  Falco  albi- 
cilla,  F.  lagopus  und  F.  buteo.  <^Zdtschr.  gesammt.  Naturw.,  ix, 
1857,  pp.  426-433. 

,,  Die  vorstehenden  Mittheilungen  Herrn  Brendels  .  .  .  veranlassen  mich  aus 
Chr.  L.  Nitzsch'  handschriftlichem  Nachlass  bier  die  anatomischen  Notizen 
theils  zur  Erganzung,  theils  zur  weitern  Vergleichung  der  nacbst  verwandten 
Arten  anzuschliessen."  Vergl.  1857,  BHEXDEL,  F. 


648  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1857  [82 

1857.  HADFIELD,  H.  W.  Notes  and  Remarks  on  the  Storm  Petrel,  American 
Bittern,  Night  Hawk,  &c.  [i  e.,  other  birds  of  Canada.]  <^  Zoolo- 
gist, xv,  1857,  pp.  5798-5804. 

1857.  HOLMES,  E.  Birds  [of  North  America]  injurious  to  Agriculture.  <^Bep. 
U.  S.  Patent  Office,  Agric.,for  1856,  1857,  pp.  110-160,  pll.  15-46. 

1857.  KNEELAND,  S.  On  the  Birds  of  Keweenaw  Point,  Lake  Superior. 
<Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  1857,  pp.  231-241. 

Partially  annotated  list  of  147  spp.— Musical  notation  of  song  of  Zonotrichia 
albicoiiis. 

1857.  NEWBERRY,J.  S.  ^SoT'  |House  of  Representatives,  j  ^.9lT' 
|  —  |  Reports  |  of  |  Explorations  and  Surveys,  \  to  |  ascertain  the 
most  practicable  and  economical  route  for  a  railroad  |  from  the  | 
Mississippi  River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  |  Made  under  the  direction  of 
'the  Secretary  of  War,  in  |  1854-5,  |  according  to  Acts  of  Congress 
of  March  3,  1853,  May  31,  1854,  and  August  5,  1854.  |  —  j  Volume 
VI.  |  —  |  Washington  :  |  A.  O.  P.  Nicholson,  printer,  |  1857.  j  4to. 
>  Part  IV.  Zoological  Report.  No.  2.  Report  upon  the  Zoology  of 
the  Route.  By  J.  S.  Newberry,  M.  D.  >  Chapter  II  Report  upon 
the  Birds,  pp.  73-110,  pll.  xxvi  and  xxxiv,  with  pp.  i-iv  of  index. 

This  well-written  and  interesting  article  gives  the  ornithological  results  of 
the  California  and  Oregon  routes ;  it  consists  of  field-notes  on  a  large  number 
of  species.  Pious  williamsonii,  p.  89  (descr.  nulld),  pi.  xxxiv,  up.  fig.,  sp.  n.  PI. 
xxxiv,  low.  fig.,  Icteria  longicauda.  PI.  xxvi,  Pica  nuttattii. 

1857.  REINHARDT,  J.  Naturhistoriske  Bidrag  |  til  |  En  Beskrivelse  af  Gr0n- 
land,  |  af  |  J.Reinhardt,J.  C.Scbi0dte,O.  A.L.  M0rch,C.F.Lutken,  | 
J.  Lange,  H.  Rink.  |  —  |  Sa^rskilt  Aftryk  af  Tillseggene  til  „  Gr^n- 
landjgeographiskogstatistiskbeskrevet"  af  H.  Ritk.  |  —  |  Kj^ben- 
havn.  |  Louis  Kleins  Bogtrykkeri.  |  1857.  1  vol.  12mo  size  (8  11. 
to  a  sig.).  2  p.  11.,  pp.  3-172,  map.  >  Tillaeg  Nr.  1,  Fortegnelse 
over  Gr<|>nland8  Pattedyr,  Fugle  og  Fiske,  af  Professor  J.  Reinhardt. 
pp.  3-27. 

Pugle,  pp.  12-20.— Nominal  list  of  111  sp.,  slightly  annotated. 

The  same  list,  somewhat  modified,  was  translated  and  published  in  Anton  von 
Etzel's  Gronland  geographisch  und  statistisch  beschrieben.  Aus  danischen 
Quellenschriften.  Stuttgart,  J.  G.  Cotta'scher  Verlag,  1860. 

1857.  SCLATER,  P.  L.     On  some  New  Species  of  Birds  collected  by  M.  Au- 
guste  Salle"  in  Southern  Mexico.    <  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  (2),  xix, 
1857,  pp.  418-423. 
From  P.  Z.  S.,  July  8, 1856.    See  1856,  SCLATER,  P.  L.,  bis. 

1857.  SCLATER,  P.  L.  On  Parus  meridionalis  and  some  other  species  men- 
tioned in  the  Catalogue  of  Birds  collected  by  M.  Sall6  in  Southern 
Mexico.  <  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist. ,  (2),  xx,  1857,  pp.  3»1,  382. 

From  P.  Z.  S.,  May  12, 1857. 

1857.  SCLATER,  P.  L.  List  of  Birds  collected  by  Mr.  Thomas  Bridges,  Cor- 
responding Member  of  the  Society,  in  the  Valley  of  San  Jose",  in  the 
State  of  California.  <  P.  Z.  S.,  xxv,  1857,  pp.  125-127. 

33  spp.,  shortly  annotated. 

1857.  SCLATER,  P.  L.    List  of  additional  species  of  Mexican  Birds,  obtained 
by  M.  Auguste  Salle"  from  the  environs  of  Jalapa  and  S.  Andres 
Tuxtla.     <  P.  Z.  S.,  xxv,  1857,  pp.  201-207,  woodcc. 
62  spp.,  annotated.— Camptostoma  imberbe,  gen.  sp.  n.,  p.  203. 


83] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1857-1858  649 


1857.  SCLATER,  P.  L.  On  a  Collection  of  Birds  made  by  Signer  Matteo 
Botteri  in  the  vicinity  of  Orizaba  in  Soutbern  Mexico.  <^  P.  Z.  S.t 
xxv,  1857,  pp.  210-215. 

38  spp.,  shortly  annotated.  Neochloe  (g.  n.)  brevipennis,  p.  213;  Zonotiichia  bot- 
terii,  p.  214,  spp.  nn. 

1857.  SCLATER,  P.  L.    On  a  Collection  of  Birds  received  by  M.  Salle*  from 

Soutbern  Mexico.    <  P.  Z.  &,  xxv,  1857,  pp.  226-230. 
29  spp.,  annotated.    Diplopterus  excellens,  p.  229,  sp.  n. 

1858.  BAIRD,  S.  F.,  CASSIN,  J.,  and  LAWRENCE,  G.  N.     3|^  Cs°eDJ ^  j  House 

of  Representatives,  j  ^  D^1Ct  |  —  |  Reports  |  of  |  Explorations  and 

Surveys,  |  to  |  ascertain  the  most  practicable  and  economical  route 
for  a  railroad  |  from  the  |  Mississippi  River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  | 
Made  under  the  direction  of  tbe  Secretary  of  War,  in  j,  1853-6,  j 
according  to  Acts  of  Congress  of  March  3,  1853,  May  31,  1854,  and 
August  5,  1854.  |  —  |  Volume  IX.  I  —  |  Washington :  |  A.  O.  P. 
Nicholson,  printer.  |  1858.  4to.  Subtitled  as  follows :  Explorations 
and  Surveys  for  a  railroad  route  from  the  Mississippi  River  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  |  War  Department.  |  —  \  Birds:  |  by  Spencor  F.  Baird, 
|  Assistant  Secretary  Smithsonian  Institution.  |  With  the  co-opera- 
tion of  |  John  Cassiu  and  George  N.  Lawrence.  |  —  |  Washington, 
D.  C.  |  1858.  pp.  i-lvi,  1-1005.  (No  illustrations.) 

This  work  is  ' '  Part  II "  of  the  "  General  Report  upon  the  Zoology  of  the  Several 
Pacific  Railroad  Routes  "  (Part  I  being  the  corresponding  report  on  the  Mam- 
mals, which  constitutes  the  viii.  vol.  of  the  series,  and  Parts  III  and  IV,  on 
Reptiles  and  Fishes  respectively,  being  contained  in  the  x.  vol.  of  the  series). 
The  preface  states :— "  The  present  report  is  a  continuation  of  a  systematic 
account  of  the  vertebrate  animals  of  North  America,  collected  or  observed  by 
the  different  parties  organized  under  the  direction  of  the  "War  Department  for 
ascertaining  the  best  route  for  a  railroad  from  the  Mississippi  river  to  the  Pacific 
ocean.  The  collections  of  these  expeditions  having  been  deposited  with  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  by  the  "War  Department,  in  compliance  with  an  act 
of  Congress,  the  undersigned  was  charged  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Institution 
with  the  duty  of  furnishing  the  series  of  general  reports  upon  them,  as  called 
for  by  the  Department.  The  account  of  the  mammals  having  been  published  in 
1857,  that  of  the  birds  is  herewith  furnished,  prepared  according  to  the  plan 
announced  in  the  preface  to  that  volume.  As  in  the  volume  on  the  mammals, 
by  the  insertion  of  the  comparatively  few  species  not  noticed  by  the  expeditions, 
this  report  becomes  an  exposition  of  the* present  state  of  our  knowledge  of  the 
birds  of  North  America,  north  of  Mexico.  This  addition,  while  rendering  the 
work  more  valuable  to  the  reader,  waa  absolutely  necessary  for  the  proper 
understanding  of  the  western  launa,  the  species  of  which  are  generally  so 
closely  allied  to  the  eastern  forms  as  to  require  in  most;  cases  more  minute  and 
detailed  descriptions  of  the  latter  than  have  been  published.  Certain  portions 
of  the  report  have  been  prepared  by  Mr.  John  Cassin,  of  Philadelphia,  and  Mr. 
George  N.  Lawrence,  of  New  York,  well  known  as  the  leading  ornithologists  of 
the  United  States.  Mr.  Cassin  has  furnished  the  entire  account  of  the  Raptores, 
from  p.  4  to  64,  of  the  Grail®  from  p.  689  to  753,  and  of  the  Alcidae  from  p.  900  to 
918,  in  all  about  135  pages.  Mr.  Lawrence  has  written  the  article  on  the  Longi- 
pennes,  Totipalmes,  and  Colymbidae  from  page  820  to  900,  making  80  pages."  The 
preface  continues  with  recapitulation  of  the  different  surveying  parties  and  less 
official  or  wholly  individual  sources  whence  the  collections  upon  which  the 
report  is  based  were  received. 

Contents :— Various  titles,  etc.,  pp.  i-xvi.  Table  of  the  Higher  Groups,  pp.  xvii- 
xxiv.  List  of  Species,  pp.  xxv-lvi,  738  in  number,  with  geographical  distribution. 


650  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1858  [84 

1858.  BAIRD,  S.  F.,  CASSIN,  J.,  and  LAWRENCE,  G.  N.— Continued. 

General  text,  pp.  1-920.  Appendix  A,  Additional  Remarks  on  North  American 
Birds,  pp.  921-925 ;  Appendix  B,  Birds  found  at  Fort  Bridger,  Utah,  pp.  926,  P27 ; 
Appendix  C,  List  of  Authorities  referred  to  (an  important  piece  of  bibliography), 
pp.  928-954 ;  Indexes,  pp.  955-1005. 

This  report  is  complete  in  itself,  and  entirely  independent  of  the  various 
special  articles  by  different  naturalists  of  the  several  Surveys;  an  elaborate 
formal  treatise  on  all  the  birds  of  North  America  north  of  Mexico.  It  repre- 
sents the  most  important  single  step  ever  taken  in  the  progress  of  American 
ornithology  in  all  that  relates  to  the  technicalities.  The  nomenclature  is 
entirely  remodelled  from  that  of  the  immediately  preceding  Audubonian  period, 
and  for  the  first  time  brought  abreast  of  the  then  existing  aspect  of  the  case. 
It  was  adopted  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  thousands  of  separately 
printed  (4to  and  8vo)  copies  of  the  "List  of  Species  "  were  distributed  during 
succeeding  years  to  institutions  and  individuals  ;  the  names  came  at  once  into 
almost  universal  employ,  and  so  continued,  with  scarcely  appreciably  diminished 
force,  until  about  1872.  The  synonymy  of  the  work  is  more  extensive  and  elab- 
orate and  more  reliable  than  any  before  presented  ;  the  compilation  was  almost 
entirely  original,  very  few  citations  having  been  made  at  second-hand,  and  these 
being  indicated  by  quotation-marks.  The  general  text  consists  of  diagnoses  or 
descriptions  of  each  species,  with  extended  and  elaborate  criticisms,  compari- 
sons, and  commentary,  Of  the  general  character  of  the  specific  determinations, 
it  may  be  said  that  the  authors'  tendency  was  to  push  specific  discriminations 
beyond  a  point  now  usual ;  so  that,  though  the  work  contains  notably  few  purely 
nominal  species,  it  has  many  that  have  proven  to  be  simply  geographical  races. 
Tabular  lists  of  the  specimens  examined,  with  localities  where  procured,  col- 
lector, date  of  collection,  and  many  measurements,  are  given.  The  work  includes 
no  biographical  matter,  nor  is  it  illustrated. 

The  appearance  of  so  great  a  work,  from  the  hands  of  a  most  methodical, 
learned,  and  sagacious  naturalist,  aided  by  two  of  the  leading  ornithologists  of 
America,  exerted  an  influence  perhaps  stronger  and  more  widely  felt  than  that 
of  any  of  its  predecessors,  Audubon's  and  Wilson's  not  excepted,  and  marked 
an  epoch  in  the  history  of  American  ornithology.  The  synonymy  and  specific 
characters,  original  in  this  work,  have  been  used  again  and  again  by  subsequent 
writers,  with  various  modification  and  abridgment,  and  are  in  fact  a  large  basis 
of  the  technical  portion  of  the  subsequent  History  of  North  A  merican  Birds  by 
BAIKD,  BUEWER,  and  RIDGWAY.  Such  a  monument  of  original  research  is  likely 
to  remain  for  an  indefinite  period  a  source  of  inspiration  to  lesser  writers,  while 
its  authority  as  a  work  of  reference  will  always  endure. 

Many  of  the  novelties  secured  by  the  different  surveying  parties  were  pre- 
viously described ;  the  following  are  the  genn.  and  spp.  nn.  of  this  work : — 
Picoides  dorsalis,  p.  100;  Sphyrapicus,  p.  101;  S.  nuchalis,  p.  103;  Hylatomus, 
p.  107 ;  Colaptes  hybridus,  p.  122 ;  Nephocaetes,  p.  142 ;  Tyrannus  couchii,  p.  175 ; 
Empidonax  difidlis,  p.  198;  E.  wrightii,  p.  200 ;  Turdus  cdicice,  p.  217 ;  Protono- 
taria,  p.  239;  Oporornis,  p.  246;  Oroscoptes,  p.  346;  Catherpes,  p.  356 ;  Thriothorus 
belandieri  "Couch",  p.  362;  Parus  occidentalis,  p.  391;  Carpodacus  californicus, 
p.  413;  Plectrophanes  melanomus,  p.  436;  Centrouyx,  p.  440;  Pooccetes,  p.  447; 
Melospiza,  p.  476  ;  M.  heermanni,  p.  478:  M.  gouldii,  p.  479;  Passerella  schistacea, 
p.  490 ;  Cyanospiza,  p.  500 ;  Pipilo  megalonyx,  p.  515 ;  Corvus  americanus  var. 
floridanus,  p.  568;  C.  caurinus,  p.  569;  Cyanocitta  woodhouseii,  p.  585;  Ortalida 
McCallii,p.6ll;  Pediocaetes,  p.  625;  Oreortyx,  p.  642;  Grius  fraterculus  Casw.,  p. 
656  ;  Hydranassa,  p.  660  ;  Herodias  egretta  var.  californica,  p.  667  ;  Ardea  wurde- 
manni,  p.  669  ;  Florida,  p.  671 ;  Aegialitis  nivosa  Cass.,  p.  696  ;  Arquatella,  p.  714 ; 
Tringa  cooperi,  p.  716;  Micropalama,  p.  726;  Heteroscehts,  p.  734  ;  Anser  frontalis, 
p.  762;  Ariatonetta,  p.  793;  Bucephala,  p.  795;  Pelionetta  trowbridgii,  p.  806; 
Podiceps  occidentalis  Lawr.,  p.  894  ;  P.  clarkii  Lawr.,  p.  895. 

Many  copies  of  this  volume  were  reissued  in  18GO  under  an  entirely  different 
title  (Birds  of  America,  etc.,  q.  v.),  accompanied  by  a  second  vol.  of  pll.— these 
plates  being  all  those  which  belonged  to  the  various  detached  ornithological 
reports  of  the  several  naturalists  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  Surveys,  those  of  the 
Mexican  Boundary  Survey,  and  many  new  ones,  raising  the  total  to  100. 


8r>]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1§58  651 

1858.  BAIRD,  S.  F.,  CASSIK,  J.,  and  LAWRENCE,  G.  N.— Continued. 

In  closing  a  short  notice  of  this  tlie  General  Report  on  the  Ornithology  of  the 
Pacific  Railroad  Surveys,  it  will  be  well  to  recapitulate  the  several  special  asso- 
ciated reports,  scattered  through  the  series  of  volumes  in  such  irregular  fashion 
that  their  accurate  quotation  becomes  a  matter  of  the  greatest  difficulty, — in  fact,  I 
have  never  seen  a  full  and  precise  citation  made  by  any  one  not  thoroughly  con- 
versant with  the  composition  of  the  whole  publication.  In  the  present  Biblio- 
graphy, I  Lave  adopted  the  method  of  quoting  in  full  the  general  title-page  of 
the  whole  volume  iu  which  each  report  appears,  following  this  with  quotation  of 
the  special  sub-title  page  of  the  zoological  portion,  and  this  with  quotation  of  the 
particular  title  of  the  ornithological  article,  giving  the  pp.  and  pll.  only  of  the 
latter. 

Bird-matter  is  found  in  the  following  volumes  :— 
Vol.  IV,  1856.   Part  VI,  No.  1.  KENNERLY'S  Report,  pp.  1-17  (being  preliminary 

to  his  final  report,  which  appeared  in  vol.  X,  1859). 
Vol.  VI,  1857.    Part  IV,  No.  2.    NEWBERRY'S  Report,  pp.  73-110,  +  i-iv,  pll. 

(WILLIAMSON'S  &  ABBOT'S  Routes  in  California  and  Oregon). 
VoL  IX,  1858.  BAIRD'S  General  Report,  occupying  the  whole  vol. 
Vol.  X,  1859.  The  first  half  of  this  singularly  composite  vol.  is  occupied  with 
BAIRD'S  General  Report  on  Reptiles  of  all  the  Surveys  (plates  only— text 
never  published),  and  GIKARD'S  General  Report  on  the  Fishes  (text  and 
plates).  The  rest  consists  of  a  great  number  of  detached  deferred  zoologi- 
cal articles,  huddled  together  pell-mell,  belonging  to  reports  which  con- 
stitute previous  vols.  of  the  series  ;  among  them  are  four  bird-articles,  as 
follows:—  BAIRD'S,  on  Birds  of  Gunnison's  and  Beckwith's  Routes  near  38th, 
39th,  and  41st  parallels,  being  No.  2,  pp.  11-16,  pll.,  and  belonging  to  the 
report  published  in  the  ii.  vol.  of  the  series;  KENNERLY'S,  on  Birds  of 
Whipple-s  Route  near  35th  parallel,  being  No.  2,  pp.  19-35,  pll.,  of  Part  VI  of 
report  published  in  the  iv.  vol.  of  the  series;  HEERMANN'S,  (1),  on  Birds  of 
Parke's  Route  near  30d  parallel,  being  No.  1,  pp.  9-20,  pll.,  of  report  pub- 
lished in  the  vii.  vol.  of  thw  series ;  HEERMANN'S,  (2),  on  Birds  of  William- 
i>on?s  Routes  in  California  near  35th  and  3%d  parallels,  being  No.  2,  pp.  29-80, 
pll.,  of  Part  IV  of  report  published  in  the  v.  vol.  of  the  series.  The  dis- 
continuous pagination  of  this  vol.  X,  and  the  fact  that  the  "  Parts  "  which 
appear  to  refer  to  it  really  refer  to  portions  of  previous  vols.,  render  it 
impossible  to  cite  these  articles  except  by  reference  to  the  routes  by 
name,  or  to  the  printer's  signatures  at  bottom  of  the  pages. 
Vol.  XII,  1860.  Book  II.  Part  III,  No.  3,  Chaps.  I,  II.  pp.  140-290,  pll. 
COOPER  &  SUCKLEY'S,  en  Birds  of  Governor  Stevenn's  Route  near  41th  and 
4[)th  parallels. 

1858.  BAIRD,  S.  F.    Birds  found  at  Fort  Bridger,  Utah.     <  Pacific  K.  E. 
Hep.,  ix,  1858,  App.  B,  pp.  926,  927. 
Merely  a  list  of  104  spp.,  collected  by  C.  Drexler. 

1858.  BAIRD,  S.  F.  Catalogue  |  of  |  North  American  Birds,  |  chiefly  in  the  Mu- 
seum of  the  |  Smithsonian  Institution.  |  By  |  Spencer  F.  Baird,  |  As- 
sistant Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  |  —  |  Washington : 
Smithsonian  Institution.  |  October,  1858.  4to,  paper.  1  p.  1.,  pp. 
xvii-lvi. 

Separate  reissue,  v.  I.  p.,  with  new  title-page,  of  pp.  xvii-lvi  of  the  author's 
main  work.  Besides  the  list  of  7c8  spp.,  with  habitats,  these  sheets  contain  a 
table  of  the  higher  groups,  list  of  extralimital  species  (23)  which  are  included  in 
the  work,  and  of  those  (31)  claiming  to  be  North  American,  but  not  so  identified, 
and  a  summary  of  the  total  number  as  variously  given  by  Wilson,  Bonaparte, 
and  Audubon.  The  species  being  all  numbered,  the  brochure  was  much  used 
for  several  years  for  practically  convenient  reference  to  the  species  by  number. 

1858.  BRIDGES,  T.  Notes  on  Californian  Birds.  With  Remarks  by  P.  L. 
Sclatcr.  <  P.  Z.  S.,  xxvi,  1858,  pp.  1-3,  pi.  (Aves)  cxxxi. 

11  spp.— Mdanerpes  nibrigularis  Scl.,  p.  2,  pi  cxxxi,  sp.  n.,=Picv,s  williamsoni 
Newb.,=P.  thyroideus  Cass.,  cf. 


652  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1858  [86 

1858.  HAYDEN,  F.  V.  Preliminary  Report  of  Explorations  in  Nebraska  and 
Dakota,  in  the  years  1855-'56-'57,  by  Lieut.  G.  K.  Warren,  .... 
Washington,  1856.  8vo.  pp.  125. 

This  title  is  taken  from  a  separate  repaged  reprint,  made  in  1875,  of  Hayden'a 
article  in  Warren's  Report.  The  article,  whether  of  1858  or  of  1875,  contains  an 
extensive  List  of  the  Birds  of  the  Upper  Missouri  Region,  substantially  the  same 
as  that  published  in  the  4to  Report,  Philadelphia,  186-2,  q.  v. 

1858.  HENRY,  T.  C.    Descriptions  of  new  Birds  from  Fort  Thorn,  New  Mex- 
ico.   <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  x,  1858,  pp.  1 17, 118. 
Toxostoma  crissalis,  Junco  dorsalis,  p.  117. 

1858.  KITTUTZ,  F.  H.  VON.  Denkwiirdigkeiten  |  einer  Reise  |  nach  dem 
russischen  Amerika,  nach  Micronesien  |  und  durch  Kamtschatka 
Von  F.  H.  v.  Kittlitz.  |  —  |  Erster  [zweiter]  Band.  |  —  |  Gotha.  | 
Verlag  von  Justus  Perthes.  |  1858.  2  vols.  8vo.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  384. 
Vol.  II,  2  p.  11.,  pp.  464.  Plates  and  cuts  in  both  vols. 

Contains  much  interesting  matter  relating  to  natural  history,  and  ornithology 
in  particular,  passim.  Several  birds  are  figured  in  the  text.  Cf.  J.  f.  O.,  1859,  pp. 
45-51. 

1858.  KJTTLITZ,  F.  H.  VON.    Nachtragliche  Bemerkungen  zu  den  im  Verlage 
von  Justus  Perthes  in  Gotha  so  eben  erschienenen :  „  Denkwiirdig- 
keiten einer  Reise  nach  dem  russischen  America,  nach  Mikronesien 
und  durch  Kamtschatka."    <  J.f.  0.,  1858,  vi,  pp.  387-390. 
Nebst  Anmerkungen  des  Herausgebers. 

1858.  SAUSSURE,  H.  DE.  Observations  |  sur  les  |  Mosurs  de  divers  Oiseaux 
|  du  Mexique  |  par  M.  H.  de  Saussure  |  —  |  Geneve  |  Imprimerie 
Ramboz  et  Schuchardt  |  Rue  de  l'H6tel-de-Ville,  78  |  —  |  1858  8vo. 
pp.  55,  pi.  1. 

Reissued  repaged  from  the  Bibl.  Univ.  G&n&oe,  1858-59  ?,  q.  v. 

1858.  SCLATER,  P.  L.  Notes  on  some  Birds  from  Southern  Mexico.  <  P.  Z.  S., 
xxvi,  1858,  pp.  95-99. 

14  spp.,  with  critical  annotation. 

1858.  SCLATER,  P.  L.  On  a  Collection  of  Birds  received  by  M.  Auguste 
Sall6  from  Oaxaca  in  Southern  Mexico.  <  P.  Z.  S.,  xxvi,  1858,  pp. 
293,  294. 

5  spp.    Chlorospingus  castaneicottis,  p.  293 ;  Calliste  cyanotis,  p.  294,  spp.  nn. 
1858.  SCLATER,  P.  L.    On  a  Collection  of  Birds  received  by  M.  Auguste 
Salle"  from  Oaxaca  in  Southern  Mexico.    <  P.  Z.  S.,  xxvi,  1858,  pp. 
294-305. 

86  spp.,  with  critical  annotation.  Petrochelidon  swainsoni,  p.  296 ;  Troglodytes 
brunneicottis,  p.  297 ;  Formicivora  boucardi,  p.  300 ;  Empidonax  bairdi,  p.  301 ; 
Pipilo  dlbicollis,  p.  304,  spp.  nn. ;  Chamaeospiza,  p.  304,  g.  n. 

1858.  XANTUS,  J.    Descriptions  of  two  new  Species  of  Birds  from  the  vicin- 
is  y  of  Fort  Tejon,  California.    <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  x,  1858, 
p.  117. 
Tyrannula  hammondii,  Vireo  cassinii. 

1858-59  ?  SAUSSURE,  H.  DE.  Observations  sur  les  Moeurs  de  Divers  Oiseaux 
du  Mexique.  <Arch.  des  Sc.  Phys.  et  Nat.  (Bill.  Univ.  Geneve},  2e  s6r., 
i,  1858,  pp.  331-338,  pi.  iv  ;  iii,  1858,  pp.  14-25, 168-182 ;  iv,  1859  (pub. 
1858?),  pp.  22-41. 

I.  Les  Pics("Colaptes  rubricatus",  i.e.  Melanerpes  formicivorus).  II.  Les 
Colibris.  III.  Les  Oiseaux  de  Proie  (Vauteurs,  Aigles).  IV.  Les  Troupiales 
(Icteridae).  V.  Les  Couroucous.  VI.  Sur  les  Anis,  les  Hoccos  et  les  P6n61opes. 


87] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1858-1§59       653 


1858-59.  WIED,  MAX,  PRINZ  vo*.  Verzeichniss  der  Vogel,  welche  auf  einer 
Reise  in  Nord-America  beobachtet  wurden.  <</./.  0.,  vi,  1858,  pp. 
1_29,  97-124,  177-205,  257-284,  337-354,  417-445  ;  vii,  1859,  pp.  81-96. 
A  systematic  account  of  very  many  species,  with  much  descriptive  matter,  but 
chiefly  valuable  for  the  indications  of  geographical  distribution  and  accounts  of 
habits.  Buteo  gutturalis,  p.  17  ;  Sylvicola  missuriensis,  p.  117;  Linaria  americana, 
p.  338,  spp.  nn. 

1859.  [ANON.]  Birds  of  North  America.  <  Harper's  Neiv  Monthly  Mag.,  vol. 
xviii,  1859,  p.  692. 

Advance  notice  of  a  proposal  to  repnblish  Audnbon's  Birds  of  North  America  ; 
with  comments  upon  Audubon  and  his  labors. 

1869.  BAIBD,  S.  F.  "*  gjSS!"'  \  House  of  K«P^«n^ive8.  {  ^  £,<?• 
|  —  j  Report  |  on  the  |  United  States  and  Mexican  Boundary 
Survey,  j  made  under  |  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Inte- 
rior, |  by  William  H.  Emory.  |  Major  First  Cavalry  and  United 
States  Commissioner.  |  —  |  Volume  II.  |  —  |  Washiogton  :  |  Corne- 
lius Wendell,  Printer.  |  1859.  4to.  >  Part  II.  Zoology  of  the 
Boundary.  ^>  [2d  article.]  Birds  of  the  Boundary,  by  Spencer  F. 
Baird,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  with 
notes  by  the  Naturalists  of  the  Survey,  pp.  32,  1  ].,  pll.  col'd  25. 

The  whole  work  is  in  2  vols.  4to,  but  the  2d  vol.  is  usually  found  bound  in  2 
"parts",  each  of  which  is  separately  titled  and  paged;  and  the  several  articles 
in  each  part  are  moreover  separately  titled  and  paged.  Vol.  I  is  the  general 
official  report,  with  which  we  have  here  nothing  to  do.  Vol.  II,  Part  I,  is  the 
Botany  of  the  Boundary,  to  which  no  fewer  than  seven  different  title-pages  are 
prefixed  in  the  copy  examined.  Vol.  II,  Part  II,  contains  four  independent, 
separately  paged  and  titled  articles  on  the  Zoology  of  the  Boundary,  the  second 
of  which  relates  to  the  birds.  This  article  is  merely  a  list  of  the  specimens  col- 
lected by  the  Commission,  under  the  names  given  by  Prof.  Baird  in  the  ix.  vol. 
of  the  Pacific  Railroad  Reports  (where  the  species  are  all  worked  up),  with  field- 
notes  on  some  of  them  by  various  naturalists  of  the  Survey.  The  text  is  there- 
fore comparatively  unimportant  ;  but  it  is  accompanied  by  25  beautiful  colored 
plates,  which  confer  great  value.  PI.  i,  Scops  McCalli;  ii,  Trogon  "  mcxicanus"; 
HI,  f.  1,  Picus  scalaris;  f.  2,  P,  nuttalli;  iv,  Centurus  flaviventris  ;  v,  f.  1,2,  Selas- 
phorus  platycercus  ;  3,  Trochilus  alexandri;  vi,  Chordeiles  texensis;  vii,  Cesyle 
americana;  viii,  Momotus  coeruleiceps  ;  ix,  f.  1,  Pachyrhamphus  aglaice  ;  f.2, 
Bathmidurus  major  /  f.  3,  Myiarchus  lawrencii;  x,  Tyraimus  vociferans  -,  xi,  f.  1, 
T.  couchii;  f.  2,  T.  melancholicus  ;  f.  3,  Empidonax  obscurus  ;  xii,  Toxostoma 
lecontei;  xiii,  T.  curvirostris  ;  xiv,  T.  longircstris  ;  xv,  f.  1,  Loph^phanes  wolhoe- 
beri  ;  f.  2,  Aegithalus  flaviceps  ;  f.  3,  Psaltriparus  melanotis  ;  xvi,  f.  l,Chrysomitris 
mexicanus  ;  f.  2,  3,  SpermophUa  morelettii;  xvii,  f.  1,  Spizella  atrigularis  ;  f.2, 
Embernagra  rufivirgata  ;  xviii,  f.  1,  Cyanoloxia  paretlina  ;  f.  2,  Spiza  versicolor  ,• 
xix,  f.  1,  Icterus  parisorum  ;  f.  2,  I.  wagleri  /  xx,  Quiscalus  macrourus  ;  xxi,  Cy- 
anocUta  woodhousei  ;  xxii,  f.  1,  C.sordida,-  f.2,  C.  ultramarina  /  xxiii,  Columba 
flavirostris  ;  xxiv,  Ortyxtexanus  ;  xxv,  Dendrocygna  autumnalis.  This  series  of 
illustrations  subsequently  formed  part  of  the  atlas  of  100  plates  of  BAIKD'S  Birds 
of  North  America  (1H60).  In  view  of  the  several  different  title-pages  preceding 
this  article,  it  will  be  advisable  to  quote  it  simply  as  "  BAIRD,  U.  S.  and  Mex. 
Bound.  Surv.  ii,  pt  ii,  Birds,  p.  —  ,  pi.  —  ." 


1859.  BAIKD,  S.  F.   ^^ff-  }  Senate.  {  E^  °°°-    |  -  |  Reports  |  of 

Explorations  and  Surveys,  |  to  |  ascertain  the  most  practicable  and 
economical  route  for  a  railroad  |  from  the  ]  Mississippi  River  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  |  Made  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War, 


654  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX        1859  [88 

1859.  BAIRD,  S.  F.— Continued. 

in  |  1853-6,  |  according  to  acts  of  Congress  of  March  3,  1853,  May 
31,  1854,  and  August  5,  1854.  |  —  |  Volume  X.  |  -  |  Washington :  | 
Beverley  Tucker,  printer.  |  1859.  4to.  >  Eoute  near  the  38th  and 
39th  parallels,  explored  by  Captain  J.  W.  Gunnison,  and  near  the 
41st  parallel,  explored  by  Lieutenant  E.  G.  Beckwith.  Zoological 
Eeport.  >  No.  2.  Report  on  Birds  collected  on  the  Survey.  By  S. 
F.  Baird.  pp.  11-16,  pll.  xii,  xiii,  xiv,  xv,  xvii,  xxxii,  xxxv. 

The  report  to  which  this  deferred  zoological  article  pertains  is  in  vol.  II  of  the 
series.  The  article  is  brief  and  unimportant,  consisting  of  a  short  description  of 
most  of  the  25  spp.  and  list  of  specimens  collected.  Pll.  xii,  xiii,  Buteo  swain- 
sonii;  pi.  xiv,  Buteo  calurug;  pL  xv,  B.  oxypterus  ;  pi.  xvii,  Ohordeiles  henryi;  pi. 
xxxii,  JEremophila  cornuta  var. ;  pi.  xxxv,  Sialia  occidentalis. 

1859.  BAIRD,  S.  F.  Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections.  |  —  |  Catalogue 
|  of  |  North  American  Birds,  |  chiefly  in  the  Museum  of  the  |  Smith- 
sonian Institution.  |  By  |  Spencer  F.  Baird.  |  [First  octavo  edi- 
tion.] |  [Medallion.]  |  Washington:  |  Smithsonian  Institution.  | 
1859.  8vo.  2  p.  11.,  pp.  19  +  2. 

Constituting  article  IV  of  vol.  H  of  the  series  of  Smiths.  Misc.  Coll,  but  chiefly 
known  as  a  separate  publication.  It  is  a  reprint,  with  some  changes,  from  the 
4to  list  which  formed  part  of  voL  IX,  Pacific  Railroad  Reports,  and  which  was 
published  separately  in  1858.  There  are  also  other  separate  copies,  printed  on 
one  side  of  the  paper  only,  for  labelling.  Ostensibly  738. spp.,  but  some  of  the 
numbers  are  duplicated ;  names  only.  The  supplementary  2  pages  are  an  alpha- 
betical list  of  N.  A.  genera. 

1859.  BAIRD,  S.  F.  Notes  on  a  collection  of  Birds  made  by  Mr.  John  Xantus, 
at  Cape  St.  Lucas,  Lower  California,  and  now  in  the  Museum  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institute.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sd.  Phila.,  xi,  1859,  pp. 
299-306. 

42  spp.  Myiarchus  pertinax,  pp.  301,  303 ;  Cardinalis  igneus,  Pipilo  albigula, 
Ghamcepelia  (passerina?  var.)  pallescens,  p.  305,  spp.  nn. 

1859.  BLAKISTON,  T.  Scraps  from  the  Far  West.  <  Zoologist,  xvii,  1859, 
pp. 6318-6325, 6373-6376. 

Cursory  field-notes  on  birds  observed  from  York  Factory,  Hudson's  Bay,  to 
Fort  Carlton  on  the  Saskatchewan. 

1859.  BLAND,  — .  List  of  Birds  of  Bermuda.  ^(Thirteenth)  Ann.  Rep.  Smiths. 
Inst.  (for  1858),  1859,  pp.  286-289, 

Nominal  list  of  114  spp.,  with  12  'probabilities',  and  a  note  adding  35  spp.  from 
"Wedderburn  and  Hurdis  (in  JONES'S  Nat.  in  Bermuda,  1859,  q.  v.).  The  list  in- 
cludes 4  European  spp. 

1859.  BRYANT,  H.    [Notes  on  some  of  the  Birds  observed  in  East  Florida.] 
<Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1859,  pp.  5-21. 
Extended  field  observations  of  habits ;  much  description  of  nesting,  eggs,  etc. 

1859.  BRYANT,  H.  A  List  of  Birds  seen  at  the  Bahamas,  from  Jan.  20th  to 
May  14th,  1859,  with  Descriptions  of  New  or  Little  Known  Species. 
<Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1859,  pp.  102-134. 

Trochilus  bahamensis,  p.  106  ;  Empidonax  bahamenfds,  p.  109  ;  Hirundo  cyaneow- 
rid  is,  p.  Ill,  Lanivireo  crassirostris,  p.  112;  Mimus  bahamensis,  p.  114,  spp.  nn. ; 
Sula  elegans,  n.  sp.  proband.,  p.  125.  The  article  is  extensively  annotated  with 
field  observations  of  habits,  especially  such  as  relate  to  breeding,  ob'logical  and 
anatomical  descriptions,  etc. 


80]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1859  655 

1859.  COTTLE,  T.    A  List  of  Birds  found  in  Upper  Canada.    <^Canad.  Nat. 
and  GeoL,  iv,  1859,  pp.  231-233. 
Nominal  list  of  146  spp.,  with  7  short  foot-notes. 

1859.  DBS  MURS,  O.  Observations  sur  les  Mceurs  de  divers  Oiseaux  du 
Mexique,  par  M.  de  Saussure.  <  Rev.  et  Mag.  de  ZooL,  xi,  1859,  pp. 
274-276. 

R6sum6  du  m6moire  dans  la  Bibliotheque  TJniverselle  de  Geneve,  Archives, 
1858, — observations  concernant  principalement  une  espece  de  Pic,  &  tort  nomm6e 
Colaptes  rubricatus  (i.  e.  Melanerpesformicivoruf'). 

1859.  DES  MuRS,  O.  North  American  Oology  ;  by  Thomas  M.  Brewer,  m.  d. 
<Rev.  et  Mag.  de  Zool,  xi,  1859,  pp.  450-454. 

Revue  de  la  premiere  partie  de  cet  ouvrage. 

1859.  D'URBAN,  W.  S.  M.    Observations  on  the  Natural  History  of  the  Val- 
ley of  the  River  Rouge,  and  surrounding  townships  in  the  Counties 
of  Argenteuil  and  Ottawa.    <^Canad.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  iv,  1859,  pp.  252- 
276. 
Contains,  pp.  258-268,  an  annotated  list  of  75  spp.  of  birds. 

1859.  EDITORIAL.  [S.  F.  Baird's  re"sume*  of  ornithological  field  operations  in 
progress  in  America, -etc.]  <  Ibis,  i,  1859,  pp.  334, 335. 

1859.  FOWLER,  S.  P.  Ornithology  of  the  United  States,  its  Past  and  Present 
History.  <Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  ii,  1859,  pp.  327-334. 

A  short  sketch  of  the  subject ;  with  reference  to  Capt.  J.  Smith,  A.  "Wilson,  T. 
Morton,  W.  Wood,  J.  Josselyn,  P.  Collinson,  La  Hontan,  Dn  Pratz,  Hennepin, 
Charlevoix,  Catesby,  Kalm,  Carrer,  Loskiel,  Bonapaite,  DeKay,  and  sundry 
later  writers. 

1859.  GOSSE,  P.  H.  Letters  from  Alabama,  |  (U.  S.)  |  chiefly  relating  to  | 
Natural  History.  |  —  |  By  |  Philip  Henry  Gosse,  F.  R.  S.  |  —  |  Lon- 
don :  Morgan  and  Chase,  |  Tichborne  court,  280,  High  Holborn.  | 
1859.  1  vol.  16mo  (half-sheets  f ,  8  1.  to  a  sig.).  pp.  xii,  306,  with  1 1. 
advts.,  many  woodcc. 

These  letters  appeared  before  in  the  form  of  contributions  to  a  magazine  enti- 
tled "  The  Home  Friend",  from  which  they  are  reproduced,  with  revision.  Though 
chiefly  relating  to  insects,  the  author  of  the  "Birds  of  Jamaica"  is  in  this 
volume  delightfully  ornithological  passim.  I  know  of  no  other  work  treating 
exclusively  of  the  birds  of  this  State.  Many  of  the  cuts  represent  birds. 

1859.  "A.  G."  Death  of  Mr.  Nuttall.  <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxviii,  1859,  p.  444  ; 
xxix,  1860,  pp.  441,442. 

Born  at  Settle,  Yorkshire,  1784 ;  died  September  10, 1859,  near  Preston,  in  Lan- 
cashire, cet.  75. — The  notice  is  by  Asa  Gray. 

1859.  HADFIELD,  [H.]  W.    Birds  of  Canada  observed  near  Kingston  during 
the  Spring  of  1858.     <  Zoologist,  xvii,  1859,  pp.  6701-6709, 6744-6752. 
Original  observations  on  the  times  of  appearance,  habits,  etc.,  of  a  large 
number  of  species. 

1859.  HADFIELD,  H.  [W.]  Birds  of  Canada  observed  near  Kirgston  during 
the  latter  part  of  the  Summer  and  in  the  Autumn  of  1857.  <  Zoolo- 
gist, xvii,  1859,  pp.  6781-6787  ;  concluded,  xxii,  1864,  pp.  9297-9310. 

1859.  HEKRMAKN,  A.  L.  *%<£$£>  }  Senate'  {  Na  Ti'  I  ~  I  EePort8  I 
of  I  Explorations  and  Surveys,  |  to  |  ascertain  the  most  practicable 
and  economical  route  for  a  railroad  |  from  the  |  Mississippi  River  to 


656  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§59  [90 

1859.  HEERMANN,  A.  L.—  Continued. 

the  Pacific  Ocean.  |  Made  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of 
War,  in  |  1853-6,  |  according  to  acts  of  Congress  of  March  3,  1853, 
May  31,  1854,  and  August  5,  1854.  |  —  |  Volume  X.  |  —  |  Washing- 
ton :  |  Beverley  Tucker,  printer.  |  1859.  4to.  >  Route  near  the 
thirty-second  parallel,  from  the  Rio  Grande  to  the  Pimas  Villages, 
explored  by  Lieutenant  J.  G.  Parke,  Corps  of  Engineers,  1853-'54. 
^>  No.  1.  Report  upon  Birds  collected  on  the  Survey.  By  A.  L. 
Heermann,  M.  D.  pp.  9-20  -f-  1  L,  pll.  i,  iv,  vi. 

A  deferred  article,  pertaining  to  a  report  given  in  a  previous  volume.  It  con- 
sists  of  specific  chars,  of,  and  field-notes  on,  25  spp.  PI.  i,  Hypotriorchis  femo- 
rali*.  PI.  iv,  f.  1,  Passerculus  alaudinus  ;  f.  2,  Peuccea  cassini.  PL  vi,  Actidwrus 
ncevius. 


1859.  HEERMANN,  A.  L.  ^  g^g^8'  j  Senate.  |  ^o^l'  I  ~  I  ReP°rt8  ' 
of  |  Explorations  and  Surveys,  |  to  j  ascertain  the  most  practicable 
and  economical  route  for  a  railroad  |  from  the  |  Mississippi  River  to 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  |  Made  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of 
War,  in  |  1853-'6,  |  according  to  Acts  of  Congress  of  March  3,  1853, 
May  31,  1854,  and  August  5,  1854.  |  —  |  Volume  X.  |  —  |  Washing- 
ton: |  Beverley  Tucker,  printer.  |  1859.  4to.  >  Routes  in  Cali- 
fornia, to  connect  with  the  Routes  near  the  thirty-fifth  and  thirty- 
second  parallels,  explored  by  Lieut.  R.  S.  Williamson,  Corps  of  Top. 
Eng.,  in  1853.  Zoological  Report.  >  Part  IV.  No.  2.  Report  upon 
Birds  Collected  on  the  Survey.  By  A.  L.  Heermann,  M.  D.  pp.  29-80, 
pi.  ii,  iii,  v,  vii-x. 

A  deferred  article  pertaining  to  the  Report  in  vol.  V  of  the  series,  being  a  por- 
tion of  Part  IV  of  that  Report.  It  consists  of  extended  field-notes  on  a  large 
number  (about  140)  of  species.  Pll.  ii,  iii,  Buteo  elegans;  pi.  v,  Myiarchus  wtxi- 
canus  (of  Baird)  ;  pi.  vii,  Strepsilas  melanocephalus  ;  pi.  viii,  Podiceps  calif  ornicus  / 
pi.  ix,  Podilymbus  lineatus;  pi.  x,  Phalacrocorax  penicillatus. 

1859.  HENRY,  T.  C.    Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  New  Mexico  as  compiled  from 
Notes  and  Observations  made  while  in  that  Territory,  during  a  resi- 
dence of  Six  Years.     <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sd.  Phila.,  xi,  1859,  pp. 
104-109. 
198  spp.,  partially  annotated. 

1859.  JONES,  J.  M.,  WEDDERBURN,  J.  W.,  and  HURDIS,  J.  L.  The  |  Natural- 
ist in  Bermuda  ;  |  a  sketch  of  the  |  Geology,  Zoology,  and  Botany,  | 
of  that  remarkable  group  of  islands  j  |  together  with  |  meteorologi- 
cal observations.  |  By  John  Matthew  Jones,  Esq.,  |  (Of  the  Middle 
Temple.)  |  Assisted  by  |  Major  J.  W.  Wedderburn  (Late  42nd  Roy. 
Highlanders),  and  J.  L.  Hurdis,  Esq.  |  —  |  With  a  map  and  illustra- 
tions. |  —  |  [Quotation.]  |  London  :  |  Reeves  &  Turner,  238,  Strand. 
|  —  |  1859.  1  vol.  12mo  size.  pp.  i-xii,  1-200,  map,  10  cuts  in  text. 

More  than  half  of  this  interesting  treatise  is  devoted  to  birJ.s  :  it  is  claimed  to 
contain  "the  first  account  ever  submitted  to  the  public  of  the  Natural  His- 
tory of  the  Bermudas",  and  certainly  is  the  best  authority  we  have  on  the  birds 
of  those  islands.  Birds  occupy  pp.  23-97  ;  the  account  consisting  of  "Notes  and 
Observations  on  the  resident  and  migratory  Birds  of  the  Bermudas",  by  Major 
"Wedderburn,  pp.  23-56,  and  "Further  Notes  and  Observations"  on  the  same,  by 
J.  L.  Hurdis,  pp.  56-97.  The  occurrence  of  the  European  Alaudz  arvensis  makes 
perhaps  the  most  notable  single  item  ;  other  European  stragglers  are  Saxicola 


9,] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1859  657 


1859.  JONES,  J.  M.,  WEDDERBURN,  J.  W.,  and  HURDIS,  J.  L. — Continued. 

cenanthe  and  Crex  praten#is.  Unexpected  American  stragglers  from  the  North 
are  Nyctea  nivea,  Lanius  borealis,  and  Plectrophanes  nivalis.  There  is  an  ex- 
tended account  of  the  migrations  of  Oharadrius  virginicus,  and  an  essay  on  the 
"Cahow"  of  Smith  (1624),  which  is  identified  as  Pujffinus  obscurus.  (Cf.  J.f.  O.t 
1859,  pp.  211-226.) 

1RKQ    IT™VT?PTV    P  TC  T?      33d  Congress,?  oftnflfft    5  Ex.  Doc.   ,          ,   R 
859.  KE>     ,RLY,  C.  B.  K.        2d  Session.    5  b      lte*  }    No.  78.     '" 

ports  |  of  |  Explorations  ond  Surveys,  |  to  |  ascertain  the  most  prac- 
ticable and  economical  route  for  a  railroad  |  from  the  |  Mississippi 
River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  |  Made  under  the  direction  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  War,  in  |  1853-6,  |  according  to  acts  of  Congress  of  March  3, 
1853,  May  31,  1854,  and  August  5, 1854.  |  —  |  Volume  X.  |  —  |  Wash- 
ington :  |  Beverley  Tucker,  printer.  |  1859.  4to.  >  Route  near  the 
thirty-fifth  parallel,  explored  by  Lieutenant  A.  W.  Whipple,  topo- 
graphical engineers,  in  1853  and  1854.  >  No.  3.  Report  on  Birds  col- 
lected on  the  Route,  pp.  19-35,  pll.  xviii-xx,  xxii,  xxvii,  xxix-xxxi, 
xxxiii,  xxxvi,  xxxvii. 

This  is  a  deferred  article  belonging  to  the  Report  which  appeared  in  the  iv. 
vol.  of  the  series;  it  con&ists  of  field-notes  on  88  spp.,  with  list  of  specimens 
of  each  collected.  PI.  xviii,  up.  fig.,  Chcetura  vauxii ;  low.  fig.,  Panyptila  melano- 
leuca.  PL  xix,  Atthis  costce.  PL  xx,  Corvus  cacalotl.  PL  xxii,  O.  cryptoleucus. 
PL  xxvii,  f.  1,  Carpodacus  cassini ;  f.  2,  Melospiza  fallax.  PL  xxix,  Pipilo  meso- 
leucus.  PL  xxx,  P.  a  berti.  PL  xxxi,  Pyranga  hepatica.  PI .  xxxiii,  f.  1  a-b,  Poliop- 
tila  plumbed ;  f.  2,  Psaltriparus plumbeus  ;  f.  3,  Sitta  aculeata  ;  f.  4,  S.  carolinensis. 
PL  xxxvi,  Genturus  uropygialis.  PL  xxxvii,  Grus  fraterculvs. 

1859.  LE  MOINE,  J.  M.  Notes  on  Land  and  Sea  Birds  observed  around 
Quebec.  <  Canad.  Nat.  and  GeoL,  iv,  1859,  pp.  411-414. 

Very  light. 

1859.  MARTENS,  E.  VON.    Die  Vogel  der  Bermuda-Inseln,  nach  Wedderburn 
und  Hurdis.    <  J.f.  0.,  vii,  1859,  pp.  211-226. 
A  full  account,  compiled  from  J.  M.  JONES'S  Naturalist  in  Bermuda,  1859,  q.  v. 

1859.  MULLER,  J.  W.  VON.  Reisen  in  Mexico.  <  J.  f.  0.,  vii,  1859,  pp. 
226-237. 

Reisebeschreibung,  nebst  zufalliger  Erwahnung  der  Vogel. 

1859.  MURRAY,  A.  Contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company's  Territories.  Part  III.— Aves.  <  Edinb.  New  Philos. 
Journ.,  new  ser.,  ix,  1859,  pp.  221-231,  pi.  iv,  figg.  1-3. 

Systematic  annotated  list  of  82  spp.  Bernicla  leucolcema,  p.  226,  pi.  iv,  f.  1, 
n.  sp.  Heads  of  B.  canadenste  (f.  2)  and  B.  hutchinsi  (f.  3)  on  the  same  plate. 

1859.  SAUSSURE,  H.  DE.  Note  sur  quelques  Oiseaux  du  Mexique.  <^Eev.  et 
Mag.  de  ZooL,  xi,  1859,  pp.  117-122,  pi.  3. 

I.  Description  de  trois  especes  nouvelles— Falco  ferrugineus,  p.  117,  pL  3,  f.  1 ; 
Acanthylis  semicollaris,  p.  118,  pi.  3,  f.  6;  Quiscalus  sumichrasti,  p.  119,  pi.  3,  f.  3,  4. 
II.  De  la  conleur  des  yeux,  des  pattes  et  du  bee  chez  divers  oiseaux  de  1' Am6rique 
6qninoxiale. 

1859.  SCLATER,  P.  L.  [Exhibition  of  two  rare  Arctic  Birds— Colymbus 
adamsi  and  Eurinorhynchus  pygmaeus.]  <  P.  Z.  S.,  xxvii,  1859, 
p.  201. 

1859.  SCLATER,  P.  L.    On  a  Collection  of  Birds  from  Vancouver's  Island. 
<  P.  Z.  S.,  xxvii,  1859,  pp.  235-237. 
35  spp.,  briefly  annotated. 

42  B  C 


658          BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1859-186O  [92 

1859.  SCLATER,  P.  L.  On  a  Series  of  Birds  collected  in  the  vicinity  of  Ja- 
lapa,  in  Southern  Mexico.  <  P.  Z.  S.,  xxvii,  1859,  pp.  362-369. 

226  spp.,  briefly  annotated.  Cotyle  fulvipennis,  p.  364 ;  Dendrornis  erythropygio,, 
p.  366  ;  Piaya  thermophila,  p.  368,  spp.  nn. 

1859.  SCLATER,  P.  L.  List  of  Birds  collected  by  M.  A.  Boucard  in  the  State 
of  Oaxaca  in  South-western  Mexico,  with  Descriptions  of  New 
Species*  <  P.  Z.  S.,  xxvii,  1859,  pp.  369-393. 

236  spp.,  briefly  annotated.  Campylorhynchusjocosus,  Thryothorus  felix,  p.  371; 
Cyphorinus  pusillus,  p.  372 ;  Hylophilus  ochraceiceps,  p.  375 ;  Ccereba  carneipes,  p. 
376;  Oryzoborusfunerea,j).yit8;  Sperimophilacorvina,'p.319;  Dendromanes  anaba- 
tinus,  D.  homochrous,  p.  382 ;  Lipangus  unirufus,  p.  385 ;  Columba  nigrirostris,  p. 
390;  Tinamus  boucardi  "  Sall6  ",  p.  391 ;  Tinamus  meserythrus,  p.  392,  spp.  nn. 

1859.  WILLIS,  J.  R.    List  of  Birds  of  Nova  Scotia.    Compiled  from  notes 
by  Lieutenant  Blakiston,  R.  A.,  and  Lieutenant  Bland,  R.  E.,  made 
in  1852-1855,  by  Professor  J.  R.  Willis,  of  Halifax.    <  (Thirteenth) 
Ann.  Rep.  Smiths.  lust,  (for  1858),  1859,  pp.  280-286. 
205  spp. ;  the  list  briefly  annotated. 

1859.  XANTUS,  J.  Catalogue  of  Birds  collected  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort 
Tejon,  California,  with  a  description  of  a  new  species  of  Syrnium. 
<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  xi,  1859,  pp.  189-193. 

Nominal  list  of  144  spp.  Syrnium  occidental,  p.  193.  The  identifications  are 
understood  to  have  been  made  by  S.  F.  Baird. 

1859.  XANTUS,  J.    Descriptions  of  supposed  new  species  of  Birds  from  Cape 

St.  Lucas,  Lower  California.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  xi,  1859, 
pp.  297-299. 

Pints  lucasanus,  Campylorhynchus  afflnis,  Harporhynchus  cinereus,  p.  298; 
Brachyrhamphus  hypoleucus,  p.  299. 

1860.  AMBROSE,  I.     [Extract  from  a  letter  containing  an  account  of  a  visit 

to  Green  Island,  off  the  mouth  of  Chester  Bay,  Nova  Scotia.]    <  Proc. 
Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1860,  pp.  367-369. 
The  whole  island  was  found  perforated  by  Petrels ;  species  not  mentioned. 

1860.  BAIRD,  S.  F.  The  Birds  |  of  |  North  America ;  |  the  descriptions  of 
species  based  chiefly  on  the  collections  |  in  the  |  Museum  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution.  |  By  |  Spencer  F.  Baird,  |  Assistant  Secre- 
tary of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  |  with  the  co-operation  of  | 
John  Cassin,  |  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia, 
|  and  |  George  N.  Lawrence,  |  of  the  Lyceum-  of  Natural  History  of 
New  York.  J  With  an  Atlas  of  One  Hundred  Plates.  |  Text.  |  —  j 
Philadelphia:  |  J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co.  |  1860.  4to.  2  p.  11.  (Title, 
Advt.),  pp.  i-lvi,  1-1005.  Atlas,  pll.  100. 

A  reissue,  retitled,  of  vol.  IX,  Pacific  Railroad  Reports,  1858,  q.  v.  The  main 
text  is  identical,  apparently  from  the  same  plates ;  and  so  the  preliminary  matter 
seems  to  be,  excepting  new  Title,  Advt.,  Explanation  of  Plates  (pp.  vii-xii),  and 
Systematic  List  of  Illustrations  (pp.  -xni-xvJ.—Helminthophfjga  Virginia,  p.  xi 
(pi.  79,  f.  1),  sp.  n.  The  Atlas  consists  of  100  pll.,  about  half  of  which  are  new, 
the  remainder  being  from  the  Pacific  Railroad  Reports  and  Mexican  Boundary 
Survey,  retouched  and  relettered,  in  some  cases  redrawn,  for  this  edition. 

1860.  COINDE,  J.  P.    Notice  sur  la  f aune  ornithologique  de  Pile  de  Saint- 
Paul,  suivie  de  1'e"  numeration  de  quelques  especes  d'iusectes  (Col6- 
opteres)  des  Aldoutieunes  et  du  Kamtschatka.    <  Rev.  et  Mag.  de 
Zool,  xii,  1860,  pp.  396-405. 
9  spp.— Larus  warnecki,  p.  401,  sp.  n. 


93] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       I860  659 


1860.  COLLINS,  W.  O.  Report  of  Senate  Select  Committee,  upon  Senate 
Bill  No.  12,  "  For  the  protection  of  Birds  and  Game  ".  <  Fifteenth 
Ann.  Rep.  Ohio  State  Board  of  Agric.,  1860,  pp.  381-390. 

Facts  in  the  natural  history  of  the  birds,  upon  which  are  based  recommenda- 
tions for  legislative  action. 


1860.  COOPER,  J.  G.,  and  SUCKLEY,G.  Senate.     Ex'Doc-  |  - 


j  Reports  |  of  |  Explorations  and  Surveys,  |  to  |  ascertain  the  most 
practicable  and  economical  route  for  a  railroad  |  from  the  |  Missis- 
sippi River  to  the  Pacific  Oceo.n.  |  Made  under  the  direction  of  the 
Secretary  of  War,  in  |  1853-5,  |  according  to  acts  of  Congress  of 
March  3,  1853,  May  31,  1854,  and  August  5,  1854.  |  —  |  Volume  XII. 
Book  II.  |  —  |  Washington  :  |  Thomas  H.  Ford,  printer.  |  1860.  4to. 
]>  Part  III.  Route  near  the  forty-seventh  and  forty-ninth  parallels, 
explored  by  I.  I.  Stevens,  Governor  of  Washington  Territory,  in 
1853-'55.  Zoological  Report.  >  No.  3.  Report  upon  the  Birds  col- 
lected on  the  Survey.  Chapter  I.  Land  Birds,  by  J.  G.  Cooper,  M. 
D.  Chapter  II.  Water  Birds,  by  Dr.  G.  Suckley,  U.  S.  A.  pp.  140- 
291,  pll.  xi,  xvi,  xxi,  xxiii,  xxiv,  xxv,  xxviii,  xxxviii. 

The  whole  vol.  in  which  thia  article  appears  is  oftenest  cited  as  Vol.  XII,  Part 
II  ;  but  its  proper  quotation  is  Vol.  XII,  Book  II,  as  per  general  title-page.  The 
zoology,  which  occupies  most  of  the  vol.,  is  officially  Part  III  of  Gov.  Stevens's 
Report,  Part  I  (General,  constituting  Book  I)  and  Part  II  (Botanical,  constitut- 
ing a  portion  of  Book  II)  of  which  do  not  relate  to  zoology.  Part  III,  then,  of 
Book  II,  of  Vol.  XII,  is  the  zoological  portion  of  this  report,  No.  3  being  orni- 
thological. It  consists  of  field-notes  by  Cooper  and  Suckley,  on  the  birds,  accom- 
panied by  the  specific  characters  and  some  synonymy  of  each  species,  copied 
from  Baird's  General  Report  (Vol.  IX).  Each  author  contributes  his  field- 
notes  over  his  initials  to  both  chapters  ;  this  singular  division  of  t-he  ostensible 
authorship  of  the  Land  and  Water  Birds  having  resulted  from  some  personal 
matters  of  which  I  am  cognizant,  but  which  need  not  be  here  published.  Fol- 
lowing the  general  account  is  a  compiled  "  List  of  Birds  heretofore  reported  as 
found  in  the  northwest  part  of  America,  but  of  which  no  specimens  have  been 
procured  by  recent  explorers  "  (pp.  288-291).  The  species  figured  are  the  follow- 
ing: —  PL  xi,  Falconigriceps  ;  pi.  xvi,  Buteo  cooperi  ,-  pi.  xxi,  Corvus  carnivorus  /  pi. 
xxiii,  0.  americanus  ;  pi.  xxiv,  C.  caurinus  ;  pi.  xxv,  Pica  hudsonica  ;  pi.  xxviii,  f.  1, 
Jurtco  dorsalis,  f.  2,  Passerculus  sandwichensis  ;  pi.  xxxviii,  Podiceps  occidental-is. 

Copies  of  this  book  were  reissued  under  an  entirely  different  title  (Natural 
History  of  Washington  Territory,  etc.)  ;  but  they  are  printed  from  the  same  plates, 
and  are  substaptially  identical.  The  copies  examined,  both  of  the  original  and 
of  the  reissue,  date  1860  ;  but  I  think  other  impressions  of  the  original  date  1859. 

1860.  EDITORIAL.     [Notice  of  Ornithological  Operations  in  North  America. 

Note  on  Amazilia  xantusi  (  $  ,  =  Heliopaedica  castaneocauda  <J), 

and  other  Trochilidae  lately  described  by  G.  N.  Lawrence.]    <  Ibis, 

ii,  1860,  pp.  309,  310. 
1860.  FOWLER,  S.  P.    Changes  produced  by  Civilization  in  the  Habits  of  our 

[Massachusetts]  common  Birds.    <  Proc.  Essex  Imt.,  iii,  1860,  pp. 

31-36. 

1860.  JACKSON,  R.  M.  S.  The  |  Mountain.  |  By  |  R.  M.  S.  Jackson,  M.  D., 
[etc.]  |  [Quotation.]  |  Philadelphia:  |  J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co.  | 
1860.  1  vol.  12mo.  >  Chapter  V.  The  Fauna  of  the  Mountain, 
pp.  288-427  :  Mammals,  pp.  289-316  ;  Birds,  pp.  317-360. 

A  work  of  some  curiosity,  perhaps  never  before  cited  in  any  ornithological 
connection.  Contains  a  long  and  fully  annotated  list  of  the  Birds  of  the  Alle- 
gheny Mountains  of  Pennsylvania. 


6GO  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       I860  [94 

1860.  JOSSELYN,  J.  New  England's  Rarities  discovered :  by  John  Josselyn, 
Gent.— With  an  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  Edward  Tuckerman, 
A.M.,  [etc.]  <  Trans,  and  Coll.  Amer.  Antiquarian  Soc.,  iv,  1860,  pp. 
105-238. 

See  the  original,  1672.  This  is  a  literal  reprint,  indicating  pagination,  and 
giving  what  seems  to  be  a  facsimile  of  the  title  of  the  original.  In  this  volume, 
the  bird-matter,  at  pp.  142-148,  is  fully  annotated  by  the  editor. 

1860.  LAWSOX,  J.  The  |  History  of  Carolina,  |  containing  the  |  exact 
description  |  and  |  Natural  History  of  that  country,  [etc.]  |  —  |  By 
John  Lawson,  |  Gent.  Surveyor-General  of  North  Carolina.  |  —  | 
London  :  |  Printed  for  W.  Taylor  at  the  Ship,  and  F.  Baker  at  the  | 
Black  Boy,  in  Pater-Noster  Row,  1714.  j  —  |  Raleigh  [North  Caro- 
lina] :  |  printed  by  Strother  and  Marcom  at  their  book  and  job 
office,  |  1860.  1  vol.  12mo.  pp.  i-xviii,  19-390. 

This  late  reprint  I  have  been  unable  to  compare  with  the  original.  It  has  the 
air  of  being  faithfully  done,  though  the  text  is  literally  modernized,  pp.  222- 
248,  "Birds  of  Carolina",  a  nominal  list  of  upward  of  100  spp.,  followed  by  a 
commentary  on  many  of  them.  See  the  early  eds.,  1709,  1714, 1718. 

1860.  LE  MOINE,  J.  M.  Birds  |  observed  round  Quebec.  |  By  J.  M.  Le  Moine, 
Esq.  |  After  the  System  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Hvo.  pp.  3. 

List,  with  brief  annotation. 

1860.  LE  MOINE,  J.  M.  Ornithologie  |  du  |  Canada.  |  —  |  Quelques  groupes 
|  d'apres  la  nomenclature  du  |  Smithsonian  Institution,  |  de  Wash- 
ington. |  —  |  Par  J.  M.  Le  Moine,  Avocat.  |  —  |  lere  Partie.  |  —  | 
Quebec  :  imprime'  par  E.  R.  Frechette,  |  21,  Rue  la  Montague.  |  —  | 
1860.  1  vol.  12mo.  1  p.  1.,  pp.  i-iv,  1-95. 

Contenant  les  oiseanx  de  proie  et  les  palmipedes. 

1860.  MclLWRAiTH,  T.  List  of  Birds  observed  in  the  vicinity  of  Hamilton, 
C.  W.,  arranged  after  the  system  of  Audubon.  <  Canad.  Journ., 
v,  1860,  pp.  387-396. 

Annotated.— Substantially  the  same  as  that  published  afterward  in  the  Proe. 
(Oomm.)  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1866,  pp.  79-96. 

1860.  REINHARDT,  J.  [Ueber  die  Vogel  Gronlands  u.  s.  w.]  <  Anton  von 
Etzel's  Gronland  geogr.  und  statist,  leschrieben.  Am  danischen  Quellen- 
schriften.  Stuttgart,  1860. 

Not  seen — title  from  Gill  and  Coues.  Said  to  be  a  translation  of  Reinhardt's 
article  of  1857,  q.  ».,  without  the  references  to  the  authorities. 

1860.  SAUSSURE.  H.  DE.  Skildringer  af  Fuglelivet  i  Mexiko.  <  Tidssk.  Pop. 
Fremst.af  Naturv.,  2en  Rsekke,  ii,  1860,  pp.  220-257. 

Bibl.  Univ.  de  Gentve,  1858.— See  1853,  and  1858-59?,  REINHARDT,  J.,  and  1859, 
DBS  Muns,  O. 

1860.  SCLATER,  P.  L.  Notes  on  a  Collection  of  Birds  from  the  Vicinity  of 
Orizaba  and  neighbouring  parts  of  Southern  Mexico.  <  P.  Z.  S., 
xxviii,  1860,  pp.  250-254,  pi.  (Aves)  clxiii. 

44  spp.    Coccothraustes  maculipennis,  p.  251,  pi.  clxiii ;  Tinamus  robust.us,  p.  253. 
1860.  SCLATER,  P.  L.      [Exhibition  of  some  bird  skins  procured  by  Capt. 
Herd  at  Fort  Churchill,  Hudson's  Bay.  ]    <  P.  Z.  S.,  xviii,  1860,  p.  418. 
1860.  VENNOR,  H.  G.,  JR.    Notes  on  Birds  wintering  in  and  around  Montreal. 
From  Observations  taken  during  the  winters  of  1856-57-58-59-60. 
<  Canad.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  v,  I860,  pp.  425-430. 
Annotation  on  29  spp. ;  23  residents  and  4  "  loiterers  ". 


96] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       186O-1861          661 


1860.  WALKER,  D.    Ornithological  Notes  of  the  Voyage  of  'The  Fox'  [final 

search  for  Sir  J.  Franklin]  in  the  Arctic  Seas.     <  J&w,  ii,  1860,  pp. 
165-168. 
General  narrative.    21  spp.  observed  at  Godhavn. 

1860-61.  LE  MOINE,  J.  M.  Ornithologie  |  du  |  Canada.  |  —  |  [Quotation 
from  Michelet's  L'Oiseau.]  |  —  |  Par  J.  M.  Le  Moine,  Avocat.  |  —  | 
Premiere  [Seconde]  Partie.  |  —  |  Quebec:  |  imprime'  par  E.  R.  Fi6- 
chette,  |  21,  rue  la  Montague.  |  —  |  1860  [1861].  12mo.  Two  parts 
issued  in  paper,  pagination  continuous,  probably  to  be  bound  in  one. 
I»  PP-  —  >  100 ;  II,  1  p.  1.,  pp.  vi,  101-398,  with  1  1.  errata.  The  wrap- 
per reads :  Histoire  Naturelle  |  du  |  Canada,  j  —  |  Les  Oiseaux.  |  —  | 
[etc.]  A  few  woodc.  tail-pieces. 

A  work  to  which  no  ornithologist  turns  for  information.  Matter  miscellane- 
ous— descriptive,  effusive,  and  poetical,  with  copious  quotation.  The  notable  fea- 
ture is  that  for  the  first  time  since  Vieillot,  and  probably  for  the  first  time  in  any 
American  publication,  a  large  series  of  N.  Am.  birds  receive  French  names. 
Many  of  these  are  original,  and  the  author  will  be  chiefly  remembered  in  this 
connection.  English  equivalents  are  added  in  brackets,  and  the  binomials  of 
Baird  and  Audubon  in  footnotes.  "Cette  lacune"  [zoologique  dans  le  champ 
des  lettres  du  Canada]  "  nous  n'avons  certes  pas  la  pr6tension  de  1'avoir  com- 
b!6e ;  tant  s'en  faut"  (extrait  de  1'avant-propos,  partie  n,  p.  i). 

1860-63.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  Birds  of  New  England.  <  New  England  Farmer 
(weekly"),  for  Aug.  11,  25,  Sept.  22,  Oct.  6,20,  Nov.  3, 17,  Dec.l,2«J, 
1860 ;  Jan.  5, 26,  March  2,  May  18,  June  15,  July  20,  Sept.  21,  Oct.  26, 
Nov.  23, 1861 ;  April  26,  July  26,  Aug.  16,  Sept.  13,  Oct.  18, 25,  Nov.  8, 
Dec.  6, 1862.  Also,  republished  in  the  same  newspaper  (monthly),  large 
8vo,/or  Sept.,  Oct.,  Nov.,  Dec.,  1860,  Jan.,  Feb.,  March,  April,  June, 
July,  Aug.,  Oct.,  Nov.,  Dec.,  1861,  June,  July,  Sept.,  Nov.,  Dec.,  1862, 
and  Jan.,  1863. 

Twenty-five  articles  in  all,  taking  the  birds  of  ISTew  England  in  order  from 
Acdpitres  to  the  middle  of  the  Fringillidce.  Popular  biographical  accounts,  writ- 
ten tojnterest  farmers  in  the  feathered  life  of  their  fields. 

1861.  ALBRECHT,  R.    Die  Vogel  der  Bahama-Inseln.    Aus  dem  Englischen 

mitgetheilt  von  R.  Albrecht.    <  J.f.  0.,  1861,  ix,  pp.  48-60. 

Modifizirte  TJeberzetznng,  herausgegeben  nach  H.  Bryant's  Verzeichniss  ent- 
halten  in  Proc.  Bost  Soc.t  vii,  1859,  pp.  102-134,  q.  v. 

1861.  AUDUBON,  J.  J.  The  Birds  of  America.  From  Drawings  made  in  the 
United  States  and  their  Territories.  By  John  James  Audubon.  Re- 
issued by  J.  W.  Audubon.  New  York,  Roe  Lockwood  &  Sou,  Pub- 
lishers, 1861. 

Xot  handled  in  preparing  this  bibliography.  Sabin,  from  whom  I  copy  the 
title,  says : — "  This  is  a  selection  of  one  hundred  and  forty  plates,  only,  from  the 
first  edition,  reproduced  in  colored  lithographs ;  much  inferior  to  the  former  edi- 
tion. The  letter  press  to  this  selection  forms  4  vols.  royal  8vo,  .  .  .  Indeed, 
this  reissue  is  an  unfinished  publication,  and  the  intelligent  collector  will  only 
accept  it  as  a  cheap  substitute  for  the  previous  work."  I  have  seen  the  single  gr. 
folio  vol.  of  plates,  to  which  I  suppose  reference  is  here  made,  and  4  roy.  8vo 
vols.  of  text— the  latter  uniform  with  .audubon  and  Bachman's  "Quadrupeds"  (?). 
The  edition  here  meant  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  7  vol.  roy.  8vo  ed.  of 
same  date,  q.  v. 

1861.  AUDUBON,  J.  J.  The  Birds  of  America,  .  .  .  Re-issued  by  J.  W.  Audu- 
bon. New  York,  Roe  Lockwood  &  Son,  1861.  7  vols.  imptr.  8vo. 
Vol.I,pp.viii,246;  II,  pp.  viii,200;  III,  pp.  viii,234;  IV,pp.viii,322; 


662  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§61  [96 

1861.  AUDUBON,J.  J.— Continued. 

V,  pp.  viii,  346;  VI,  pp.  viii,  456;  VII,  pp.  viii,  372.    500  col'd  pll. 
10  X  7  inches. 

Not  seen — title  and  collation  from  Sabin.  This  is  J.  "W.  Audubon's  reissue,  to 
be  distinguished  from  his  folio  pll.  and  4  voL  8vo  text  of  same  date,  and  also 
from  V.  G.  Audubon's  earlier  reissue  of  1856.  See  later  reissues  of  this,  1865  and 
1871,  in  8  vols. 

1861.  BAIKD,  S.  F.  Report  |  upon  the  |  Colorado  River  of  the  West,  |  explored 
in  1857  and  1858  by  |  Lieutenant  Joseph  C.  Ives,  |  Corps  of  To- 
pographical Engineers,  |  under  the  direction  of  the  Office  of  Ex- 
plorations and  Surveys,  |  A.  A.  Humphreys,  Captain  Topographical 
Engineers,  in  charge.  |  —  |  By  order  of  the  |  Secretary  of  War.  |  —  | 
Washington :  |  Government  Printing  Office.  |  1861.  1  vol.  4to. 
>  Zoology.  By  Professor  S.  F.  Baird.  pp.  1-6  (this  part  dated  1860). 
List  of  Birds  collected  on  the  Expedition,  pp.  5, 6 ;  65  spp. ;  with  localities. 

1861.  BARNARD,  V.    A  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Chester  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, with  their  Times  of  Arrival  in  Spring,  from  observations 
annually  for  Ten  successive  years.    <  (Fifteenth)  Ann.  Rep.  Smiths. 
Inst.  (for  1860),  1861,  pp.  434-438. 
191  species. 

1861.  BELL,  R.  Catalogue  of  Birds  collected  and  observed  around  Lakes 
Superior  and  Huron  in  1860.  <Canad.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  vi,  1861,  pp. 
270-275. 

From  the  Report  of  the  Geological  Survey  for  1860.    77  spp.,  annotated. 

1861.  BRYANT,  H.    Remarks  on  some  of  the  Birds  that  breed  in  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence.     <Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  viii,  1861,  pp.  65-75. 
Very  full  on  the  habits  of  a  dozen  species.— Cf.  Ibis,  1862,  pp.  110,  111. 

1861.  BRYANT,  H.    Remarks  on  some  of  the  Birds  that  breed  in  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence.    <  Canad.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  vi,  1861,  pp.  255-267. 
Reprinted  from  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.,  viii,  1861,  pp.  65-75. 

1861.  COOPER,  J.  G.  New  Californian  Animals.  <  Proc.  Gala.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  ii,  1861,  pp.  118-123. 

Athene  whiineyi,  p.  118;  Helminthophaga  lucice,  p.  120,  spp.  nn. ;  with  16  spp. 
new  to  the  State  of  California. 

1861.  COUES,  E.  Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  Labrador.  <^Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.,  xiii,  1861,  pp.  215-257. 

Extended  notes  of  habits,  etc. ;  critical  and  descriptive  matter  under  Aegiothus 
and  Tringece.  Aegiothus  fuscescens,  p.  222,  sp.  n.  Cf.  Ibis,  1862,  pp.  85,  86. 

1861.  HOLDER,  R.H.    Birds  of  Illinois.— Catalogue.     <2Va»s.  Illinois  State 
Agric.  Soc.  for  1859-60,  iv,  1861,  pp.  605-613. 
A  nominal  list  of  247  spp. 

1861.  HOLMES,  E.  Zoology  of  Maine.  Birds.  <Sixth  Ann.  Rep.  Sec*y  Maine 
Board  of  Agric.,  1861,  pp.  113-122. 

Nominal  list  of  193  spp.  Addenda  (13  spp.)  are  found  in  Second  Ann.  Rep.  Nat 
Hist,  and  Geol.  of  Maine,  1862,  p.  118. 

1861.  [KENNICOTT,  R.]  Catalogue  |  of  the  |  Trowbridge  Collection  |  of  | 
Natural  History  |  in  the  museum  of  |  the  University  of  Michigan. 
|  —  |  Published  by  |  the  University  of  Michigan,  |  Ann  Arbor.  |  1861. 
Pamphl.  imp.  8vo.  (4to  according  to  printers'  marks),  pp.  iv,  32. 


97] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1§61  663 


1861.  [KENNICOTT,  R.]— Continued. 

Pages  3-15,  list  of  specimens  of  N.  Am.  Birds  and  their  eggs,  with  locality,  donor, 
etc.  Nomenclature  according  to  Smithsonian  Checklist.  Page  24,  a  few  exotic 
birds  catalogued.  The  specimens  were  from  among  duplicates  of  the  Smithson- 
ian collection,  presented  to  the  university  in  part  to  discharge  obligations  due  to 
Lieut  W.  P.  Trowbridge,  TT.  S.  A. 

[1861.]  KRIDER,  J.     Ornithological  |  and  |  Oological  List  |  of  |  North  Amer- 
ica. |  —  |  John  Krider,  |  Taxidermist,  |  North-east  corner  of  Second 
and  Walnut  streets,  |  Philadelphia,  U.S.A.     [1861.]    4to.     pp.  16. 
738  spp.    Merely  a  copy,  on  blue  writing-paper,  for  working  purposes,  of  BAIKD'S 
Catalogue  of  1858,  q.  v. 

1861.  LLAVE,  PABLO  DE  LA.  Me"moires  d'histoire  naturelle  du  docteur  D. 
Pablo  de  la  Llave,  extraits  du  Registro  trimestre  publie'  a  Mexico 
en  1832.  <Kev.  et  Mag.  de  ZooL,  xiii,  1861,  pp.  241-244. 

Traduction  frangaise  par  A.  Sall6.— De  la  recherche  des  objets  d'histoire  natu- 
relle dans  les  regions  chaudes  du  Mexique. 

1861.  MclLWRAiTH,  T.    Notices  of  Birds  observed  near  Hamilton,  C.  W. 

<  Canad.  Journ.,  vi,  1861,  pp.  6-18, 129-138. 

Excellent  running  commentary  on  the  habits,  etc.,  of  a  large  number  of 
species.  Of.  Proc.  (Comm.)  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1866,  pp.  79-96. 

1861.  MILES,  M.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Mammals,  Birds,  Reptiles  and  Mollusks, 
of  Michigan.  <  First  Eep.  Geol.  Surv.  Michigan,  1861,  pp.  219-241. 

Birds,  pp.  222-232.    List  of  203  spp. ,  slightly  annottaed. 
1861.  REINHARDT,  J.    List  of  the  Birds  hitherto  observed  in  Greenland. 

<  Ibis,  iii,  1861,  pp.  1-19. 

Historical  introduction.  118  spp.,  with  various  critical  and  field  notes,  the 
several  categories  of  breeders,  stragglers,  etc.,  typographically  distinguished. 
This  remains  one  of  the  chief  authorities  on  the  subject. 

1861.  RICHARDSON,  J.    The  |  Polar  Regions  |  by  |  Sir  John  Richardson, 
LL.  D.  |  F.  R.  S.  Lond. ;   Hon.  F.  R.  S.  Edin.  etc.  etc.  |  Edinburgh  :  | 
Adam  and  Charles  Black.   |  1861.     1  vol.  8vo.    pp.  ix,  1  1.,  400. 
>  Chap.  XVII.    Zoology,  pp.  274-284. 
Cursory  allusions  to  a  few  birds. 

1861.  Ross,  B.  R.  An  account  of  the  Animals  useful  in  an  economic  point 
of  view  to  the  various  Chipewyan  Tribes.  <  Canad.  Nat.  and  Geol., 
vi,  1861,  pp.  433-444. 

Of  birds,  mere  mention  of  a  few,  chiefly  Anatidce,  in  this  connection;  but  the 
article  contains,  p.  441  to  end,  a  list  of  the  birds  collected  in  the  Mackenzie 
Kiver  district  during  1860-fil,  81  in  number,  with  indication  of  those  that  winter. 
Page  433,  "Zonotrichia  Bairdii  (if  new  species)"  (which  it  is  not),  no  descr. 

1861.  Ross,  B.  R.     Mammalia  and  Birds  of  Arctic  [American]  Regions. 

<  Edinl).  New  Philos.  Journ.,  new  ser.,  xiii,  1861,  pp.  161-164. 
Containing  a  nominal  list  of  94  spp.  of  birds. 

1861.  SALLE,  A.     Liste  d'Oiseaux  a  vendre  provenant  des  chasses  faites 
en  Arne'rique.    Par  M.  A.  Salle",  13  Rue  Guy  de  la  Brosse,  a  Paris. 
His  sale-list  of  Mexican  birds. 

1861.  WHEATON,  J.  M.  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Ohio.  <  Fifteenth  Ann. 
Eep.  Ohio  Mate  Board  of  Agric.for  1860, 1861,  pp.  359-398.  Addenda, 
p  480. 

285  spp.,  with  17  "  probabilities  " ;  the  rarer  or  more  interesting  species  fully 
annotated.  Includes,  p.  381,  seg.,  reports  of  legislative  action  for  protection  of 
birds.  Also  printed  separately,  repaged,  without  the  legislative  reports. 


664  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1861-1862  [93 

1861.  WOOD,  W.  [Rapacious]  Birds  of  Connecticut.  <  Hartford  Times 
(newspaper,  daily  and  weekly;,  Mar.  16,  23,  30,  Apr.  13,  20,  May  4, 
11,  18,  25,  June,  1,  8,  15,  22,  29,  July  6,  20,  27,  Aug.  10,  17,  24,  1861. 

The  foregoing  dates  are  according  to  the  weekly  edition  ;  some  of  the  articles 
also  appeared  in  the  daily  edition.  Treats  of  the  Accipitres  only ;  26  spp.  (includ- 
ing Haliaetus  "  washingtoni  "  and  Buteo  "  hyemalis"). 

1861.  WURDEMAN[N],  G.    Letter  relative  to  the  obtaining  of  specimens  of 

Flamingoes  and  other  Birds  from  South  Florida.    <  (Fifteenth)  Ann. 
Rep.  Smiths.  Inst.  (for  1860),  1861,  pp.  426-430. 

1861-62.  BLAKISTON,  T.  On  Birds  collected  and  observed  in  the  Interior 
of  British  North  America.  <  Ibis,  iii,  1861,  pp.  314-320 ;  1862,  iv,  pp. 
3-10. 

120  spp.,  "with  field-notes  on  about  one-fourth  of  them  (of  all  the  Raptores)  -, 
localities  merely  of  the  rest.  The  same  subject  is  resumed  by  the  writer,  at 
greater  length,  same  journal  for  1863,  q.  v. 

1862.  [ANON.]     Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Maine.    <  Proc.  Portland  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  i,  pt.i,  1862,  pp.  66-71. 

Names  only  of  about  230  spp.  Prefatory  note  states  that  the  list  is  based 
upon  a  catalogue  in  the  Preliminary  Report  of  the  Scientific  Survey  of  the  State, 
and  information  furnished  by  E.  A.  Samuels. 

1862.  BOARDMAN,  G.  A.    Catalogue  of  the  Birds  found  in  the  vicinity  of 
Calais,  Maine,  and  about  the  Islands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bay  of 
Fundy.    <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ix,  1862,  pp.  122-132. 
Edited  by  A.  E.  Verrill.    227  spp.,  annotated ;  4  others  added  by  the  editor. 

1862.  COUES,  E.  Synopsis  of  the  North  American  Forms  of  the  Colymbidae 
and  Podicipidw.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  April,  1862,  pp. 
226-233. 

Article  descriptive,  synonymatic,  and  critical  Colymbidce,  5  spp. ;  Poditipidcc, 
4  genn.,  9  spp. ;  ^Ichmophorus,  g.  n.,  p.  229. 

1862.  COUES,  E.    Supplementary  note  to  a  "  Synopsis  of  the  North  American 
Forms  of  the  Colymbidse  and  Podicepidse  [sic]  ".    <^  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.,  Sept.,  1862,  p.  404. 
On  the  breeding  plumage  of  ^chmophorus  clarkii. 

1862.  CODES,  E.,  and  PRENTISS,  D.  W.  List  of  Birds  ascertained  to  inhabit 
the  District  of  Columbia,  with  the  times  of  Arrival  and  Departure 
of  such  as  are  non-residents,  and  Brief  Notices  of  Habits,  etc. 
<  (Sixteenth)  Ann.  Rep.  Smiths.  Inst.  (for  1861),  1862,  pp.  399-421. 

226  spp. :  residents,  44;  winter  visitants,  44;  summer  do.,  59;  migrants  in 
spring  and  fall,  54 ;  stragglers,  25.  Cf.  Ibis,  1864,  p.  125. 

1862.  EDITORIAL.  [Notice  of  R.  Kennicott's  operations  in  the  Yukon 
Region.]  <  Ibis,  iv,  1862,  pp.  307,  308. 

1862.  GRUBER,  F.    Die  Farallones-Inseln  und  deren  Naturprodukte.  <  Cali- 
fornia ChroniJc,  13.  Juli  1862,  20.  Juli  1862,  27.  Juli  1862. 
Enthalten  ornithologische  Kotizen. 

1862.  HADFIELD,  H.  Observations  and  Remarks  on  Scolopax  gallinago  and 
Corvus  corone  of  Wilson.  <  Zoologist,  xx,  1862,  pp.  8284-8287. 

Differences  from  their  respective  European  allies. 

1862.  HALL,  ARCHIBALD.  On  the  Mammals  and  Birds  of  the  District  of 
Montreal.  <  Canad.  Nat.  and  Geol,  vii,  1862,  pp.  44-78,  171-193, 
289-316,  344-376,  401-430. 

The  first  article,  in  vol.  VI,  relates  only  to  the  mammals.  The  whole  of  the 
series  quoted  relates  to  the  birds ;  it  is  elaborate  and  painstaking,  and  by  far 


99] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1862  665 


1862.  HALL,  ARCHIBALD. — Continued. 

the  most  important  Canadian  contribution  to  ornithology  extant ;  notwithstand- 
ing, it  is  seldom  referred  to.  The  matter  is  descriptive,  biographical,  and  briefly 
synonymatic.  A  table,  pp.  44-49,  gives  the  number  and  color  of  the  eggs  of  the 
breeders.  199  spp.  are  treated.  An  editorial  preface  states  that  the  MS.  of 
153  pages  was  prepared  in  1339  for  the  Natural  History  Society  of  Montreal, 
receiving  a  silver  medal ;  that  it  was  subsequently  intrusted  to  Mr.  Cassin,  to  be 
used  in  the  preparation  of  a  work  of  his,  and  only  returned  by  him  a  short  time 
before  its  publication.  Falco  dawsonis,  n.  sp.,  p.  68.  Strix  dalhousii  Hall,  p.  77, 
was  first  published  in  Macgillivray's  ed.  of  Cuvier,  Edinburgh,  1839. 

1862.  HAYDEN,  P.  V.  On  the  Geology  and  Natural  History  of  the  Upper 
Missouri.  <  Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  (2),  xii,  1863,  pp.  1-218. 

"  Read  July  19, 1861 ";  and,  though  contained  in  the  vol.  for  1863,  was  published 
in  1862,  as  appears  from  the  retitled  separate  issue  (4to,  Philadelphia,  C.  Sher- 
man &  Son,  1862 ;  2  p.  11.,  pagination  otherwise  the  same  as  in  the  original).  Con- 
tains, pp.  151-176,  a  fully  annotated  list  of  the  birds  of  the  region,  from  original 
observations,  the  identification  of  the  species  resting  upon  Baird's  examination 
of  the  collection  at  the  Smithsonian. 

1862,  HOLDER,  R.  H.  Birds  of  Illinois.— Catalogue.  <  Trans.  Illinois  Nat. 
Hist.  Soc.,  2d  ed.,  1862,  pp.  77-85. 

Merely  a  nominal  list  of  248  spp. 

1862.  HOLMES,  E.  Birds  of  Maine — (Addenda.)  <  Second  Ann.  Rep.  Nat. 
Hist,  and  Geol.  of  Maine,  1862,  p.  118. 

Adds  13  spp.  to  former  catalogue.    See  1861,  HOLMES,  E. 

1862.  REIN,  J.  G.  [Briefliche  Nachricht  aus  den  Bermuda-Inseln.]  <  Zool. 
Gart.,  iii,  1862,  p.  143. 

Erwahnt  einige  Vogelarten. 

1862.  Ross,  B.  R.  List  of  Mammals,  Birds,  and  Eggs,  observed  in  the  Mc- 
Kenzie's  River  District,  with  Notices.  <  Canad.Nat.  and  Geol.,  vii, 
1862,  pp.  137-155. 

Of  birds,  p.  142  to  end,  192  spp.,  briefly  annotated ;  winter  residents  marked 
with  an  asterisk  (*),  those  of  which  eggs  were  procured  with  an  obelisk  (t). 

1862.  Ross,  B.  R.  On  the  Mammals,  Birds,  etc.,  of  the  Mackenzie  River 
District.  <  Nat.  Hist.  Eev.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  162,  pp.  269-290. 

Birds,  pp.  276-290 ;  annotated  list  of  192  spp. 

1862.  SCLATER,  P.  L.  On  some  Birds  to  be  added  to  the  Avi-fauna  of  Mex- 
ico. <  P.  Z.  S.,  xxx,  1862,  pp.  368;  369,  pi.  xlvi. 

8  spp.     Vireo  hypochryseus,  p.  369,  pi.  xlvi,  sp.  n. 

1862.  S[TIMPSON],  W.  On  the  Ornithology  of  Labrador ;  by  Elliott  Coues. 
<  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxxiii,  1862,  p.  298. 

A  short  notice  of  the  paper,  by  "  W.  S.  " 

1862.  TAYLOR,  G.  C.  Five  Weeks  in  the  Peninsula  of  Florida  during  the 
Spring  of  1861,  with  Notes  on  the  Birds  observed  there.  <^Ibis, 
1862,  iv,  pp.  127-142, 197-207. 

Narrative  of  observations :  partial  list  of  61  spp. 

1862.  VERRILL,  A.  E.  Notes  on  the  Natural  History  of  Anticosti.  <  Proc. 
Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ix,  1862,  pp.  132-143. 

Includes  a  catalogue,  fully  annotated,  of  the  birds  observed,  61  spp.,  p.  137  to 
end.  Cf.  Ibis,  1863,  p.  473. 

1862.  VERRILL,  A.  E.  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  found  at  Norway,  Oxford  Co., 
Maine.  <  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  iii,  1862,  pp.  136-160. 

Annotated  list  of  159  spp.,  followed,  pp.  156-160,  by  a  similar  list  of  107  Maine 
birds  not  observed  at  Norway ;  266  spp. 


666  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1§63  [lOO 

1863.  AUDUBON,  J.  J.  The  Birds  of  North  America  :  a  popular  and  scientific 
description  of  the  Birds  of  the  United  States  and  their  Territories. 
New  edition.  New  York,  1863. 

Not  seen. — I  know  nothing  of  this  ed.,  which  I  should  suppose  to  be  merely 
a  reissue  of  the  ed.  of  1856  or  1861,  qq.  vv. 

1863.  BAIRD,  S.  F.  [Notice  of  R.  Kennicott's  and  J.  Xantus's  movements 
in  North  America,]  <  Ibis,  v,  1863,  pp.  238,  239. 

1863.  BAIRD,  S.  F.    [Letter  on  J.  Xantus's  collections  at  Colima,  Mexico.] 

<  Ibis,  v,  1863,  p.  476. 

1863.  BLAKISTON,  T.     On   the  Birds  of  the  Interior  of  British  America. 

<  IUs,  v,  1863,  pp.  39-87, 121-155. 

A  nearly  complete  list  of  Birds  of  British  America  east  of  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains, bringing  the  subject  fairly  up  to  date;  with  more  or  less  elaborate  field- 
notes  .and  biographical  and  geographical  items,  chiefly  from  personal  observa- 
tions, but  also  reducing  and  including  material  from  the  Fn.  Bor.-Am.,  MURRAY 
(Edinburgh  N.  Phil.  Journ.,  April,  1859),  Ross  (Nat  Hist.  Rev.,  July,  1862),  and  other 
sources.  The  original  matter  has  been  found  more  reliable  than  that  from  either 
of  the  last-mentioned  sources.  Neocorys  spraguei  is  the  focus  of  this  important 
contribution.  Of.  also  the  author's  List  of  species  collected  in  the  same  region, 
Ibis,  Dec.  1861,  Jan.  1862. 

1863.  LIECHTENSTEIN,  H.  Lichtenstein's  Preis-Verzeichniss  mexicanischer 
Vogel  etc.  vom  Jahre  1830.  <«/./.  0.,  xi,  1863,  pp.  54-60. 

"Auf  mehrfachen  Wunsch  geben  wir  hier  den  Abdruck  einer  seltenen  Druck- 
schritt,  welcbe  iiir  die  Prioritat  mancher  mexikanischen  Vogelart  von  Wichtig- 
keit  ist.  Das  Lichtensteinsche  Verzeichniss  ist  auf  3  Quartseiten  en  thai  ten, 
deren  jede  in  2  Spalten  getheilt  ist.  Der  Druck  ist  dem  Originate  annahernd 
ahnlich  wiedergegeben.  Eine  Kritik  der  neuen  Arten,  nach  den  Typen  des 
Berliner  Museums,  wird  in  einem  spateren  Hefte  dieses  Journals  geliefert 
werden.  D.  Herauag."  153  Vogelarten.— Psittacus  strenuus,  Ramphastos  poeci- 
lorynchus,  Trogon  glocitans,  Ouculus  viaticus,  Pious  melampagon,  P.  aurifrons,  P. 
oleagineus,  P.  poliocephalus,  Trochilus  beryllinus,  T.  verticalis,  T.  cuculliger,  T.  curvi- 
pennis,  T.  hemileucurus,  T.  coruscus,  Sturnus  holosericeus,  Icterus  gularis,  Icterus 
dives,  Corvus  morio,  O.  azureus,  Fringilla  epopoea,  F.  rhodocampter,  F.  super- 
ciliaris,  F.  pusio,  F.  haemorrhoa,  F.  melanoxantha,  Alauda  glacialis,  Euphone 
tibicen,  Tanagra  ignioapilla,  T.  gnatho,  T.  grandis,  T.  auricollis,  T.  erythromelas, 
T.  abbas,  T.  rutila,  T.  celaeno,  Sylvia  flavicollis,  S.  petasodes,  S.  culicivora,  Troglo- 
dytes murarius,  T.  mexicartus,  T.  latifasciatus,  Turdus  erythrophthalmus,  T.  de- 
flexus,  T.  helvolus,  Muscicapa  obsoleta,  M.  larvata,  M.  mesaleuca,  M.  atrata,  Hi- 
rundo  prasina,  H.  cofonata,  Falco  anthrae>',nus,  Tringa  deppii.  Alle  diese  Vogel 
sind  Lichtensteinsche  Arten,  ob  neu  oder  nicht. 

1863.  MICHENER,  E.    Agricultural  Ornithology.    <  Rep.  Com'r  of  Agric.  for 
1863,  1863,  pp.  287-307. 
Substantially  an  annotated  list  of  the  Land  Birds  of  Chester  Co.,  Pa. 

1863.  SAMUELS,  E.    Mammalogy  and  Ornithology  of  New  England,  with 
reference  to  Agricultural  Economy.    <  Rep.  of  Com'r  of  Agric.  for 
1863, 1S63,  pp.  265-286. 
A  general  sketch  of  the  subject. 

1863.  VERRILL,  A.  E.  Additions  to  the  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  found  in  the 
Vicinity  of  Calais,  Me.,  and  about  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  <  Proo.  Bos- 
ton Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ix,  1863,  pp.  233, 234. 

Twelve  species. 


lOl]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1863-1864  667 

1863.  WALKER,  D.    Natural-History  Notes  made  during  a  passage  from  Liv- 

erpool to  Vancouver  Island  (Dec.  1862  to  June,  1863).    <P.Z.&, 
xxxi,  1863,  pp.  378-380. 

Cursory  allusions  to  various  birds. 

1864.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    Catalogue  of  the  Birds  found  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  with 

Notes  on  their  Migrations,  Habits,  &c. ;  together  with  a  List  of 
those  Birds  found  in  the  State  not  yet  observed  at  Springfield. 

<  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  iv,  art.  iv,  1864,  pp.  48-98. 

195  spp.  at  Springfield ;  296  in  Massachusetts,  of  which  131  breed,  28  are  resi- 
dent, 67  winter  visitors,  75  migrants,  106  summer  visitors,  35  stragglers. 

1864.  BRYANT,  H.    Description  of  two  Birds  from  the  Bahama  Islands,  hith- 
erto undescribed.   <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist. ,  ix,  1864,  pp.  279, 280. 
Pitangus  bahamensis,  p.  279 ;  Saurothera  bahamensis,  p.  280. 

1864.  HITCHCOCK,  C.  H.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Maine.  <  Proc.  Port- 
land Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  pt.  i,  1864,  pp.  66 . 

Not  seen. 

1864.  HOUGH,  F.  B.  Results  |  of  |  Meteorological  Observations,  |  made  under 
the  direction  of  the  |  United  States  Patent  Office  and  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  |  from  the  |  year  1854  to  1859,  inclusive,  |  being  a  report 
of  the  |  Commissioner  of  Patents  |  made  at  the  first  session  of  ihe 
thirty-sixth  Congress.  |  —  |  Vol.  H.— Part  I.  |  —  |  Washington.  | 
Government  Printing  Office.  |  1864.  4to.  >  Observations  upon  the 
Periodical  Phenomena  in  Plants  and  Animals,  from  1851  to  1859, 
with  tables  of  the  dates  of  opening  and  closing  of  lakes,  rivers,  har- 
bours, etc.  Arranged  by  Franklin  B.  Hough,  M.  D.  pp.  1-232. 

Includes,  pp.  183-200,  dates  of  appearance  of  19  spp.  of  N.  Amer.  birds  during 
the  period  stated,  from  observations  made  at  numerous  points  in  the  United 
States ;  being  the  most  extended  and  elaborate  set  of  statistics  of  this  particular 
kind  ever  made  in  this  country. 

1864.  LORD,  J.  K.  List  of  Birds  collected  and  presented  by  the  British  North 
American  Boundary  Commission  to  the  Royal  Artillery  Institution. 

<  Proc.  Roy.  ArVy.  Inst,  1864,  pp.  110-126. 

87  spp.,  shortly  annotated,  with  localities  of  the  specimens.  "The  paper  is  of 
gome  value  in  determining  the  geographical  distribution  of  birds  in  North-western 
North  America."— Zool  Rec.for  1864,  p.  55. 

1864.  SAMUELS,   E.   A.      Ornithology   of    Massachusetts — List    of   species. 

<  Eleventh  Ann.  Rep.  Sec'y  Mass.  Board  of  Agric.  for  1863, 1864,  App., 
pp.  xviii-xxix. 

267  spp.,  annotated.  Reprinted,  repaged,  retitled,  and  issued  separately,  as 
follows:— 

A  |  Descriptive  Catalogue  |  of  the  |  Birds  of  Massachusetts.  |  —  | 
By  E.  A.  Samuels.  |  —  |  Boston :  |  Wright  &  Potter,  Printers,  4 
Spring  Lane.  |  1864.  8vo.  pamphl.  pp.  14  -f  1. 

No  descriptive  matter.  Many  of  the  species  here  given  do  not  reappear  in  his 
later  work.  The  additional  page  gives  brief  directions  for  collecting. 

1864.  SCLATER,  P.  L.    List  of  a  Collection  of  Birds  procured  by  Mr.  George 
H.  White  in  the  vicinity  of  the  City  of  Mexico.    <  P.  Z.  S.,  xxxii, 
1864,  pp.  172-179. 
156  spp.,  with  little  annotation ;  several  new  to  Mexico ;  no  spp.  nn. 


6tJ8  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§64  [l02 

1864-65.  MULLER,  J.  W.  VON.  Reisen  in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten,  Canada 
und  Mexico  von  Baron  J.  W.  von  Mtiller.  Leipzig  :  1864-5.  3  vols. 
roy.  8vo. 

Das  Werk  selbst  war  mir  nicht  zuganglich.  Titel  and  Commentar  sind  dem 
Zool.  Rec.  entnommen.  Entbaltsystematiscbos  Verzeichuiss  der  Vogel  Mexico's, 
Bd.  in.,  SS.  551-594;  611  Arten.  Trogon  erythronotw,  Tachyphonus  schlagint- 
weiti,  Melospiza  pectoralis,  Aimophila  tolteca,  spp.  nn.  Bd.  III.  erschien  besonders 
unterdem  Titel :  „  Beitrage  zur  Gescbichte,  Statistik  und  Zoologie  von  Mexico." 

[1864-66.]  BAIRD,  S.  F.  Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections.  |  — 181 —  | 
Review  |  of  j  American  Birds,  in  the  Museum  of  the  |  Smithsonian 
Institution.  |  By  |  S.  F.  Baird.  |  —  |  Part  I.  North  and  Middle  Amer- 
ica. |  —  |  [Medallion.]  |  Washington  :  |  Smithsonian  Institution,  j 
[No  date  on  title :  June,  1864,  to  p.  33  ;  July,  1864,  to  p.  81 ;  Aug., 
1864,  to  p.  129;  Sept.,  1864,  to  p.  149;  Oct.,  1864,  to  p.  161;  Nov., 
1864,  to  p.  177;  Apr.,  1865,  to  p.  241;  May,  1865,  to  p.  321;  May, 
1866,  to  p.  417 ;  June,  1866,  to  end.]  1  vol.  8vo,  originally  issued 
in  sheets  as  successively  printed,  at  above  dates,  pp.  iv,  450. 

This  work,  which  was  discontinued  before  the  completion  of  the  1st  part,  con- 
sists of  critical  notices,  synonymatic,  descriptive,  geographical,  of  the  North 
and  Middle  (and  some  South)  American  species,  contained  in  the  Smithsonian 
Museum  (and  some  others),  of  the  families  Turdidce,  Oinclidce,  Saxico*idee, 
Sylviidce,  Chamaeidce,  Paridce  (inch  Sitta),  Certhiidce,  Troglodytidce,  Motacillidce, 
Sylvicolidce,  Hirundinidce  (1864-65),  Vireonidce,  Ampelidce,anALaniidce  (1866,  the 
last  three  not  being  included  in  the  table  of  contents,  p.  iv).  It  may  be  regarded 
as  complementary  to  the  same  author's  well  known  work  of  1856  (with  J.  Cassin 
and  G.  N".  Lawrence),  and  as  having  been  suspended  in  anticipation  of  his  later 
work  (1874,  with  T.  M.  Brewer  and  R.  Ridgway),  which  latter  amplifies  its  plan 
and  scope.  Many  new  species  or  varieties  and  some  new  genera  are  described, 
as  follows:— Turdus  auduboni,  p.  16 ;  T.  confinis,  p.  29 ;  Platycichla  (n.  g.)  brevipes 
pp.  32,  436;  Mimodchla  schistacea,  p.  37;  Polioptila  nigriceps,  p.  69;  Auri- 
parus,  n.  g.,  p.  85  (type  Aegithalus  flaviceps  Sund.) ;  Thryophilus  rufalbus  var. 
poliopleura,  p.  128 ;  T.  sinaloa,  p.  130  ;  T.  schottii,  p.  133 ;  Troglodytes  cedon  var. 
aztecus,  p.  139;  T.inquietus  (Lawr.  MSS.  =  hypcedon  Lawr.  1861,  nee  Scl.) ;  T. 
hyemalis  var.  pacificus,  p.  145;  Cistothorus  palustris  var.  paludicola,  p.  148;  Notio- 
corys  et  Pediocorys,  nn.  gg.,  p.  151  (Anthus  rufuts  and  A .  bogotensis  respectively) ; 
Parula  inornate,  p.  171  (brasiliana  S.  &  S.,  nee  Licht.) ;  Perissoglossa,  n.  g.  (type 
Mot.  tigrina  Gm.),  p.  180;  Dendroica  gundlachi,  p,  197  (cestiva  auct.,  ex  Cuba) ;  D. 
rufigula,  p.  204;  D.  gracice  (Coues  MSS.),  p.  210;  D.  adelaidce,  p.  2 12;  Geothlypis 
melanops,  p.  222 ;  G.  poliocephala,  p.  225 ;  Granatellus  francescce,  p.  232 ;  Idiotes,  n.  g., 
p.  237  (type  Setophaga  rufifrons  Sw.) ;  Myioborus,  n.  g.,  p.  237  (type  Set.  verticalis 
Sw.) ;  Sasileuterus  melanogenys,  p.  248 ;  Setophaga  aurantiaca  and  S.  torquata, 
p.  261;  Progne  elegans,  p.  275;  P.  cryptoleuca,  p.  277;  P.furcata,  p.  278;  P.  leuco- 
gaster;  Phceoprogne,  n.  g.  (Hirundo  fusca  V.),  p.  283;  Callichelidon^  Bryant 
MSS.,  n.  g.  (C.  cyaneoviridis),  p.  303;  Notiochelidon,  n.  g.  (type  Atticora  pilea.ta 
Gould),  p.  306 ;  Pygochelidon,  n.  g.  (type  Hirundo  cyanoleuca  V.),  p.  308 ;  Atticora 
cyanoleuca  var.  montana,  p.  310 ;  Stelgidopteryx  fulvigula,  p.  318;  Vireonella,  n.  g., 
p.  326  (gundlachi,  etc.) ;  Vireosylvia  propinqua,  p.  348 ;  Vireo  carmioli,  p.  356 ; 
Vireo  latimeri,  p.  364 ;  Vireolanius  cximius,  p.  398 ;  Myiadestes  solitarius,  p.  421. 
Most  of  the  now  generic  names  are  proposed  as  merely  subgenera ;  many  of  the 
new  species  are  not,  in  point  of  fact,  new,  but  are  new  names  required  through 
rectifications  of  synonymy,  or  are  proposed  as  varietal  designations.  The 
analysis  of  linked  forms  is  carried  to  an  extreme.  The  last  fascicle  (1866)  is  illus- 
trated with  numerous  woodcut  outlines  of  head,  feet,  wings,  and  tail;  these 
figures  are  not  numbered  seriatim,  but  bear  the  Smithsonian  numbers  of  the 
specimens  whence  they  are  taken.  Cf.  Am.  Journ.  Sci ,  xxxviii,  303,  431 ;  xxxix, 
115;  xl,  142;  xlii,  134. 


103J 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1864-1  §65  669 


[1864-66.]  BAIRD,  S.  F.— Continued. 

There  is  another  ed.  of  this,  OH  finally  if  sued  altogether,  with  the  title  slightly 
modified,  dated  1864-72  ;  it  is  identical  in  pp.  1-450  with  original  issue  in  sheets, 
bat  is  preceded  by  redated  pp.  i-vi,and  followed  by  additional  pp.  451-478,  these 
being  a  "  List  of  Species  described  ",  and  "Alphabetical  Index  of  Species  ". 

1864-75.  REINHARDT,  J.  [On  Greenland  Birds.]  <  Viaensk.  Meddel,  1864, 
246;  1865,  241 ;  1872,  131 ;  1875,  127. 

Not  seen  ? — The  above  looks  like  one  of  my  memoranda  for  private  purposes, 
which,  however,  I  am  unable  to  vertCy  at  present  printing. 

1865.  AMBROSE,  J.  Observations  on  the  Sea-birds  frequenting  the  coast  of 
St.  Margaret's  Bay,  N.  S.  <^  Trans.  Nova  Scotia  Inst.  Nat.  ScL,  i,  pt. 
iii,  1865,  pp.  51-59. 

Vernacular  names  of  29  spp.,  with  their  scientific  equivalents  in  most  cases, 
followed  by  a  general  sketch  of  the  subject. 

1865.  AUDUBON,  J.  J.    The  Birds  of  America,  ...    8  vols.  8vo. 

Merely  a  later  edition  of  J.  "W.  Audubon's  reissue,  but  with  the  pagination 
changed,  and  the  vols.  made  8  instead  of  7. 

1865.  CASSIN,  J.     [Letter  relative  to  the  engraved  copper-plates  of  Vieillot's 
'  Ois.   Ara.-Sept.'  and  Andebert   and  Vieillot's   <Ois.   DoreV,  pro- 
posed to  be  sold  by  the  Philadelphia  Academy  for  what  they  would 
fetch  as  old  copper.]     <  Ibis,  2d  ser.,  i,  1865,  p.  116. 
Sic  transit,  etc. 

1865.  CLIFFORD,  E.  A.    Birds  [of  Illinois]  Injurious  and  Beneficial  to  the 
Horticulturist.  <  Trans.  Illinois  State  Agric.  Soc.for  1861-64,  v,  1865, 
pp.  925-927. 
Seven  species. 

1865.  COUES,  E.  Ornithology  of  a  Prairie-Journey,  and  Notes  on  the  Birds 
of  Arizona,  <  Ibis,  1865,  2d  ser.,  i,  pp.  157-165. 

Sketch  of  route ;  running  commentary  on  numerous  spp.  Cf.  Zo  I.  Rec.  for 
1865,  pp.  79, 80. 

1865.  COUES,  E.  [Notes  on  various  birds  observed  at  Fort  Whipple,  Arizona.] 
<  Ibis,  2d  ser.,  i,  1865,  pp.  535-538. 

A  letter  to  the  editor  giving  a  general  commentary  on  the  bird-fauna  of  this 
locality. 

1865.  DODGE,  J.  R.     Birds  and  Bird  Laws.    <  Eep.  U.  S.  Agric.  Dept.  for 
1864, 1865,  pp.  431-446. 
Treating  N.  A.  Birds  in  general  from  an  economic  and  legislative  standpoint. 

1865.  DUVAN,  J.  H.  Some  additions  to  the  Game  of  Nova  Scotia.  <  Trans. 
Nova  Scotia  Inst.  Nat.  Sci.,  i,  pt.  iii,  1865,  pp.  59-69. 

Suggestions  for  the  naturalization  of  certain  exotic  Gallince,  etc. 

1865.  ELLIOT,  D.  G.    The  "  Game  Birds  "  of  the  United  States.    <  Keport 
U.  S.  Agric.  Dept.  for  1864, 1865,  pp.  356-385,  pll.  (woodcc.)  xlii-xlvi. 
GallincB;  Columbce  /  some  Limicolce ;  (no  Anatidce!). 

1865.  FEILNER,  J.  Exploration  in  Upper  California  in  1860,  under  the 
Auspices  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  <  (Nineteenth)  Ann.  Rep. 
Smiths.  Inst.  (for  1864),  1865,  pp.  421-430. 

Narrative,  including  extended  notes  on  the  habits  of  about  a  score  of  birds,  pp. 
425-429. 


670  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       I §65  [l04 

1865.  HAMLIN,  C.  E.  Catalogue  of  Birds  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Water- 
ville,  Kennebec  County  [Maine].  <^Tenth  Ann.  Rep.  Sec'y  Maine 
Board  of  Agric.,  1865,  chap,  v,  pp.  168-173. 

Nominal  list  of  135  spp.,  with  brief  introductory  remarks. 

1865.  HOY,  P.  R.  Journal  of  an  Exploration  of  Western  Missouri  in  1854, 
under  the  Auspices  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  <  (Nineteenth) 
Ann.  Rep.  Smiths.  Inst.  (for  1864),  1865,  pp.  431-438. 

The  narrative  relates  largely  to  birds,  and  concludes  with  a  nominal  list  of 
153  spp. 

1865.  LORD,  J.  K.    Catalogue  of  Birds'  Nests  and  Eggs  collected  in  North- 
West  America.    <  Proc.  R.  A.  Inst.  Woolwich,  1865,  pp.  337-339. 
The  nidiflcatory  habits  of  18  spp.  are  briefly  described  (cf.  Ibis,  1866,  p.  208). 

1865.  MACFIE,  M.  Vancouver  Island  and  |  British  Columbia.  |  Their 
History,  Resources,  and  Prospects.  |  By  |  Matthew  Macfie,  F.  R. 
G.  S.  |  Five  years  resident  in  Victoria,  V.  I.  |  London :  |  Longman, 
Green,  Longman,  Roberts,  &  Green.  |  1865.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  xii  -f- 
1 1.,  574,  maps,  pll.,  and  woodcc. 

Chap.  XII,  p.  297,  On  the  Animal  and  Vegetable  Productions,  contains,  pp. 
S01-303,  a  cursory  notice  of  various  birds. 

1865.  MULLER,  J.  W.  Systematisches  Verzeichniss  der  in  Mexico  beobach- 
teten  und  gesammelten  Vogel.  8vo.  pp.  26. 

"  It  appearsfrom  Dr.  Hartlaub's  '  Bericht'  for  1864  that  this  list,  which  is  said  to 
be  the  fullest  yet  published  of  the  birds  of  Mexico,  is  from  the  third  volume  of 
the  author's  '  Reiaen  in  Mexico  nnd  den  Yereinigten  Staaten'.  The  separately- 
printed  copy  we  have  seen  bears  no  author's  or  printer's  name  or  date  or  place 
of  publication:  621  spp.  are  enumerated,  and  a  few  synonyms  added."  (Xot 
seen— title  and  comment  from  Zool.  Eec.for  1865,  p.  80.) 

It  appears  from  Zool.  Rec.for  1866,  p.  62,  that  this  copy  was  only  a  proof;  "  for 
several  alterations  appear  to  have  been  made  in  the  list"  as  finally  published  in 
"Eeisen  in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten"  etc.,  vol.  Ill,  pp.  551-594. 

1865.  NEWTON,  A.  [Notice  of  movements  of  E.  Cones.]  <I6is,  2d  ser., 
i,  1865,  pp.  117, 118. 

1865.  NEWTON,  A.  [Notice  of  R.  Kennicott's  Alaskan  projet.]  <  lUs,  2d 
ser.,i,  1865,  pp.  239, 240. 

1865.  SAGARD  THEODAT,  G.  Le  Grand  Voyage  ]  du  |  Pays  des  Hurons  | 
Situe"  en  PAme"rique  vers  la  Mer  J  douce,  es  derniers  con  fins  |  de 
la  |  Nouvelle  France  |  dite  Canada  |  avec  un  Dictionnaire  de  la 
langue  Huronne  |  par  F.  Gabriel  Sagard  Theodot  j  Recollet  de  S. 
Frangois,  de  la  province  de  S.  Denys  en  France  |  —  |  Nouvelle 
6dition  |  publie'e  par  M.  Emile  Chevalier  |  —  |  Paris  |  Libralrie 
Tross  |  5,  rue  Neuve-des-petits  Champs  |  —  |  1865  1  vol.  sm.  8vo. 
4  prel.  11.  (new  titles,  etc.),  pp.  i-xxvi  (orig.  titles,  etc.),  1-268,  and 
1-12  -j-  74  11.  (Huron  dictionary,  etc.). 

This  reprint  is  stated  to  be  "une  copie  complete,  exacte,  materiellement 
aussi  fidele  que  possible";  it  gives  fac-similes  of  the  original  titles,  and  indicates 
throughout  the  pagination  of  the  original,  which  is  now  extremely  rare.  In  this 
edition,  the  bird-matter  is  at  pp.  209-214  (=  pp.  296-304  of  the  original). 

1865.  SAMUELS,  E.  A.  Oology  of  some  of  the  Land  Birds  of  New  England, 
as  a  means  of  identifying  injurious  or  beneficial  species.  <  Rep. 
U.  S.  Agric.  Dept.for  1864, 1865,  pp.  386-430. 

Treats  of  a  large  number  of  species,  on  what  principle  of  selection  does  not 
appear. 


105] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1§65-]§G6         671 


1865.  SCLA.TER,  P.  L.  [Exhibition  of  a  collection  of  Birds'  skins  formed  by 
M.  Adolph  Boucard  in  the  vicinity  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  ]  <^  P.Z. 
S.,  xxxiii,1865,  p.  397. 

1865.  WHITELY,  H.    Catalogue  of  North  American  Birds  and  Eggs,  arranged 

in  cabinets  in  the  museum  of  the  Royal  Artillery  Institution,  Wool- 
wich.   Woolwich:  1865.    Roy.  8vo.     pp.23. 

Not  seen— title  from  Zool.  Eec.  for  1865,  p.  80,  where  A.  Newton  suggests  the 
character  of  the  publication  by  stating  that  he  notices  it  chiefly  for  the  purpose 
of  drawing  attention  to  the  flourishing  museum  at  Woolwich. 

1865-66.  DOWNS,  A.  On  the  Land  Birds  of  Nova  Scotia.  <  Trans.  Nova 
Scotian  Imt.  Nat.  Sd.,  i,  pt.  iii,  1865,  pp.  38-51 ;  pt.  iv,  1866,  pp.  130- 
136. 

Field-notes  on  91  spp.    "  Oinclus  americanus  ",  in  this  list,  means  Siurus  ncevius. 

1865-66.  DRESSER,  H.  E.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Southern  Texas  [and  Mex- 
ican vicinity].  </&is,  1865,  2d  ser.,  i,  pp.  312-330,  466-495;  1866, 
2d  ser.,  ii,  pp.  23-46. 

Narrative  introduction.  More  or  less  extended  field-notes,  from  original  ob- 
servations, on  272  species,  being  apparently  most  of  those  occurring  there.  In- 
terspersed with  notes  of  A.  L.  Heermann.  Remains  to  date  one  of  the  chief 
authorities  for  this  locality. 

1866.  BAIRD.  S.  F.    The  Distribution  and  Migrations  of  North  American 

Birds .    <  Am.  Journ.  SGI.,  xli,  1866,  pp.  78-90,  184-192, 337-347. 

Abstract  of  a  memoir  presented  to  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  Jan., 
1865.  Reprinted,  Ibis,  1867,  pp.  257-293 ;  translated,  J". /.  O.,  1866,  pp.  244-269, 338- 
352 ;  Extracts,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  xviii,  1866,  pp.  141-144.  Cf.  especially  Zool  Eec. 
for  1866,  pp.  59, 60. 

A  very  notable  paper,  in  which  the  whole  subject  is  elaborated  with  care  upon 
the  data  furnished  by  the  enormous  Smithsonian  collections.  There  are  many 
comparative  lists  of  species,  in  evidence  of  the  facts  of  distribution  presented. 
To  the  six  Sclaterian  "  Regions  "  the  author  adds  a  seventh,  the  West  Indian. 
North  America  is  divided  primarily  into  two  great  Zoological  "Provinces ",  the 
"Eastern"  and  the  "Western";  the  latter  subdivided  to  afford  a  third,  the 
"Middle".  The  dividing  line  of  the  two  major  divisions  coincides  approxi- 
mately with  long.  100  W.  G.  in  the  United  States,  but  in  higher  latitudes  trends 
rapidly  westward,  gaining  the  Pacific  in  Northern  Alaska.  The  Middle  Province 
extends  to  the  Pacific  Slope,  which  latter  constitutes  the  Western  Province 
proper.  The  ornithological  data  accord  with  those  derived  from  other  branches 
of  zoology  ;  and  subsequent  investigation  has  only  confirmed  the  main  features 
of  the  present  mapping,  whatever  the  modification  in  detail  required.  The 
migrations  of  the  birds  are  treated  in  the  same  thorough  manner,  the  interchange 
of  species  between  Europe  and  America  being  perhaps  the  most  interesting 
aspect  of  this  portion  of  the  subject.  Variation  under  climatic  influences  is  also 
discussed  in  its  technical  bearings  on  the  questions  of  nomenclature ;  the  facts 
of  decrease  in  size  with  latitude  and  of  lessened  intensity  of  coloration  with 
aridity  are  also  set  forth. 

1866.  BAIRD,  S.  F.    Prof.  Spencer  F.  Baird.    Die  Verbreitung  und  Wande- 
rungen   der  Vogel  Nord-Amerika's.    <  J.  f.  0.,  xiv,  1866,  pp.  244- 
269,  338-352. 
Aus  dem  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  vol.  xli,  18G6,  iibersetzt. 

1866.  BREWER,  T.  M.    The  Food  of  Birds.    <  Harper's  Ntw  Monthly  Hag., 
xxxiii,  1866,  pp.  241-244. 

1866.  COUES,  E.    From  Arizona  to  the  Pacific.    </&is,  1866,  2d  ser.,  ii, 
pp.  259-275. 


672  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§66  [l06 

1866.  COUES,  E.— Continued. 

Ornithological  narrative  of  a  journey  from  Fort  Whipple,  Arizona,  to  San 
Pedro,  California,  with  special  reference  to  the  birds  of  the  last-named  locality. 
Of.  Zool  Eec.for  1866,  pp.  60,  61. 

1866.  COUES,  E.  List  of  the  Birds  of  Fort  Wbipple,  Arizona :  with  which 
are  incorporated  all  other  species  ascertained  to  inhabit  the  Terri- 
tory ;  with  brief  critical  and  field  notes,  descriptions  of  new  species, 
etc.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  xviii,  1866,  pp.  39-100. 

245  8pp.,with  critical  and  field  notes,  introduced  with  sketch  of  the  locality. 
Micralhene,  p.  51 ;  Asyndesmus,  p.  55 ;  Podasocys,  p.  96,  genn.  nn. ;  Mitrephorus  pal- 
lescens,  p.  63 ;  Vireo  plumbeus,  p.  74  ;  V.vidnior,  p.  75 ;  V.pusillus,  p.  76,  spp.  nn. ; 
Ghrysomitris  mexicanus  var.  arizonce,  p.  82,  var.  n.  Certhiola  "flaveola"  is  a  mis- 
take. This  paper  was  the  first  connected  account  of  the  hirds  of  the  region. 
It  was  reissued  separately,  v.  I.  p.,  hut  repaged  and  under  different  title.  Gf. 
Ibis,  1867,  pp.  130, 131,  and  247;  Zool.  Eec.for  1866,  p.  61. 

1666.  COUES,  E.  [Reprinted  from  the  Proceedings  of  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  January  1866.]  |  —  |  Prodrome  of 
a  Work  |  on  the  |  Ornithology  |  of  |  Arizona  Territory.  |  By  Elliott 
Coues,  M.  A.,  M.  D.  |  (Ass't  Surgeon  U.  S.  Army.)  |  —  |  Philadel- 
phia :  |  Merrihew  &  Son,  Printers,  j  1866.  8vo.  pp.  64. 

Fifty  copies  repaged  under  this  cover- title;  no  other  change. 

It  is  proper  to  remark,  that  the  promise  implied  in  the  title  of  this  little  treatise 
is  fulfilled  at  length  in  the  work  to  the  first  volume  of  which  this  present  Bibli- 
ography forms  the  Appendix.  A  thousand  or  more  folios  of  MS.,  as  originally 
prepared,  were  destroyed  by  accident  at  Fort  Macon,  N.  C.,  in  1869. 

186- ?  HINCKS,  W.  "Catalogue  of  Birds  known  to  Inhabit  Western  Can- 
ada, systematically  arranged  according  to  the  method  adopted  in 

the  Museum  of  the  University  of  Toronto." ? 

Not  seen.— Cf.  Canad.  Journ.,  xi,  1866,  pp.  245-247. 

1866.  HINCKS,  W.  Notes  of  a  few  new  and  interesting  Canadian  Birds,  ex- 
hibited by  George  McKay,  Esq.,  Mr.Passmore  taxidermist, and  from 
the  Museum  of  the  University.  <"  Canad.  Journ.,  xi,  1866,  p.  72. 

Centrocercus  phaslanellus ;  Anser  hutchinsii.     Cygnus  passmori,  sp.  n. 

1866.  HINCKS,  W.  List  of  Birds  observed  near  Hamilton,  C.  W.,  by  Thomas 
Mcllwraith.  Extracted  from  the  Proceedings  of  the  Essex  Institute, 
Vol.  Y.  1866.  <  Canad.  Journ.,  xi,  1866,  pp.  245-247. 

Eeview— with  addition  of  several  species. 

1866.  KING,  W.  R.  The  Sportsman  and  Naturalist  in  Canada.  By  Major  W. 
Ross  King,  &c.  &c.  Illustrated  with  Coloured  Plates  and  Woodcuts. 
London  :  1866.  Roy.  8vo.  pp.  334. 

Not  seen. — "Contains  an  account  of  some  of  the  birds  of  Canada,  drawn  up 
with  more  regard  to  scientific  accuracy  than  is  usual  among  sporting  writers." 
Of.  Ibis,  1867,  pp.  125, 126;  Zool.  Eec.for  1866, p.  62. 

1866.  LAWKENCE,  G.  N.  Catalogue  of  Birds  observed  on  New  York,  Long, 
and  Staten  Islands,  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  New  Jersey.  <  Ann. 
Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  viii,  1866,  pp.  279-300. 

327  spp.,  many  of  which  are  annotated ;  but  otherwise  the  list  makes  no  dis- 
tinction of  the  several  categories  of  residents,  migrants,  etc.,  under  which  the 
species  come.  This  is  doubtless  the  first  list  of  N.  A.  birds  to  include  Passer 
domesticus. 

1866.  LE  MOINE,  J.  M.  The  Birds  of  Canada.  <  The  Saturday  Reader,  ii, 
June  16,  1866,  pp.  229-231. 

Substance  of  an  address  before  Lit.  and  Hist.  Soc.  of  Quebec,  25th  April,  1866— 
being  a  general  survey  of  Canadian  ornithology. 


]07] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1§66  673 


1866.  LORD,  J.  K.  The  Naturalist  in  Vancouver  Island  and  British  Colum- 
bia. By  John  Keast  Lord,  F.  L.  S.,  Naturalist  to  the  British  North 
American  Boundary  Commission.  London  :  1866.  2  vols.  sm.  8vo. 
woodcc.  Vol.  I,  pp.  358  ;  II,  375.  >Vol.  II.  Appendix,  pp.  291-301. 

Not  seen. — "  Contains  a  good  deal  that  is  interesting  respecting  the  habits  of 
many  of  the  birds  ....  Mr.  Lord  has  small  reason  to  be  grateful  to  his  printer 
or  woodcutter."  List  of  226  spp.  of  birds  at  the  place  noted.  Of.  Ibis,  1867,  p.  126 ; 

1868,  p.  116;  Zool.  Eec.for  1866,  p.  62. 

1866.  MclLWRAiTH,   T.      List  of  Birds  observed  near  Hamilton,   Canada 
West.    <  Proc.  (Cowm.)  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1866,  art.  v,  pp.  79-96. 
Results  of  10  years'  observations ;  annotated  list  of  241  spp. 

1866.  MURRAY,  A.    "  Contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company's  Territories.— Birds.    III.    Edinburgh,  1866." 
Not  seen.— Compare  1859,  MURRAY,  A. 

1866.  EOOSEVELT,  ROBERT  B.  The  |  Game-Birds  |  of  the  |  Coasts  and  Lakes 
of  the  Northern  States  |  of  America.  |  A  full  account  of  the  sport- 
ing along  our  sea-  |  shores  and  inland  waters,  with  a  com-  |  parison 
of  the  merits  of  breech-  |  loaders  and  muzzle-  |  loaders.  |  By  Robert 
B.  Roosevelt,  |  Author  of  "  The  Game-Fish  of  North  America," 
"  Superior  Fishing,"  |  "Country  Life,"  etc.,  etc.  |  [Trade-mark.]) 
New  York :  |  Carleton,  Publisher,  413  Broadway.  |  M  DCCC  LXVI. 
1  vol.  12mo.  pp.  i-vi,  7-536,  woodc.  on  p.  139. 

1866.  SAGARD  THEODAT,  G.  Histoire  |  du  Canada  |  et  Voyages  |  que  les 
freres  Mineurs  recollects  y  ont  faicts  |  pour  la  conversion  des  infi- 
deles  |  depuis  Pan  1615  |  par  Gabriel  Sagard  Theodat  |  avec  un  dic- 
tionnaire  de  la  langue  Huronne  |  Nouvelle  Edition  |  publie"e  par  M. 
Edwin  Tross.  |  —  |  Premier  [ — Quatrieme]  Volume.  |  —  |  Paris  | 
Libraire  Tross  |  5,  rue  neuve-des-petits-champs,  5.  |  1866  4  vols. 
sm.  8vo.  >  Vol.  III. 

A  textual  reprint  of  the  original  of  1636,  indicating  pagination  and  typo- 
graphy of  title  of  the  original.  In  this  ed.,  the  bird-matter  is  at  pp.  666-674 
(vol.  III). 

1866.  VERRILL,  A.  E.    Note  on  the  Distribution  of  North  American  Birds. 

<  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xli,  1866,  pp.  249,  250. 

On  the  limits  of  the  Canadian  and  Alleghanian  faunae  of  the  Eastern  Province. 

1866.  VERRILL,  A.  E.  [On  the  Geographical  Distribution  of  North  Amer- 
ican Birds,  with  reference  to  the  physical  causes  that  determine 
their  limits  in  latitude.]  <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  x,  1866,  pp. 
259-262. 

1866.  WEIZ,  S.  List  of  Vertebrates  observed  at  Okak,  Labrador,  by  Rev. 
Samuel  Weiz,  with  Annotations  by  A.  S.  Packard,  Jr.,  M.  D. 

<  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  x,  1866,  pp.  264-277. 

89  spp.  of  birds,  pp.  267-269,  scarcely  annotated ;  chiefly  valuable  for  the  Esqui- 
maux names  given. 

1866-69.  ELLIOT,  D.  G.  The  |  New  and  heretofore  Unfigured  Species  of  | 
the  Birds  |  of  |  North  America.  |  By  |  Daniel  Giraud  Elliot,  [etc.] 
|  Vol.  I  [II].  |  New  York:  |  published  by  the  author.  |  [1866  to] 

1869.  2  vols.  imp.  folio.     Not  paged !   pll.  not  numbered ! !    cuts 
pasted  in  text. 

Cover-title  of  the  parts  simply  "  The  Birds  of  North  America",  etc. 
43  B  € 


674        BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1866-1867  [l08 

1866-69.  ELLIOT,  D.  G.— Continued. 

This  work,  taking  a  foremost  place  among  the  great  illustrated  books  of  N.  A. 
birds,  was  issued  originally  in  fifteen  parts,  1S66-69,  mostly  of  five  plates  each, 
to  be  bound  in  two  imp.  folio  vols.,  and  furnished  with  18  additional  unpaged 
leaves,  being  title-pages,  Dedication  to  Wilson,  List  of  subscribers,  Preface,  In- 
troduction, Explanations,  etc.,  List  of  plates  and  species.  Parts  i,  ii,  1866 ;  iii-viii, 
1867;  ix-xii,  1868;  xiii-xv,  1869.  Of.  Ibis,  1866,  p.  417;  1867,  p.  376;  18C8,  p.  345; 
1870,  p.  277 ;  Zoot.  Rec.  for  1866,  p.  61 ;  1867,  p.  67 ;  1868,  p.  54  ;  1869,  p.  47. 

The  introduction  treats  of  114  spp.,  forming  a  critical  commentary  011  most  of 
them,  and  contains  18  woodcuts.  According  to  this,  the  species  figured  are  as 
follows : — 

Vol.  I,  plate  1,  HarporJiynchus  cinereus;  2,  Parus  montanus ;  3,  Lophophanes 
inornatus ;  4,  Campylorhynchus  affinis ;  5,  Helminthophaga  lucice ;  6,  Dendrceca 
gracice ;  7,  Vireo  plumbeus,  V.  vicinior,  V.  swainsoni,  V.  pusillus ;  8,  Chrysomitris 
lawrencei;  9,  Aegiothus  exilipes;  W,A.fusce8ceng;  11,  Leucosticte  yriseinucha ;  12, 
Passer  domesticus ,-  13,  Passerculus  alaudinus;  14,  Zonotrichia  belli;  15,  Pipilo 
albiguta;  16,  Cardinalisigneus;  17,  Cyanuramacrolophus,-  18,  Oontopuspertinax; 
19,  Mitrephorus  fulvifrons;  20,  Nephcecetes  niger;  21  Atthis  heloisce;  22,  Heliopce- 
dica  xantusi;  23,  Stellula  calliope;  24,  Xenopicus  albolarvatus ,•  25,  Sphyrapicus 
fhyroideus;  26,  Oolaptes  ckrysoides;  27,  Scops  Tcennicotti;  28,  S.  flammeola ;  29, 
Microthene  whitneyi. 

Vol.  II,  plate  30,  Falco  candicans;  31,  F.  islandieus;  32,  F.  aurantius ;  33,  jButeo 
zonocercus;  '34,Halicetuspelagicu8;  35,  R.  albicilla ;  36,  Oathartes  burrovianus;  37, 
Scardafella  inca;  38,  Meleagris  mexicana ;  39,  Podasocys  montanus ;  40,  Macro- 
rhamphus  scolopaceus  ;  41,  Ereunetes  occidentals ;  42,  Chen  albatus;  43,  Chen  caeru- 
lescens ;  44,  ExantJiemops  (g.  n.)  rossii;  45,  Chloephaga  canagica;  46,  Bucephala 
islandica;  41,  Lampronetta  fischeri;  48,  Somateria  v-nigra;  49,  Graculus  bairdii  ; 
50,  G.  perspicillatus ;  51,  G.  cincinnatus;  5/2,Laruscalifornicus,L.occidentalis;53, 
L.  brachyrhynchus ,  L.  hutchinsii;  54,  Rissa  kotzebui,  JR.  nivea;  55,  Stercorarius 
catarractes ;  56,  Thalasseus  caspius ;  57,  Haliplana  discolor ;  58,  Diomedea  chloro- 
rhynchus;  59,  Ossifraga  gigantea ;  60,  JEstrelata  hcesitata ;  61,  Cymochorea  melania, 
Halocyptena  microsoma;  62,  Nectrix  amaurosoma,  N.  f  uliginose ;  63,  Golymbus 
adavnsi;  64,  Podiceps  calif ornicus ;  65,  Fratercula  glacialis;  66,  Sagmatorrhina 
lathami;  67,  Phaleris  tetracula ;  68,  P.  pusillus ;  69,  Ptychorhamphus  aleuticus; 
70,  Ombria  psittacula ;  71,  Brachyrhamphus  temnsinckii ;  72,  B.  hypoleucus.  But 
the  assignment  of  plates  to  species  by  number,  as  here  given,  differs  in  the  '•  List 
of  plates  and  species  ",  and  this  again  is  different  from  the  order  in  which  they 
were  published ;  so  that,  the  pll.  not  being  numbered  on  their  face,  the  confusion 
in  citing  them  becomes  complete  and  endless. 

1867.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    Winter  Notes  of  an  Ornithologist.    <  Am.  Nat.,  i,  1867, 
pp.  38-48. 

Relates  to  Massachusetts  -55  or  60  spp.  there  in  winter,  consisting  mainly  of 
permanent  residents  and  visitors  from  the  North. 

1867.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    Ornithological  Calendars.    <  Am.  Nat.,  i,  1867,  pp.  54 
[for  March],  109  [for  April],  160  [for  May]. 
Appearances  of  migratory  birds  in  Massachusetts  in  the  spring  months. 

1867.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    The  Birds  of  Spring.    <  Am.  Nat.,  i,  1867,  pp.  141-144. 
Relates  to  New  England— 280  spp.  there  at  the  season  named. 

1867.  [ANON.]    Prodrome  of  a  work  on  the  Ornithology  of  Arizona  Terri- 
tory.   By  Elliott  Coues,  M.  D.,  U.  S.  A.    Philadelphia.    1866.     8vo. 
pp.  64.    <  Am.  Nat.,  i,  1867,  pp.  209, 210. 
A  review  of  this  paper,  supposed  to  be  by  the  editors  of  the  journal  cited. 

1867.  [ANON.]     Ornithology  and  Oology  of  New  England.    By  Edward  A. 
Samuels.     Boston:    Nichols   &  Noyes.     1867.     8vo.     Illustrated. 
<  Am.  Nat.,  i,  1867,  pp.  318-320. 
A  review  of  this  work,  supposed  to  be  by  the  editors  of  the  journal  cited. 


109] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§67  675 


1867.  BAIRP,  S.  F.    The  Distribution  and  Migrations  of  North  American 
Birds.     <  Ibis,  1867,  2d  ser.,  Hi,  pp.  257-293. 
Reprinted  from  Am.  Journ,  Sci.  and  Arts,  xli,  Jan.,  Mar.,  May,  1866. 

1867.  BREWER,  T.  M.  Some  Errors  regarding  the  Habits  of  our  [North 
American  ]  Birds.  <  Am.  Nat.,  i,  1867,  pp.  113-123. 

Cf.  Ibis,  1868,  p.  347. -Corrections  of  Wilson,  Nuttall,  Audubon,  and  Brewer. 

1867.  BOUVE,   T.   T.     [Announcement    of    the  death  of    Henry  Bryant.] 

<  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xi,  1867,  pp.  134-136. 

1867?  BRYANT,  H.    Additions  to  a  List  of  Birds  Seen  at  the  Bahamas. 

<  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xi,  1867,  pp.  63-70.    [Pub.  1866  ?] 

31  spp.  Leucomimus,  Skotiomimus,  p.  68,  genn.  nn. ;  Psittacus  cottarius  var. 
bahamensis,  p.  65 ;  Tyrannula  stolida  var.  lucaysiensis,  p.  66 ;  Geothlypis  rostratus, 
p.  67,  woodc.,  epp.  nn.  Of.  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.,  vii,  p.  102 ;  Ibis,  1868,  pp.  229, 230 ;  ZooL 
Bee. for  1867,  p.  68. 

1867.  [COUES,  E.]    The  Birds  of  New  England.     <  The  Sound  Table  (news- 
paper, New  York),  No.  140,  Sept.  28,  1867,  pp.  213,  214. 
Extended  review  of  Samuels's  Ornithology  and  Oology  of  New  England. 

1867.  COUPER,  WM.  [Annotated  List  of  the  Birds  of  Quebec,  Lower  Ca- 
nada]. <  E.  A.  Samuels's  Ornith.  and  Ob'l.  of  New  England,  pp.  80, 81, 
368-372,  396, 477, 478, 571-573. 

1867.  FOWLER,  A.     The  breeding  habits  of  [three  New  England]  Birds. 

<  Am.  Nat.,  i,  1867,  pp.  496, 497. 

Criticising  E.  A.  Samuels's  statements  respecting  Ceryle  alcyon,  Scops  asio,  and 
Circus  hudsonius. 

1867.  HARTT,  C.  F.  The  recent  Bird  Tracks  of  the  Basin  of  Minas  [in  Nova 
Scotia].  <  Am.  Nat.,  i,  1867,  pp.  169-176,  234-243. 

Popular  observations,  leading  up  to  geological  considerations,  in  similar  style, 
on  the  same  subject. 

1867.  JONES,  J.  M.    A  Fortnight  in  the  Backwoods  of  Shelburne  and  Wey- 
mouth.    <  Trans.  Nova  Scotia  Inst.  Nat.  Sci.,  ii,  pt.  i,  1867,  pp.  48-60. 
Ornithological  passim. 

1867.  SAMUELS,  E.  A.  Ornithology  and  Oology  |  of  |  New  England :  |  con- 
taining |  full  description  of  the  birds  of  New  England,  and  adjoin- 
ing |  States  and  Provinces,  j  arranged  by  a  long-approved  classifi- 
cation and  nomenclature;  |  together  with  |  a  complete  history  of 
their  habits,  times  of  arrival  and  departure,  |  their  distribution, 
food,  song,  time  of  breeding,  and  |  a  careful  description  of  their 
nests  and  eggs ;  |  with  |  Illustrations  of  many  Species  of  the  Birds, 
and  accurate  Figures  |  of  their  Eggs.  |  By  Edward  A.  Samuels,  |  Cu- 
rator of  Zoology  in  the  Massachusetts  State  Cabinet.  |  Boston:  |  Nich- 
ols and  Noyes.  |  117,  Washington  Street.  |  1867.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  vii, 
583,  figg.  (not  numbered),  pll.  iv. 

A  popular  book,  received  with  general  favor,  except  by  ornithologists.  Classi- 
fication and  nomenclature  those  of  Prof.  Baird,  from  whose  work  (S.  N.  A.,  1858) 
the  whole  of  the  technical  and  descriptive  matter  is  taken.  Main  text  largely 
extracted  from  "Wilson,  Nuttall,  and  Audubon.  The  illustrations  consist  of  a 
number  of  small  woodcuts,  some  of  them  new,  and  a  series  of  full-paged  ones 
(nearly  the  same  that  appeared  in  a  Patent  Office  Keport— redrawn  on  wood  from 
Audubon's  8vo  ed.).  The  4  pll.  are  colored  illustrations  of  the  eggs  of  30  spp., 
and  constitute  the  leading  feature  of  the  work.  Mr.  "Wm.  Couper  contributes 


676  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       186T-1868  [llO 

1867.  SAMUELS,  E.  A.— Continued. 

an  annotated  List  of  the  Birds  of  Quebec  (see  COUPER,  1867).  Cf.  Am.  Nat.,  1867, 
pp.  318-320 ;  "  The  Round  Table  ",  newspaper  (New  York),  No.  140,  Sept.  28, 1867, 
pp.  213,214;  Pr.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1868,  p.  252 ;  Zool  Pec.  for  1867,  pp.  67.68.  There 
are  sundry  later  editions,  q.  v. 

1867.  STIMPSON,  W.  Illustrations  of  North  American  Birds  in  the  Museum 
of  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Science.  <  Trans.  Chicago  Acad.,  i,  pt.  i, 
1867,  pp.  128, 129,  pll.  xvi-xix. 

4  spp. :  Khamphoccelus  passerinii,  pi.  xvi ;  Chrysomitris  bryantii,  pi.  xvii ;  Qrus 
americanus,  pi.  xix ;  Anser  ccerulescens,  pi.  xviii. 

1867.  TKIPPE,  T.  M.    The  Awakening  of  the  Birds.    <  Am.  Nat.,  i,  1867,  pp. 
401-403. 
Hours  of  the  day  at  which  several  species  of  N.  Am.  birds  begin  to  sing. 

1867.  WYMAN,  J.    An  account  of  some  Kjo3kkenmoeddings,  or  Shell-heaps, 

in  Maine  and  Massachusetts.  <  Am.  Nat.,  i,  1867,  pp.  561-584  (espe- 
cially p.  578,  seq.),  pll. 

Remains  of  various  birds  noted,  especially  of  Alca  impennis. 

1868.  ABBOTT,  C.  C.     Catalogue  of  Vertebrate  Animals  of  New  Jersey. 

<  Goalee's  Geol  of  New  Jersey,  1868,  App.  E.,  pp.  751-830. 

Birds,  pp.  761-798— an  extensively  annotated  list  of  about  301  spp.,  forming 
quite  a  treatise  en  the  subject.  The  names  are  very  badly  printed. 

1868.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  Notes  on  Birds  observed  in  Western  Iowa,  in  the  months 
of  July,  August  and  September ;  also  on  Birds  observed  in  Northern 
Illinois  in  May  and  June,  and  at  Richmond,  Wayne  Co.,  Indiana, 
between  June  third  and  tenth.  <[  Mem.  Lost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  pt. 
iv,  art.  xiii,  Dec.,  1868  (read  June,  1868),  pp.  488-526.  (Also  issued 
separately,  4to,  paper.) 

Very  full :  includes  some  critical  commentary  on  geographical  distribution  in 
general,  and  on  relationships  of  certain  disputed  species.  Iowa,  108  spp. ;  Illi- 
nois, a,  Ogle  Co.,  84  spp. ;  b,  Cook  Co.,  94  spp.,  with  monographic  account  of  cer- 
tain Turdidce ;  Indiana,  72 ;  the  annotations  in  each  case  chiefly  field-notes. 

"Kange  in  the  breeding-season  must  form  the  basis  for  defining  the  limits  of 
different  ornithological  districts  ....  Among  migrants  of  the  same  species 
the  examples  which  arrive  in  spring  the  earliest  are  bigger  and  more  brightly 
tinted  than  those  which  come  later,  and,  conversely,  on  their  return  the  exam- 
ples last  seen  are  bigger  than  the  summer  specimens.  Hence  it  would  appear 
that  the  largest  individuals  are  those  which  go  farthest  north  in  summer,  and, 
he  also  adds,  are  those  which  live  further  north  in  winter.  Some  character- 
istics of  the  ornithological  provinces  of  North  America  are  next  briefly  men- 
tioned; and  then  follow  the  lists  of  the  species  observed,  as  stated  in  the 
title.  In  Iowa  about  108  or  110  species  were  seen,  of  which  at  least  100  breed  in 
the  State.  For  Illinois  two  lists  are  given,  one  of  84  species  in  Ogle  County,  the 
other  of  94  species  in  Cook  County.  At  Richmond  72  species  were  observed  by 
himself  and  Dr.  Haymond.  Some  critical  notes  on  supposed  species  (Turdidce, 
Laridce)  are  added  in  the  course  of  the  paper." — From  Zool.  JRec. 

1868.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  [Abstract  of  a  paper  on  the  Birds  of  Iowa  and  Illinois, 
with  special  reference  to  their  migration.]  <  Proc.  Boston  So&  Nat. 
Hist.,  xii,  1868,  p.  85. 

See  the  full  memoir,  cited  above. 

1868.  [ANON.]    The  Ornithology  and  Oology  of  New  England.     <  Harper's 
New  Monthly  Mag.,  xxxvii,  1868,  p.  712. 
Being  a  review  of  E.  A.  Samuels's  Birds  of  New  England. 


Ill]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APFZNDIX.       1868  677 

1868.  BREWER,  T.  M.    Song-birds  of  North  America.     <  Atlantic  Almanac. 

1868.  BROWN,  R.  Synopsis  of  the  Birds  of  Vancouver  Island.  <  Ibis,  1868, 
2d  ser.,  iv,  pp.  414-428. 

List  of  153  spp.  (5  of  which  are  doubtful),  briefly  annotated;  preceded  by 
sketch  of  the  locality  and  some  slight  bibliography;  followed  by  a  nominal  list  of 
numerous  (62  spp.)  birds  to  be  looked  for  on  the  island.  Of.  Zool  Bee.  for  1868, 
p.  53. 

1868.  BUTCHER,  H.  B.    List  of  Birds  collected  at  Laredo,  Texas,  in  1866  and 
1867.     <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  xx,  1868,  pp.  148-150. 
A  nominal  list  of  89  spp.,  with  dates  of  observation. 

1868.  COUES,  E.  List  of  Birds  collected  in  Southern  Arizona  by  Dr.  E.  Palmer; 
with  remarks.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. ,  xx,  1868,  pp.  81-85. 

56  spp.,  4  additional  to  former  paper  in  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.,  1866,  q.  v.  Collector's 
field-notes.  Cf.  Ibis,  1868,  p.  485 ;  Zool  Bee.  for  1868,  p.  53. 

1868.  COUES,  E.  Synopsis  of  the  Birds  of  South  Carolina.  <  Proc.  Boston 
&oc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xii,  1868,  pp.  104-127. 

294  spp.,  folly  annotated,  partly  compiled.  Preliminary  general  considerations. 
Peculiar  species  indicated.  Cf.  Ibis,  1869,  pp.  11P-120 ;  Zool.  Bee.  for  1868,  p.  53. 

1868.  COUES,  E.  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  North  America  contained  in 
the  Museum  of  the  Essex  Institute ;— with  which  is  incorporated  A 
List  of  the  Birds  of  New  England.  With  Brief  Critical  and  Field 
Notes.  <  Proc.  (Comm.)  Essex  Inst,  v,  1868,  art.  xii,  pp.  249-314. 

Preceded  by  bibliography  and  general  considerations ;  the  Museum  Catalogue 
and  Fannal  List  typographically  distinguished.  335  New  England  spp.,  and  vari- 
ous probabilities  indicated.  Oversheets  of  this  paper  were  issued  separately, 
repaged,  with  new  title  and  index,  giving  the  Fannal  List  the  precedence  over 
the  Museum  Catalogue.  Cf.  Ibis,  1869,  pp.  228, 229 ;  Zool.  Bee.  for  1868,  p.  53. 

1868.  COUES,  E.  A  List  |  of  the  |  Birds  of  New  England.  |  By  Elliott  Coues, 
|  Assistant  Surgeon,  U.  S.  A.  |  —  |  [Reprinted  from  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Essex  Institute,  Vol.  V.]  |  —  |  Salem,  Mass.  |  Essex  Insti- 
tute Press.  |  1868.  8vo.  1  vol.,  paper,  pp.  71. 

Pages  1-66  correspond  with  pp.  249-314  of  the  Essex  Institute  Proceedings;  pp. 
67-71  is  an  index,  not  in  the  original  issue.  Only  50  copies  extant. 

1868.  DUGES,  A.    Apercu  ge'ne'ral  sur  la  faune  de  Guanajuato  (Mexique). 
<  Bull.  Soc.  Acclim.,  2e  se"r.,  v,  1868,  pp.  545-578,  figg. 
Oiseaux,  pp.  558-560,  562-567.     Cf.  Zool.  Bee.  for  1868,  pp.  5?,  54. 

1868.  [EDITORS.]  The  Distribution  of  our  [North  American]  Birds  in  the 
Breeding  Season.  <  Am.  Nat,  ii,  1868,  p.  329. 

Editorial  notice  of  a  circular  of  Professor  Agassiz's,  asking  for  information  in 
the  matter. 

1868.  FROST,  S.  T.  Survivors  of  Civilization.  <  Harper's  Neic  Monthly  Mag., 
xxxvi,  1868,  pp.  471-475. 

Wild  birds  lingering  along  the  Hudson  River. 

1868.  GUNN,  D.  Notes  of  an  Egging  Expedition  to  Shoal  Lake,  west  of  Lake 
\V innepeg.  <(  Twenty-second)  Ann.  Rep.  Smiths.  Inst.  (for  1867),  1868, 
pp.  427-432. 

The  ornithological  matter,  as  apart  from  the  personal  narrative,  relates  chiefly 
to  habits  of  Podiceps  occidentalis  and  some  other  water  birds. 


678  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1868-1869          []]2 

1868.  KINNEY,  D.  F.  Report  [to  the  Illinois  State  Horticultural  Society] 
on  [6  spp.  of  fruit-eating]  Birds.  <  Tran*.  Illinois  State  Agric.  Soc. 
for  1865-66,  vi,  1868,  p.  371. 

1868.  MINIER,  G.  W.  Report  of  Special  Committee  [  to  the  Illinois  Horticul- 
tural Society]  on  Birds  [injurious  or  beneficial  to  Horticulture]. 
<  Trans.  Illinois  State  Agric.  Soc.  for  1865-66,  vi,  1868,  pp.  396-406. 

Consisting  mainly  of  letters  addressed  to  him  by  various  persons,  and  minutes 
of  a  discussion  in  meeting. 

1868.  SAMUELS,  E.  A.  Among  the  Birds :  |  A  series  of  sketches  for  |  young 
folks,  |  illustrating  the  |  Domestic  Life  of  Our  Feathered  Friends.  | 
By  |  Edward  A.  Samuels,  |  author  of  "  Ornithology  and  Oology  of 
New  England,"  |  "Mammalogy  of  New  England,"  etc.  |  Boston:  j 
Nichols  and  Noyes.  |  1868.  1  vol.  16mo.  pp.  viii,  223,  pll.  iv, 
woodcc. 

An  agreeable  little  book,  well  adapted  to  interest  the  young  folks  in  birds. 

1868.  SAMUELS,  E.  A.    The  Breeding  Habits  of  [three  species  of]  Birds. 
Am.  Nat.,  ii,  1868,  pp.  47,  48. 
Reply  to  A.  Fowler's  strictures,  op.  cit.,  i,  1867,  496. 

1868.  SAMUELS,  E.  [A.]  Our  Neighbors  the  Birds.  <  Harper's  Neiv  Monthly 
Mag.,  xxxvii,  Oct.,  1868,  pp.  661-666. 

Biographical  notes  of  some  New  England  birds. 
1868.  SAMUELS,  E.  A.    Value  of  Birds  on  the  Farm.     <  Eep.  U.  S.  Agric.  Dept. 

for  1867,  1868,  pp.  201-208. 

1868.  SEARS,  J.  H.    Return  of  the  Birds.    <  Am.  Nat.,  ii,  1868,  p.  166. 

Dates  of  arrival  of  21  spp.  at  Danvers,  Mass.,  spring  of  1868. 

1868.  STRECKER,  H.  Albinism  in  Birds  [Dolichonyx  oryzivorus,  Turdus 
migratorius].  <  Am.  Nat.,  ii,  1868,  pp.  491, 492. 

1868.  WOOD,  W.    A  Review  of  home  of  the  Articles  published  in  this  Jour- 

nal respecting  the  Habits  and  Nesting  of  our  [North  American] 
Birds,  with  Additional  Facts.     <  Am.  Nat.,  ii,  1868,  pp.  377-380. 
Refers  chiefly  to  articles  by  Endicott,  Fowler,  and  Samuels. 

1869.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.      W.  L.  T.,  Minneapolis,  Minn.      <  Am.  Nat.,  iii, 

1869,  p.  504. 
Notes  on  Vireosylvia  philadelphica  and  Empidonax  Jtaviventria. 

1809.  BAILY,  W.  L.  Our  own  Birds  |  a  familiar  natural  history  |  of  the  | 
Birds  |  of  |  the  United  States.  |  By  William  L.  Baily.  |  —  |  Re- 
vised and  edited  by  |  Edward  D.  Cope,  |  Corresponding  Secretary  of 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  |  —  |  Philadelphia :  |  J.  B.  Lip- 
pincott  &  Co.  |  1869.  1  vol.  16mo.  pp.  i-x,  11-265,  many  cuts,  in 
text  and  on  sep.  pages. 

' '  The  object  of  this  book  is  not  to  treat  the  subject  of  Ornithology  scientifically, 
but  simply  to  present  in  a  concise  and  familiar  manner  to  the  youthful  reader, 
some  interesting  facts  relating  to  the  birds  of  our  own  country  " — (preface) — an 
object  accomplished  in  a  very  readable  manner.  The  book  is  profusely  illus- 
trated with  cuts,  mostly  from  Audubon  originally  and  from  Samuels  immedi- 
ately, but  many  of  them  are  original. 

1869.  BAIRD,  S.  F.  On  Additions  to  the  Bird-Fauna  of  North  America, 
made  by  the  Scientific  Corps  of  the  Russo-Americau  Telegraph 
Expedition.  <  Trans.  Chicago  Acad.,  i,  pt.  ii,  1869,  pp.  311-325, 
pll.  xxvii-xxxiv. 


113] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.        1869  679 


1869.  BAIRD,  S.  F.— Continued. 

•  Scops  kevnicottii,  pi.  xxvii ;  13udytes  flava,  pi.  xxx,  f.  1 ;  Phyllopneuate  kc-r,ni- 
cotti,  sp.  n.,  p.  313,  pi.  xxx,  f.  2;  Troglodytes  alascenxis,  sp.  u.,  p.  315,  pi.  xxx,  f.  3  j 
Pyrrhula  coccinea  var.  cassinii,  var.  n.,  pi.  xxix,  f.  I ;  Leuccsticte  f/riseinucha,  pi. 
xxviii,  f.  2;  L.  littoralis,  sp.  n.,  p.  318,  pi.  xxviii,  f.  1 ;  Melospiza  innignis,  sp.  n.,  p. 
319,  pi.  xxix,  f.  2;  Spermophila  badiiventris  "  Lawr.",  pi.  xxviii,  f.  3  ;  Liinosa  uro- 
pygialis,  pi.  xxxii ;  Sterno  aleutica,  sp.  n.,  p.  321,  pi.  xxxi,  f.  1 ;  Grac.lus  bicriataiiis, 
pi.  xxxiii ;  Pujfinus  temiiruntris,  pi.  xxxiv,  f.  2 ;  Fulmarus  rodgersi,  pi.  xxiv,  i.  1 ; 
Larus  borealia  ;  Simorhynchus  cassini,  pi.  xxxi,  f.  2. 

An  important  paper,  adding  several  Old  World  forms  to  the  American  fauna. 
All  the  new  species  were  named  iu  Dall  and  Bannister's  immediately  preceding 
p.iper,  but  are  here  first  characterized.  The  connection  of  the  Spermophila  with 
the  other  subjects  of  the  paper  is  not  obvious  ;  it  belongs  to  tropical  America. 
See  1869,  DALL  and  BANNISTER. 

1869.  BENTON,  M.  B.    Shy  Friends.     <[  Putnam's  Magazine,  iv  (new  series), 
1869,  pp.  85-92. 

Biographical  notes  upon  several  birds,  and  comments  upon  the  attraction  civil- 
ization has  for  them. 

1869.  BOARDMAN,  G.  A.    Breeding  of  [five  species  of]  Rare  Birds  fat  Mill- 
town,  Maine].    <  Am.  Nat.,  iii,  1869,  p.  222. 

1869.  BOARDMAN,  G.  A.    The  Black  Vulture  in  Maine.    <  Am.  Nat.,  iii,  1869, 
p.  498. 
Occurrence  of  Cathartes  atratus,  and  also  of  GaUinula  martinica,  at  Calais. 

1869.  BREWER,  T.  M.     [Obituary  notice  of  John  Cassin.  ]    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci., 
xlvii,  1869,  pp.  291,  292,  435. 

Born  September  6, 1813,  Upper  Providence  Township,  Delaware  County,  Pa. ; 
died  January  10,  1869,  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  cet.  57. 

1869.  BREWER,  T.  M.    Sea-side  Ornithology.     <  Am.  Nat.,  iii,  1869,  pp.  225- 
235. 

Remarks  on  the  birds  of  the  New  England  coast. 

1869.  [BREWER,  T.  M.]    John  Cassin.    <BuU.  Essex  Inst.,  i,  No.  1,  1869, 
pp.  15, 16. 

A  short  obituary. 

1869.  COOPER,  J.G.    The  Fauna  of  Montana  Territory.    <  Am.  Nat.,  ii,  1869, 
pp.  596-600 ;  iii,  1869,  pp.  31-35,  73-84.    Corrections,  p.  224. 
About  110  spp.  are  included. 

1869.  COOPER,  J.  G.    The  Naturalist  in  California.     <  Am.  Nat.,  iii,  1669,  pp. 
182-189,  479-481. 

Contains  notices  of  birds  seen  on  the  Plains  of  Los  Angeles,  the  Cajon  Pass, 
the  Desert,  and  the  Colorado  Valley. 

1869.  COOPER,  J.  G.    Not<  s  on  the  Fauna  of  the  Upper  Missouri.    <  Am. 
Nat.,  iii,  1869,  pp.  294-299. 
Includes  a  good  many  ornithological  notes. 

1869  ?  COOPER,  J.  G.    Some  recent  additions  t<»  the  Fauna  of   California. 

<  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sd.,  iv,  (1868),  pp.  3-13.    [Pub.  1869  ?] 
"Ornithology  occupies  the  most  of  this  paper  (pp  7-13) ;  and  it  contains  notes 

on  upward  of  50  spp.  out  of  353  now  known  to  occur  within  the  limits  of  the 
State,  an  increase  of  33  since  the  author's  former  estimate  in  1862  (op.  cit.,  iii,  p. 
23)."— Zool  Rec.for  1869,  p.  46. 

1869.  COUES,  E.     Sea-side  Homes  [North  Carolina] :  and  what  lived  in  them. 

<  Am.  Nat.,  iii,  1869,  pp.  337-349. 

Relates  chiefly  to  the  breeding  of  Sterna  antittarum  and  jEgialitis  wilsonia. 


680  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§69  [l!4 


).  DALL,  W.  H.,  and  BANNISTER  H.  M.  List  of  the  Birds  of  Alaska,  with 
Biographical  Notes.  <  Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  of  Nat.  Sci.,  i,  1869,  pp. 
267-310,  pll.  xxvii-xxxiv. 

Also  found  separately,  with  or  without  the  plates,  original  pagination  pre- 
served. 212  spp.,  extensively  annotated.  Several  new  species,  named  and  figured 
in  this  paper,  are  not  described,  however,  until  later  in  the  same  vol.,  in  a  special 
paper  by  S.  F.  Baird  (one  of  them  is  from  Central  America).  Baird's  article  is 
a  continoation  of  the  present.  The  plates  belong  to  either  article.  This  is  a 
very  notable  contribution  to  a  little-known  avi-fauna,  the  field-notes  being 
especially  valuable.  It  gives  some  species  new  to  science,  and  various  others 
new  to  the  N.  A.  fauna.  Of.  Am.  Nat,  1870,  pp.  367-371 ;  Ibis,  1870,  pp.  520-522; 
Zool  Rec.,  vi,  p.  47.  See  1869,  BAIRD,  S.  F. 

1869.  Duofcs,  A.  Catalogo  de  Animales  Vertebrados  observados  en  la 
Republica  Mexicana.  <^  La  Naturalesa,  i,  1869,  pp.  137-145. 

Aves,  pp.  138-143 ;  190  especies. — Los  nombres  cientificos,  vulgares,  y  mexi- 
canos  (de  la  historia  de  Hernandez).  En  cuauto  al  lugar  de  cada  pajaro,  el  nombre 
de  los  Estados. 

1869.  FOWLER,  A.     The  Butcher  Bird  [Lanius  borealis]  and  Mottled  Owl 
[Scops  asio].    <  Am.  Nat.,  ii,  1869,  p.  659. 
Biographical  notes. 

1869.  JONES,  C.  M.    The  Breeding  Habits  of  Birds  ....    <^w.  Nat.,  iii, 

1869,  pp.  48,  49. 

Notes  on  Oerylealcyon,  Otus  vidgaris,  RaUuslongirostris,  Bonasaunibellus,  Circus 
hudsonius. 

1869.  JONES,  J.  M.  On  some  of  the  Rarer  Birds  of  Nova  Scotia.  <  Trans. 
Nova  Scotia  Inst.  Nat.  Sci.,  ii,  pt.  ii,  1868  (pub.  1869),  pp.  70-73. 

Generalities  of  the  subject— 6  spp.  in  particular.  Ardea  alba  (i.  e.,  Herodia* 
egretta),  Ardea  candidissima,  and  Tringa  subarquata  are  the  only  notables. 

1869.  HAYMOND,  R.     Birds  of  Franklin  County,  Indiana.      <  Cotfs  Geol. 
Surv.  Indiana,  First  Ann.  Rep.  for  1869, 1869,  pp.  209-235. 
An  annotated  list  of  164  spp. 

1869.  MAURY,  T.  B.  The  Dumb  Guides  to  the  Pole.  <  Putnam's  Mag., 
iv  (new  series),  1869,  pp.  727-740. 

Birds  in  boreal  latitudes,  indicating  an  open  polar  sea. 

1869.  [HUNGER,  C.  A.  ]  Four  American  Birds.  <  Putnam's  Monthly  Mag., 
iii  (new  series),  June,  1869,  pp.  725-731. 

Popular  account  of  Icterus  baltimore,  Dolichonyx  oryzivora,  Turdus  mustelinus, 
Antrostomus  voriferus. 

1869.  NAUMAN,  C.  H.    Ornithological.    <  Am.  Nat.,  iii,  1869,  p.  390. 

22  eggs  from  a  nest  of  Troglodytes  aedon;  28  from  a  nest  of  Tyrannus  caroli- 
nensis,  etc. 

1869.  [NEWTON,  A.]    [Obituary  notice  of  J.  Cassin.]    <  IUs,  2d  ser.,  v,  1869, 

p.  244. 
1869.  REEKS,  H.    Notes  on  the  Zoology  of  Newfoundland.    <  Zoologist,  2d 

ser.,  iv,  1869,  pp.  1609-1614, 1689-1695, 1741-1759, 1849-1858. 
Includes  212  spp. 

1869.  RIDGWAY,  R.  Notices  of  certain  obscurely  known  Species  of  Ameri- 
can Birds.  <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  xxi,  1869,  pp.  125-135, 
woodcc. 

I.  The  North  American  Woodthrushes,  Hylocichla,  7  spp.  II.  On  the  uni- 
formly red  species  of  Pyranga,  6  spp. ;  P.  cooperi,  n.  s.,  p.  130,  fig.  III.  The 
smaller  Quiscali  of  the  United  States,  3  spp. ;  Q.  oenws,  n.  s.,  p.  134,  f.  2.  Cf.  Ibis, 
1870,  pp.  281,  262. 


us] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1869  681 


1869.  SCLATER,  P,  L.,  and  SALVIN,  O.  On  a  Collection  of  Birds  made  by  Mr. 
H.  S.  le  Strange  near  the  city  of  Mexico.  <;  P.  Z.  S.,  xxxvii,  1869, 
pp.  361. 

Critical  notes  on  15  of  the  262  spp.  in  the  collection. 

1669.  SUMICHRAST,  F.  The  Geographical  Distribution  of  the  Native  Birds 
of  the  Department  of  Vera  Cruz,  with  a  List  of  the  migratory 
species.  By  F.  Sumichrast.  Communicated  to  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  and  published  by  permission  of  the  Secretary.  Trans- 
lated from  the  French  [MSS.],  by  T.  M.  Brewer.  <  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  i,  pt.  iv,  art.  xvi,  Mar.  1869  (read  Dec.  1868),  pp.  542-563, 
woodc.  1.  (Issued  separately,  4to,  paper. 

175  spp.,  fully  annotated ;  with  resume  giving  lists  of  the  species  of  the  hot, 
temperate,  and  alpine  regions  respectively;  with  a  special  note  on  habits  of 
Melanerpes  formiciwrus.  Only  land  birds  are  treated.  This  article  is  the  most 
important  one  upon  regional  ornithology  of  Mexico.  Cf.  Zool  Bee.  for  1869,  vi, 
p.  48 ;  Ibis,  1870,  pp.  278-280. 

1869.  SUMICHRAST,  F.  [Abstract  of  a  paper  on  the  geographical  distribu- 
tion of  the  native  birds  of  the  Department  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.] 
<  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xii,  1869,  pp.  222-225. 

Nominal  list  of  74  spp.  of  the  hot  region,  27  of  the  temperate  region,  52  of  the 
alpine  region. 

1869?  TERRLLL,  J.  J.  G.    [Analytical  chart  of  the  Birds  of  Canada.] 
Not  seen.    Cf.  Canad.  Nat  and  Geol.,  n.  s.,  iv,  1869,  p.  101.    "  242  spp." 

1869.  TURNBULL,  W.  P.  The  |  Birds  of  East  Pennsylvania  |  and  New  Jer- 
sey |  By  |  William  P.  Turnbull.  LL.  D.  |  Author  of  the  "  Birds  of 
East  Lothian ;"  |  Member  of  the  Academy  cf  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia ;  |  Of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  New  York ;  j  Cor- 
responding Member  of  the  Natural  History  Society  of  Glasgow, 
etc.  |  [Illustration  of  Sturnella  magna.]  |  Glasgow :  Printed  for  pri- 
vate circulation  [by  A.  K.  Murray  &  Co.].  |  1869.  1  vol.  roy.  8vo, 
and  also  in  4to.  pp.  xii,  62,  with  20  illustrations  drawn  on  stone  by 
Frank  Bott,  some  being  from  the  portfolio  of  Alexander  Wilson, 
one  of  them  bearing  his  autograph  and  date  cf  1805. 

"  The  object  of  the  writer  has  been  to  present  in  a  simple  and  compact  form 
the  Ornithology  of  a  small  portion  of  North  America,  comprising  that  part  of 
Pennsylvania  eastward  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  of  New  Jersey,  in- 
cluding the  coast  line  which  extends  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Cape  May"  (p.  vii). 
A  catalogue  of  342  spp. —114  summer  visitants,  57  winter  visitants,  60  mi- 
grants, 52  residents,  59  stragglers— with  field-notes  of  times  of  appearance, 
breeding,  relative  frequency,  etc. 

This  is  a  sumptuous  and  elegant  book— the  best  printed  treatise  on  American 
birds  extant.  One  of  my  amanuenses,  being  set  to  the  task,  reported,  "  No  typo- 
graphical error  found  after  close  scrutiny."  The  book  is  scarce— there  were 
only  150  impressions  of  this  lithographic  edition,  in  8vo  (2  of  them  on  vellum), 
and  50  in  4to.  The  edition  was  bought  up  by  J.  Sabine  &  Sons,  N.  T.,  who  ad- 
vertise the  4to  copies  at  $4.  There  is  an  American  ed.,  Philadelphia,  Grambo 
&.  Co.,  same  date,  which  I  believe  appeared  before  the  present  Glasgow  ed. ; 
the  two  differ  in  the  words  "popetue"  and  "  virginianus";  but  this  is  the  only 
textual  discrepancy  I  have  found.  The  work  was  edited  by  Robert  Gray,  of 
Glasgow,  though  the  fact  does  not  appear.  Cf.  Ibis,  1870, 126,  and  Zool.  Rec.for 
1869,  p.  49. 


682  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1869-187O         [l!6 

1869.  TURNBULL,  W.  P.  The  |  Birds  of  East  Pennsylvania  |  and  New  Jer- 
sey. |  By  |  William  P.  Turnbull.  LL.D.  |  Author  of  the  "Birds  of 
East  Lothian ;"  |  Member  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia ;  |  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  New  York  ;  |  Cor- 
responding Member  of  the  Natural  History  Society  of  Glasgow, 

etc.  |  aves,  solatia  ruris,  |  Assuetum   silvis,  innocuumque 

genus,  |  QUSB  facitis  nidos,  quce  plumis  ova  fovetis,  |  Et  facili  dulces 
editis  ore  modos. — Ovid.  |  Philadelphia:  |  Henry  Grambo  &  Co., 
Chestnut  Street.  |  1869.  1  vol.  8vo,  pamphlet.  2  p.  11.  (title,  dedica- 
tion), pp.  v-viii  (preface),  5-50;  no  illust. 

The  main  text,  pp.  5-50,  is  verb.  lit.  punct  identical  with  that  of  the  Glasgow 
edition  (apparently  from  the  same  plates),  and  is  the  same  page  for  page;  but 
the  pagination  is  different,  owing  to  omission  of  the  illustrations  of  the  other 
edition;  the  preface  is  abridged,  and  modified  in  one  place ;  the  title-page  is 
altered  by  substitution  of  the  quotation  from  Ovid  for  the  picture  of  Sturnella 
magnor  of  the  original.  The  name  of  the  Ohordiles  is  changed.  This  edition  is 
common,  and  sells  for  one-third  the  price  of  the  other,  to  which  it  is  inferior  in 
style,  though  still  a  handsome  pamphlet.  It  was  issued  in  paper  covers,  the 
title  on  the  wrapper  being  the  sime  as  that  inside,  but  without  punctuation, 
with  omission  of  the  author's  titles,  and  substitution  of  an  engraving  of  two  birds 
for  the  Latin  quotation.  The  customary  quotation  of  the  work  is  according  to 
the  pagination  of  this  edition,  the  original  not  being  generally  accessible. 

1869.  VILLADA,  M.  M.    Aves  del   Valle  de  Mexico.     <  La  Naturaleza,  i, 

1869,  pp.  94-100,  146-154. 
Con  la  colaboracion  de  D.  Antonio  Penafiel  y  D.  Jesus  Sanchez. 

1869-70.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  Notes  on  some  of  the  Rarer  Birds  of  Massachusetts. 
<  Am.  Nat.,  iii,  1869,  pp.  505-519 ;  iii,  1870,  pp.  568-585, 631-648. 

315  spp.  [c/.  footnote,  p.  647]  in  Massachusetts.  The  paper  is  supplementary  to 
the  author's  Massachusetts  catalogue  published  five  years  before  in  Proc.  Essex 
Inst. ;  it  contains  critical  comments  on  the  rarer  or  less  generally  known  species, 
and  discusses  the  cases  of  some  doubtful  ones.  The  supposed  Buteo  "cooperi" 
proved  to  be  lineatus. 

1870.  ABBOTT,  0.  C.    Notes  on  certain  inland  Birds  of  New  Jersey.     <  Am. 

Nat.,  iv,  1870,  pp.  536-550. 
Miscellaneous  observations  on  about  30  spp. 

1870.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Iowa.  <  White's  Geolog.  Sur- 
vey of  Iowa,  vol.  ii,  1870,  Appendix  B,  pp.  419-427.  (Des  Moines, 
Iowa.  8vo.  pp.  viii,  443.) 

Nominal  list  of  283  spp.,  those  actually  observed  to  breed  within  the  limits  of 
the  State  being  marked  with  an  asterisk.  A  few  of  the  species  are  to  be  regarded 
rather  as  stragglers,  chiefly  winter  visitors  from  the  North ;  some,  however,  from 
the  West  and  South. 

1870.  BAIRD,  S.  F.    Fossil   Birds  of   the  United   States.    <  Harper's  New 
Monthly  Mag.,  xl,  1870,  pp.  467,  469,  and  470. 
Brief  notices  of  current  discoveries. 

1870.  BAIRD,  S.  F.  New  link  between  Reptiles  and  Birds.  <  Harper's  New 
Monthly  May.,  xl,  1870,  p.  628.  See,  also,  p.  469. 

1870.  BRENDEL,  F.    The  Fauna  of  Peoria.    Forming  Chap,  xxxix,  pp.  217- 
223,  of  u  The  History  of  Peoria,  Illinois."    By  Chas.  Ballance.    16mo  ? 
Peoria,  1870. 
Barely  annotated  list  of  176  spp.  of  birds. 


117] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       187O  683 


1870.  BURLING,  GILBERT.  American  Birds.  <^AppletonJ8  Journ.,  iv,  1870, 
pp.  256, 308, 408, 520  ;  6  illust.  of  common  species. 

1870.  CHADBOURNE,  P.  A.    Birds  of  the  North.  <  Putnam's  Magazine,  v  (new 
series),  1870,  pp.  636-639. 

1870.  COOPER,  J.  G.  Geological  Survey  of  California.  |  J.  D.  Whitney,  State 
Geologist.  |  —  |  Ornithology.  |  Volume  I.  |  Land  Birds.  |  Edited  by 
S.  F.  Baird,  |  from  the  manuscript  and  notes  of  |  J.  G.  Cooper.  |  —  | 
Published  by  Authority  of  the  Legislature.  |  1870.  1  vol.  (no2d  vol. 
has  appeared  to  date)  large  8vo.  1  p.  1.,  pp.  xi,  591,  many  woodcc. 

A  general  account  of  the  birds  of  the  State  (and  some  others).  System  and 
nomenclature  closely  according  to  Baird  (1858),  from  which  most  of  the  syno- 
nymy and  much  of  the  technical  matter  are  taken.  Dr.  Cooper's  biographical  and 
general  matter.  Introduction  by  J.  D.  Whitney.  Illustrations  consist  of  small 
full  figures  of  a  species  of  each  genus,  with  many  life-size  figures  of  heads  and 
other  parts,  together  with  outlines  of  generic  details ;  nearly  all  from  nature, 
.drawn  by  E.  Sheppard,  J.  H.  Richard,  H.  W.  Elliott,  and  A.  Schonborn,  cut  by  H. 
H.  Nichols,  the  outline  details  engraved  by  the  Jewett  process.  These  cuts  are 
remarkable  for  artistic  excellence  and  practical  utility.  Most  of  them  reappear  in 
BAIRD,  BREWER,  and  RIDGWAY'S  History  of  N,  A.  Birds.  Appendix  by  S.  F.  Baird, 
containing  2  additional  spp.  (Dendrozca  gracice  Coues;  Junco  annectens,  sp.  n.,  p. 
564) ;  a  copious  glossary  of  technical  terms,  a  list  of  Spanish  names  of  Calif ornian 
birds,  the  latter  by  J.  Xantus;  acd  indexes  of  scientific  and  vernacular  names. 
The  work  has  been  pronounced  rather  du-appointing  to  the  general  student  (c/. 
Zool  Rec.for  1870),  and  advances  the  science  less  than  was  to  have  been  antici- 
pated. Cf.  Ibis,  1871,  pp.  481,  482. 

1870.  COOPER,  J.  G.  The  Fauna  of  California  and  its  geographical  Distri- 
bution. <  Pr.  Gala.  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  Feb.,  1870,  pp.  61-81. 

1870.  COPE,  E.  D.     Observations  on  the  Fauna  of  the  Southern  Alleghanies. 
<4m.  Nat.,  iv,  1870,  pp.  392-402. 
The  remarks  chiefly  relate  to  distribution  during  the  breeding  season. 

1870.  [CouES,  E.]  Ornithological  Results  of  the  Exploration  of  the  North- 
west. <4w.  Nat.,  iv,  1870,  pp.  367-371. 

An  extended  anonymous  review  of  Messrs.  "W.  H.  Dall  and  H.  M.  Bannister's 
and  S.  F.  Baird'a  papers  in  vol.  i,  arts,  ix,  x,  of  the  Chicago  Academy's  Transac- 
tions, on  the  Birds  of  Alaska,  q.  v.,  1869. 

1870.  DALL,  W.  H.  Alaska  |  and  |  its  Resources.  |  By  \V.  H.  Dall,  |  Director 
of  the  Scientific  Corps  of  the  late  Western  Union  |  Telegraph  Ex- 
pedition. |  [Design.]  |  Boston :  |  Lee  and  Shepard.  |  1870.  1  vol. 
large  8vo.  pp.  xii,  627,  map,  engrs.,  and  \voodcc.  ^>  Appendix,  pp. 
527-609. 

Contains,  pp.  580-586,  an  annotated  list  of  the  Birds  of  Alaska,  with  3  figg. 
Also  slightly  ornithological  passim,  e.  g. ,  p.  235,  fig. 

1870.  DALL,  W.H.  A  Winter's  Day  in  the  Yukon  Territory.  <Am.Nat., 
iv,  1870,  pp.  218-225. 

1870.  DUGES,  A.  CataUogo  de  Animales  Vertebrados  observados  en  la  repti- 
blica  Mexicana.  <  Naturaleza,  i,  1870,  pp.  137-145. 

Aves,  pp.  138-143  ;  228  epp.— "  Los  nombres  vulgares  indicados  son  los  que  se 
usan  en  Guanajuato ;  los  mexicanos  los  he  sacado  de  la  Historia  de  Hernandez. 
En  cuanto  al  lugar  de  cada  animal,  el  nombre  de  los  Estados,  me  he  limitade  & 
dar  el  nombre  de  los  Estados  en  que  yo  s6  nan  encontrado."  Este  catalago  fu6 
hecho  en  Paris  con  la  cooperacion  del  Sr.  D.  Julio  Verreaux. 


684  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       18VO  [l!8 

1870.  [EDITORIAL.]  [Obituary  notice  of  Jacob  P.  Giraud.]  <  Am.  Journ. 
Sci.,  1,  1870,  pp.  293, 294. 

Died  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  T.,  July  19,  1870,  cet.  59. 

1870.  [EDITORS.]     Alaska  and  its  resources.     <  Am.  Nat.,  iv,  1870,  pp. 
430-434. 
A  review  of  W.  H.  Dall's  work  of  the  same  name  (Boston,  1870,  8vo,  pp.  627). 

1870.  FINSCH,  O.  UebereineVogelsammlungausNordwest  Mexico.  <^Alh. 
Nat.  Ver.  zu  Bremen,  1870,  pp.  322-363. 

44  spp.,many  of  great  rarity,  chiefly  collected  by  A.  J.  Grayson  at  Mazatlan 
and  the  Tres  Marias ;  Calodtta  elegans,  n.  s.  List  of  26  papers  on  Mexican  birds. 
Monographic  account  of  Otocorys.  Cf.  Ibis,  1871,  432. 

1870.  GREGG,  W.  H.  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Chemung  County,  New  York. 
8vo  pamph.  Elmira,  N.  Y.  1870.  pp.  13. 

Ostensibly  from  the  Proc.Elmira  Acad.  Sei.    Gives  200  spp.,  annotated,  includ- 
ing several  without  evidence  of  their  occurrence.    Collyrio  chemungensis,  p.  9,  sp. 
n.  (=  Lanius  borealis).     The  paper  bristles  with  typographical  errors. 
1870.  J.  F.  W[HITEAVES?].    Notes  on  Canadian  Birds.    <^Canad.  Nat.  and 
Quart.  Journ.  (n.  s.),  v,  1870,  p.  103. 

Records  occurrence  of  Falco  "candicans"  (1),Nyctale  "  albifrons ",  and  Car- 
dinalis  virginiana  in  Lower  Canada. 

1870.  JONES,  J.  M.     Rare  Birds  in  Nova  Scotia,    <Am.  Nat.,  iv,  1870,  p.  253. 
Stercorarius  pomatorhinus  and  Gallinula  martinica. 

1870.  MAR^H,  O.  C.  Notice  of  some  new  Fossil  Mammals  and  Birds,  from 
the  Tertiary  Formations  of  the  West.  <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  ii, 
1870,  pp.  120-127. 

Aquila  dananus,  Pliocene,  Nebraska,  p.  125 ;  Meleagris  antiquus,  Post-pliocene, 
New  Jersey,  p.  126 ;  Bubo  leptosteus,  Lower  Tertiary, "Wyoming,  p.  126. 

1870.  MARSH,  O.  C.    Notice  of  Some  Fossil  Birds,  from  the  Cretaceous  and 

Tertiary  formations  of  the  United  States.    <^Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xlix, 

1870,  pp.  205-217. 
The  remains  of  nine  new  species  of  fossil  birds,  five  from  the  Cretaceous  and 

four  from  the  Tertiary  formations,  are  described.    Those  from  the  former  belong 

to  extinct  and  now  unrepresented  forms;  those  from  the  latter  are  referred  to 

Pujjinus,  Catarractes,  Grus,  and  Graculus. 
Laornis  edwardsianus,  g.  sp.  n.,  p.  206.    Palaeotringa  littoralis,  g.  sp.  n.,  p.  208 ; 

P.  vetus,  sp.  n.,  p.  209.    Telmatornis  priscus,  g.  sp.  n.,  p.  210;  T.  ajftnis,  sp.  n.,  p.  211. 

Puffinus  conradi,  p.  212.    Cat arractes  antiquus,  p.  213.    Grushaydeni,p.%14.   Gracu- 

lus  idahensis,  p.  216,  spp.  nn. 
1870.  MARSH,  O.  C.    Notice  of  the  Fossil  Birds  from  the  Cretaceous  and 

Tertiary  Formations  of  the  United  States.    By  Prof.  O.  C.  Marsh. 

1vol.  8vo.    pp.16.     (Reprinted  from  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  Mar.,  1870,  q.v.) 
1870.  MAYNARD,  C.  J.    Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Eastern  Massachusetts, 

with  notes  relative  to  their  migration,  habits,  etc.,  etc.,  etc.    <£  The 

Naturalist's  Guide,  =  Part  II,  pp.  81-170. 

The  above  is  the  title  of  Part  II  of  the  taxidermal  work  entitled  The  Natural- 

ists's  Guide.    It  is  a  very  good  list  of  299  spp.,  extensively  annotated. 
1870.  REEKS,  H.    Rare  Eggs  from  North  America.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.,  v, 

1870,  pp.  2326,  2327. 

Descriptions  and  measurements  of  8  spp. 
1870.  SAMUELS,  E.  A.    The  |  Birds  of  New  England.  |  By  |  Edward  A. 

Samuels.  |   .   .  .  |  Boston :   |  Noyes,  Holmes,  and  Company,  |  117, 

Washington  Street.  |  1870.    1  vol.  8vo.    pp.  vii,  591,  many  woodcc.. 

pll.  col'd  viii. 


119]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1  §70-1871       685 

1870.  SAMUELS,  E.  A. — Continued. 

This  is  an  edition  of  the  "Ornithology  and  Oology  of  New  England  ",  said  to 
be  the  5th  (?),  with  the  letter-press  and  woodcc.  the  same  as  in  the  first,  being 
prints  from  the  same  stereotype-plates,  but  with  the  addition  (pp.  575-583)  of 
an  Appendix  containing  70  (!)  spp.,  mostly  those  of  New  England,  omitted  in 
the  orig.  ed. ;  with  new  title-page ;  and  with  the  full-page  woodcut  illustrations 
of  birds  and  plates  of  eggs  of  the  orig.  ed.  here  replaced  by  eight  colored  plates 
of  birds,  of  about  six  figures  each. 

1870.  SCLATER,  P.  L.,  and  SALVIN,  O.  On  some  recent  Additions  [5  spp.] 
to  the  Avifauna  of  Mexico.  <  P.  Z.  S.,  xxxviii,  1870,  pp.  550, 551. 

1870.  V[ERRILL,  A.  E.]     Geological  Survey  of  California ;  Ornithology,  vol. 
I.    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  i,  1870,  p.  70, 
Review  of  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper's  work,  1870,  q.  v. 

1870.  WADDLE,  W.,JUN.     The  Game  Waterfowl  of  America.    <  Harper's 

New  Monthly  Mag.,  xl,  1870,  pp.  433-437. 

1870-71.  GOODHUE,  D.    Catalogue  of  and  Observations  on  the  Birds  of  Ver- 
mont.    < Arch.  Sci.  and  Trans.  Orleans  Co.  Soc.,  i,  Nos.  1-3,  Oct.  1870- 
April,  1871. 
Not  seen — said  to  contain  only  the  beginning  of  the  article. 

1870-71.  REEKS,  H.    Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Newfoundland.    <  Canad.  Nat. 
and  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.  (n.  s.),  v,  1870-71,  pp.  38-47,  151-159,  289- 
304,  406-416. 
From  the  Zoologist,  1869,  q.  v.     Field-notes  on  many  spp. 

1870-71.  SUMICHRAST,  F.  E.  Distribucion  geografica  de  las  aves  del  Estado 
de  Veracruz  y  lista  de  las  especies  einigrantes.  <  La  Naturaleza,  i, 
1870,  pp.  298-312  ;  ii,  1871,  pp.  29-39. 

Traduccion  del  Sefior  Don  Aniceto  Moreno:  Mem.  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i, 
1869,  pp.  542-563,  q.  v. 

1870-74.  [ANONYME. —  VAbl6  PROVANCHER?]  Faune  Canadienne.  Les 
Oiseaux.  <  Naturaliste  Canadien,  ii,  1870,  pp.  65-67, 97-103, 125-128, 
157-162,  193-196,  224-230,  253-257,  285-288,  pi.  ii,  317-319,  349-351; 
iii,  1870,  pp.  8-13 ;  iii,  1871,  pp.  33-49, 65-69, 97-101, 225, 226, 257, 258, 
289-291, 321-325, 355-356 ;  iv,  1872,  pp.  6-9, 38-42,  65-68,  96-100,  129- 
132,  161-164,  192-197, 233-235, 257-260, 289-292, 321-327, 353-358  ;  v, 
1873,  pp.  7-11,47-50,  79-84,  111-115,  145-149,  209-212,  342-345,  396- 
398, 399-404, 431-435, 465-467 ;  vi,  1874,  pp.  9-12, 36-39, 68-72, 97-100, 
129-133, 161-166, 193-200,  225-250. 

Une  revue  systematique  des  Oiseaux  Canadiens,  donnant  les  caracteres  spe- 
cifiques,  generiques,  etc.,  avec  quelques  observations  courtes  sur  les  mceurs 
appartenantes  pour  le  plupart  &  la  distribution  geographique.  En  suite,  une  clef 
systematique  pour  1' identification  des  especes,  etc. 

1871.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    The  Fauna  of  the  Prairies  [of  the  United  States]. 

<  Am.  Nat.,  v,  1871,  pp.  4-9. 
Allusions  to  various  birds  at  p.  6. 

1871.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  On  the  Mammals  and  Winter  Birds  of  East  Florida, 
with  an  Examination  of  certain  assumed  Specific  Characters  in 
Birds,  and  a  Sketch  of  the  Bird-Faunae  of  Eastern  North  America. 

<  Bull.  Mm.  Comp.  Zool,  ii,  No.  3,  1871,  pp.  161-450,  pll.  iv-viii. 
Part  I,  The  Topographical,  Climatic,  and  Faunal  Characteristics  of  East 

Florida.    (Part  II,  On  Mammals.)    Part  III,  On  Individual  and  Geographical 
Variation  among  Birds,  considered  in  respect  to  its  bearing  upon  the  value  of  cor- 


686  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       18T1  [l20 

1871.  ALLEN,  J.  A. — Continued. 

tain  assumed  specific  characters — a  highly  important  philosophic  treatise  upon 
the  general  subject,  which  is  discussed  at  length  with  force  and  logical  con- 
sistency ;  the  author's  broad  views  upon  this  subject  had  at  once  a  marked 
influence  upon  ornithological  thought.  Variation  in  general  size  and  proportion 
of  parts,  both  individual  and  climatic,  are  illustrated  with  numerous  tables  of 
measurements.  An  essay  on  species  and  varieties  follows.  Part  IV,  List  of  the 
Winter  Birds  of  East  Florida,  with  annotations,— field-notes,  measurements,  and 
much  synonymy  and  technical  criticism.  Part  V,  On  the  Geographical  Distribu- 
tion of  the  Birds  of  Eastern  North  America,  with  special  reference  to  the  number 
and  circumscription  of  the  Ornithological  Faunae.  After  general  introductory 
remarks,  the  natural  Provinces  of  the  North  American  Temperate  Region  are 
discussed,  and  the  Ornithological  Fauna?  of  the  Eastern  Province  are  treated. 
The  following  Fauna3  are  laid  down  and  characterized :— I.  Floridan.  2.  Louis- 
ianian.  3.  Carolinian.  4.  Alleghanian.  5.  Canadian.  6.  Hudsonian.  7.  Ameri- 
can Arctic.  Various  tabular  summaries  follow,  with  general  remarks  on  the 
distribution  and  migration  of  the  birds  of  the  Eastern  Province.  A  copious 
bibliography  of  American  Ornithological  literature  concludes.  The  plates  illus- 
trate the  variation  in  the  bill  of  many  species.  The  article  gained  the  Humboldt 
Scholarship,  and  is  one  of  the  most  important  of  American  ornithological  works. 
Of.  Ibis,  1872,  pp.  189-191;  Zool  Eec.  for  1871,  pp.  24,  25;  Am.  Nat.,  v,  1871, 
pp.  364-373. 

187L  [ANON.]  [Biographical  notices  of  certain  Birds.]  <  Appleton's  Journal, 
iv,  p.  circ.  258. 

1871.  [ANON.]  Die  Leyigh  [sic— lege  Lehigh]  Co.,  landwirthschaftliche  Ge- 
sellschaft  in  Pennsylvania  setzte  1867  200  Dollar  [sic]  aus,  um  in- 
sektenfressende  Vogel  aus  Deatschland  einzufuhren.  <  Zool.  Gart., 
xii,  1871,  p.  378. 

1871.  AUDUBON,  J.  J.  The  |  Birds  of  America,  |  from  |  drawings  made  in 
the  United  States  |  and  their  Territories.  |  By  |  John  James  Audu- 
bon,  F.  R.  S.,&c.;  &c.  |  Vol.  I  L -VIII].  |  New  York:  George  R. 
Lockwood,  |  late  Roe  Lock  wood  &  Son,  |  812  Broadway.  [No  date. 
1871.]  Eight  vols.  imp.  8vo.  Vol.  I,  pp.  i-viii,  i-xv  (memoir), 
11-246,  pll.  1-70.  Vol.  II,  pp.  i-vii,  11-199,  pll.  71-140.  Vol.  Ill,  pp. 
i-viii,  9-233,  pll.  141-210.  Vol.  IV,  pp.  i-viii,  9-321,  pll.  211-280.  Vol. 
V,  pp.  i-viii,  9-346,  pll.  281-350.  Vol.  VI,  pp.  i-vii,  9-298,  pll.  351-394. 
Vol.  VII,  pp.  i-vii,  9-285,  pll.  395-440.  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  i-viii,  9-256, 
pll.  441-500. 

A  reissue  of  the  8vo  8-vol.  ed.  of  1865.  In  citing  these  8- vol.  eds.  be  careful  to 
so  state,  for  the  pagination  changes  from  the  orig.  7- vol.  8vo  ed.,  1840-44.  The 
numeration  of  the  plates,  however,  is  the  same.  "No  one  should  cite  Audubon 
later  than  1840-44  without  specifying  which  of  the  several  editions  he  means. 

1871.  BOAKDMAN,  G.  A.  Ornithological  Notes  from  Maine.  <  Am.  Nat.,  v, 
1871,  p.  662. 

Gallinula  galeata  at  Calais,  Me. ;  melanotic  Coliptes  auratus;  albino  Fulix 
afflnis  ;  Ay  thy  a  americana  breeding  at  Calais,  Me. 

1871.  BRUHIN,  T.  A.  Ueber  Ankunft  und  Briitezeit  einiger  nordamerika- 
nischen  Zugvogel.  <  Zool.  Gart.,  xii,  1871,  pp.  10-18. 

On  the  arrival  and  breeding  of  various  birds  in  the  vicinity  of  Milwaukee. 
The  article  would  not  be  regarded  as  authoritative  by  one  familiar  with  the 
matters  treated. 

1871.  BURROUGHS,  J.  [Design.]  |  Wake-Robin  |  by  |  John  Burroughs  | 
[Monogram.]  |  New  York  |  published  by  Kurd  and  Houghton  |  Cam- 
bridge :  Riverside  Press  |  1871  1  vol.  16mo.  1  p.  1.,  pp.  i-iv,  1 1., 
pp.  3-231. 


121  ]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       18?!  687 

1871.  BURROUGHS,  J. — Continued. 

"  Though  written  less  in  the  spirit  of  exact  science  than  with  the  freedom  of 
lovo  and  old  acquaintance,  yet  I  have  in  no  instance  taken  liberties  with  facts," 
.  .  .  (Extr.  from  Preface.)  It  is  a  delightful  book,  mainly  about  birds  of  North 
America,  and  "  in  fact,"  as  the  author  claims,  "is  a  careful  and  conscientious 
record  of  actual  observations  and  experiences,  and  is  true  as  it  stands  written, 
every  word  of  it."  There  is  at  least  one  later  edition. 

1871.  CHITTENDEN,  L.  E.  Occurrence  of  Land  Birds  far  out  at  Sea.  <  Am, 
Nat.,  v,  1871,  pp.  167,  168. 

Six  or  eight  species,  589  miles  from  New  York,  lat.  41°  40'N.,  long.  64°  9'  W.  G. 
1871.  COOPER,  J.  G.    Monterey  in  the  Dry  Season.    <  Am.  Nat.,  iv,  1871,  pp. 
756-758. 

Allusions  to  numerous  birds  observed. 

1871.  COUES,  E.  Progress  of  American  Ornithology.  <^Am.  Nat.,  v,  1871, 
pp.  364-373. 

An  extended  review  of  J.  A.  Allen's  paper  on  Florida  Birds  (Bull.  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool,  ii,  161,  q.  v.,  1871).  Pipilo  alleni,  sp.  n.,  p.  366. 

1871.  COUES,  E.  Notes  on  the  Natural  History  of  Fort  Macon,  N.  C.,  and 
Vicinity.  (No.  1.)  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PUla.,  xxiii,  1871,  pp. 
12-49.  >  II.  Birds,  pp.  18-47.  (Addenda,  op.  cit.,  1878,  pp.  22-24.) 

122  spp.,  which  came  under  the  writer's  personal  observation ;  field-notes,  in 
some  cases  extended,  of  habits;  little  descriptive  and  no  critical  or  synony- 
matic  matter;  description  of  embryos  of  Rallus  longirostris ;  woodc.  of  asym- 
metrical sternum  of  Puffinusfuliginosus.  Eleven  spp.  added  in  1878. 

1871.  EDITORS.    Arrival  of  Birds  [4  species,  at  Salem,  Mass.].    <Am.Nat., 

v,  1871,  p.  176. 
1871.  HARTING,  J.  E.     Catalogue  of  an  Arctic  Collection  of  Birds  presented 

by  Mr.  John  Barrow,  F.  R.  S.,  to  the  University  Museum  at  Oxford  ; 

with  Notes  on  the  Species.     <P.  Z.  S.,  xxxix,  1871,  pp.  110-123. 
Most  of  the  specimens  obtained  during  the  various  Arctic  expeditions  between 

1848  and  1855  came  into  Mr.  Barrow's  possession ;  and  this  paper  shows  that  many 

species  have  a  more  northern  range  than  was  hitherto  supposed. — Zool.  Rec. 

1871.  J.  F.  W[HITEAVES?].       Notes  on    Canadian  Birds.      <  Canad.  Nat. 
and  Quart.  Journ.,  v,  1871,  pp.  230-231. 
Occurrence  of  8  spp.  near  Quebec. 

1871.  KNEELAND,  S.  [On  the  Habits  of  some  of  the  Water  Birds  observed 
between  San  Francisco  and  Panama.]  <Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  xiv,  1871,  pp.  137-139. 

1871.  LEWIS,  E.  J.  The  American  Sportsman,  containing  hints  to  Sports- 
men, notes  on  Shooting,  and  the  Habits  of  the  Game-birds.  Phila- 
delphia. 8vo.  pp.  510,  many  cuts. 

This  is  not  the  original  edition,  which  appeared  much  earlier.  The  defective 
title  is  abstracted  from  the  Zool.  Rec.  The  treatise  is  one  of  the  best  and  most 
nearly  scientific  of  the  sporting  books;  more  than  half  the  work  is  given  to 
birds,  and  a  large  number  of  species,  particularly  Gallince,  Grallce,  and  Anseres, 
are  described  and  figured,  with  notes  on  their  habits,  and  instructions  for  their 
destruction. 

1871.  PALMER,  C.    Ornithological  Notes.    <4w.  Nat.,  v,  1871,  p.  120. 

Ibis  ordi,  Perisoreus  canadensis,  Picoides  arclicus,  Pinicola  canadensis,  in 
Maine;  ref.  to  Allen,  op.  cit.,  Jan.,  1870. 

1871.  PARKER,  H.  W.    Iowa  Birds.     <Am.  Nat.,  v,  1871,  pp.  168-170. 

Adds  54  spp.  to  the  108  given  by  J.  A.  Allen,  in  a  paper  on  the  same  subject, 
Mem.  Boston  Soc.,  pt.  iv,  vol.  i,  pp.  488-526, 1868,  q.  v. 


688  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1871  [l22 

1871.  Ross,  A.  M.  The  |  Birds  of  Canada :  |  with  |  Descriptions  of  their 
Habits,  Food,  Nests,  |  Eggs,  Times  of  Arrival  and  Departure.  |  By  | 
Alexander  Milton  Ross,  |  M.  A.,  M.  D.,  |  Member  of  the  Entomologi- 
cal Society  of  London,  England ;  |  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
Zoological  Society  of  London,  England ;  |  Member  of  the  Entomo- 
logical Society  of  Canada,  etc.  j  With  |  Eight  Plates  and  Thirty- 
eight  Woodcuts,  expressly  |  engraved  for  this  work.  |  Toronto:  | 
Henry  Rowsell,  King  Street.  |  1871.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  viii,  132, 
frontispiece,  and  1  1.  advt. 

A  full  description  of  this  work  is  contained  on  the  title-page.  Text  briefly 
descriptive  and  biographical.  The  birds  treated  consist  of  the  permanent  and 
summer  residents,  and  also  such  as  regularly  or  accidentally  stop  in  Canada 
during  the  spring  and  autumn  migrations.  307  spp.  are  treated,  42  of  them 
being  illustrated  by  woodcuts,  a  few  of  which  are  original,  the  rest  being  poorly 
executed  copies  from  Audubon  and  Wilson.  "  The  text  is  valueless." — ZooL-Reo. 

1871.  [SOUBEIRAN,  J.  L.]  Le  commerce  des  Oiseaux  en  Am6rique.  <  Bull. 
Soc.  Acclim.,  2e  se"r.,  viii,  1871,  p.  157. 

1871.  STEVENSON,  J.  A  List  of  Mammals  and  Birds  collected  in  Wyo- 
ming Territory,  by  Mr.  H.  D.  Smith  and  Mr.  James  Stevenson, 
during  the  Expedition  of  1870.  <  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geological  Survey 
of  the  Territories  (Hay den's)  for  1870, 1871,  pp.  461-466. 

Birds  at  pp.  462-466;  nominal  list  of  124  spp.,  with  localities  of  the  specimens 
collected  and  their  number.  The  list  is  understood  to  have  Smithsonian  au- 
thority. 

1871.  THORPE,  T.  B.    Bird  [wildfowl]  shooting  on  the  coast  of  New  Jersey. 

<  Appletons'  Journ.,  vi,  Sept.,  1871,  p.  379,  eight  illust. 

1871.  TRIPPE,  T.  M.  Some  Differences  between  Eastern  and  Western  [North 
American]  Birds.  <  Am.  Nat.,  v,  1871,  pp.  632-636. 

Contrasts  the  habits  and  manners  of  a  certain  few  well-known  species  in 
populous  and  thinly  settled  regions. 

1871.  TRIPPE,  T.  M.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Minnesota.  <[  Proc.  (Comm.) 
Essex  Inst.,  vi,  1871,  art.  vi,  pp.  113-119. 

An  annotated  list  of  138  spp. ;  nomenclature  and  classification  of  AUDUBON'S 
Synopsis,  1839. 
1871.  TRISTRAM,  H.  B.    Notes  on  some  Passerine  Birds,  chiefly  PalsBarctic. 

<  The  Ibis,  3d  ser.,  vol.  i,  No.  2,  April,  1871,  pp.  231-234. 

Contains  notes  on  Alaskan  birds  collected  by  Kennicott,  Dall,  and  Bannister. 
Saxicola  cenanthe  and  Budytes  flava  are  identical  with  Palaearctic  specimens; 
Phyllopneuste  kennicotti,  Baird,  =  P.  borealis,  Bias.  A  synopsis  of  the  known 
species  of  Pyrrhula  (including  P.  cassini,  Baird— a  good  species)  is  given.  Also, 
notes  on  Anthus  cervinus  and  its  affines. 

1871.  WALKER,  B.  Two  Ornithological  Items.  <  Am.  Nat.,  v,  1871,  pp. 
437, 438. 

Hesperiphona  vespertina,  Jan.  12,  and  newly  fledged  Eremophila  alpestris,  April 
15,  at  Detroit,  Mich.  Comments  by  E.  C[oues]. 

[1871.]  WILSON,  A.,  and  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  Wilson  and  Bonaparte.  |  —  | 
American  Ornithology ;  |  or,  |  The  Natural  History  |  of  the  [  Birds  of 
the  United  States.  |  Illustrated  with  Plates  |  engraved  and  colored 
from  original  drawings  from  Nature.  |  By  Alexander  Wilson  |  and  | 
Charles  Lucian  Bonaparte.  |  With  a  Sketch  of  the  Life  of  Wil- 
son, |  By  George  Ord,  F.  L.  S.,  |  and  |  A  Classification  of  the  genera 
and  species  of  American  Birds,  |  By  Spencer  F.  Baird,  |  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution.  |  Vol.  I  [II,  III].  |  Philadelphia:  |  Porter  and 
Coates.  |  [No  date.  1871.]  3  vols.  imp.  8vo,  with  folio  atlas  in  2 


123] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1871-1872  689 


[1871.]  WILSON,  A.,  and  BONAPARTE,  C.  L. — Continued. 

vols.  of  76  +  27  pll.  (nearly  400  figg.).    Vol.  I,  pp.  cxxxii,  214;  II, 
pp.  viii,  9-390 ;  III,  pp.  viii,  i*-xvi*,  9-426. 

This  late  edition  of  "Ord's  "Wilson"  and  "Bonaparte"  is  a  very  fine  one. 
Ord's  Memoir  on  "Wilson,  pp.  xi-cxxxii.  Bonaparte's  portion  occupies  pp.  135  to 
end  of  voL  III.  The  species  are  systematically  arranged.  A  novel  feature  is  the 
interpolation,  pp.  i*-xvi*  of  vol.  Ill,  of  Prof.  Baird's  Catalogue  of  N.  Am.  Birds, 
reprinted  from  the  8vo  ed.,  1858.  Editor's  preface  states:— "In  preparing  for 
the  press  this  edition  of  Wilson's  Ornithology,  the  editor  has  adhered  to  the 
original  text,  correcting  only  some  erroneous  references,  and  a  few  verbal  inac- 
curacies. .  .  .  The  original  plates,  engraved  under  the  eye  of  "Wilson,  are 
employed  in  this  edition,  after  having  been  carefully  examined  and  retouched 
by  Mr.  Alexander  Lawson,  by  whom  most  of  them  were  executed ;  and  who  as 
an  engraver  of  objects  of  natural  history,  stands  unrivalled.  The  birds  have 
been  colored  by  skilful  artists,  from  recent  specimens,  or  from  the  beautiful  pre- 
parations belonging  to  the  Philadelphia  Museum." 

The  atlas  of  plates  accompanying  this  edition  is  in  2  vols.  folio,  each  sepa- 
rately entitled,  and  both  titles  are  different  from  that  of  the  vols.  of  text ;  so 
that  they  will  doubtless  yet  be  found  quoted  in  catalogues  as  different  works. 
The  atlas  to  "Wilson's  76  plates  is  entitled :— American  Ornithology;  |  or,  |  the 
Natural  History  |  of  the  |  Birds  of  the  United  States.  |  Plates  |  engraved  and 
colored  from  original  Drawings  taken  from  Nature.  |  By  |  Alexander  "Wil- 
son. |  [Trademark.]  |  Philadelphia:  |  Porter  &Coates,  |  822  Chestnut  street.  The 
other  atlas,  of  27  pll.,  is  simply  entitled : — Bonaparte's  Ornithology  |  Plates. 
Each  atlas  has  a  leaf  of  text  (index).  The  two  will  probably  be  found  bound 
together  in  some  cases. 

1872.  ALLEN,  J.  A.     Ornithological  Notes  from  the  West.    <  Am.  Nat.,  1872, 
pp.  263-275, 342-351, 394-404. 
These  articles  contain  a  summary  of  a  paper  in  Bull.  Mus.  C.  Z.,  iii,  pp.  113-183. 

1872.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.    Birds  of  Kansas.    <  Am.  Nat.,  vi,  1872,  pp.  359, 360. 
A  review  of  F.  H.  Snow's  Birds  of  Kansas  (8vo,  1872,  pp.  8). 

1872.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.  Ornithological  Works  in  Prospect.  <Am.  Nat.,  vi, 
1872,  pp.  478-482. 

Anticipatory  notices  of  E.  Coues's  Key  to  North  American  Birds,  S.  F.  Baird, 
T.  M.  Brewer,  and  R.  Ridgway's  History  of  North  American  Birds,  and  C.  J. 
Maynard's  Birds  of  Florida. 

1872.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.  Notes  on  the  Natural  History  of  Fort  Macou,  N.  C., 
and  Vicinity.  <  Am.  Nat.,  vi,  1872,  pp.  546-549. 

An  extended  review  of  E.  Coues's  paper,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1871, 
pp.  12-49, 120-148. 

1872.  A[LLEN]?  J.  A.  The  Birds  of  the  Tres  Marias  and  Socorro  Islands. 
<  Am.  Nat.,  vi,  1872,  pp.  681, 682. 

A  review  of  A.  J.  Gray  son,  ed.  G.  N.Lawrence,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
xiv,  1872,  pp.  26 1-303. 

1872.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.    Birds  of  Kansas.     <  Am.  Nat.,  vi.  1872,  p.  765. 

A  favorable  notice  of  the  second  edition  of  F.  H.  Snow's  Lint  of  Kansas  Birds 
(8vo,  pp.  16,  Oct.,  1872). 

1872.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  Notes  of  an  Ornithological  Reconnoissance  of  Portions 
of  Kansas,  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Utah.  <  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool, 
iii,  No,  6,  July,  1872,  pp.  113-183.  (Also  sep.  pamph.) 

After  general  introductory,  the  author  gives :— 1.  List  of  Birds  observed  at  Fort 
Leavenworth  and  Topeka,  Kansas,  spring  of  1872  (121  spp.) ;  2.  At  Fort  Hays, 
Kansas,  May-July,  1871  (61  spp.) ;  3.  In  Northwestern  Kansas,  Dec.,  1871,  Jan., 
1872  (25  spp.);  4.  At  Cheyenne,  Wyoming,  Aug.,  1871  (41  spp.);  5.  In  Colorado, 
July- August,  1871  (81  spp.) ;  6.  In  South  Park, Colorado,  July,  1871  (54  spp.);  7. 
OnMount  Lincoln,  Colorado,  July,  1871  (36  spp.) ;  8.  Ogden,  Utah,  Sept.-Oct.,  1871 
(137  spp.) ;  9.  General  Summary  or  Combination  of  all  the  Observations  (228  spp.). 

44  BC 


690  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1872  [l24 

1872.  ALLKN,  J.  A.— Continued. 

Besides  the  extended  field-notes,  there  is  ranch  critical  annotation.    The  article 
is  very  complete,  and  highly  interesting  from  its  bearing  on  general  questions. 

1872.  ALLEN,  J.  A.      [On  Geographical  Variation  in  Mammals  and  Birds."] 

<  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xv,  1872,  pp.  156-159. 

1872.   ALLEN,  J.  A.     Geographical  Variation  in  North  American  Birds. 

<  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xv,  1872,  pp.  212-219. 
In  amplification  of  a  previous  verbal  communication. 

1872.  [ANON.]    Some  Western  Birds.    <  Am.  Sportsman,  ii,  1872,  pp.  50, 51. 

Biographical  notices  of  Cupidonia  cupido,  Pedioecetes  phasianettus,  Corvus 
cor  ax,  Steganopus  wilsoni,  and  Orus  canadensis. 

1872.  B[ HEWER],  T.  M.,  A[LLEN],  J.  A.,  and  SNOW,  F.  H.  Prof.  Snow's  List 
of  Kansas  Birds.  <  Am.  Nat.,  vi,  Aug.,  1872,  pp.  482-484. 

T.  M.  Brewer's  observations  on  F.  H.  Snow's  List,  with  implied  ref.  to  J.  A. 
Allen's  former  critique  (torn,  cit ,  p.  359),  J.  A.  Allen's  rejoinder,  and  the  author's 
addition  to  his  List  of  45  spp.,  upon  information  received  from  S.  F.  Baird  and  J. 
A.  Allen. 

1872.  BREWSTER,  W.    Birds  new  to  Massachusetts  Fauna.    <  Am.  Nat.,  vi, 
1872,  pp.  306, 307. 
Of  the  6  spp.  given,  one,  Tringa  bairdi,  is  now  to  Massachusetts. 

1872.  BRUHIN,  T.  A.    Unsere  getiederten  Wintergaste.     <  Zool.  Gart.,  xiii, 
1872,  pp.  157, 158. 
Brief  desultory  remarks  on  about  20  spp.  of  the  winter  birds  of  Wisconsin. 

1872.  BRUHIN,  T.  A.    Zur  nordamerikanischen  Vogelsprache.    <  Zool.  Gart., 
xiii,  1872,  pp.  187, 188. 
Phonetic  word-rendering  of  the  notes  of  some  half  dozen  Wisconsin  birds. 

1872.  BRUHIN,  T.  A.    Ankunft  von  Vogeln.    <  Zool.  Gart.,  xiii,  1872,  pp. 
221,222. 
"Unimportant  note  on  3  spp.  of  Wisconsin  birds. 

1872.  BURROUGHS,  J.  Birds'  nesting.  <  Appletons1  Journ.,  viii,  July,  1872, 
p.  41. 

1872.  COOKE,  JOSHUA.  Autumn  Game  on  the  Prairies.  <  Scribner's  Monthly, 
iv,  1872,  pp.  697-705,  7  woodcc. 

1872.  COPE,  E.  D.    Synopsis  of  the  extinct  Batrachia,  Reptilia,  and  Aves  of 
North  America.    <  Tr.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  xiv,  pp.  1-250,  pll.  i-xiv. 
Meleagris  euperbus,  p.  239 ;  Sula  loxostyla,  p.  236,  spp.  nn. 

1872.  COUES,  E.  Key  |  to  |  North  American  Birds :  |  containing  a  concise 
account  of  every  species  of  |  living  and  fossil  Bird  |  at  present 
known  from  the  continent  north  of  the  Mexican  |  and  United  States 
Boundary.  |  Illustrated  by  6  steel  plates,  and  upwards  of  250 
woodcuts.  |  By  |  Elliott  Coues,  |  Assistant  Surgeon  United  States 
Army.  |  —  |  Salem :  Naturalists'  Agency.  |  New  York :  Dodd  and 
Mead.  |  Boston :  |  Estes  and  Lauriat.  |  1872.  1  vol.  imp.  8vo.  4  p. 
11.,  pp.  361  +  1 1.,  pll.  6,  figg.  238.  (Pub.  Oct.,  1872.) 

Designed  as  a  manual  or  text-book  of  the  birds  of  North  America,  and  claim- 
ing to  be  an  exponent  of  late  views  on  classification  and  nomenclature.  The 
introductory  part  gives  a  general  account  of  the  structure,  and  more  particu- 
larly the  external  characters,  of  birds,  with  special  reference  to  their  classifica- 
tion, and  an  explanation  of  the  technical  terms  usually  employed  in  description. 
An  artificial  "Key"  or  analysis  of  the  North  American  genera  follows,  pre- 
pared upon  a  plan  found  practically  useful  in  botany,  but  seldom  applied  to 
zoology,  whereby  a  specimen  may  be  readily  referred  to  its  proper  place.  The 
body  of  the  work  consists  of  brief  diagnoses  of  the  North  American  species, 


125] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.        18*2  691 


1872.  COUES,  E. — Continued. 

with  references  to  a  few  leading  authorities ;  the  families  and  higher  groups 
being  also  characterized.  The  work  introduces  the  first  decided  changes  that 
were  made  in  the  nomenclature  of  the  North  American  species  since  1858, 
mainly  by  the  recognition  as  geographical  races  of  a  great  many  previously 
accredited  species.  It  also  contains  the  first  systematic  account  ever  given  of 
the  fossil  species,  prepared  under  the  revision  of  Prof.  O.  C.  Marsh.  The  plates 
illustrate  details  of  external  form.  The  woodcuts,  of  miscellaneous  character, 
are,  with  some  exceptions,  very  poorly  executed,  adding  little  to  the  value,  and 
detracting  from  the  general  appearance  of  the  work. 

Of.  Nature,  May  8,  1873 ;  Saturday  Review,  Feb.  22,  1873 ;  Atlantic  Monthly, 
,  1873;  American  Sportsman,  Nov.  22,  1873;  Nation,  Apr. —,1873;  Ports- 
mouth Journal,  Apr.  26,  1873 ;  Independent,  Mar.  13,  1873 ;  Army  and  Navy 
Journal,  Nov.  30,  1872,  Mar.  15, 1873  ;  Golden  Age,  July  5,  1873,  and  Sept,  7, 14, 21, 
1872;  Literary  Bulletin,  Oct.  and  Nov.,  1872 ;  Am.  Nat.,  vi,  1873,  pp.  478,  479 ;  Zool. 
Rec.  for  1872,  p.  33;  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  v,  1873,  pp.  314, 315;  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  1873, 
p.  751 ;  Turf,  Field  and  Farm,  Mar.  6, 1874;  Forest  and  Stream,  Jan.  29, 1874,  Mar. 
12, 26, 1874;  Field  and  Stream,  Apr.  4, 1874. 

1872.  FINSCH,  O.  Zur  Ornithologie  Nordwest-Anierikas.  <^Abhand.Naturw. 
Ver.  Brem.,  iii,  1872,  pp.  17-86. 

Sehr  wichtig;  behandelt  113  Arten  der  Yogel  Alaska's,  einschliesslich  der- 
jenigen  von  Kittlitz,  Baird,  Dall  und  Bannister;  nebst  Beschreibungen,  Mes- 
sungen,  Synonymik  und  Kritik;  auch  ein  genaues  Verzeichniss  der  nicht  pub- 
lizirten  Kupfertafeln  Brandt's,  die  derselbe  als  eine  Fortsetzung  zu  Pallas' 
Zoograph.  Rosso- As.  vorbereitete. 

1872.  GRAYSON,  A.  J.  On  the  Physical  Geography  and  Natural  History  <  f 
the  Islands  of  the  Tres  Marias  and  of  Socorro,  off  the  Western  Coast 
of  Mexico.  <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xiv,  1872,  pp.  261-302. 

Edited  by  Gr.  N.  Lawrence.  Of  birds  of  Tres  Marias,  52  spp.,  treated  with  ex- 
tended field-notes  of  habits—  Haliplana  fuliginosa  var.  crissalis  Baird,  MSS.,  p. 
285.  Of  Socorro  Island  birds,  14  spp.  The  article  also  includes  a  personal  nar- 
rative, with  much  allusion  to  ornithology.  Cf.  Am.  Nat.,  vi,  1872,  p.  681. 

1872.  HOLDEN,  C.  H.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Wyoming  and  Colorado  Terri- 
tories. By  C.  H.  Holdeu,  Jr. ;  with  additional  Memoranda  by  C. 
E.  Aiken.  <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xv,  1872,  pp.  193-210. 

Edited  by  T.  M.  Brewer,  who  neglected  to  discriminate  properly  between  the 
two  categories  of  species,  or  to  preserve  indications  of  locality.  142  spp.,  fully 
annotated.  First  appearance  of  Junco  hyemalis  var,  aikeni ,  n.  T.,  p.  201,  no  descr. 

1872.  MARSH,  O.  C.  Discovery  of  a  remarkable  Fossil  Bird  [Hesperornis 
regalis].  <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  iii,  1872,  pp.  56, 57. 

1872.  MARSH,  O.  C.  Notice  of  some  New  Tertiary  and  Post-Tertiary  Birds. 
<^Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  iv,  1872,  pp.  256-262. 

Aletornis  (g.  n.)  nobilis,  A.pernix,  p.  256;  A.  vemistus,  p.  257;  A.  gratilis,  A. 
bettus,  p.  258;  Uintornis  (g.  n.)  lucaris,  Catarractes  ajfinis,  p.  259;  Melcagris  altus, 
p.  260 ;  M.  celer,  Grus  proavus,  p,  261,  spp.  nn, 

1872.  MARSH,  O.  C.  [Ichthyornis  dispar.]  <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d 
ser.,  iv,  p.  344. 

1872.  MARSH,  O.  C,  Preliminary  Description  of  Hesperornis  regalis,  with 
Notices  of  four  other  new  Species  of  Cretaceous  Birds.  <  Am. 
Journ.  Sci.,  iii,  1872,  pp.  360-365. 

Hesperornis  regalis,  "  g.  sp.  n."  (but  already  noticed,  torn,  cit.,  p.  56),  p.  360 ;  Grab- 
culavus  (g.  n.)velox,  p.  363;  G.pumiius,  G.  anceps,  p,  364;  Pakeotringa  vagans,  p. 
365,  spp.  nn. 


692  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1872  [126 

1872.  MARSH,  O.  C.  Discovery  of  a  remarkable  Fossil  Bird  [Hesperornis 
regalis].  <  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  (4),  ix,  1872,  p.  326. 

From  Sillimaris  Journ.,  Jan.,  1872,  pp.  56, 57. 

1872.  MARSH,  O.  C.    Description  of  Hesperornis  regalis,  with  notices  of  four 
other  new  Species  of  Cretaceous  Birds.    <  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  (4), 
x,  1872,  pp.  212-217. 
From  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  n.  s.,  iii,  May,  1872,  pp.  360-365. 

1872.  MAYNARD,  C.  J.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Coos  Co.,  N.  H.,  and  Ox- 
ford Co.,  Me.,  with  annotations  relative  to  the  breeding  habits, 
migrations,  etc.  By  C.  J  Maynard.  With  Notes  by  Wm.  Brewster. 
<  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xiv,  for  Oct.,  1871,  pub.  1872,  pp. 
356-385. 
164  spp.,  very  fully  annotated,  with  field-notes  of  habits,  movements,  etc. 

1872.  REINHARDT,  J.  Et  Tillseg  til  Gronlands  Fuglefauna.  <  Notiser  Sallsk. 
pro  Fn.  et  Fl.  Fenn.  Fork.,  1872,  pp.  132-134. 

Pandion  haliaetus,  Botaurus  stellaris. 

1872.  REINHARDT,  J.  Et  Tillseg  til  Gronlands  Fuglefauna.  <  Vid.  Medd., 
1872,  pp.  132-134. 

Adds  Pandion  haliaetus  and  Botaurus  stettaris,  bringing  the  number  up  to  125, 
inclusive  of  56  stragglers. 

1872.  RIDGWAY,  R.  New  Birds  in  Southern  Illinois.  <  Am.  Nat.,  vi,  1872, 
pp.  430,  431. 

Vireo  belli,  Peuccea  cestivalis,  Cyanotplza  ciris,  Asturina  plagiata,  and  Falco 
mexicanus — five  additions  to  fauna  of  the  State. 

1872.  Ross,  A.  M.    A  Classified  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Canada.    Toronto. 
18. 2.    8vo.    pp.  9. 
Not  seen— said  to  be  a  mere  list  of  names. 

1872.  SNOW,  F.  H.  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Kansas.  -^Kansas  Educa- 
tional Journal  (newspaper — since  dead)  for  April,  1872.  Also,  a  few 
separate  copies,  supposed  to  be  perfect  reprint,  for  private  distri- 
bution, pp.  8, 1872. 

An  annotated  list,  defective  and  replete  with  typographical  errors,  of  239  spp., 
the  breeders  marked  by  an  asterisk.  This,  which  may  be  called  the  first  edition, 
was  the  one  severely  criticised  by  J.  A.  Allen,  and  inconsiderately  defended  by 
T.  M.  Brewer,  Am.  Nat,  vi,  pp.  359,  482.  One  good  result  of  the  criticism  was  the 
almost  immediate  addition  by  the  author  of  45  spp.  to  the  list,  in  Am.  Nat.,  vi, 
pp.  484,  485,  and  the  issue  of  a  second  edition,  as  follows  :— 

1872.  SNOW,  F.  H.  A  Catalogue  |  of  the  |  Birds  of  Kansas  |  contributed  to 
the  |  Kansas  Academy  of  Science  |  by  |  Frank  H.  Snow,  |  Professor 
of  Natural  History  and  Meteorology,  in  the  University  |  of  Kansas, 
at  Lawrence.  J  —  |  Second  Edition,  |  October,  1872.  |  —  |  Kansas 
City:  |  Bulletin  Steam  Book  and  Job  Printers  and  Engravers.  |  1872. 
Small  8vo  pamph.,  tinted  paper,  pp.  16. 

282  spp.,  annotated  as  in  the  1st  ed.,  but  with  45  additions  and  one  subtraction, 
and  the  serious  typographical  blunders  of  the  original  corrected.  This  was  the 
original  shape  of  the  2d  ed.,  published  independently  by  the  author;  it  was 
immediately  communicated  to  the  Kansas  Academy  of  Science,  and  reprinted  in 
the  Transactions  of  that  body.  See  1873,  SNOW,  F.  H. 

1872.  TRIPPE,  T.  M.     Birds  Found  Breeding  in  the  Catskill  Mountains. 
<4m.  Nat.,  vi,  1872,  pp.  47, 48. 
7  spp.  of  Oscines,  with  a  note  on  Petrochelidon  lunifrons. 


127] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1872-9373         693 


1872-73.  RIDGWAY,  R.  On  the  relation  between  Color  and  Geographical  Dis- 
tribution in  Birds,  as  illustrated  in  Melanism  and  Hyperchromism. 
< Am.  Journ.  Sd.,  iv,  Dec.,  1872,  pp.  454-460 ;  v,  Jan.,  1873,  pp.  39-44. 

Myiodioctes  pusillus  var.  pileolata,  p.  457 ;  Helminthophaga  celatav&T.lutescens, 
p.  457 ;  Oeothlypis  poliocephala  var.  caninucha,  p.  459 ;  Cardinalis  virginianus  var. 
coccineus  (descr.  nulla),  p.  39  ;  Cyamirastetterivar.frontalis,  p.  43,  nn.  varr.  Of. 
COUES,  Am.  Nat.,  vii,  July,  1873,  pp.  415-41« ;  EIDGWAY,  Am.  Nat.,  vii,  Sept.,  1873, 
pp.  548-555. 

1872-78.  MAYNARD,  C.  J.  The  |  Birds  of  Florida :  |  containing  |  original  de- 
scriptions of  upwards  of  Two  hundred  and  fifty  species,  |  with  notes 
on  their  habits,  etc.,  |  by  C.  J.  Maynard.  |  With  five  [mut.]  plates 
drawn  and  colored  from  nature.  |  By  Helen  S.  Farley.  |  —  |  Part  One 
[mut.  niut.].  |  —  |  Salem  :  |  Naturalists  Agency  [mut.  mat.].  |  1872 
[-1878].  4to.  Part  One,  1872,  pp.  1-32,  pi.  i.  Part  Two,  1873,  pp. 
33-64.  Part  Three,  Ipswich,  Mass.,  C.  J.  Maynard,  1874,  pp.  65-88,  pi. 
ii.  Part  Four,  title  changed  to  The  |  Birds  |  of  |  Florida  |  with  the  | 
Water  and  Game  |  Birds  |  of  |  Eastern  North  America,  |  by  C.  J. 
Maynard.  |  —  |  Illustrated.  |  C.A.  Walker,  Boston.  |  —  |  C.  J.  May- 
nard &  Co.,  |  Newtonville,  Mass.  |  1878.  pp.  89-112,  pi.  [iii];  pub. 
May,  1878.  Part  Five,  July,  1878,  pp.  113-136,  pll.  iv,  v.  Part  Six, 

Sept.,  1878,  pp.  137 ,  pi.  vi. 

A  prospectus,  issued  in  1872,  contained  8  pp.  of  letter-press  on  Eostrhamus 
soeiabilis,  -with  pi.  i  of  same.  New  prospectus  with  Part  Four,  1878.— PI.  ii,  Pho- 
niparazena;  pi.  [iii],  Passerculus  princeps ;  pi.  iv,  Pipilo  leucopsis  (— P.  alleni 
Coues);  pi.  v,  Ammodromus  melanoleucus  (=  A.  maritimus  var.  nigrescens 
Ridgw.) ;  pi.  vi,  23  figs,  of  anatomical  and  other  details ;  pi.  vii,  66  figs,  of  eggs. 

Publication  continues ;  a  later  prospectus,  issued  with  Part  Four  when  the 
work  was  resumed,  announces  completion  in  15  parts,  of  about  400  pp. ;  perma- 
nent title  may  differ  from  each  of  the  above  cover-titles.  The  above  six  parts 
carry  the  subject  nearly  through  Oseines— into  Corvidce.  The  work  is  a  system- 
atic treatise,  thus  far  with  brief  technic,  partly  anatomical,  and  much  new  and 
interesting  biography  from  original  investigations. 

1873.  ADAMS,  A.  L.  Field  and  Forest  Rambles,  with  Notes  and  Observations 
on  the  Natural  History  of  Eastern  Canada.  London,  1873.  8vo. 
pp.  333. 

Not  seen — said  to  contain  an  account  of  the  birds  of  New  Brunswick,  a  list  of 
which  is  given  in  the  Appendix,  pp.  296-302. 

1873.  AIKEN,  C.E.  A  Glimpse  at  Colorado  and  its  Birds.  <Am.Nat.,  vii, 
1873,  pp.  13-16. 

Field-notes  on  a  few  species  of  Oseines. 

1873.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.  The  Birds  of  Florida.  <  Am.  Nat.,  vii,  1873,  pp. 
165, 166. 

A  review  of  Part  I  of  C.  J.  Maynard's  work  of  that  name  (4to,  Salem,  1872). 
1873.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.    A  Text  Book  of  North  American  Ornithology.     <  Am. 
Nat.,  vii,  1873,  pp.  308, 309. 

A  review  of  E.  COUES'S  Key  to  North  American  Birds. 
1873.  [ANOX.]    Taming  Birds.    <  Am.  Sportsman,  ii,  1873,  p.  59. 
Note  of  a  lady  in  Florida  taming  the  wild  birds  about  her  house. 
1873.  [ANON.]    The  Birds  of  April.    <  Am.  Sportsman,  ii,  1873,  p.  104. 

Quoted  from  The  Atlantic  Monthly. 
1873.  [ANON.]    The  Importation  of  Foreign  Birds.    <  Am.  Sportsman,  ii, 

1873,  p.  137. 

[ANON.]    "Key  to  North  American  Birds."     <  Am.  Sportsman,  iii, 
1873,  p.  113,  fig.  1. 
Being  a  review  of  E.  COUES'S  Key  to  North  American  Birds. 


694  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1873  [l28 

1873.  [ANON.]    Bail  or  Ortolan.    <  Am.  Sportsman,  iii,  1873,  p.  141. 

Dolichonyx  oryzivorus  and  Porzana  Carolina  known  as  "Ortolans  ",  but  shown 
to  be  distinct  from  the  true  Ortolan  (Emberiza  hortulana). 

1873.  [ANON.]     [Birds  of  Florida.]     <  Am.  Sportsman,  iii,  1873,  p.  165;  see, 
also,  iv,  1874,  p.  41. 
Advance  notice  of  C.  J.  MAYNARD'S  Birds  of  Florida. 

1873.  [ANON.]    The  Buds  of  Florida.    < Forest  and  Stream,  i,  Oct.  16,  1873, 
p.  158. 
Review  of  first  two  parts  of  The  Birds  of  Florida,  by  C.  J.  Maynard. 

1873.  [ANON.]     [Instances  of  albinism.]     <  Forest  and  Stream,  i,  Dec.  4, 

1873,  p.  263. 
1873.  [ANON. — HALLOCK,   C.]      Migrations    of  Birds  and  the  Telegraph. 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  i,  Dec.  24,  1873,  p.  312. 

1873.  [ANON.]    Introduction  of  European  Birds  in  the  United  States  for 
Economic  Purposes.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.,  viii,  1873,  p.  3696. 
From  Nature,  Aug.  14, 1873. 

1873.  BAIRD,  S.  F.,  and  RIDGWAY,  R.  On  some  new  Forms  of  American 
Birds.  <  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  No.  12,  Dec.,  1873,  pp.  197-201. 

"Continued  from  the  October  number  of  the  American  Naturalist,  vii,  1873." 
We  have  here  the  original  preliminary  notices,  published  to  secure  priority,  of 
various  spp.  ostensibly  described  as  new  in  the  History  of  North  American  Birds, 
which  appeared  very  shortly  afterward.  The  paper  was  prepared  by  the  junior 
author,  and  the  following  new  names  are  his,  with  three  exceptions  : — Leucosticte 
tephrocotis  var.  australis  Allen,  Ammodromus  maritimus  var.  nigrescens,  Zono- 
trichia  leucophrys  var.  intermedia,  Pooapiza  belli  var.  nevadensis,  Dolichonyx  ory- 
zivorus  var.  albinucha,  p.  198  ;  Perisoreus  canadensis  var.  capitalis  Bd.,  P.  cana- 
densis  var.  obscurus,  Cyanocitta  ultramarina  var.  arizonce,  O.  Jloridana  var.  sumi- 
chrasti,  Canace  obscura  \ar.fuliginosa,  Cupidonia  cupido  var.  pallidicincta,  p.  199; 
Strix  flammea  var.  guatemalce,  Syrnium  nebidosum  var.  sartorii,  Scops  asio  var. 
floridanus,  S.  asio  var.  enano  Lawr.,  MS.,  p.  200  ;  Falco  communis  var.  pealei,  F. 
columbarium  var.  suckleyi,  p.  201.— See  1873,  RIDGWAY,  R. 

1873.  BATTY,  J.  H.     The  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  i, 
Aug.  28,  1873,  p.  35. 
Some  rare  birds  of  Colorado. 

1873.  BREWER,  T.  M.  The  Avifauna  of  Colorado.  <  Am.  Nat,  vii,  1873, 
pp.  631, 632. 

Reply  to  E.  Coues's  criticism  of  his  editorship  of  the  paper  on  this  subject, 
Proc.  Bost.  Soc.,  xv,  1872,  pp.  193-210.— See  1872,  HOLDEN,  C.  H. 

1873.  BREWER,  T.  M.  Description  of  some  Nests  and  Eggs  of  Arizona  Birds. 
<  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvi,  1873,  pp.  106-111. 

From  Lieut.  C.  Bendire's  collection.  14  spp.,  several  described  for  the  first 
time.  For  "  Myiadestes  townsendii" read  Phcenopepla nitens ;  for  " Carpodacua 
cassinii  "  read  C.frontalis.  Cf.  COUES,  Am.  Nat.,  viii,  Sept.,  1874,  p.  542. 

1873.  BRUHIN,  T.  A.  Zoologische  Mittheilungen  aus  Wisconsin.  <  Zool. 
Gart.,  xiv,  1875,  pp.  431,  432. 

Mentions  a  very  few  birds. 

1873.  COUES,  E.  A  |  Check  List  |  of  |  North  American  Birds.  |  —  |  By  |  El- 
liott Coues.  |  —  |  Salem.  |  Naturalists'  Agency.  |  1873.  8vo  pamph. 
2  p.  11.,  pp.  1-137  +  2  11. 

The  body  of  the  list  was  printed,  and  some  early  copies  were  distributed,  in 
Dec.,  1873;  but  its  full  publication  was  held  over  until  1874,  to  insert  in  an  ap- 


129] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1873  695 


1873.  COUES,  E. — Continued. 

pendix  some  species  then  about  being  published.  It  is  issued  in  two  forms; 
one,  as  separate  pamphlet,  with  title  as  above;  the  other,  as  forming  the  latter 
half,  separately  paged,  of  the  same  author's  Field  Ornithology  (1874).  The  spe- 
cies are  numbered  consecutively  from  1  to  635,  the  numerous  "varieties"  not 
being  numbered,  excepting  when  a  variety  is  the  only  North  American  repre- 
sentative of  a  species.  The  fossil  spp.  are  29  in  number.  The  List  contains  a 
very  few  species  discovered  since  the  author's  Key  to  North  American  Birds 
was  published;  otherwise,  the  arrangement  and  nomenclature  are  identical  with 
those  of  that  work.  Various  additions  and  corrections,  however,  are  given  in 
the  appendix.  The  names  are  printed  only  on  one  side  of  the  page,  to  leave 
room  for  MS.  notes  and  in  order  that  the  List  may  be  cut  up  for  labelling  pur- 
poses if  desired. 

1873.  COUES,  E.  Report  |  on  the  |  Prybilov  Group,  or  Seal  Islands,  of 
Alaska.  |  By  |  Henry  W.  Elliott,  |  Assistant  Agent  Treasury  De- 
partment. |  —  |  Washington  :  |  Government  Printing  Office.  |  1873. 

1  vol.  oblong  4to  (bound  to  open  portfolio-wise,  size  of  type-bed 
5J  X  8|  inches),  not  paged,  48  full-page  photographic  illustrations, 

2  woodcc.    >  Appendix.    Ornithology  of    the  Prybilov  Islands. 
By  Dr.  Elliott  Coues,  U.  S.  A. 

The  ornithological  portion,  based  on  Mr.  Elliott's  MSS.  and  collections,  con- 
sists of  a  formal  treatise  on  the  birds  of  the  island,  with  considerable  synonymy 
and  other  technicality,  but  with  special  reference  to  the  habits  of  the  species. 
Tringa  ptilocnemis  (nota,  sub  T.  "crassirostris"),  sp.  n.  The  article  is  literally 
reprinted  in  Elliott's  "A  Report  upon  the  Condition  of  Affairs  in  the  Territory 
of  Alaska"  (8vo,  Washington,  1875).  A  digest  of  the  zoological  matter,  includ- 
ing the  ornithology,  with  some  extraneous  matter,  was  published  by  J.  E.  Hart- 
ing  (8vo,  London,  1874,  from  letters  to  The  Field  newspaper).  The  original 
edition  is  very  scarce,  fetching  $50  to  $75.  The  impression  was  of  only  125 
copies,  "75  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  50  to  the  Library  of  Congress," 
and  the  types  wore  distributed  without  stereotyping.  The  work  was  never  in 
the  trade,  the  few  copies  purchasable  mainly  coming  from  a  very  particular 
source.  The  8vo  leprint  of  the  ornithology  is  the  same  as  the  original,  e.  &  o.  e. 

1873.  C[OUES],  E.  New  England  Ornithology.  <  Am.  Nat.,  vii,  1873,  pp. 
42, 43. 

A  review  of  C.  J.  Maynard's  paper,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.' Hist.,  xiv,  1872,  pp, 
356-385,  q.  V. 

1873.  C[OUES],E.  Ornithology  of  the  West.  <  Am.  Nat.,  vii,  1873,  pp. 
221-223. 

A  review  of  J.  A.  Allen's  paper,  Butt.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  iii,  1872,  pp.  113-183. 

1873.  COUES,  E.    Some  United  States  Birds,  New  to  Science,  and  other 

Things  Ornithological.    <  Am.  Nat.,  vii,  1873,  pp.  321-331,  figg.  65-70. 

Based  on  MSS.  and  collections  of  C.  Bendire.    Peuccea  carpalis,  p.  322 ;  Harpo- 

rhynchus  bendirei,  p.  330,  spp.  nil.,  with  field -notes  on  a  dozen  or  more  species, 

and  a  sketch  of  the  genus  Harporhynchus,  with  figg.  of  heads  of  6  spp. 

1873.  C[OUES],E.    New  Avian  Subclass  [Odontoruithes].    <Am.Nat.,\iit 
1873,  p.  364. 
Cf.  MARSH,  torn,  tit.,  115;  Am.J<nirn.Sci.,  Feb.,  1873. 

1873.  C[OUES],  E.  Color-variation  in  Birds  Dependent  upon  Climatic  Influ- 
ences. < Am.  Nat.,  vii,  July,  1873,  pp.  415-418. 

A  criticism  of  R.  Ridgway's  paper  on  this  subject,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  iv,  1872,  pp. 
454-460,  and  v,  1873,  pp.  39-44,  g.  v. 


696  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1873  [l30 

1873.  C[OUES],  E.    Late  Local  Lists.    <Am.  Nat.,  vii,  1873,  pp.  418-421. 

Reviews  of  W.  H.  Ball,  Proc.  Gala.  Acad.,  Feb  ,  1873 ;  and  of  C.  J.  Holden,  Jr., 
and  C.  E.  Aiken,  ed.  T.  M.  Brewer,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.,  xv,  1872,  p.  193,  and  of  "W. 
D.  Scott,  ibid.,  p.  219. 

1873.  COUES,  E.  Notes  OD  Two  little-known  Birds  of  the  United  States. 
<  Am.  Nat.,  vii,  Nov.,  1873,  pp.  695-697. 

Field  observations  on  Centronyx  bairdi  and  Neocorys  spraguii. 

1873.  COUES,  E.  Specimens  of  Bird  Architecture.  <^Am.  Sportsman,  iii, 
1873,  pp.  129,  245, 313  ;  iv,  p.  19. 

Nests  of  Icterus  baltimore,  Ginclus  mexicanus,  Chcetura  pelasgia,  and  the  group 
of  burrow-nesters. 

1873.  DALL,  W.  H.  Notes  on  the  Avifauna  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  from 
Unalashka  Eastward.  <Proc.  California  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  v,>April, 
1873  (pub.  in  advance  separately  with  different  pagination,  Feb., 
1873),  pp.  25-35. 

Field-notes  on  54  spp.,  chiefly  water  birds.    See  1874,  DALL,  W.  H. 
1873.  EDITORS.    The  Game  Birds  of  the  Northwest  [United  States].     <  Am. 
Nat.,  vii,  1873,  pp.  314, 315. 

Notice  of  a  circular  on  this  subject  distributed  by  E.  Coues  to  officers  of  the 
U.  S.  Army,  calling  for  information. 

1873.  FINSCH,  O.    [Reisebericbt  tiber  Nord-Amerika.]    <  J.f.  0.,  1873,  pp. 

458-460. 
1873.  GENTRY,  T.  G.     [On  the  molestation  of  certain  Birds  by  Sciurus  hud- 

sonius.  ]    <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  xxv,  1873,  pp.  101, 102. 
1873.  HERRICK,  HAROLD.     A  partial    Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Grand 

Menan,  N.  B.    <  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  No.  2,  Mar.,  1873,  pp.  28-41. 
194  spp.,  fully  annotated. 

1873.  LOCKWOOD,  S.  Our  native  Birds  [i  e.  of  the  United  States]  acquiring 
new  habits.  <Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  Mar.,  1873,  p.  633. 

1873.  MARSH,  O.  C.    Notice  of  a  new  Species  of  Ichthyornis  [I.  celer].    <^Am. 
Journ.  Sci.,  v,  1873,  p.  74. 
Afterward  made  the  basis  of  the  genus  Apatornis. 

1873.  MARSH,  O.  C.  On  a  New  Subclass  of  Fossil  Birds  (Odontornithes). 
<Am.  Journ.  Scl,  v,  1873,  App.,  pp.  161-163. 

Based  on  Ichthyornis  dispar.  The  former  Ichthyornis  celer  of  Marsh  is  made 
the  type  of  a  new  genus,  Apatornis,  p.  162. 

1873.  MARSH,  O.  C.  Fossil  Birds  from  the  Cretaceous  of  North  America. 
<Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  v,  1873,  pp.  229, 230. 

List  from  COUES'B  Key  to  N.  Am.  Birds,  with  additions  to  date,  13  spp.  Gracit- 
lavus  agttis,  p.  230,  sp.  n. 

1873.  MARSH,  O.  C.  Notice  of  a  New  and  Eemarkable  Fossil  Bird  [Ichthy- 
ornis dispar].  <Am.  Nat.,  vii,  1873,  p.  50. 

Editorial  extract  from  Am.  Journ.  Sci. 

1873.  MARSH,  O.  C.  On  a  New  Sub-class  of  Fossil  Birds  (Odontornithes). 
<Am.  Nat.,  vii,  1873,  pp.  115-117. 

Reprinted  from  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  for  Feb.,  1873,  pp.  161-163. 

1873.  MAYNARD,  C.  J.  The  Strange  and  Rare  Birds  of  North  America. 
<Jw.  Sportsman,  ii,  1873,  p.  155 ;  iii,  1873,  pp.  10, 36, 66,  115. 

Plotus  anhinga,  Sula  bassana,  Utamania  torda,  Tachypetes  aquilus,  TJiia  troite, 
Larus  tridactylus. 


13l]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1873  697 

1873.  MERRIAM,  C.  H.  Report  on  the  Mammals  and  Birds  of  the  Expedi- 
tion [Hayden's,  of  1872,  which  surveyed  portions  of  Montana,  Idaho, 
Wyoming,  and  Utah].  <  Sixth  Annual  Rep.  U.  S.  Geological  Survey 
of  the  Territories  for  1872, 1873,  pp.  661-715. 

Birds  at  pp.  670-715.  A  systematic  list  of  the  species,  with  tables  of  speci- 
mens procured,  annotated  extensively  with  field-notes,  to  p.  704.  Follows  a 
similar  article  on  the  nests  and  eggs  collected,  to  p.  712.  Succeeded  by  separate 
nominal  lists  of  species  found  in  Idaho  and  "Wyoming  respectively,  pp.  712,  713. 
Concluded  with  a  compiled  nominal  list  of  all  the  species  known  to  occur  in 
Utah,  176  in  number.  The  determinations  are  understood  to  have  been  made 
under  Smithsonian  supervision. 

1873.  MONTEBELLO,  G.  DE.  Sur  quelques  aiiiinaux  de  1'Ame'rique  du  Nord. 
Extrait  d'une  lettre  adresse"e  a  M.  A.  Geoffrey  Saint-Hilaire. 

<  Bull.  Soc.  Acclim.,  2e  s^r.,  x,  1873,  pp.  381-384. 

Traite  presque  entierement  de  divers  Oiseaux,  Tetrao  cnpido,  T.  umbellus, 
Meleagris,  Ortyx,  quelqueB  6chassiers  et  canards. 

1873.  N[EWCOMB],    R.    L.      [Rare    birds    on    the    Massachusetts    coast.] 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  i,  Dec.  11, 1873,  p.  278. 

1873.  PURDIE,  H.  A.    Notes  on  some  of  the  Rarer  Birds  of  Massachusetts. 

<  Am.  Nat.,  vii,  1873,  pp.  692, 693. 
Mention  of  about  25  spp. 

1873.  RIDGWAY,  R.  The  Prairie  Birds  of  Southern  Illinois.  <  Am.  Nat., 
vii,  1873,  pp.  195-203. 

95  spp.  observed  in  two  visits;  about  140,  of  which  25  are  water  birds,  breed 
in  the  locality. 

1873.  RIDGWAY,  R.  The  Relation  between  the  Color  and  the  Geographical 
Distribution  of  Birds.  <  Am.  Nat.,  vii,  Sept.,  1873,  pp.  548-555. 

Chiefly  controversial,  being  a  rejoinder  to  E.  Coues's  criticism,  op.  cit.,  pp.  415- 
418,  of  the  paper  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  iv,  1872,  pp.  454-460;  v,  Jan.,  1873,  pp.  39-44, 
q.v. 

1873.  RIDGWAY,  R.  On  some  New  Forms  of  [chiefly  North]  American 
Birds.  <  Am.  Nat.,  vii,  Oct.,  1873,  pp.  602-619. 

CatherpesmexicanusvSiT.  conspersus,  p.  603;  Helminthophagacclatav&r.  lute-^cens, 
p.  606  ;  Dendroica  vieillotii  var.  bryanti,  p.  606 ;  Dendroica  dominica  var.  albilora 
"Baird",  p.  606;  Dendroica  gracice  var.  decora,  p.  608;  Myiodioctes  pusillus  var. 
pileolata  (ex  Pallas),  p.  608;  Collurio  ludovicianus  var.  robustus  "Baird"  [—  ele- 
gans  Bd.,  nee  Sw.],  p.  609;  Certhiola  newtoni  "Baird",  p.  611;  C.caboti,  C.barba- 
densis,  C.  frontalis  Baird,  p.  C12;  Junco  aikeni,  p.  613  [in  type  before,  but  not 
described,  from  Ridgway's  MSS.,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.,  xv,  1872,  p.  201];  Peuccea  cesti- 
valis  var.  arizonce,  p.  616,  are  the  new  species  or  varieties.  Analytical  synopses 
of  Certhiola,  Junco,  and  Cardinalis  are  introduced,  the  former  being  by  S.  F.  Baird. 
—These  novelties  are  those  then  about  to  appear  in  the  Hist.  N.  A.  Birds,  the 
notices  being  anticipatory,  to  secure  priority ;  the  article  is  virtually  continued  in 
Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  Dec.,  1873,  pp.  197-201.  See  1873,  BAIED,  S.  F.,  and  RIDG- 
WAY, R. 

1873.  RIDGWAY,  R.  Notes  on  the  Bird-fauna  of  the  Salt  Lake  Valley  and 
the  adjacent  portions  of  the  Wahsatch  Mountains.  <^  Bull.  Essex 
Inst.,  v,  No.  11,  Nov.,  1873,  pp.  168-173. 

Based  on  the  same  material  that  was  afterward  fully  elaborated  in  Clarence 
King's  Report  of  the  Survey  of  the  Fortieth  Parallel.  See  1877,  same  author. 

1873.  RIDGWAY,  R.  The  Birds  of  Colorado.  <  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  No.  11, 
Nov.,  1873,  pp.  174-195. 

An  elaborate  paper,  giving  a  resume  of  our  present  knowledge.  1.  Eastern 
species  found  in  Colorado,  30.  2.  Others  found  at  more  western  points,  not  yet 


698  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1873  [i32 

1873.  RIDGWAY,  R.— Continued. 

detected  in  Colorado,  15.  3.  Species  of  the  southern  border  of  the  United  States 
found  in  Colorado,  10.  Western  species  found  in  Colorado  not  occurring  in  cor- 
responding latitudes  in  the  Great  Basin,  5.  Complete  catalogue  of  Colorado 
birds,  distinguishing  the  breeders,  and  indicating  their  range  in  the  breeding 
season,  243  spp.  Critical  notes  on  sundry  spp.,  pp.  189-195. 

1873.  RIDGWAY,  R.  The  grouse  and  quails  of  North  America.  Discussed 
in  relation  to  their  variation  with  habitat.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  i, 
Dec.  18, 1873,  p.  289. 

1873.  RIDGWAY,  R.    The  Relation  between  the  Colour  and  Geographical 
Distribution  of  Birds.    <  Zoologist,  2d  ser.,  viii,  1873,  pp.  3790-3797. 
Reprinted  from  the  American  Naturalist,  Sept.,  1873,  pp.  548-555,  q.  v. 

1873.  SCOTT,  W.  D.  Partial  List  of  the  Summer  Birds  of  Kanawha  County, 
West  Virginia ;  with  Annotations.  <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
xv,  1873,  pp.  219-227. 

86  species. 

1873.  "  SNAP  SHOT."  Quail  vs.  Partridge— Esquimaux  Curlew.  <  Am. 
Sportsman,  iii,  1873,  p.  11.  See,  also,  p.  106. 

Inquiries  concerning  proper  name  of  Ortyx  virginiana,  answered  by  Prof.  S. 
F.  Baird.— Numenlus  borealis  breeds  in  Wyoming. 

1873.  SNOW,  F.  H.  Harlan's  Hawk  and  the  Mexican  Cormorant.  <  Am. 
Nat.,  vii,  1873,  pp.  172, 173. 

The  birds  named  Harlan's  Hawk  and  Florida  Cormorant  in  his  catalogue  of 
Kansas  birds  prove,  upon  examination  by  S.  F.  Baird,  to  be  Buteo  harlani  indeed, 
but  Graculus  mexicanus  instead  of  Q.  Jloridanus. 

1873.  SNOW,  F.  H.  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Kansas.  <  Trans.  Kansas 
State  Board  of  Agriculture  (comprising  Trans.  Kans.  Acad.  Sci.)for 

1872,  April,  1873,  pp.  375-386.    Also,  a  few  separate  overshoots,  re- 
paged,  pp.  12. 

The  only  change  from  the  previous  "second  edition"  (of  which  this  is  a  re- 
print) is  at  No.  41,  by  insertion  of  Colaptes  mexicanus  ;  O,  hybridus,  No.  41  of  2d 
ed.,  being  reduced  to  No.  40".  282  spp. ;  to  this  state  of  the  list  additions  were 
made  in  1874,  q.  v. 

1873.  TRIPPE,  T.  M.    The  Irregular  Migrations  of  Birds.    <  Am.  Nat.,  vii, 

1873,  pp.  389-394. 

On  some  of  the  causes  of  disturbances  in  the  movements  of  birds,  with  refer- 
ence to  North  American  spp. 

1873.  TRIPPE,  T.  M.    Ornithological  Queries.    <  Am.  Nat.,  vii,  1873,  p.  498. 
Asks  for  information  on  the  geographical  distribution  of  9  N.  Am.  birds. 

1873.  TRIPPE,  T.  M.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Southern  Iowa.  <  Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xv,  1873,  pp.  229-242. 

162  spp.,  annotated  with  many  interesting  observations. 

1873.  VERKILL,  A.  E.  Key  to  North  American  Birds.  ...  By  Dr.  Elliott 
Coues,  U.  S.  A.  <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  v,  1873,  pp.  314, 315. 

Review  of  the  work  of*  that  name. 

1873.  "  VETERAN."  Our  Game  Birds.  <  Am.  Sportsman,  ii,  1873,  p.  170  (see, 
also,  iii,  1873,  p.  11) ;  iii,  1873,  pp.  6,  124,  326. 

On  Nuineniws  borealis,  Charadrius  marmoratus  (i.  e.  0.  fulvus  var.  virginicus), 
Meleagris  gallopavo,  Cygnus  buccinator,  etc. 


133] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1874  699 


1874.  "  ALASKA."  [H.  W.  ELLIOTT.]  A  Ton  of  Bird's  Eggs  Picked  up  in  an 
Hour.  <  Am.  Sportsman,  iv,  1874,  p.  170. 

Visit  to  the  breeding  grounds  of  Laridce,  Oraculidaz,  etc.,  along  the  shores  of 
Behring's  Strait. 

1874.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  Laws  of  Geographical  Variation  in  North  American 
Mammals  and  Birds.  <  Am.  Nat.,  viii,  1874,  pp.  227-229. 

Chiefly  controversial,  with  reference  to  E.  Cones,  op.  cit.,  July,  1873,  pp.  415-418, 
and  R.  Ridgway,  ibid.,  Sept.,  1873,  pp.  548-555. 

1874.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    Geographical    Variation  in    North    American    Birds. 
<  Am.  Nat.,  viii,  1874,  pp.  534-541. 
Reprinted  from  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xv,  1872,  pp.  212-219. 

1874.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  Notes  on  the  Natural  History  of  Portions  of  Dakota 
and  Montana  Territories,  being  the  substance  of  a  Report  to  the 
Secretary  of  War  on  the  Collections  made  by  the  North  Pacific  Rail- 
road expedition  of  1873,  Gen.  D.  S.  Stanley,  Commander.  <  Proc. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  1874,  pp.  33-86.  Also  separately  published, 
8vo,  Boston,  1874,  pp.  1-61. 

Ill,  Report  on  the  Birds,  pp.  44-68.  118  spp.,  fully  annotated ;  the  list  preceded 
by  general  considerations  of  the  avifauna  of  the  region,  and  several  partial  local 
lists.  An  important  contribution.  Cf.  Zool.  Rec.for  1874,  p.  31. 

1874.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.    Field  Ornithology.    <  Am  Nat.,  viii,  1874,  pp.  418-420. 
A  review  of  E.  Coues's  work  of  that  name  (8vo,  Salem,  1874). 

1874.  [ANON.]  [Birds  of  North  America.]  <  Am.  Sportsman,  iii,  1874, 
pp.  229,265. 

Notices  of  first  four  parts  of  Birds  of  North  America,  by  Theodore  Jasper. 
The  second  notice  expresses  opinions  diametrically  opposed  to  those  of  the  first. 

1874.  [ANON.]  [A  History  of  North  American  Birds.]  <^Am.  Sportsman, 
iii,  1873-74,  p.  349.  See,  also,  p.  412. 

Being  a  review  of  A  History  of  North  American  Birds,  by  Baird,  Brewer,  and 
Ridgway,  4to,  vols.  I-III,  Boston,  1874. 

1874.  [ANON.]     [Field  Ornithology.]     <T  Am.  Sportsman,  iv,  1874,  p.  25. 
Review  of  Dr.  Elliott  Coues's  Meld  Ornithology,  8vo,  Salem,  1874. 

1874.  [ANON.]  [Review  of]  An  Annotated  History  of  the  Birds  of  Utah. 
By  H.  W.  Henshaw.  <  Am.  Sportsman,  iv,  1874,  p.  235. 

1874.  [ANON.]  [Painstaking  persistence  of  Audubon.J  <^  Am.  Sportsman, 
iv,  1874,  p.  394. 

Anecdote  copied  from  Trenton  (N.  J.)  State  Gazette. 

1874.  [ANON.]  American  Wild-fowl  Shooting,  [etc.]  <^Am.  Sportsman, 
v,  Nov.  7,  1874,  p.  89. 

Review  of  American  Wild-fowl  Shooting,  by  Joseph  W.  Long,  New  York, 
1874,  12mo,  pp.  285. 

1874.  [ANON.  3  [Food  of  various  insectivorous  birds,  with  remarks  on 
the  utility  of  Turdus  migratorius  and  Corvus  americanus.]  <  Am. 
Sportsman,  v,  Nov.  21,  1874,  p.  124. 

1874.  [ANON.]    A  new  work  on  Ornithology.    <  Am.  Sportsman,  v,  Dec.  5, 
1874,  p.  145. 
Preliminary  notice  of  COUES'S  Birds  of  the  Northwest. 


700  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1874  [l34 

1874.  [ANON.]    The  Birds  of  North  America.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  i,  Jan.  1, 
1874,  p.  333.    See,  also,  p.  348. 
Eeview  of  The  Birds  of  North  America,  by  Theodore  Jasper. 

1874.  [ANON.]  Key  to  North  American  Birds,  [etc.]  <  Forest  and  Stream,  \, 
Jan.  29,  1874,  p.  398. 

Eeview  of  Key  to  North  American  Birds,  by  Dr.  Elliott  Cones,  8vo,  Salem,  1873. 
1874.  [ANON.]    Field  Ornithology.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  ii,  April  9,  1874, 
p.  141. 

Review  of  Field  Ornithology,  a  Manual,  etc.,  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues,  8vo, 
Salem,  1874. 

1874.  [ANON.]  History  of  North  American  Birds.  <^  Forest  and  Stream,  ii, 
April  30,  1874,  p.  179. 

Eeview  of  vol.  Ill  of  the  History  of  North  American  Birds,  by  S.  F.  Baird,  E. 
Eidgway,  and  T.  M.  Brewer. 

1874.  [ANON.]  The  Introduction  of  Singing  Birds  into  the  Country  [i.  e.,  the 
United  States].  <  Forest  and  Stream,  ii,  June  4, 1874,  p.  264. 

Account  of  labors  of  Cincinnati  (Ohio)  Acclimation  Society. 

1874.  [ANON.]    Field  Ornithology.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  ii,  July  2,  1874, 
p.  332. 
Eeview  of  Field  Ornithology,  by  Elliott  Coues,  8vo,  Salem,  1874. 

1874.  [ANON.]     An  Annotated  List  of  the  Birds  of  Utah.     ^Forest  and 
Stream,  ii,  July  30,  1874,  p.  387. 
Eeview  of  pamphlet  (title  as  above),  by  H.  W.  Henshaw,  8vo,  Salem,  1874. 

1874.  [ANON.]  Les  Oiseaux  Insectivores.  <  Naturallste  Canad.,  vi,  1874,  pp. 
205-2^4,250-253. 

1874.  BAIRD,  S.  F.,  BREWER,  TM.,and  RIDGWAY,R.  A  |  History  |  of  |  North 
American  Birds  |  by  |  S.  F.  Baird,  T.  M.  Brewer,  and  R.  Ridgway  | 
Land  Birds  |  Illustrated  by  64  colored  plates  and  593  woodcuts  j 
Volume  I  [-III].  |  [Vignette.]  |  Boston  |  Little,  Brown,  and  Com- 
pany |  1874  3vols.  sm.4to.  Vol.  I,  pp.  i-xxviii,  1-596,  i-vi,  cuts, 
and  pll.  i-xxvi.  Vol.  II,  3  p.  11.,  pp.  1-590,  i-vi,  cuts,  and  pll.  xxvii-lvi. 
Vol.  Ill,  3  p.  11.,  pp.  1-560,  1  1.,  i-xxviii,  cuts,  and  pll.  Ivii-lxiv. 

The  whole  dates  1874,  and  appeared  about  December  of  that  year.  The  work 
has  not  been  completed  by  the  voL  or  vols.  on  the  Water  Birds.  It  is  issued 
with  plain  or  colored  plates ;  in  some  copies,  the  woodcuts  in  text  are  also  colored. 
A  considerable  portion  of  the  woodcuts  are  the  same  as  those  of  Baird  ed. 
Cooper's  Ornithology  of  California,  for  which  they  were  originally  prepared ; 
most  of  the  rest  are  original ;  but  some,  drawn  by  Wolf  and  engraved  by 
Whymper,  first  published  in ' '  British  Birds  and  their  Haunts  ",  were  furnished  by 
the  London  Soc.  for  Diff.  Christian  Knowledge ;  and  others,  prepared  for  an  ined. 
work  on  the  birds  of  Germany,  by  Blasius,  were  obtained  from  Messrs.  Vieweg  & 
Sohn  of  Braunschweig.  Nearly  all  the  drawings  of  the  full-length  figures  were 
made  on  wood  by  E.  L.  Sheppard  of  Philadelphia,  while  the  heads  were  exe- 
cuted mostly  by  H.  W.  Elliott  and  E.  Eidgway ;  both  series  were  engraved  by 
H.  H.  Nichols  of  Washington.  The  generic  outlines  (cuts  in  text)  were  drawn 
by  A.  L.  Schonborn  and  engraved  by  the  Jewett  process.  "  The  technical  or 
descriptive  matter  of  the  present  work  has  been  prepared  by  Messrs.  Baird  and 
Eidgway,  that  relating  to  the  Raptores  entirely  by  Mr.  Eidgway ;  and  all  the 
accounts  of  the  habits  of  the  species  are  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Brewer.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  matter  supplied  by  these  gentlemen,  Professor  Theodore  N.  Gill  has 
furnished  that  portion  of  the  Introduction  defining  the  class  of  Birds  as  compared 
with  other  vertebrates  j  while  to  Dr.  Coues  is  to  be  given  the  entire  credit  for 


135] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1§?4  701 


1874.  BAIRD,  S.  F.,  BREWER,  T.  M.,  and  RIDGWAY,  R.— Continued. 

the  pages  embracing  the  tables  of  Orders  and  Families,  as  well  as  for  the  Glos- 
sary beginning  on  page  535  of  Vol.  III."— (Extract  from  Preface.) 

For  the  biographies  of  the  species,  the  most  productive  source  of  informa- 
tion "has  been  the  great  amount  of  manuscript  contained  in  the  archives  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  the  form  of  correspondence,  elaborate  reports,  and 
the  field  notes  of  collectors  and  travellers,  the  use  of  which  for  the  present  work, 
has  been  liberally  allowed  by  Professor  Henry.  By  far  the  most  important  of 
these  consist  of  notes  made  by  the  late  Robert  Kennicott  in  British  America, 
and  received  from  him  and  other  gentlemen  in  the  Hudson  Bay  Territory,  who 
were  brought  into  intimate  relationship  with  the  Smithsonian  Institution  through 
Mr.  Kennicott's  efforts.  .  .  .  Equally  serviceable  has  been  the  information  re- 
ceived from  the  region  of  the  Yukon  River  and  Alaska  generally,  including  the 
Aleutian  Islands,  .  .  .  "—(Preface.)  In  elaborating  these  materials,  Dr.  Brewer 
further  supplements  his  own  knowledge  with  information  derived  from  the  pub- 
lished notes  of  the  naturalists  of  the  Pacific  Rail  road  and  other  Western  Surveys, 
and  from  the  general  literature  of  the  subject,  with  less  thorough  digestion  of 
these  materials  than  might  be  desired. 

It  has  apparently  been  deemed  advisable,  in  a  work  of  this  character,  to  reduce 
the  synonymatic  and  bibliographical  matter  to  its  lowest  terms. 

The  technical  matter  (diagnostic  and  descriptive)  is  based,  and  for  the  most 
part  derived,  from  BAIRD'S  B.  N.  A.,  1858,  and  Review,  1864-66 ;  the  specific  char- 
acters, etc.,  being  often  directly  transferred  from  those  works  to  the  present,  with 
such  addition  or  modification  as  might  be  required.  To  this  statement  is  to  be 
excepted  the  whole  of  Mr.  Ridgway's  extensive  monograph  of  the  Kaptores,  and 
Prof.  Baird's  article  on  Certhiola,  which  latter  apparently  represents  a  before 
unpublished  continuation  of  his  Review ;  with  the  further  and  principal  excep- 
tion of  Mr.  Ridgway's  numerous  elaborate  analytical  tables,  which  include,  as 
a  rule,  not  only  the  N.  Am.  species,  but  also  their  Cent,  and  S.  Am.  allies. 

The  classification  and  general  arrangement  accord  in  the  main  with  those 
previously  used  by  Baird ;  but  the  nomenclature  and  details  of  the  handling  of 
the  birds  are  very  different,  numerous  reputed  species  being  reduced  to  "  vari- 
eties", according  to  the  prevalent  views  of  what  is  sometimes  called  in  Eng- 
land the ''American  School".  The  result  in  this  regard  agrees  more  closely 
with  that  exhibited  in  the  present  writer's  Key  of  1872,  Checklist  of  1873,  and 
B.  N.  W.  of  1874.  In  addition  to  the  various  novel  combinations  of  generic,  specific, 
and  varietal  terms  resulting  from  this,  the  following  species  or  varieties  are 
named  as  new ;  but  most  of  them  were  actually  published  previously  by  Mr. 
Ridgway  in  the  Amer.  Nat.,  vii,  1873,  pp.  602-619,  and  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1873, 
pp.  197-201,  qq.  vv.  :— 

Vol.  I. — Harporhynchus  curvirostris  vaf.palmeri  R.,  p.  36;  Catherpes  mexicanus 
var.  conspersus  R.,  p.  138 ;  Helminthophaga  ruficapilla  varr.  ocularis  and  gutturalis 
R.,  p.  191 ;  H.  celata  varr.  lutescens  and  obscura  R.,  p.  192;  Dendroica  vieilloti  var. 
bryanti  R.,  p.  218 ;  D.  dominica  var.  albilora  R.,  p.  220 ;  D.  gracice  var.  decora  R., 
p.  220 ;  Qeoihlypis  poliocephala  var.  caninucha  R.,  p.  296 ;  Vireosylvia  calidris  var. 
barbadense  R.,  p.  359;  V.  magister'B.,  p.  359;  Collurio  ludovicianus  var.  robustus 
B.,p.  413  (=  clcgans  Bd.,  1858-66) ;  Certhiola  caboti,  O.  newtoni  B,  p.  427;  C.  bar- 
badensis  frontalis  B.,  p.  428;  Hesperiphona  vetpertina  var.  montana  R.,  p.  449; 
Coturniculus passerinus  var.  perpallidus  R.,  p.  549 ;  Junco  hyemalis  var.  aikeni  R., 
p.  579  (first  published  by  Aiken  in  I'r.  Bost  Soc.,  1872) ;  Poospiza  belli  var.  neva- 
densis  R.,  p.  590. 

Vol.  II.—Melo8piza  melodia  var.  mexicana  R.,  p.  18;  Peuccea  cestivalis  var. 
arizonce  R.,  p.  38 ;  Hedymeles  melanocephalus  var.  capitalis  R.,  p.  70 ;  Cardinalis 
virginianus  var.  coccineus  R.,  p.  99 ;  Cyanurus  stelleri  var.  frontalis  R.,  p.  272 ; 
Cyanocitta  californica  var.  sumichrasti  R.,  p.  283;  O.  ultramarina  var.  sordida  R., 
p.  284;  Perisoreus  canadensis  var.  obscurus  R.,  p.  298;  var.  capitalis  B.,  p.  298; 
Empidonax  brunneus  R.,  p.  363  (=  Empidochanes  fuscus) ;  E.  axillaris  R.,  p.  363 
(=  Empid.  atbigularis  Scl.) ;  Helanerpesformicivorus  var.  striatipectus  R.,  p.  561. 

Vol.  III.— Strix  flammea  var.  guatemalce  R.,  p.  11 ;  Syrnum  nebulosum  var. 
sartorii  R.,  p.  29;  Seeps  asio  var.  floridanus  R.,  p.  48;  S.  asio  var.  enanoLawr., 


702  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1874  [l36 

1874.  BAIRD,  S.  F.,  BREWER,  T.  M.,  and  RIDGWAY,  R.— Continued. 

MSS.,p.  48;  Spheotyto  (sic)  cunicularia  var.  guadeloupensis  R.,p.  90;  Antenor  R., 
g.  n.,  p.  105;  Rhynchofalco  R.,  g.  n.,  p.  107;  Falco  communis  var.  pealei  R.,  p.  129 ; 
F.  lithofalco  var.  suckleyi  R.,  p.  143 ;  "  Parabuteo  "  (=  Antenor)  R.,  p.  250 ;  Pseudo- 
gryphus,  Rhinogryphus,  gg.  nn.,  R.,  p.  337  ;  Dendragapus  obscurus  var.  fuliginosus 
R.,  p.  421 ;  Cupidonia  cupido  var.  pallidicinetus  R.,  p.  440.  Appendix  I,  "  Addi- 
tions and  Corrections,"  reviews  the  matter  of  all  three  vols.  Zonotrichia  leu- 
cophrys  var.  intermedia  R.,  p.  514.  Appendix  II,  Explanation  of  terms  used  in 
describing  the  external  form  of  birds  (after  Sundevall). — Glossary  of  technical 
terms  used  in  descriptive  ornithology  (by  Cones).— Indexes. 

1874.  "BOONE."     [JOSHUA  COOKE.]     An  April  Morning  on  the  Prairie. 
<  Am.  Sportsman,  iv,  1874,  p.  131. 

1874.  BREWSTER,  W.  Some  Observations  on  the  Birds  of  Ritchie  County, 
West  Virginia.  <  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  T.,  xi,  1874,  pp.  129-146. 

100  spp.,  well  annotated,  with  field-notes,  in  some  cases  amounting  to  biograph- 
ical sketches.     Cf.  COUES,  Am.  Nat.,  ix,  1875,  p.  570, 571. 

1874.  COOK,  A.  J.    Birds  and  Caterpillars.     <  Am.  Nat.,  viii,  1874,  p.  368. 

Coccyzus  erythrophthalmus,  Turdus  migratorius,  Cyanura  cristata,  what  larvae 
they  respectively  devour. 

1874.  COTJES,  E.  Department  of  the  Interior.  |  United  States  Geologi- 
cal Survey  of  the  Territories,  j  F.  V.  Hay  den,  U.  S.  Geologist-in- 
Charge.  |  —  |  Miscellaneous  Publications — No.  3.  |  —  |  Birds  of  the 
Northwest :  j  A  Hand-book  |  of  |  The  Ornithology  |  of  the  |  Region 
drained  by  the  Missouri  River  |  and  its  Tributaries.  |  —  |  By  Elliott 
Coues,  Captain  and  Assistant  Sargeon  U.  S.  Army.  |  —  |  Washing- 
ton :  |  Government  Printing  Office.  |  1874.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  xii,  791. 
A  general  account,  chiefly  biographical,  in  greater  or  less  detail,  of  about  450 
spp.  of  the  Missouri  region,  and  various  others,  being  a  large  majority  of  North 
American  birds ;  with  special  reference  to  geographical  distribution,  very  exten- 
sive synonynaatic  tables,  and  lists  of  specimens  collected  on  various  expeditions 
to  which  F.  V.  Hayden  was  attached,  or  of  which  he  was  in  charge.  The  matter 
is  sufficiently  miscellaneous  to  partake  somewhat  of  an  encyclopedic  character. 
The  families  Laridce,  Colymbidce,  and  Podicipidce  are  treated  monographically 
with  reference  to  the  North  American  species.  The  classification  and  nomen- 
clature are  substantially  those  of  the  same  author's  Key  and  Checklist.  The  Intro- 
duction is  dated  at  Fort  Randall,  Dakota,  May  13,  1873;  the  work,  how- 
ever, was  almost  entirely  penned  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  in  the  winter  of  1873-74, 
and  run  through  the  press  by  December,  1874.  New  genera  are  -.—Amphispiza,  p. 
234,  type  Emberiza  bilineata  Cass. ;  JEchmorhynchus,  p.  506,  type  Tringa  parviros- 
trig  Peale. — Eremophila  leucolcema,  n.  v.,  p.  38.  Many  new  names  result  from 
rectification  of  t-ynonymy,  some  of  which  only  occur  in  the  Index.  Cf.  Amer. 
Sportsm.,  Dec.  5, 1874 ;  Denver  (Col.)  Daily  News,  Dec.  3, 1874 ;  Washington  (D.  C.) 
Capital,  MAT.  21, 1815;  Chicago  Inter  Ocean,  Mar.  20, 1875 ;  Frank  Cowan's  Paper, 
May  22, 1875;  Forest  and  Stream,  Apr.  15, 1875;  Eod  and  Gun,  Apr.  17, 1875;  Har- 
per's Weekly,  Apr.  10, 1875;  The  Nation,  Apr.  8, 1875;  Rod  and  Gun,  May  22, 1875 ; 
N.  T.  Independent,  Aug.  12, 1875;  Atlantic  Monthly,  Sept.,  1875;  London  Saturday 
Review,  Aug.  28, 1875 ;  Popular  Science  Review,  late  in  1875 ;  Ibis,  1875,  pp.  494-498 ; 
Zool.  Rec.  for  1874,  p.  31. 

1874.  COUES,  E.  Fit  Id  |  Ornithology.  |  Comprising  a  |  Manual  of  instruc- 
tion |  for  |  procuring,  preparing  and  preserving  Birds,  and  a  |  Check 
List  of  North  American  Birds.  |  By  |  Dr.  Elliott  Coues,  U.  S. 
A.  |  [Monogram.]  |  Salem:  |  Naturalists' Agency.  |  Boston:  Estes 
&  Lauriat.  j  New  York:  Dodd  &  Mead.  |  1874.  8vo.  pp.i-iv, 
1-116, 1-137,  +  2  11. 


137] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      18T4  703 


1874.  COUES,  E. — Continued. 

The  scope  and  plan  of  this  work  are  sufficiently  indicated  by  the  title ;  it  con- 
tains,  however,  much  matter  not  ordinarily  found  in  works  on  taxidermy,  the 
mere  preparation  of  bird  skins  being  a  minor  consideration.  The  Checklist, 
forming  the  latter  half  of  the  volume,  is  also  issued  as  a  separate  pamphlet,  1873, 
q.  v.  It  gives  ostensibly  635  spp.  of  recent  North  American  birds  (exclusive  of 
numerous  local  races)  and  29  spp.  fossil.  Various  additions  and  corrections  are 
found  in  the  Appendix.  Cf.  Albany  Cultivator,  Apr.  2, 1874 ;  Springfield  Republi- 
can, Apr.  1, 1874;  Amer.  Sportsm.,  Apr.  4, 1874 ;  Boston  Traveller,  Apr.  7, 1874 ;  Bos- 
ton Post,  Apr.  8, 1874 ;  Amer.  Sportsm.,  Apr.  11,  1874 ;  Forest  and  Stream,  Apr.  9, 
1874;  Daily  American  (Lawrence,  Mass.),  Apr.  15,  1674;  N.  Y.  Tribune,  about 
Apr.  18, 1874 ;  Army  and  Navy  Journal,  Apr.  11, 1874  ;  Field  and  Stream,  Apr.  18, 
1874;  Washington  Republican,  May  20, 1874  ;  Forest  and  Stream,  July  2, 1874  ;  At- 
lantic Monthly,  Nov.,  1874,  besides  other  notices  cited  in  this  Bibliography. 

1874.  COUES,  E.  Avifauna  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming.  <  Am.  Nat.,  viii, 
1874,  p.  240. 

Controversial,  with  reference  to  T.  M.  Brewer,  op.  cit.,  vii,  1873,  p.  631. 

1874.  COUES,  E.  Recent  publications  on  Ornithology.  <  Am.  Nat.,  viii, 
1874,  pp.  541-546. 

Reviews  or  shorter  notices  of :— T.  G.  GENTRY,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.,  1873,  pp. 
292,354;  B.  A.  HOOPES,  ibid.,  p.  238 ;  T.  M.  BREWER,  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.,  1873,  p.  106, 
and  ibid.,  xvi,  pt.  ii,  p.  — ;  R.RIDGWAY,  ibid.,  p.  43,  and  Butt.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  pp. 
168-174,197;  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  1874,  p.  364;  H.  TV.  HENSHAW,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist. 
N.  Y.,  1874,  p.  1;  P.L.  HATCH,  Butt.  Minnesota  Acad.,  i,  1874,  p.  50;  G.  N.  LAW- 
RENCE,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.,  ii,  1874,  p.  265 ;  J.  REINHARDT,  Afh.  Vid.  Mtd.  Nat  Foren. 
Kjdb.,  1873,  p.  123 ;  and  JORDAN  &  VAN  VLECK'B  Key  (am.  16mo,  1874). 

1874.  COUES,  E.  On  the  Nesting  of  Certain  Hawks,  etc.  <  Am.  Nat.,  viii, 
1874,  pp.  596-G03. 

Field-notes  on  3  Falconidce  (Falco  communis,  Buteo  swainsoni,  Archibuteoferrugi- 
neus)  and  numerous  other  species  observed  in  Montana  Territory,  U.  S.  The 
notes  on  Falco  "communis"  refer  in  part  to  F.polyagrus. 

1874.  COUES,  E.  The  New  Work  on  Birds.  <  Am.  Sportsman,  iii,  1873-74, 
p.  412. 

Review  of  A  History  of  North  American  Birds  by  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridg- 
way,  giving  basis  and  history  of  the  work. 

1874.  COUES,  E.  Birds  of  Illinois.  <  Field  and  Stream  (newspaper,  Chi- 
cago, 111.),  May  2, 1874. 

A  review  of  R.  RIDGWAY,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.,  x,  1874,  pp.  364-394. 

1874.  DALL,  W.  H.  Notes  on  the  Avifauna  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  espe- 
cially those  West  of  Unalashka.  <  Proc.  Gala.  Acad.  ScL,  pub.  in 
advance,  Mar.  14,  1874,  8vo,  Salem,  Mass.,  pp.  12. 

Excellent  field-notes  on  45  spp.    See  1873,  DALL,  W.  H. 

1874.  [DEANE,  RUTHVEN.  J  [Letter  concerning  the  origin  of  the  Nuttall  Or- 
nithological Club.]  <  Am.  Sportsman,  iii,  1873-74,  p.  264. 

1874.  DOLE,  A.  G.    Odds  and  Ends.     <  Am.  Sportsman,  iv,  1874,  p.  3. 

Observations  upon  several  game-birds  of  Maine  and  vicinity;  note  upon  drum- 
ming of  Bonasa  umbellus. 

1874.  FINSCH,  O.  "Diezweite  deutsche  Nordpolarfahrt."  (8vo.  Leipzig, 
1874.  ii.  Zoologie,  4,  pp.  178-279.)  With  notes  by  Adolf  Pansch. 

"Adds  11  species  to  Graah's  23  from  East  Greenland.  Of  these,  nearly  all  are 
found  in  Iceland,  21  in  Spitzbergen,  29  in  Arctic  America,  and  26  in  Northern 
Asia.  Very  detailed  descriptions  with  synonymy  are  given  in  some  instances. 
See  also  tout.  cit.  pp.  240-243  for  notes  by  Prof.  Newton  on  the  eggs  found  during 
this  expedition."  Not  seen— title  and  commentary  from  Zool  Rec.for  1874,  p.  32. 
(Pub.  1873  ?) 


704  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1§74  [l38 

1874.  FINSCH,   O.       Ueber    eine  Vogelsainmlung    aus    Siidwest-Groulaud. 
<  Alhand.  Nat.  Ver.  Bremen,  1874,  pp.  99-117. 
Vortreffliche  Bemerkungen  iiber  die  28  Arten  der  Sammlung. 

1874.  "F.S.B."  What  some  birds  eat.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  ii,  July  7, 1874, 
p.  341. 

Contents  of  stomachs  of  various  birds  in  Kansas ;  with  remarks  on  habits. 

1874.  GENTRY,  T.  G.  On  Habits  of  some  American  Species  of  Birds.  <T  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  xxvi,  1874,  pp.  96-109. 

Mplothrus  pecoris,  Agelceus  phceniceus,  Sturnella  magnet,,  Icterus  spurius,  Corvus 
americanus,  C.  ossifragus,  Tyrannus  carolinensis,  Myiarchus  crinitus,  Antrosto- 
mus  vociferus,  Trochilus  colubris,  Coccyzus  americanus,  treated  at  some  length. 

1874.  HAMMERTON,  P.  G.    Chapters  on  Animals.    Boston,  1874.    8vo.     pp. 
253.    Illustrated  by  J.  Veyrassat  and  Karl  Bodiner. 
Not  seen. 

1874.  HARVIE-BROWN,  J.  A.  On  a  Collection  of  North  American  Birds' 
Eggs  and  Skins,  formed  principally  by  the  Rev.  C.  M.  Jones,  Conn., 
U.  S.  America,  and  forwarded  by  the  same  gentleman.  <  Proc.  Nat. 
Hist.  Soc.  Glasgow,  Dec.,  1874,  pp.  264-288. 

Also  separately,  -with  title-page,  but  not  repaged.  Notes  mostly  extracted 
from  the  correspondence  of  C.  M.  Jones,  giving  some  idea  of  the  niditication  of 
the  86  spp.  represented  in  the  collection  and  of  their  habita  during  the  breeding 
season ;  geographical  distribution  of  each  according  to  Baird's  work  of  1858. 
Measurements  and  descriptions  of  many  of  the  eggs  are  also  given. 

1874.  HASKINS,  C.  C.  For  the  Birds.  <  St.  Nicholas  Mag.,  i,  1874,  pp.  72-74, 
figg.  1-5. 

An  appeal  for  mercy  to  birds. 

1874.  HATCH,  P.  L.  Report  on  the  Birds  of  Minnesota.  <Bull.  Minn.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  i,  1874,  pp.  43-68. 

Annotated  list  of  230  spp.,  very  badly  printed.  Qf>  Am.Nat.>  viii,  Sept.,  1874, 
pp.  544,  545. 

1874.  HENSHAW,  H.  W.  On  a  Hummingbird  new  to  our  Fauna,  with  cer- 
tain other  facts  ornithological.  <  Am.  Nat,  viii,  1874,  pp.  241-243. 

Eugenes  fulgens  in  Arizona ;  field-notes  on  Centronyx  bairdi  and  Podiceps  cali- 
fornicus ;  Sphyrapicus  williamsoni  is  cf  of  S.  tkyroideus. 

1874.  HENSHAW,  H.  W.  An  annotated  List  of  the  Birds  of  Utah.  <  Ann. 
Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  ¥.,  xi,  1874,  pp.  1-14. 

214  spp.,  those  known  to  breed  indicated  by  asterisk.  The  list  rests  upon  the 
writer's  and  H.  C.  Yarrow's  observations  in  1872  for  160  spp.,  the  rest  being  com- 
piled from  J.  A.  Allen's  list  (Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  iii,  1872,  p.  113,  seq.),  and  MS. 
communications  of  R.  Ridgway. — (Reprinted  in  Report  upon  Ornith.  Specimens, 
<£c.,  Lt.  Wheeler's  Expl.,  1874,  pp.  39-54.  See  1874,  YARROW,  H.  C.,  and  HENSHAW, 
H.W. 

1874.  "  HOMO."  [C.  S.WESTCOTT.]  The  Migration  of  Birds.  <  Am.  Sports- 
man, iv,  1874,  p.  243.  See,  also,  p.  339. 

Includes,  under  sub-heads,  a  biography  of  Porzana  Carolina,  and  remarks  upon 
the  scarcity  of  Philohela  minor. 

Among  the  Waterfowl  of  the  West.     <  Harper's 
New  Monthly  Mag.,  xlix,  pp.  790-800,  11  illustrations. 
Biographical,  hunting,  and  humorous  sketch. 


139] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1§74  705 


1874.  HOY,  P.  R.     Some  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  Fauna  near  Racine. 

<  Trans.  Wisconsin  Acad.,  ii,  for  1873-74,  1874,  pp.  120-122. 

8  spp.  birds  from  the  south,  10  from  the  north,  showing  the  meeting  of  distinct 
faunae  at  this  point. 
1874.  "J.E.M."     Early  Birds  [at  Columbia,  Pa.].    <  Am.  Sportsman,  iii, 

1874,  p.  411. 

1874.  JENKS,  J.  W.  P.  Instinct  or  Reason  ?  <  Am.  Sportsman,  v,  Dec.  5, 
1874,  p.  145. 

Sagacity  of  Orioles  (Icterus  baltimore)  in  giving  extra  support  to  their  nest 
after  experience  had  proved  that  its  fastenings  were  weak  ;  departure  from  type 
of  architecture  to  meet  an  emergency  in  the  Boat-tailed  Grakle  (Quiscalus  major). 

1874.  JORDAN,  D.  S.,  and  VAN  VLECK,  B.  H.  A  Popular  Key  |  to  the  |  Birds, 
Reptiles,  |  Batrachians  and  Fishes,  |  of  the  |  Northern  United 
States,  |  East  of  the  Mississippi  River.  |  By  |  Prof.  David  S.  Jordan, 
M.  S.,  |  and  Balfour  H.  Van  Vleck.  |  Appleton,  Wis. :  |  Reid  &  Mil- 
ler, Printers  and  Publishers.  |  1874.  sq.  16mo  pamph.  2  p.  11.,  pp. 
85  +  3. 

The  less  said  of  this  crude  production  the  better.  But  it  proved  to  be  the  ini- 
tial step  toward  Prof.  Jordan's  admirable  Manual  of  Vertebrates,  etc.,  1876,  q.  v. 

1874.  KIRTLAND,  J.  P.  Letter  from  Prof.  Kirtland  [dated  1857,  on  the 
natural  history  of  Indiana — mention  of  various  birds].  <^  Proc. 
Cleveland  Acad.  Nat.  Sri.,  1874,  pp.  131-132.  . 

1874.  KIRTLANDJ  J.  P.  Peculiarities  of  Climate,  Flora  and  Fauna  of  the 
South  Shore  of  Lake  Erie,  in  the  vicinity  of  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

<  Proc.  Cleveland  Acad.  Nat.  Sri.,  1874,  pp.  165-171. 
Head  1851,  and  originally  published  in  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xiii,  1852. 

1874.  KIRTLAND,  J.  P.  Mounted  Birds  from  Northern  Ohio,  in  the  Academy's 
Museum.  <  Proc.  Cleveland  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  1874,  pp.  200-287. 

The  article  includes  only  the  Accipitreg  and  a  few  Insessores,  but  is  quite  full, 
as  far  as  it  goes,  with  characters  cf  the  genera  and  higher  groups,  and  descrip- 
tions and  biographies  of  the  species.  It  is  annotated  by  Thomas  Brown,  editor 
of  the  Ohio  Farmer,  in  which  the  descriptions  originally  appeared,  and  was 
prepared  in  1858-59. 

[1874.]  KRIDER,  J.    Ornithological  |  and  Oological  List  |  of  |  North  Amer- 
ica. |  —  |  John  Krider,  |  Taxidermist,  |  N.E.  corner  Second  and  Wal- 
nut sts.,  I  Philadelphia,  U.  S.  A.     [1874.]    Sm.  4to.    pp.  20. 
Same  as  the  list  of  1861,  with  addition  of  24  a,  Buteo  kriderii. 

1874.  LAWRENCE,  G.  N.  The  Birds  of  Western  and  Northwestern  Mexico, 
based  upon  Collections  made  by  Col.  A.  J.  Grayson,  Capt.  J.  Xantus, 
and  Ferd.  Bischoff,  now  in  the  Museum  of  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion, at  Washington,  D.  C.  <^  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  pt.  iii, 
art.  ix,  1874,  pp.  265-319.  (Also  issued  separately,  4to,  paper.) 

Important.  316  spp.,  the  list  fully  annotated,  with  extracts  from  MSS. 
biographies  of  Col.  Grayson's,  and  author's  critical  commentary.  Various  new 
species  contained  in  the  several  collections  had  shortly  before  been  described 
elsewhere  by  the  author  or  S.  F.  Baird. 

1874.  LOCKINGTON,  W.  N.  [Notice  of  a  communication  containing  notes 
on  the  Mammals  and  Birds  of  Humboldt  Co.,  California.]  <  P.  Z. 
S.,  1874,  p.  129. 

1874.  LONG,  J.  W.     American  Wild-fowl  Shooting,  [etc.]     By  Joseph  W. 
Long.    1  vol.  12mo.    New  York,  1874.    pp.  285. 
Above  title  defective  and  inexact. 

45  B  0 


706  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1874  [l40 

1874.  MAYNARD,  C.  J.  A  Naturalist's  trip  to  Florida.  <  Am.  Sportsman, 
iv,  1874,  pp.  2,  22,  66,  114,  162,  226;  v,pp.  34,  81,  193,  226,  342. 

1874.  MERRIAM,  C.  H.  Ornithological  Notes  from  the  South.  <  Am.  Nat, 
viii,1874,pp.6-9. 

Field  observations  in  South  Carolina,  with  list  of  54  spp.  noticed. 

1874.  MERRIAM,  C.  H.    Ornithological  Notes  from  the  South.    II.  Florida. 

<  Am.  Nat.,  viii,  Feb.,  1874,  pp.  85-89. 
1874.  MERRILL,  J.  "  8."  Ii.  e.,  C.]    History  of  North  American  Birds.    <  Am. 

Nat.,  viii,  1874,  pp.  546-552. 
A  notice  of  S.  F.  BAIRD,  T.  M.  BREWER,  and  K.  EIDGWAY'S  History  of  North 

American  Birds. 
1874.  "MERRIMACK."      [Movements    of   migratory    birds    at    Manchester, 

N.  H.]     <\  Am.  Sportsman,  iv,  1874,  p.  5. 
1874.  NEWTON,  A.     "  Die  zweite  deutsche  Nordpolarfahrt."     (8vo.    Leipzig, 

1874.     ii,  Zoologie,  5,  pp.  240-24.3.) 
Not  seen— title  from  Zool.  Sec.,  where  it  appears  that  eggs  of  8  spp.  of  birds 

from  East  Greenland  are  described  in  this  article. 

1874.  OBER,  F.  A.  Birds  [60  spp.]  of  Lake  Okeechobee  [Florida].  <  For- 
es* and  Stream,  ii,  April  23, 1874,  p.  162. 

1874.  PALMER,  F.  H.  Insect-eating  Birds.  <  Eighteenth  Ann.  Rep.  Sec'y 
Maine  Board  Agric.  for  1873  (papers  accompanying),  1874,  pp.  203- 
216,  figg. 

Prize  essay  of  Massachusetts  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals, 
by  which  it  is  also  published  separately.  It  treats  of  food  of  various  N.  Am. 
birds  beneficial  to  agriculture,  etc. ;  means  for  their  protection,  etc. 

1874.  REINHARDT,  J.  Notitser  til  Gronlands  Ornithologi.  <  Vidensk.  Medd. 
fra  den  naturh.  For.  Kjolen.,  1874,  Nr.  12-16,  p.  188. 

Not  seen. 

1874.  RIDGWAY,  R.  The  Wabash  Valley  and  its  Avian  Fauna.  <Proc. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvi,  1874,  pp.  304-332. 

Total  of  spp.  288;  found  irrespective  of  season,  77;  in  summer,  92;  in  winter 
47 ;  in  spring  and  fall,  72 ;  number  of  spp.  breeding,  about  155 ;  wintering,  155. 
Cf.  Zool  Rec.for  1874,  p.  32. 

1874.  RIDGWAY,  R.    The  Lower  Wabash  Valley,  Considered  in  its  relation  to 
the  Faunal  Districts  of  the  Eastern  Region  of  North  America :  with 
a  Synopsis  of  its  Avian   Fauna.     By  Robert  Ridgway.    Boston. 
1874.    8vo.     pp.31. 
Repaged  oversheets  from  Proc.  Bost  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvi,  Feb.  18, 1874. 

1874.  RIDGWAY,  R.  Notes  upon  American  Water  Birds.  <Am.  Nat.,  viii, 
Feb.,  1874,  pp.  108-111. 

Critical  and  nomenclatural.  jEgialitis  microrhynchtis,  ^}.  melodus  var.  circum- 
cinctus,  <32.  urilsonius  var.rufinucha,p.lQ9;  Ibis  thalassinus  ^guaraunajuv.],}). 
110;  Rallus  elegans  var.  obsoletus,  It.  e.  var.  tenuirostris  (Lawr.),  Porzana  jamai' 
censis  var.  coturniculus  (Baird),  Anas  obscura  var.fulvigula,  p.  Ill,  are  apparently 
nn.  spp.  or  varr. 

1874.  RIDGWAY,  R.  On  Local  Variations  in  the  Notes  and  Nesting  Habits 
of  Birds  [of  North  America],  <  Am.  Nat.,  viii,  1874,  pp.  197-201. 

1874.  RIDGWAY,  R.  Two  Rare  Owls  from  Arizona.  <  Am.  Nat.,  vii,  No.  4, 
April,  1874,  pp.  239, 240. 

Syrnium  occidentals  and  Micrathene  whitneyi;  also,  notice  of  Asturina  plagi- 
ata  from  Arizona. 


14l]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1874  707 

1874.  RIDGWAY,  R.    Birds  New  to  the  Fauna  of  North  America.    <  Am. 
Nat.,  viii,  1874,  pp.  434,  435. 

Falco  gyrfalco  (since  determined  by  Mr.  Kidgway  to  \>eF.  communis  var.pealei), 
Numeniusfemoralis,  both  from  Alaska. 

1874.  RIDGWAY,  R.     The  Nomenclature  of  American  Game  Birds.    <  Am. 
Sportsman,  iii,  1874,  pp.  210,  211,  figg.  1-3  ;  pp.  226,  227. 

Explaining  classification  of  Gattince  and  stating  principles  and  valne  of  scien- 
tific nomenclature.  Letters  are  appended  from  Prof.  S.  F.  Baird  and  J.  Ham- 
mond  Trumbull  concerning  Indian  names  for  game-birds. 

1874.  RIDGWAY,  R.    Catalogue  of  the  Birds  Ascertained  to  occur  in  Illinois. 
<  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  x,  1874,  pp.  364-394. 

By  far  the  best  of  the  several  Illinois  State  lists  hitherto  published.  The  anno- 
tation brief,  but  to  the  point.  311  spp.  ;  breeders,  176;  48  more  spp.  indicated 
as  of  probable  though  unascertained  occurrence.  Various  combinations  of  gen- 
eric, specific,  and  varietal  names  are  here  for  the  first  time  used.—  Of.  Am.  Nat., 
viii,  Sept.,  1874,  p.  543  ;  Field  and  Stream  (newspaper,  Chicago),  May  2,  1874. 

1874.  "  ROAMER."    Reamers.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  iii,  Dec.  31,  1874,  p.  324. 
Various  birds  at  an  unusually  northern  latitude  in  winter;  chiefly  waterfowl. 

1874.  SIM,  GEORGE.    The  Food  and  Use  of  Oar  Rapacious  Birds.    <  Am. 
Sportsman,  iv,  1874,  p.  259. 

Examinations  of  contents  of  stomachs  of  predatory  birds,  and  plea  for  their 
preservation.  Quoted  from  the  Scottish  Naturalist. 

1874.  SLACK,  HENRY  J.    Birds  as  Architects.   <  Scribner's  Monthly  Mag.,  vii, 
1874,  p.  252. 

1874.  "SNAP."    [Notes  upon]  Birds  and  Snakes  [at  Sidney,  Ohio].    <Jm. 
Sportsman,  iv,  1874,  p.  10. 

1874.  SNOW,  F.  H.    Birds  of  Kansas.    <  Trans.  Eans.  Acad.  Sci.,  1874,  pp. 
30,  31. 

1874.  SNOW,  F.  H.    Birds  of  Kansas.    <  Am.  Nat.,  viii,  1874,  p.  757. 
Adds  6  spp.  to  his  list  of  1872. 

1874.  SNOW,  F.  H.     Birds  of  Kansas.     <  Observer  of  Nature  (newspaper), 
for  April  1,  1874. 

Of  these  6  spp.,  5  are  additional  to  former  lists,  raising  the  number  to  287  ;  see 
1873  and  1872,  SNOW,  F.  H. 


1874.  TRIPPE,  T.  M.     The  Migration  of  Birds.    <^4m.  Nat.,  viii,  1874,  pp. 
338-348. 

A  short  essay  on  the  general  subject,  with  special  reference  to  North  Ameri- 
can species. 

1874.  TRUMBULL,  J.  H.    [Indian  names  of  Game  Birds.]    <  Am.  Sportsman, 
iii,  1874,  p.  227. 

1874.  TRUMBULL,  J.  H.     Letters  and  extracts  on    Game   Nomenclature. 
<  Am.  Sportsman,  iii,  1874,  p.  243. 

Extracts  from  early  writers,  showing  names  applied  to  game-birda  in  New 
England  in  the  17th  century. 

1874.  V[ERRILL,  A.  E.]     Field  Ornithology.    ...     By  Dr.  Elliott  Coues, 
U.  S.  A.    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  vii,  1874,  p.  603. 
Notice  of  the  work. 


708  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§74  [l42 

1874.  YARROW,  H.  C.  Engineer  Department,  United  States  Army.  |  —  | 
Progress-report  |  upon  j  Geographical  and  Geological  |  Explorations 
and  Surveys  |  west  of  the  one  hundredth  meridian,  |  in  1872,  |  under 
the  direction  of  |  Brig.  Gen.  A.  A.  Humphreys,  |  Chief  of  Engineers, 
United  States  Army,  |  by  First  Lieut.  George  M.  Wheeler,  |  Corps  of 
Engineers,  in  charge.  |  —  |  Washington :  |  Government  Printing 
Office.  |  1874.  1  vol.  4to,  paper,  pp.  56.  >  Appendix  E,  pp.  52-55. 
A  report  of  progress  in  natural  history  collections,  largely  ornithological,  made 
by  Dr.  Yarrow  and  Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw. 

1874.  YARROW,  H.  C.,  and  HENSHAW,  H.  W.  Engineer  Department,  U.  S. 
Army.  |  =  \  Geographical  and  Geological  Explorations  and  Surveys 
|  west  of  the  one  hundredth  meridian.  |  First  Lieutenant  Geo.  M. 
Wheeler,  Corps  of  Engineers,  in  charge.  |  —  |  Report  |  upon  |  Orni- 
thological Specimens  |  collected  in  |  the  years  1871,  1872,  and  1873.  | 
—  |  Washington:  |  Government  Printing  Office.  |  1874.  8vo  pamph. 
1  p.  1.,  pp.  148. 

Contains  4  separate  articles,  namely : — (1)  "  Report  upon  and  List  of  Birds  col- 
lected by  the  Expedition  for  Explorations  west  of  the  One  hundredth  Meridian  in 
1872",  &c.,  by  Dr.  H.  C.  Yarrow  and  Henry  "W.  Henshaw,  pp.  5-33.  (2)  '  List  of 
Birds  collected  by  Lieut,  G.  M.  Wheeler's  Expedition,  1871 ",  pp.  34-38.  (3)  "  An 
Annotated  List  of  the  Birds  of  Utah",  by  H.  W".  Henshaw,  pp.  39-54  (reprinted 
from  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  T.,  xi,  1874,  pp.  1-14).  (4)  "  Report  upon  and  List  of 
Birds  collected  by  the  Expedition  for  Geographical  and  Geological  Explorations 
and  Surveys  west  of  the  One  hundredth  Meridian  in  1873  ",  &c.,  by  H.  W.  Hen- 
shaw, pp.  55-148.  (1)  is  an  annotated  list  of  numerous  species  of  Utah  and  Nevada. 
(2)  is  a  nominal  list  of  various  species  collected  in  Nevada  and  Arizona.  (3)  is 
reprinted  from  Ann.  Lye.,  which  see.  (4)  is  divided  into  three  sections : — Sect.  I, 
Observations  on  82  spp.  found  at  Denver,  in  May ;  II,  on  104  spp.  at  Fort  Gar- 
land, Colorado  ;  III,  on  185  spp.  of  Western  New  Mexico  and  Eastern  Arizona. 
All  the  matter  of  these  several  papers  rests  upon  original  observations,  and  the 
series  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  the  avifauna  of  the  South- 
west. Of.  Zool.  Rec.for  1875,  p.  58. 

1874.  YOUNT,  HARRY.    Sporting  Life  in  Wyoming  Territory.     <  Am.  Sports- 
man, iv,  1874,  p.  114. 
Notes  on  some  birds  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

1874-75.  HARVEY,  M.  The  Birds  of  Newfoundland.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  iii, 
1874,  pp.  53, 196 ;  1875, 341. 

1874-75.  RIDGWAY,  R.  Lists  of  Birds  observed  at  various  localities  contigu- 
ous to  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad,  from  Sacramento  City,  Califor- 
nia, to  Salt  Lake  Valley,  Utah.  <  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  vi,  No.  10,  Oct., 
1874,  pp.  169-174 ;  vii,  Nos.  1  and  2,  Jan.  and  Feb.,  1875,  pp.  10-40. 

Observations  made  during  the  survey  of  the  40th  parallel,  Clarence  King. 
"  The  present  paper  is  a  mere  abstract  of  that  portion  of  the  zoological  report 
of  the  survey  relating  to  the  character  and  distribution  of  the  local  avifaunae 
encountered  along  the  route  of  exploration,  and  is  published  in  its  present  form 
in  order  to  acquaint  ornithologists,  as  soon  as  possible,  with  the  results  of  orni- 
thological investigations  made  by  the  Expedition."  (See  the  final  report,  1877.) 
Cf.  Zool.  Eec.for  1875,  p.  49. 

1874-78.  JASPER,  T.  The  Birds  of  North  America  drawn  from  Life  and  uni- 
formly Reduced  to  One-Quarter  their  Natural  Size  by  Theodore  Jas- 
per, A.  M.,  M.  D— Jacob  H.  Studer,  Publisher  Columbus,  Ohio  .  . . 
Folio.  Publ.  in  parts,  n.  d.  Parts  i-v,  Jan.  29, 1874 ;  vi,  Apr.  8, 1874 ; 
vii,  June  9, 1874  ;  viii,  July  16, 1874 ;  ix,  Aug.  18, 1874 ;  s,  Sept.  23, 1874 ; 
xi,  Oct.  22, 1874 :  xii,  Mar.  2, 1875  ;  xiii,  Mar.  24, 1875 ;  xiv,  xv,  June 


143] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1874-1875          709 


1874-78.  JASPER,  T.— Continued. 

29, 1875 ;  xvi,  xvii,  Sept.  18, 1875  ;  xviii,  xix,  Jan.  26, 1876 ;  xx,  xxi, 
Apr.  20, 1876 ;  xxii,  xxiii,  July  26, 1876 ;  xxiv,  xxv,  Oct.  7, 1876 ;  xxvi, 
xxvii,  Jan.  3,  1877;  xxviii,  xxix,  May  12,1877;  xxx,  xxxi,  Aug.  6, 
1877;  xxxii,xxxiii,  Nov.  5, 1877;  xxxiv,  xxxv,  Mar.  8, 1878;  xxxvi, 
xxxvii,  June  8, 1878 ;  xxxviii,  xxxix,  Sept.  23, 1878 ;  xl,  announced  for 
Oct.,  1878 ;  each  part  consisting  of  3  colored  and  1  flat-tinted  plate, 
and  8  pages  (or  4  folios)  of  text ;  plates  in  2  series,  and  text  in  2 
sets  of  pagination ;  the  whole  designed  to  form  2  vi  Is. 

The  work  is  really  two  works  in  one,  each  of  them  to  form  a  separate  volume. 
One  set  of  plates,  colored,  numbered  in  Roman,  I-CXX?  (or  I-CXIX?)  is 
accompanied  by  the  general  letter-press,  treating  of  the  North  American  birds 
represented  on  these  plates.  The  other  set  of  plates,  Arabic  Nos.,  1-40,  flat- 
tinted,  has  also  its  letter-press,  separately  paged.  Three  of  the  colored  plates 
and  their  text  and  one  of  the  plain  plates  and  its  text  form  together  each 
number.  I  cannot  give  the  exact  pagination,  etc.,  as  the  work  is  not  finished, 
and  the  above  is  only  the  cover-title,  moreover  modified  in  some  respects  with 
successive  parts;  the  permanent  title  may  be  literally  different  again;  title- 
pages,  indexes,  frontispieces,  etc.,  are  announced  for  the  concluding  number. 

On  its  first  appearance,  this  work  was  promptly  set  upon  by  the  critics,  with 
such  effect  that  it  has  scarcely  been  recognized,  and  has  seldom,  if  ever,  been 
cited  by  the  "  regular  "  ornithologists.  But  the  publication  has  nevertheless  stead- 
ily progressed  to  a  successful  conclusion,  and  now  forms  a  really  notable  work, 
open  to  much  less  serious  objections  than  at  first  seemed  imminent,  and  worthy 
of  all  proper  consideration.  As  a  business  enterprise,  the  affair  has  apparently 
been  a  success;  five  "editions"  (issues  of  additional  impressions)  Lave  been 
called  for,  showing  that  the  work  answers  the  popular  demand.  It  seems  better 
suited  to  the  tastes  and  wants  of  the  populace  than  any  other  ornithological 
work  which  has  ever  appeared  in  this  country,  though  it  will  never  be  conceded 
to  have  any  weight  or  authority  with  ornithologists.  Of  the  illustrations,  much 
might  be  said  according  to  the  perspective  in  which  we  choose  to  regard  them  ; 
the  truest  perspective  is  perhaps  the  price  at  which  they  are  issued— four  of 
them,  12  X  IS  inches,  with  8  pp.  of  text,  for  a  dollar.  They  maintain  the  same 
character  throughout  the  series.  The  text,  on  the  contrary,  has  steadily  im- 
proved from  the  first;  it  consists  of  a  general  account  of  the  objects  delineated, 
beginning  usually  with  a  few  original  words,  arid  for  the  rest  consisting  of  copi- 
ous extracts  from  authors,  from  Wilson,  Audubon,  and  Nuttall  to  those  of  to-day. 
This  is  the  Birds  of  North  America  part ;  the  other  part  of  the  work,  separately 
paged,  and  with  its  40  plain  plates,  is  a  general  treatise  on  ornithology,  the 
classification,  etc.,  of  which  is  modelled  after  Brehm ;  it  is  less  satisfactory  than 
the  main  part  of  the  work. 

1875.  ABBOTT,  C.  C.     The  Migration  of  inland  Birds.    <  Rod  and  Gun,  vi, 
July  10, 1875,  p.  230 ;  and  July  17,  p.  243. 

Reprinted  from  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly. 

1875.  "ALASKA."    [H.  W.  ELLIOTT.]    Disappearance  of  certain  song-birds. 

<  Rod  and  Gun,  vi,  May  15, 1875,  p.  97. 
1875.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.    Dr.  Coues's  Birds  of  the  Northwest.    <  Am.  Nat.,  ix,  No. 

8,  Aug.,  1875,  pp.  466-468. 
1875.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    Coues's  Birds  of  the  Northwest.    <  Atlantic  Monthly, 

xxxvi,  Sept.,  1875,  pp.  365-368. 
Review  of  the  work. 

1875.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    "  Birds  of  the  Northwest."    <  Rod  and  Gun,  vi,  May  22, 
1875,  p.  119. 

Protesting  against  the  position  taken  by  the  reviewer  of  the  work,  torn,  cit.,  p. 
39,  in  regard  to  the  inside  history  of  the  publication.  The  editor  (W.  F.  Parker) 
defends  the  previous  criticism  in  a  note  appended  to  the  letter. 


710  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       18*5  [l44 

1875.  [ANON.]  [Review  of  Wilson  Flagg's  "  Birds  and  Seasons  of  New  Eng- 
land ".3  <  Appleton's  Journ.,  xiii,  June,  1875,  p.  788. 

1875.  [ANON. J  Fauna  of  Eastern  Florida.  [Birds.]  <  Forest  and  Stream, 
iii,  Jan.  7,  1875,  p.  340. 

1875.  [ANON.]     [Birds  of  the  Northwest.]    <^Forest  and  Stream,  iv,  March 

18, 1875,  p.  92. 

Notice  of  the  work  of  that  name. 
1875.  [ANON.]    The  Arrival  of  Birds  as  observed  at  Utica.    <  Oologist,  \, 

1875,  p.  38. 

1875.  [ ANON.— H.  C.  YARROW.]  Dr.  Cones'  New  Book— u  Birds  of  the  North- 
west." <  Bod  and  Gun,  vi,  April  17, 1875,  p.  39.  See,  also,  p.  119. 

While  speaking  very  pleasantly  of  the  work  itself,  the  writer  of  this  review 
reflects  severely  upon  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  under  which  it  was  published, 
and  the  circumstances  ostensibly  attending  its  publication.  The  reviewer's 
attitude  is  promptly  resented  by  J.  A.  ALLEN,  torn,  cit.,  p.  119. 

1875.  [ANON.]  [Announcement  of  intended  catalogue  of  the  birds  of  South- 
ern Michigan,  by  A.  H.  Boies.]  <  Eod  and  Gun,  vi,  May  22, 1875,  p. 
119. 

1875.  [ANON.]  Killing  insectivorous  Birds.  <  Eod  and  Gun,  vi,  July  10, 
1875,  p.  23-2. 

1875.  [ANON.]  [Dates  of]  Arrival  of  Birds  at  Grafton,  Canada.  <.Eod  and 
Gun,  vi,  July  10, 1875,  p.  234. 

1875.  [ANON.]  Some  Observations  on  the  Birds  of  Ritchie  Co.,  W.  Va. 
<  Eod  and  Gun,  vi,  Aug.  14,  1875,  p.  295. 

Notice  of  "W.  Brewster's  paper  in  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  N.  H.,  vol.  xi,  June,  1875, 
pp.  129-146,  q.  v. 

1875.  [ANON.]    The  Bird  Question.    <  Eod  and  Gun,  vi,  Sept.  18, 1875,  p.  375. 
Abstract  of  paper  in  Proc.  Illinois  Hort.  Soc.,  showing  utility  of  birds  in  agri- 
culture. 

1875.  ARNOLD,  W.  W.     A  history  of  my  pets.     <Eod  and  Gun,  vi,  April  10 
and  Aug.  14, 1875,  pp.  22  and  249. 
Various  American  birds  included. 

1875.  BAILEY,  J.  S.  The  Migration  of  Birds.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  iv,  April, 
22, 1875,  p.  172. 

1875.  BATTY,  J.  H.    Winter  collecting  in  Minnesota.     <  Am.  Sportsman,  v, 
1875,  Jan.  23,  p.  262. 
List  of  birds  included. 

1875.  BATTY,  J.  H.  Our  Hawks  and  Owls.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  iv,  July  15, 
1875,  p.  374. 

1875.  BOIES,  A.H.  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  |  ascertained  to  occur  in  j  South- 
ern Michigan ;  |  together  with  |  the  Game  and  Fish  Laws  |  of  Mich- 
igan, |  and  |  Miscellaneous  Articles  for  Sportsmen.  |  By  A.  H.  Boies. 
|  —  |  Hudson,  Mich. :  j  W.  T.  B.  Schermerhorn  printer,  j  1875.  8vo 
pamphl.,  not  paged  (foil.  12).  - 
211  spp.,  briefly  annotated. 

1875.  "BOONE."  [  JOSHUA  COOKE.]  A  Blizzard.  <  Eod  and  Gun,  vi,  April  3, 
1875,  p.  2. 

How  prairie  birds  survive  the  rigorous  climate  and  icy  gales  on  the  plains  of 
the  Xorthwest. 


145] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX.       1875  711 


1875.  BREWER,  T.  M.  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  New  England,  with  brief 
notes  indicating  the  manner  and  character  of  their  presence ;  with 
a  list  of  species  included  in  previous  catalogues  believed  to  have 
been  wrongly  classed  as  Birds  of  New  England.  <  Proc.  Boat.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  1875,  pp.  436-454.  Also  sep.  pub.  8vo  pamph.,  1875, 
pp.21. 

336  spp.,  fully  annotated ;  followed  by  a  critical  commentary  on  the  claims  of 
29  more  to  be  included  in  the  fauna  of  New  England.  The  writer  eliminates 
from  the  New  England  list  29  spp.  which  had  been  admitted  by  other  writers, 
especially  Coues ;  these  being  "  in  his  judgment"  not  entitled  to  place.  A  very 
few  species  are  given  additional  to  Coues's  List  of  1868.  Stragglers  are  marked 
by  asterisk.  "  It  has  been  my  sole  aim  to  furnish  a  list  that  shall  be  reliable  so 
far  as  it  goes.  I  may  have  omitted  some  that  are  entitled  to  a  place.  Be  it  so ; 
I  had  rather  omit  ten  .that  may  be  found,  than  include  one  that  never  has  been." 
Such  stringency  is  unfavorable  to  a  scientific  method  of  compiling  a  local  avi- 
fauna. Cf.  The  Independent  (newspaper),  Oct.  7, 1875. 

1875.  BREWSTER,  W.  Some  observations  on  the  Birds  of  Ritchie  County, 
West  Virginia.  <  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  xi,  1875,  pp.  129-146. 

Very  fully  annotated,  and  an  extensive  list,  containing  some  valuable  informa- 
tion. 

1875.  BROWN,  N.  C.  Ornithological  Notes  from  Portland,  Maine.  <  Rod 
and  Gun,  vi,  May  8,  1875,  p.  81. 

Notes  upon  deformity  in  Plectrophanes  nivalis ;  occurrence  of  Passerculus  prin- 
ceps  and  Ardea  egretta ;  also,  note  on  H.  egretta,  by  Ruthven  Deane.  Bead  before 
Nuttall  Ornith.  Club,  April  24,  1875. 

1875.  BRUHIN,  T.  A.  Die  Vogel  von  New  Coeln  im  Staate  Wisconsin. 
<  Zool.  Gart.,  1875,  p.  414. 

Not  seen— title  from  Zool.  Sec.  "A  bare  list  of  about  a  hundred  species 
with  a  few  notes  giving  the  time  of  year  in  which  some  of  them  were  observed." 

1875.  BURROUGHS,  J.    Birds  and  Seasons  of  New  England.    <  £cri&wer'« 
Monthly,  xi,  1875,  p.  293. 
Review  of  Wilson  Flagg's  Birds  and  Seasons  of  New  England. 

1875.  CHICKERING,  J.  J.     Notice  of  White  Mountain  [N.  H.]  Birds  and 
Insects.    <  Field  and  Forest,  i,  No.  6,  Nov.,  1875,  p.  48. 
Mere  mention  of  some  half  dozen  species. 

1875.  COOPER,  J.  G.  New  Facts  relating  to  Californian  Ornithology.  <^Proc. 
Cala.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Dec.  6,  1875,  pp. .  Also,  repaged  over- 
sheets,  8vo,  pp.  14. 

Critical  commentary  on  about  50  spp.,  with  special  reference  to  latest  informa- 
tion secured  respecting  them. 

1875.  COPE,  [E.  D.]  On  an  Extinct  Vulturine  Bird.  <  Proc.  Phila.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  1875,  p.  271. 

Vultur  umbrosus,  formerly  described  as  Cathartes  umbrosus,  now  referred  to 
Vulturidce. 

1875.  COUES,  E.  A  Report  |  upon  the  |  Condition  of  Affairs  |  in  the  |  Terri- 
tory of  Alaska.  |  —  |  By  |  Henry  W.  Elliott,  |  Special  Agent  Treas- 
ury Department.  |  —  |  Washington :  |  Government  Printing  Office.  | 
1875.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  277.  >  Chapter  IX.  Ornithology  of  the 
Prybilov  Islands.  By  Dr.  Elliott  Coues,  U.  S.  A.  pp.  166-212. 

A  reprint  verbatim  of  the  original  which  formed  the  Ornithological  Appendix 
of  Elliott's  4to  "portfolio  "  ed.  of  the  same  work,  1873,  q.  v. 


712  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1875  [l46 

1875.  COUES,  E.  On  the  Breeding  of  certain  Birds.  <^Am.  Nat.,  ix,No.  2, 
Feb.,  1875,  pp.  75-78. 

Of  Montana  Territory,  TJ.  S.  Aquila  chrysaetos,  Histrionicus  torquatus,  Ampe- 
lis  garrulus,  Neocorys  spraguii,  etc. 

1875.  C[OUES],  E.    A  Late  Paper  on  Birds.     <  Am.  Nat.,  ix,  No.  10,  1875, 
pp.  570, 571. 
W.  firewater's  on  West  Virginia  birds,  in  Ann.  Lye.,  xi,  1875,  pp.  129-146. 

]875.  [ COUES,  E.]  [Notice  of  T.  M.  Brewer's  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of 
New  England  (Pr.  Bost.  Soc.,  xvii,  pp.  436-454).]  <  The  New  York 
Independent  (newspaper),  Oct.  7, 1875. 

1875.  COUES,  E.  Fasti  Ornithologist) Redivivi.— No.  1.  Bartram's  'Travels.' 
<  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  1875,  pp.  338-358. 

An  extended  review  of  Bartram  as  an  ornithologist,  claiming  that  this  author's 
names  are  available ;  215  spp.,  52  left  undetermined,  163  identified.  Of  the  iden- 
tified binomial  names,  20  are  considered  tenable,  5  of  them  being  already  in 
general  employ.  The  article,  likethose  of  Cassin's,  whose  title  is  appropriated, 
was  received  with  disfavor,  mainly,  it  would  seem,  on  account  of  the  trouble  it 
would  make  in  the  way  of  nomenclatural  changes,  should  the  position  assumed 
be  considered  tenable.  Cf.  Zool.  Bee.  for  1875,  p.  30 ;  Am.  Nat.,  x,  1876,  pp.  21, 98, 176. 

1875.  DAWSON,  G.  M.  British  North  American  Boundary  Commission  | 
Report  |  on  the  |  Geology  and  Resources  |  of  the  |  region  in  the 
vicinity  of  j  the  forty-ninth  parallel,  |  from  the  Lake  of  the  Woods 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  |  With  |  lists  of  plants  and  animals  col- 
lected, and  notes  |  on  the  fossils.  |  By  |  George  Mercer  Dawson, 
Assoc.  R.  S.  M.,  F.  G.  S.,  |  Geologist  and  Botanist  to  the  Commis- 
sion, |  addressed  to  Major  J.  D.  Cameron,  R.  A.,  |  H.  M.  Boundary 
Commissioner.  |  [Arms.]  |  Montreal:  |  Dawson  Brothers,  St.  James 
street.  |  London :  Sampson,  Low  &  Co.  |  New  York :  B.  Wester- 
mann  &  Co.  |  1875.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  i-xi,  1-397,  pll.  i-xviii,  3  col'd 
fold'd  maps. 

Pages  280-283,  list  of  arrivals  of  birds  in  spring  of  1874,  at  Dufferiu,  Manitoba, 
near  Pembina,  Dakota,  with  extracts  from  Sir  John  Richardson's  observations 
for  Cumberland  House  and  Carleton  House. 

1875.  DEANE,  R.  The  Nuttall  Ornithological  Club.  <  Am.  Sportsman,  v, 
1874-75,  Feb.  13,  p.  312. 

Circular  of  the  Club,  signed  by  Ruthven  Deane,  sec'y,  and  Ernest  Ingersoll 
and  Walter  "Wood,  publication  committee,  with  reference  to  publication  of  pro- 
ceedings. 

1875.  FLAGG,  W.  The  |  Birds  and  Seasons  |  of  New  England.  |  By  Wilson 
Flagg,  |  author  of  "  The  Woods  and  By-ways  of  New  England."  | 
With  Illustrations.  |  [Quotation.]  |  [Trademark.]  j  Boston:  | 
James  R.  Osgood  and  Company,  |  Late  Ticknor  &  Fields,  and  Fields, 
Osgood,  &  Co.  |  1875.  1  vol.  sm.  8vo.  pp.  i-vi,  1 1.,  pp.  1-457,  12 
heliotype  pll. 

"The  title  of  this  work  does  not  give  the  reader  a  full  understanding  of  its 
scope  and  contents,  as  it  treats  of  Scenes  and  Flowers  as  well  as  of  Birds  and 
Seasons.  .  .  .  My  essays  are  not  biographies  of  the  Birds.  I  treat  of  them 
chiefly  as  songsters,  and  speak  only  of  those  habits  which  render  them  useful, 
interesting,  or  picturesque.  ...  I  would  remind  the  reader  that  some  parts  of 
my  book  have  already  appeared  in  print." — (Extracts  from  Introduction.)  The 
author  writes  like  a  close  observer,  as  well  as  a  lover  of  birds  who  has  discov- 
ered that  they  may  subserve  other  than  ornithological  purposes ;  though  the 
fullest  appreciation  of  the  poetry  of  their  lives  is  not  incompatible  with  the 
power  to  discriminate  between  the  genera  Antrostomus  and  Ohordiles  ;  nor  does 


147]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX        1§75  713 

1875.  FLAGG,  W.— Continued. 

this  latter  ability  make  one  quite  an  "extraordinary  pedant"  (seep.  288).  The 
delightful  treatise  may  touch  elbows  on  the  shelf  with  Burroughs's  Wake  Robin; 
they  both  refresh  and  recreate  whom  the  galling  of  the  technic-harness  has 
made  sore. 

1875.  GARDNER,  DORSEY.    Wilson  the  Ornithologist.     <  Seribner's  Monthly, 
xi,  1875,  pp.  690-703 ;  four  illustrations. 
Biographical  notice  of  Alexander  Wilson. 

1875.  GAUMER,  G.  F.  Ornithological  notes  [upon  12  spp.  of  Kansas  birds, 
with  list  of  36  other  spp.  observed  Mar.  13, 1875].  <  Observer  of 
Nature  (newspaper),  Mar.  24, 1875. 

1875.  GRINNELL,  G.  B.  Engineer  Department,  U.  S.  Army.  |  —  |  Report  I  of 
a  |  Reconnaissance  |  of  the  |  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  |  made  in  |  the 
summer  of  1874.  |  By  William  Ludlow,  |  Captain  of  Engineers,  Bvt. 
Lieut.  Colonel  U.  S.  Army,  |  Chief  Engineer  Department  of  Da- 
kota. |  —  |  Washington :  |  Government  Printing  Office.  |  1875.  1 
vol.  4to.  pp.  121.  >  Zoological  Report.  By  George  Bird  Grin- 
nell.  Chap.  II.  Birds,  pp.  85-102. 

Consists  of  excellent  field-notes  on  the  birds  observed  on  the  expedition,  110  in 
number,  being  a  large  majority  of  those  inhabiting  the  locality. 

1875.  GRINNELL,  G.  B.  The  Frigate  Bird  [Tachypetes  aquila]  and  White 
Ibis  [Ibis  alba]  in  Connecticut.  <  Am.  Nat.,  ix,  No.  8,  Aug.,  1875, 
p.  470. 

1875.  "  H."  The  Close  Season  for  Game  Birds.  <  Rod  and  Gun,  vi,  May  15, 
1875,  p.  106. 

Facts  concerning  growth  and  habits  of  game-birds ;  see  also  letter  "  Times  and 
Seasons  "  on  the  same  page,  and  much  elsewhere. 

1875.  HARTING,  J.  E.  The  Fauna  |  of  the  |  Prybilov  Islands  |  abridged  from 
the  |  "  Report  on  the  Prybilov  Group  or  Seal  Islands  of  Alaska,"  | 
by  Henry  W.  Elliott ;  with  an  Appendix  on  the  |  Ornithology  by 
Dr.  Elliott  Coues  (Washington,  1873).  |  By  J.  E.  Harting,  F.  L.  S. 
F.  Z.  S.  |  London  |  reprinted  irom  the  Natural  History  columns  of  | 
"  The  Field  "  for  private  circulation  |  1875  Painph.  pp.  38,  pi.  1. 

Aves,  pp.  15-36,  thus  occupying  the  greater  part  of  this  excellent  digest  of  the 
original.  Tringa  ptilocnemis  Coues  (=  T.  graeilis  Hart.)  is  rediscussed.  The  pi. 
(from  P.Z.S.)  shows  bill,  feet,  and  tail  of  this  species,  and  of  T.  alpina  and  T. 
crassirostris.  See  the  original,  1873,  COUES,  E. 

1875.  HENSHAW,  H.  W.,  and  AIKEN,  C.  E.  Annual  Report  |  upon  the  |  Geo- 
graphical Explorations  and  Surveys  west  of  the  |  one  hundredth 
meridian,  in  California,  Nevada,  |  Nebraska,  Utah,  Arizona,  Colorado, 
New  |  Mexico,  Wyoming,  and  Montana,  by  George  M.  Wheeler,  | 
First  Lieutenant  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A. ;  |  being  |  Appendix  L  L  |  of 
the  |  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers  for  1^75.  |  —  | 
Washington  :  |  Government  Printing  Office.  |  1875.  8vo.  pp.  i-iv,  1 
L,  pp.  1-196,  maps,  views,  etc.  >  App.  1 1,  I  2,  pp.  139-166. 

This  publication  contains  three  ornithological  papers,  namely :—"  Notes  upon 
the  Ornithology  of  the  Region  traversed",  by  Mr.  Henshaw,  pp.  149, 150,  relating 
to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  ;  "  Notes  on  the  Ornithology  observed  by  Mr.  C.  E. 
Aiken,  assistant", pp.  150-153,  relating  to  Colorado;  and,  especially,  an  'iAnco- 
tated  List  of  the  Birds  of  Arizona",  by  Mr. Henshaw.  The  latter  treats  of 
"  291 "  (i.  e.,  293)  spp.,  and  is  by  far  the  most  complete  enumeration  extant,  besides 
being  fully  annotated  with  field-notes  of  local  distribution,  abundance  or  scarcity, 
times  of  appearance,  etc.  The  breeders  are  marked  with  an  asterisk.  The  list 


714  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1875  [l48 

1875.  HENSHAW,  H.  W.,  and  AIKEN,  C.  E.— Continued. 

is  of  excellent  authority,  being  based  upon  the  author's  personal  observations, 
supplemented  by  those  of  Dr.  Coues,  Dr.  Cooper,  Captain  Bendire,  and  others, 
•which  are  freely  quoted.  The  two  minor  papers  call  for  no  remark. 

1875.  HOFFMAN,  W.  J.  List  of  Birds  observed  at  Grand  River  Agency, 
Dakota  Ter.,  from  October  7th,  1872,  to  June  7th,  1873.  <  Proc. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xviii,  1875,  pp.  169-175. 

79  spp.,  annotated. 

1875.  INGERSOLL,  E.     The  Autumnal  Migration  of  Birds.     <^  Forest  and 
Stream,  v,  Nov.  4, 1875,  p.  195. 
Reprinted  from  The  Christian  Union. 

1875.  INGERSOLL,  E.    [List  of  various  birds  which  have  flown  at  night 

into  the  upper  windows  of  The  Tribune  office,  New  York  City.] 

<^  Forest  and  Stream,  v,  Nov.  4, 1875,  p.  195. 
1875.  INGERSOLL,  E.     The  Ornithology  of  the  Black  Hills.    <  Forest  and 

Stream,  v,  Dec.  2, 1875,  p.  260. 
Review,  with  copious  extracts,  of  G-.  B.  Grinnell's  Zooological  Report,  in  Capt. 

Ludlow's  Report  of  a  Reconnaissance  of  the  Black  Hills,  etc.,  1875,  q.  v. 

1875.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]    Birds  with  Teeth.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  v,  Dec. 
30, 1875,  p.  323. 
Statement  of  Prof.  O.  C.  Marsh's  palaeontological  discoveries  of  Odontornithes. 

1875.  "INGHE."     [E.   INGERSOLL.  J     The    Vacation    of  an    Ornithologist. 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  iv,  July  15, 1875,  p.  358. 

Experiences  in  Ritchie  Co.,  West  Virginia. 
1875.  "K."    [Early  spring  birds  at  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.]      <  Forest  and 

Stream,  iv,  March  25,  1875,  p.  101. 
1875.  K[EENE],  S.  W.     Birds  of  the  Northwest.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  iv, 

April  15,  1875,  p.  157. 

Review  of  Birds  of  the  Northwest,  etc. 

1875.  L[E  MOINE],  J.  M.     Winter  Birds  [at  Quebec,  C.  E.]     <  Am.  Sports- 
man, v,  Jan.  2, 1875,  p.  219. 
1875.  MARSH,  O.  C.     Odoutornithes,  or  Birds  with  Teeth.     <^Am.  Nat.,  ix, 

No.  12, 1875,  pp.  625-631,  y  11.  2, 3. 
Pub.  in  part  in  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  x,  Nov.,  1815,—Ichthyornis  dispar,  pi.  2 ;  Hesper- 

ornis  regalis,  pi.  3— former  type  of  order  Odontormce,  latter  of  order  Odontolcce  ,• 

Odontormce  vice  Ichthyornithes,  preoccupied. 

1875.  MAYNARD,  C.  J.    A  Naturalist's  Vacation.    <  Eod  and  Gun,  vii,  Oct. 
30, 1875,  p.  65. 
Field-notes,  Aug.  27-Sept.  21,  in  Pennsylvania. 

1875.  MA-YNARD,  C.  J.    Birds  observed  during  a  few  hours  stroll  about  Wil- 
mington, N.  C.    <  The  Scientific  Monthly  (Toledo,  Ohio),  i,  No.  1, 
Oct.,  1875,  pp.  32-34. 
An  interesting  though  small  list  of  19  spp. 

1875.  NELSON,  E.  W.  Notes  on  Birds  observed  in  portions  of  Utah,  Nevada, 
and  California.  <  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  1875,  pp.  338-365. 
I.  Vicinity  of  Fort  Bridger,  Utah,  June  22-July  24,  1872,  19  spp.  II.  Near 
Salt  Lake  City,  July  27- Aug.  8, 1872,  41  spp.  III.  A.  Vicinity  of  Elko,  Nevada, 
Aug.  9-14,  1872, 33  spp. ;  B.  25  miles  north  of  Eiko,  August,  72  spp.  The  several 
lists  well  annotated. 


149] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1875  715 


1875.  NEWTON,  A.  Notes  on  Birds  which  have  been  found  in  Greenland. 
By  Alfred  Newton,  M.  A.,  F.  R.  S.,  Professor  of  Zoology  and  Compara- 
tive Anatomy  in  the  University  of  Cambridge.  London.  1875. 
8vo  pamphlet,  pp.  94-115. 

This  article,  of  which  I  have  only  seen  a  separately  printed  copy,  constitutes 
No.  vi,  pp.  94-115,  of  a  "  Manual  of  the  Natural  History  [etc.]  of  Greenland  and 
the  neighbouring  regions,  8vo,  London,  1875  ",  ordered  by  the  English  Admiralty 
to  be  drawn  up  in  view  of  the  expedition  of  the  same  year,  and  is  compiled  in 
accordance  with  official  instructions,  which  accounts  for  its  form.  Spp.  63  -f-  62, 
summarily  treated  as  to  geographical  distribution,  etc.  Cf.  Zool.  Rec.for  1875. 

1875.  "  OOLOGIST."    Reminiscences  of  a  Collector.    <  Oologist,  i,  1875,  pp. 
50,51,57-59,65,66. 
A  boy's  narrative,  containing  some  items  respecting  North  American  birds. 

1875.  "  OVUM."    Migration  of  Birds.    <  Oologist,  i,  1875,  pp.  13, 14. 

1875.  RIDGWAY,  R.     Snow  Birds  and  Little  Owls.     <  Am.  Sportsman,  v, 
Mur.20,1875,p.393. 
Information  upon  Junco,  Plectrophanes,  etc.,  and  Scops  asio. 

1875.  RIDGWAY,  R.  First  impressions  of  the  Bird-fauna  of  California,  and 
general  remarks  on  western  Ornithology.  <  The  Scientific  Monthly 
(Toledo,  Ohio),  i,  No.  1,  Oct.,  1875,  pp.  2-13. 

Based  on  the  same  material  as  that  elaborated  afterward  in  Clarence  King's 
report,  1877,  q.  v.,  with  more  regard  to  the  popular  aspects  of  the  case. 

1875.  ROBERTS,  T.  S.  New  Birds  from  Minnesota.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  v, 
Dec.  16, 1875,  p.  292. 

Remarks  on  rare  species,  and  list  of  18  spp.  not  enumerated  by  Dr.  Hatch 
in  his  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Minnesota,  1874.  This  article  was  also  printed 
in  The  Scientific  Monthly  for  Feb.,  1876,  p.  231,  q.  v. 

1875.  ROBINSON,  W.  R.  A  List  of  Albino  Birds  [of  North  America].  <Forest 
and  Stream,  v,  Dec.  30,  1875,  p.  323. 

1875.  [SALVIN,  O.]  [Ornithological  advices  from  Disco,  Greenland,  on 
affairs  of  the  Arctic  Expedition.]  <^Ibis,  v,  3d  series,  1875,  pp. 
520, 521. 

1875.  SAMUELS,  E.  A.    The  |  Birds  of  New  England  |  and  |  adjacent  states :  | 

|  With  an  appendix  containing  supplementary  notes.  ; 

Sixth  edition,  revised  and  enlarged.  |  Boston:  |  Noyes,  Holmes,  and 
company,  |  219,  Washington  Street.  |  1875.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  i-vii, 
1-591,  col'd  frontisp.  (Quiscalus  purpureus),  many  full-page  un- 
colored  woodcc.  and  others  in  text,  and  pll.  i-iv  of  eggs. 

Grig.  ed.  1867.  This  ed.  from  the  orig.  stereos. ;  illustrations  the  same,  with 
addition  of  the  col'd  frontisp.  The  Appendix,  pp.  575-583,  gives  many  species 
omitted  from  the  orig.  ed.  There  have  been  several  editions  of  this  work,  all 
from  the  orig.  stereos.,  and  substantially  the  same,  but  differing  in  the  illustra- 
tions and  size  of  paper,  one  in  small  4to,  many  colored  plates  additional  to  those 
of  the  regular  editions.  The  "Appendix"  was  introduced  soon  after  the  first 
ed.,  perhaps  in  the  2d. 

1875.  SCLATER,  P,  L.  Instructions  for  collecting  and  observing  the  Birds 
of  Greenland.  <  Instructions  for  Use  of  Sci.  Exped.  to  Arct.  Regions, 
1875,  pp.  45, 46.  (8vo,  London,  1875.) 

1875.  SCOTT,  G.  C.  Spring  Birds  and  Fishes.  <^Eod  and  Gun,  vi,  April 
17,  1875,  p.  33. 


716  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1§75  [l50 

1875.  SNOW,  F.  H.  Birds  of  Kansas.  <  Observer  of  Nature,  ii,  Mar.  24,  1875 
(newspaper,  not  paged). 

Adds  4  spp.  to  his  various  previous  lists,  and  mentions  several  others  as  prob- 
able or  possible  additions  to  the  avifauna  of  the  State. 

1875.  SNOW,  F.  H.  New  Birds  in  Kansas.  <  Am.  Nat.,  ix,  No.  8,  Aug.,  1875, 
p.  470. 

Micropalama  himantopus,  Calidris  arenaria,  Aegiothus  linaria,  Dendroeca  pal- 
marum,  Ampelis  garrulus. 

1875.  SNOW,  F.  H.  Birds  of  Kansas.  <  Trans.  Kans.  Acad.  Science  for  1874 
(pamphlet,  pub.  separately  from  Trans.  State  Board  of  Agric.,  with 
which  formerly  included),  1875,  pp.  30,  31. 

Of  these  9  spp.,  3  are  additional  to  former  lists,  raising  the  number  to  290.  See 
1875, 1874,  1873,  1872,  SNOW,  F.  H. 

1875.  SNOW,  F.  H.  A  |  Catalogue  |  of  the  |  Birds  of  Kansas  |  contributed 
to  the  |  Kansas  Academy  of  Science  |  by  |  F.  H.  Snow,  |  Professor 
of  Natural  History  and  Meteorology,  in  the  University  |  of  Kansas,  | 
at  Lawrence.  |  —  |  Third  Edition.  |  November,  1875.  8vo.  pamph. 
pp.  14. 

23  spp.  and  one  var.  added  since  the  pub.  of  the  2d  ed.  in  Oct.,  1872.  List  now 
contains  295  &pp. ;  the  23  additions  would  have  increased  the  number  to  305,  but 
for  reduction  of  several  spp.  to  varr.  136  spp.,  known  to  breed,  marked  with 
asterisk. 

1875.  STEARNS,  W.    Birds  Breeding  on  Penikese  Island   [Massachusetts]. 

<  Am.  Nat.,  ix,  No.  9,  1875,  pp.  514, 515. 
Annotated  list  of  14  spp. 

1875.  STEPHENS,  F.    A  collector's  rambles  [in  New  Mexico].    <[  Rod  and 
Gun,  vi,  June  5,  1875,  p.  146 ;  June  12,  1875,  p.  171. 
Birds  observed  in  Sangre  de  Cristo  Mountains  and  vicinity  in  March. 

1875.  TABER,  E.  B.  The  life  of  winter  Birds.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  v,  Dec. 
9,  1875,  p.  275. 

1875.  [TILESTON,  W.  M.]  Birds  in  extremis  [through  rigors  of  winter]. 
<[  Forest  and  Stream,  iv,  Mar.  4,  1875,  p.  40. 

1875.  [TILESTON,  W.  M.]  Spare  the  Birds.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  iv,  Mar. 
25,  1875,  p.  104, 

1875.  TREAT,  [MRS.]  MARY.  Do  Birds  improve  as  architects?  < Harper's 
New  Monthly  Mag.,  li,  pp.  127-130. 

Answered  affirmatively  and  cases  cited  from  personal  observation. 

1875.  WHEATON,  J.  M.    The   food    of    Birds    as    related    to    agriculture. 

<  Twenty-ninth  Ann.  Eep.  Ohio  State  Board  of  Agric.  for  1874,  (no 
date)  1875,  pp.  561-578. 

Also  separately,  8vo,  pp.  18,  same  title.— This  is,  in  effect,  a  corrected  and  com- 
pleted list  of  the  birds  of  Ohio  (the  author's  original  list  appeared  in  same  pub- 
lication for  1860),  briefly  annotated,  and  with  the  general  food-regimen  of  each 
family  given ;  being  a  well-conceived  essay  of  much  practical  utility. 

1875-77.  "OvuM."  Birds'  Nests  and  Eggs.  <0ologist,  i,  No.  1,  Mar.,  1875, 
p.  2 ;  No.  2,  Apr.,  1875,  pp.  9-11,  with  2  figg. ;  No.  5,  July,  1875,  pp.  33. 
34,  6  figg. ;  No.  6,  Aug.,  1875,  pp.  41, 42,  +  suppl.  sheet,  for  Sept.,  Oct., 
pp.  1, 2,  figg.  1-4 ;  No.  9,  Nov.,  1875,  p.  59,+ suppl.  sheet;  No.  10,  Dec., 


151  ] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§7S-1§Y6  717 


1875-77.  "  OVUM."— Continued. 

1875,  p.  67,+  suppl.  sheet,  with  5  figg. ;  No.  11,  Jan.,  1876,  pp.  73-75; 
ii,  No.  3,  May,  1876,  pp.  18, 19;  No. 4,  June,  1876,  pp.  26, 27;  No.  5,  July, 

1876,  pp.  33, 34 ;  No.  6,  Aug.,  1876,  pp.  42, 43 ;  No.  7,  Sept.,  1876,  pp.  49, 
50;  No.  8,  Oct.,  1876,  pp.  58, 59;  Nos.  9, 10,  Nov.-Dec.,  1876,  pp.  66, 67 ; 
No.  11,  Jan.,  1877,  pp.  76, 77 ;  No.  12,  Feb.,  1877,  pp.  86, 87. 

A  series  of  descriptions  of  the  nests  and  eggs  of  various  North  American 
birds,  several  of  which  are  figured.  My  file  of  this  "amateur"  periodical  is 
incomplete.  The  series  continues  with  same  major  caption,  over  a  different 
pseudonyme,  "Avis",  following  articles  being  rather  citable  separately  by  their 
respective  sub-heads. 

1876.  ABBOTT,  C.  C.    Repetition  of  Nesting  in  Birds.     <^  Forest  and  Stream, 
v,  Jan.  6, 1876,  p.  340. 
List  of  species  breeding  twice  in  a  season. 

1876.  ABBOTT,  C.  C.    My  February  Field  Notes.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 
Mar.  23,  1876,  pp.  99,  114. 
Ornithological  journal  near  Trenton,  N.  J. 

1876.  ABBOTT,  C.  C.    March  Field  Notes— Birds  [at  Trenton,  N.  J.]    <  Forest 
and  Stream,  vi,  April  20, 1876,  p.  163. 

1876.  ABBOTT,  C.  C.    Three  months  of  Field  Notes.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  vii, 
Aug.  10,  1876,  pp.  3,  20. 

Ornithological  field-notes  made  at  Trenton,  N.  J.  Remarks  on  influences 
affecting  migrations. 

1876.  "  AGATE."    Game  [Birds]  in  Western  New  York.     <  Forest  and  Stream, 
vi,  Feb.  17,  1876,  p.  18. 

1876.  ALLEN,  C.  A.    Notes  from  California.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  vii,  Aug. 
10,  1876,  p.  4. 
Arrival  and  nesting  of  birds  at  Nicasio,  Marin  County. 

1876.  ALLEN,  MRS.  C.  A.    [List  of  6  Californian  birds  nesting  on  a  single  tree, 
with  details.]     <  Forest  and  Stream,  v,  Feb.  3,  1876,  p.  404. 

1876.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    The  availability  of  certain  Bartramian  names  in  orni- 
thology.   <  Am.  Nat.,  x,  No.  1 , 1876,  pp.  21-29. 
Adverse  to  Dr.  Coues's  views,  Pr.  Phila.  Acad.,  1875,  pp.  338-358. 

1876.  ALLEN,  J. A.    Bartramian   Names  again:    An   Explanation.    <^Am. 
Nat.,  x,  No.  3,  1876,  pp.  176,  177. 
The  last  word  in  this  short  and  amiable  discussion. 

1876.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    Progress  in  Ornithology  in  the  United  States  during  the 
last,  Century.    <  Am.  Nat.,  x,  No.  9, 1876,  pp.  536-550. 

A  very  valuable  historical  digest  and  commentary.  It  is  one  of  the  "Centen- 
nial" reports  of  progress  in  zoology  which  the  Naturalist  published  this  year. 

1876.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.    Birds  of  Kansas.     <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  i,  No.  2, 
July,  1876,  pp.  47,  48. 
Notice  of  F.  H.  Snow's  later  catalogue  of  Kansas  birds. 

1876.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.    Extinct  Birds  with  teeth.     <Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club, 
i,  No.  2,  July,  1876,  p.  49. 

Note  on  Marsh' s  papers  on  Ichthyornis,  Apatomis,  Hesperornig,  and  Lestornis,  in 
Am.  Journ.  Sd.,  1875  and  1876. 


718  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1§76  [lH2 

1876.  A[LLEN],J.  A.    Life-Histories  of  the  Birds  of  Eastern  Pennsylvania. 

<  Bull  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  i,  No.  2,  July,  1876,  pp.  49,  50. 
Review  of  T.  G.  Gentry's  work  of  that  name,  voL  I. 

1876.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    Decrease  of    Birds  in  Massachusetts.     <  Bull,  Nutt. 
Ornith.  Club,  i,  No.  3,  Sept.,  1876,  pp.  53-60. 
Statement  of  the  case,  and  discussion  of  the  causes. 

1876.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.    The  Birds  of  Ritchie  County,  West  Virginia.    <  Bull. 
Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  i,  No.  3,  Sept.,  1876,  p.  72. 
Brief  note  on  Brewster's  paper,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.,  xi,  129. 

1876.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  Geographical  variation  in  the  number  and  size  of  the 
eggs  of  [certain  North  American]  birds.  <.  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club, 
i,  No.  3,  Sept.,  1876,  pp.  74,  75. 

1876.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.    Birds  of  Southwestern  Mexico.    <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith. 
Club,  i,  No.  iv,  Nov.,  1876,  p.  93. 
Note  on  G.  N.  Lawrence's  paper,  Bull.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mm.,  No.  4, 1876,  q.  v. 

1876.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.    Jordan's  Manual  of  Vertebrate  Animals.    <  Bull.  Nutt. 
Ornith.  Club,  i,  No.  iv,  Nov.,  1876,  pp.  93,  94. 
Eeview  of  the  work. 

1876.  [ALLEN,  J.  A.]  Ornithological  Calendar  for  March.  <  Forest  and 
Stream,  vi,  Mar.  16, 1876,  p.  84. 

1876.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  Send  in  the  reports.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  March  30, 
1876,  p.  115. 

Importance  of  secnring  data  on  migrations  and  habits  of  birds,  and  sugges- 
tions therefor. 

1876.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    Calendar   [for  birds  in  Massachusetts,  March  20-31]. 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  March  30,  1876,  p.  116. 

1876.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    Calendar  [of  birds  of  Massachusetts  for  April  1-20]. 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  April  6,  1876,  p.  132. 

1876.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  On  the  Decrease  of  Birds  in  the  United  States.  <  Penn 
Monthly,  Dec.,  1876,  pp.  931-944. 

Refers  especially  to  Alca  impennis,  Cupidonia  cupido,  Meleagris  gallopavo, 
Oonurus  carolinensis,  Hylotomus  pileatus,  Melanerpes  erythrocephalus,  Grus  spp. , 
Gygnus  spp.,  Pelecanus  spp.,  Laridce,  Grallce,  Ectopistes  migratorius,  Quiscalus 
purpureus,  Agelceus phceniceus,  and  in  more  general  terms  to  various  other  species. 

1876.  [ANON.]    Rare  birds  for  Canada.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  vii,  Nov.  9, 
1876,  p.  212. 
Pelican  (sp.?).and  Sand-hill  Crane  at  London,  Ontario. 

1876.  [ANON.— G.  B.  GRINNELL.]    Nuttall  Bulletin  [vol.  I,  No.  4,  reviewed]. 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  vii,  Dec.  28,  1876,  p.  327. 

1876.  [ANON.]  Report  upon  Geographical  and  Geological  Explorations  and 
Surveys  in  charge  of  First  Lieut.  Geo.  M. Wheeler,  Corps  of  Engineers 
U.  S.  A.,  Chap.  Ill,  Vol.  V,  Zoology,  Washington.     <  Rod  and  Gun, 
viii,  Aug.  26, 1876,  p.  344. 
Review  of  the  ornithology  of  Arizona  and  vicinity,  by  H.  "W.  Henshaw. 

1876.  [ANON.]    The  Traffic  in  Birds.    <  Eod  and  Gun,  ix,  Dec.  16, 1876,  p.  172. 
Statements  from  the  New  York  World  concerning  the  importation  of  foreign 
singing  and  fancy  birds  to  the  United  States. 


153]       '          BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§176  719 

1876.  .    Notes  from  our  Correspondents.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 

Feb.  10, 1876,  p.  3. 

Eagles  on  the  Hudson  river;  Pine  Grosbeak  in  confinement;  White  Pelican 
common  in  Florida ;  Gulls  as  scavengers. 

1876. .    Notes  from   our  Correspondents.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 

March  16,  1876,  p.  84. 

Ampelis  garrulus;  bird  arrivals  in  Berks  Co.,  Pa.;  Gambol's  and  Massena 
Quails. 

1876.  .    Notes  from  our  Correspondents.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 

March  23, 1876,  p.  99. 

Spring  birds  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Tonkers,  N.  T.,  Waterville,  N.  Y.,  and  Peo- 
tone,  HI. 

1876. .    Notes  from  our  Correspondents.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 

April  6,  1876,  p.  132. 
Albinos ;  Bluebird  and  Meadow  Lark  in  Louisiana. 

1876.  .    Notes  from  our   Correspondents.      <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 

April  13, 1876,  p.  148. 

"Woodcock  breeding  in  Duplin  Co.,  N.  C. ;  March  birds,  including  Whippoor- 
will,  at  Glen's  Falls,  and  at  Niagara  Falls,  N.  T. 

1876.  .    Notes  from   our  Correspondents.    <[  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 

April  27,  1876,  p.  180. 

Spring  birds  in  New  England ;  albino  Robin  and  Sora  Bail. 

1876.  .    Notes  from  our  Correspondents.    <[  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 

May  18,  1876,  p.  233. 
Drumming  of  Snipe ;  habits  of  Chimney  Swifts. 

1876.  .    Letters  from  Ornithologists.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  May 

18,  1876,  p.  233 ;  June  1, 1876,  p.  266. 

Dendroeca  coronata  in  Eastern  Mass.  (AKTHUB  F.  GRAY)  ;  spring  migrants  at 
Montpelier,  Yt.  (W.  A.  BBIGGS),  and  at  Peotone,  111.  (D.  H.  EATON)  ;  ornithology 
of  Rogue  Island,  Me.  (G.  LONGFELLOW). 

1876.  .    Letters  from  Ornithologists.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  June 

1, 1876,  p.  266. 

Warblers  in  Eastern  Massachusetts  .(CHAS.  A.  HOUGHTON)  ;  spring  birds  at 
Newport,  R.  I.  (J.  S.  COULAND  =  Rowland),  at  Gainesville,  Texas  (G.  H.  RAGS- 
DALE),  and  at  Lake  City,  Minn.  (D.  C.  ESTES). 

1876.  .  Notes  from   our  Correspondents.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 

June  15, 1876,  p.  300. 
Accidental  death  of  birds;  "  Rusty-headed  Fisher  "  =  Female  Gooseander  ? 

1876.  .    Notes  from  our  Correspondents.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 

July  6, 1876,  p.  355. 
Birds  feeding  on  maggots ;  "  White  Crane  "  at  Lynch  burg,  Va.;  Toeless  Robin. 

1876. .    Notes  from  our  Correspondents.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 

July  20,  1876,  p.  387. 

Bird  caught  in  a  mussel ;  Black-throated  Buntings,  etc.,  in  Illinois ;  Upland 
Plover  breeding  at  Gainesville,  Texas ;  sex  of  Pigeons ;  habits  of  Catbird. 

1876.  .    Notes  from  our  Correspondents.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  vii, 

Oct.  12, 1876,  p.  148. 

Gulls  at  Hornellsville,  N.  Y. ;  Bald  Eagle  weighing  18  pounds ;  Red-headed 
Woodpeckers  in  Northern  New  Jersey ;  Wood  Ducks  reared  in  the  barn-yard. 


?20  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§76  [l54 

1876. .  Notes  from  our  Correspondents.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  vii, 

Oct.  19, 1876,  p.  164. 

Collurio  borealis  seizing  its  prey  with  its  talons;  Zencedura  carolinensis  at 
Machias,  Me.,  Oct.  9,  etc. 

1876.  "ARCHER."  [G.  A.  STOCKWELL.]  Game  of  Michigan.  Wild  Turkey.— 
Meleagris  gallipavo,  Meleagris  mexicana.  <  Bod  and  Gun,  ix,  Nov. 
4,  1876,  p.  65. 

1876.  AUDUBON,  Miss  [MARIA  R.]  Reminiscences  of  Audubon,  by  a  Grand- 
daughter. <  Scribner>8  Monthly,  xii,  1876,  pp.  333-338. 

1876.  BAILEY,  H.  B.    Notes  on  Birds  found  breeding  on  Cobb's  Island,  Va. 
Between  May  25th  and  May  29th,  1875.    <  Bull.  Nutt.  OrnitJi.  Club, 
i,  No.  1,  1876,  pp.  24-28. 
21  spp.,  mostly  waders  and  swimmers. 

1876.  BAIRD,  S.  F.  Engineer  Department,  U.  S.  Army.  |  =  |  Report  |  of  | 
Explorations  |  across  the  |  Great  Basin  of  the  Territory  of  Utah  |  for 
a  |  direct  wagon-route  from  Camp  Floyd  to  Genoa,  in  Carson  Valley, 
|  in  1859,  |  by  |  Captain  J.  H.  Simpson,  ]  Corps  of  Topographical 
Engineers,  U.  S.  Army,  |  [now  Colonel  of  Engineers,  Bvt.  Brig.  Gen., 
U.  S.  A.]  |  made  |  by  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  under 
instructions  from  Bvt.  Brig.  Gen.  A.  S.  Johnston,  |  U.  S.  Army, 
commanding  the  Department  of  Utah.  |  —  j  Washington :  |  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office.  |  1876.  1  vol.  4to.  pp.  518,  maps  and  pll. 
>  Appendix  K.  List  of  Birds  collected  by  Charles  S.  McCarthy, 
Taxidermist.  Classified  by  Prof.  Spencer  F.Baird.  pp.  375-381. 
Perfunctory ;  114  spp.,  with  number  of  specimens  procured  and  localities. 

1876.  BICKNELL,  E.  P.  A  comparison  of  winter  Birds.  <  Forest  and  Stream, 
vi,  April  6,  1876,  p.  133. 

1876.  BICKNELL,  E.  P.  Early  spring  [Birds,  etc.]  on  the  Hudson.  <  Forest 
and  Stream,  vi,  April  13,  1876,  p.  149. 

1876.  BICKNELL,  E.  P.  Field  Notes  [on  Birds,  etc.]  at  Riverdale  [N.  Y.J 
<[  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  May  18,  p.  233. 

1876.  BICKNELL,  E.  P.    The  birds  of  our  suburbs  [i.  e.,  at  Riverdale-on-Hud- 
son,  N.  Y.]     <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  July  20, 1876,  p.  386.    See  p.  402. 
Ornithological  journal,  May  1-31. 

1876.  BOIES,  A.  H.     [Additions  to  a  catalogue  of]  Michigan  birds.    <  Pod 
and  Gun,  vii,  Jan.  15,  1876,  p.  248. 
For  the  Catalogue,  see  1875,  BOIES,  A.  H. 

1876.  BREWER,  T.  M.  Birds  of  New  England.  <  Bull  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club, 
i,  No.  iv,  Nov.,  1876,  pp.  89-93. 

A  defence  of  his  catalogue  against  the  criticisms  of  "H.  A.  Pfurdie] ",  torn, 
tit.,  p.  72. 

1876.  BREWSTER,  W.  On  the  occurrence  of  certain  Birds  in  the  New  Eng- 
land states.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  OrnitJi.  Club,  i,  No.  1, 1876,  pp.  17-20. 

Junco  oregonus,  Corvus  ossifragus,  Vireo  phttadelphicus,  Tringa  bairdi,  Philoma- 
chus  pugnax. 

1876.  B  [REWSTER],  W.  Ornithology  of  the  Wheeler  Expedition.  <  Bull 
Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  i,  No.  3,  Sept.,  1876,  pp.  70,  71. 

Review  of  Henshaw's  ornithological  papers  in  the  publications  of  the  expedi- 
tion mentioned. 


155]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1876  721 

1876.  BRIGGS,  W.  A.,  and  "R."  Two  letters  from  northern  Vermont. 
<  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  Mar.  23, 1876,  p.  100. 

List  of  resident  and  winter  birds  at  Montpelier,  Vt.,  including  liuteo  pennsyl- 
vanicus  ,•  notes  from  Addison  Co.,  Vt.,  with  editorial  remarks. 

1876.  BROWN,  N.  C.  Variable  Abundance  of  Birds  at  the  same  Localities 
[in  North  America]  in  different  years.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  i, 
No.  iv,  Nov.,  1876,  pp.  95,  96. 

1876.  [BROWNE,  C.   F.]     Local    nomenclature.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  vii, 
Nov.  9,  1876,  p.  212.    See  pp.  245,  276. 
Gunner's  names  for  sea-birds  at  Plymouth  Bay,  Mass.,  with  editorial  remarks. 

1876.  BRO[W]NE,  F.  C.  [Cf.  p.  212.]  Gunner's  Names  [for  sea-birds  and 
wild  fowl  on  the  Massachusetts  coast].  <  Forest  and  Stream,  vii, 
Nov.  23,  1876,  p.  245.  See  pp.  212, 276. 

1876.  BURROUGHS,  J.  Notes  from  the  North  River  [at  Esopus,  N.  Y.].  ^For- 
est and  Stream,  vi,  April  20,  1876,  p.  164. 

1876.  BURROUGHS,   J.      A  Bird  Medley.       <  Scribner's  Monthly,  xii,  1876, 
pp.  479-489;  nine  illustrations  [by  Miss  Fidelia  Bridges]. 
Poetic  treatment  of  some  birds  of  the  Northern  States. 

1876.  CARPENTER,  W.  L.  Field  Notes  on  the  Natural  History  of  the  Big 
Horn  Mountains  [Montana].  <  Forest  and  Stream,  vii,  Nov.  2,  Ib76, 
p.  196. 

1876.  C.  F.  P.  Birds  of  Southern  Pennsylvania.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 
March  9, 1876,  p.  67. 

1876.  "CILIBILI."  [WM.  GOODYER.]  Birds  and  late  snow  storms.  <  Forest 
and  Stream,  vi,  April  20, 1876,  p.  164. 

1876.  COLVIN,  V.    The  winter  fauna  of  Mt.  Marcy.    <  Eod  and  Gun,  viii, 
April  8,  1876,  p.  22. 
From  Eeport  to  State  Legislature  of  Survey  of  the  Adirondack  "Wilderness. 

1876.  COOPER,  J.  G.    Californian  Garden  Birds.    <  Am.  Nat.,  x,  No.  2, 1876,. 
pp.  90-96. 
Notes  on  the  habits  of  numerous  species  observed  near  San  Francisco. 

1876.  COPE,  E.  D.  On  a  Gigantic  Bird  from  the  Eocene  of  New  Mexico  [Diar 
tryma  gigantea].  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.for  April  1876. 

1876.  COUES,  E.    An  Account  of  the  various  Publications  relating  to  the 
Travels  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  with  a  Commentary  on  the  Zoologi- 
cal Results  of  their  Expedition.    <  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  6, 2d 
set.,  Feb.  8, 1876,  pp.  417-444. 
2.— Birds,  pp.  439-444.    Identification  of  the  species  described  by  these  authors. 

1876.  COUES,  E.  Reply  to  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen's  "Availability  of  certain  Bar- 
tramian  names  in  Ornithology."  <  Am.  Nat.,  x,  No.  2,  1876,  pp. 
98-102. 

Maintaining  the  position  he  assumed  in  his  Fasti  Ornithologies  Eedivivi,  against 
Allen,  in  Am.  Nat.,  1876,  pp.  21-29. 

1876.  COUES,  E.     Unusual  Nesting  Sites  of  the  Night  Hawk  and  Towhee 
Bun  ting.    <  Am.  Nat.,  x,  No.  4, 1876,  p.  239. 
Chordiles  popetue  on  a  roof;  Pipilo  erythrophthalmus  in  a  tree. 

46  B  C 


722  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1876  [l56 

1876.  COUES,  E.    The  Destruction  of  Birds  by  Telegraph  Wire.    <  Am. 
Nat.,  x,  No.  12, 1«76,  pp.  734-736. 

Detailed  account,  from  observations  in  Colorado.  The  article  reappears,  under 
various  editorial  guises  and  abstracts,  in  numberless  newspapers. 

1876.  COUES,  E.    On  the  Number  of  Primaries  in  Oscines.      <  Bull.  Nutt. 
Ornith.  Club,  i,  No.  3,  Sept.,  1876,  pp.  60-63. 

Results  of  examination  of  many  supposed  nine-primaried  birds,  in  which  a 
rudimentary  first  primary,  making  ten  in  all,  was  found. 

1876.  COUES,  E.    A  correction.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  Feb.  24, 1876,  p.  36. 

Of  a  statement  respecting  the  "  Birds  of  the  Colorado  ",  loc.  cit.,  p.  20. 
1876.  COUES,  E.     Mr.  Gentry's  Book  about  Birds.     <  Rod  and  Gun,  viii, 
April  29, 1876,  p.  71. 

Review  of  Life  -Histories  of  the  Birds  of  Eastern  Pennsylvania,  vol.  I. 
1876.  COUES,  E.     Dr.  Coues  on   "Partridge",  "Quail",  etc.     <Rod  and 
Gun,  ix,  Nov.  11, 1876,  p.  88. 

Systematic  relations  inter  se,  scientific  names,  and  habitats  of  American  Oallince. 
1876.  COVERT,  A.  B.     A  Letter  of  Promise.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  March 
2, 1876,  p.  52. 

Spring  birds  in  Michigan ;  ability  of  birds  to  foresee  atmospheric  changes. 

1876.  COVKRT,   A.   B.    Birds  of  Lower  Michigan.       <  Forest  and  Stream, 
vi,  1876,  pp.  99, 132, 163, 214, 266, 318, 354. 

Catalogue,  with  annotations,  of  birds  observed  in  the  Lower  Peninsula  of 
Michigan  during  several  years. 

1876.  DEANE,  RUTHVEN.    Albinism  and  melanism  among  North  American 
birds.     <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  i,  No.  1,  1876,  pp.  20-24. 
Commentary  on  the  many  instances  of  this  affection  observed  by  the  writer. 

1876.  DE  KAY,   CHARLES.      Winter  Sunshine.      <Scribner's  Monthly,  xi, 
1875-76,  p.  749. 
Review  of  John  Bnrroughs's  Winter  Sunshine. 

1876.  EATON,  D.  H.     Prairie  Ornithology  [at  Peotone,  111.].     <  Forest  and 
Stream,  vi,  June  15, 1876,  p.  301. 

1876.  EATON,  D.  H.    Egg  collecting  in  Illinois.     <[  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 
June  29, 1876,  p.  337. 

1876.  [EDITORIAL.]    TheNuttall  Ornithological  Club.     <  Bull  Nutt.  Ornith. 
Club,  i,  No.  2,  July,  1876,  pp.  29-32. 

Historical  sketch,  including  list  of  the  principal  papers,  by  members  of  the 
club,  published  elsewhere  (chiefly  in  the  American  Sportsman)  prior  to  establish- 
ment of  the  Bulletin. 

1876.  [EDITORIAL.]     Correction  [of  article  "Birds  of  our  Suburbs",  p.  386]. 
<  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  July  27, 1876,  p.  402. 

1876.  ESTES,  D.  C.     Winter  notes  from  Lake  Pepin  [Minn.].    <  Forest  and 

Stream,  vi,  April  20, 1876, 164. 

1876.  FISH,  GEORGE  T.    Birds  and  their  uses.     <  Bod  and  Gun,  viii,  July 
29, 1876,  p.  281. 

Read  before  the  "Western  New  York  Horticultural  Society. 

1876.  FISHER,  A.  K.     Small  Birds  caught  by  the  Burdock.     <  Am.  Nat.t 
x,  No.  4, 1876,  pp.  239, 240. 
Gbrysomitarig  tristis,  Dendroeca  coronata. 


157]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1876  723 

1876.  FOWLER,  H.  G.  Birds  of  Central  New  York.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 
Apr.,  1876,  p.  180 ;  May  18,  p.  233 ;  June  8,  p.  284 ;  June  29,  p.  337 ; 

,p.402;  vii,  Aug.  24,  1876,  p.  36;  Aug.  31,  p.  52;  Sept.  14,  p.  84; 

Nov.  16,  p.  230. 

List  of  150  spp.,  of  Caynga,  Seneca,  and  Wayne  Cos.,  N.  Y.  The  first  instal- 
ment is  ascribed  b\  error  to  "  H.  "W.  Candee".  See  1877,  RATHBUN,  F.  R. 

1876.  FOWLER,  H.  G.    Additional  Birds  of  Central  New  York.    <  Forest  and 

Stream,  Oct.  26, 1876,  p.  180. 

Adding  19  spp.  to  above  list. 
1876.  Fox,  W.  H.     Three  migrations  [1874-5-6,  at  Hollis,New  Hampshire] 

compared  [in  a  table].     <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  July  6, 1876,  p.  354. 

1876.  FULLER,  A.  R.  Spring  [arrivals  of  birds]  at  Meacham  Lake,  New 
York.  <^  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  June  15, 1876,  p.  301. 

1876.  GILBERT,  J.  B.     The  rarer  birds  of  Western  New  York.     <  Forest 
and  Stream,  vii,  Dec.  28, 1876,  p.  324. 
Remarks  on  35  spp.  of  birds  of  Yates  Co.,  New  York. 

1876.  GLADWIX,  CHARLES  O.  [Notes  on  some]  Birds  of  Southern  Connec- 
ticut. <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  March  30, 1876,  p.  116. 

1876.  GRAY,  ARTHUR  F.  Resident  [land]  Birds  [25  spp.]  of  Danvers 
[Mass.]  <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  April  27, 1876,  p.  181. 

1876.  [GRINNELL,G.  B.]  [Notice  of  a  "Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  South- 
western Mexico,  collected  by  F.  E.  Sumichrast " ;  in  Bulletin  of  the 
National  Museum,  No.  4.]  <  Forest  and  Stream,  vii,  Nov.  23,  1876, 
p.  245. 

1876.  HOFFMAN,  W.  J.  Habits  of  Western  [North  American]  Birds.  <^Am. 
Nat.,  x,  No.  4,  1876,  pp.  238, 23! '. 

Buteo  swainsoni,  Stellitla  calliope,  etc.,  in  California  and  Nevada. 

1876.  HOLBERTON,  W.  Local  names  of  bay-birds  [Limicolse].  <  Forest 
and  Stream,  vii,  Sept.  7, 1876,  p.  68. 

1876.  INGERSOLL,  E.  Three  April  Birds  [Sialia  sialis,  Troglodytes  aedon, 
Zensedura  caroliuensis].  <  Appleton's  Journal,  xv,  April,  1876,  p. 
526. 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]  An  Invitation  [to  observe  and  record  daily  occur- 
rences in  natural  history,  mainly  in  ornithology].  <^  Forest  and 
Stream,  vi,  Feb.  17,  1876,  p.  19.  See  p.  37. 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]  Birds  of  Arizona.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  Feb.  17, 
1876,  p.  20. 

Notice  of  H.  "W.  Henshaw's  List  of  tbe  Birds  of  Arizona,  in  Report  of  Explora- 
tions West  of  100th  Meridian. 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]  [Notice  of  the  work  on  the  "  Birds  of  the  Colorado  ", 
to  be  written  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues.]  <^  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  Feb. 
17,  1876,  p.  20.  See  pp.  36,  387. 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]  Our  "  Invitation  "  heard  from.  < Forest  and  Stream, 
vi,  Feb.  24,  1876,  p.  36. 

Comments  and  criticisms  by  S.  F.  Baird,  C.  C.  Abbott,  and  otbers,  upon  the 
text  and  proposal  in  the  article  "An  Invitation",  on  p.  19.  Information  upon 
migrations  of  birds  in  Central  New  Jersey. 


724  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1876  [l58 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]    Recent  pamphlets.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,Mar. 
9,  1876,  p.  67. 

Notices  of  papers  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues  on  Lewis  and  Clarke's  Travels,  on  the 
Zapodidce,  and  on  breeding  of  Lagopus  leucurus,  in  Suit.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog. 
Survey. 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]     [Winter  birds  of  Eastern  Maine.]    <  Forest  and 

Stream,  vi,  March  9, 1876,  p.  68. 
1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]       [Suggestions   as    to]   Formulating  Field  Notes. 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  April  6,  1876,  p.  132. 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]     Schoolboys  as  naturalists.     <  Forest  and  Stream, 
vi,  April  20, 1876,  p.  163. 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]     At  Home  with  the  Birds.      <  Forest  and  Stream, 
vi,May  11, 1876,  p.  214. 

Eeview  of  vol.  I,  Life-Histories  of  the  Birds  of  Eastern  Pennsylvania,  by 
Thomas  G.  Gentry. 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]    The  Nuttall  Club.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  May 
25,  1876,  p.  250. 

Historical  sketch  of  the  Nuttall  Ornithological  Club,  and  review  of  their 
Bulletin,  vol.  I,  No.  1. 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]    New  Work  by  Dr.  Coues.    <  Forest  and  Stream, 
vi,  July  20,  1876,  p.  387.    See  pp.  20,  36. 
Advance  notice  of  the  Birds  of  the  Colorado. 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]    Dr.  Hayden  and  Ornithology.    <  Forest  and  Stream, 
vi,  July  20,  1876,  p.  390. 

Sketch  of  ornithological  results  from  the  U.  S.  Geological  and  Geographical 
Survey  of  the  Territories. 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]    Wheeler's  "  Birds".    <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  July 
27,  1876,  p.  402. 

Notice  of  chap.  Ill,  vol.  V,  Rep.  of  U.  S.  Geol.  Sure.  W.  of  IQOth  Her.  (Lieut, 
Geo.  M.  Wheeler  in  charge),  by  H.  W.  Henshaw. 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]    A  key  to  our  Shore  Birds  [LimicolsB].    <  Forest  and 
Stream,  vi,  Aug.  3, 1876,  p.  417;  and  vii,  Aug.  10, 1876,  p.  3. 
Introduction  by  Ingersoll ;  the  key  from  D.  S.  Jordan's  Manual  of  Vertebrates. 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]    Ornithology,  etc.      <  Forest  and  Stream,  vii,  Aug. 
17,  1876,  p.  23. 

Review  of  H.  "W.  Henshaw's  memoir  in  vol.  V  of  the  Reports  of  Explorations 
and  Surveys  West  of  100$.  Meridian,  pp.  131-508, 15  colored  pll. 

1876.  INGERSOLL,  E.    The  Migrations  of  Birds.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  vii, 
Sept.  14,  1876,  p.  84. 
From  Scribner's  Monthly,  Sept.,  1876. 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]     A  second  "Birds  of  New  England".     < Forest  and 
Stream,  vii,  Oct.  5, 1876,  p.  132. 

Advance  announcement  of  H.  D.  Minot's  Land  and  Game  Birds  of  New  Eng- 
land. 

1876.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]    Two  Lists  of  Birds.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  vii,  Oct. 
.    19,  1876,  p.  164. 

Comments  upon  a  list  of  the  birds  of  Lower  Michigan,  and  a  list  of  the  birds 
of  Central  New  York. 


159]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       18V6  725 

1876.  INGERSOLL,  E.      Something  About  Birds.      <  Scribner's  Monthly,  xii, 

1876,  pp.  689-693,  figg.  1-17. 
Features    of    bird-character    generally;    illustrations   taken   from    Sanboru 

Tenney's  Zoology,  and  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Kidgway'a  History  of  North  American 

Birds. 
1876.  I[NGERSOLL],  MRS.  E.     Kinglets  and  Warblers  in  captivity.     <  Forest 

and  Stream,  v,  Jan.  6, 1876,  p.  340. 
1876.  JONES,  WM.  L.    March  Memoranda  [from  St.  Clair  Co.,  111.].    <  Forest 

and  Stream,  vi,  June  29, 1876,  p.  338. 

1876.  JONES,  WM.  L.  April  Birds  [at  Lebanon]  in  Illinois.  <^  Forest  and 
Stream,  vi,  Aug.  3, 1876,  p.  418. 

1876.  JORDAN,  D.  S.  Manual  |  of  the  |  Vertebrates  |  of  the  |  Northern 
United  States,  |  including  |  the  District  east  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  |  and  north  of  |  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  exclusive  | 
of  marine  species.  |  By  |  David  Starr  Jordan,  M.  S.,  M.  D.  |  Profes- 
sor of  Natural  History  in  N.  W.  C.  University,  and  in  Indiana  | 
State  Medical  College.  |  —  |  Chicago:  |  Jansen,  McClurg  &  Com- 
pany. |  1876.  1  vol.  12mo.  pp.  342. 

"  This  book  has  been  written  to  give  collectors  and  students  who  are  not  spe- 
cialists, a  ready  means  of  identifying  the  families,  genera  and  species  of  our 
Vertebrate  Animals.  In  deference  to  the  uniform  experience  of  botanists,  and 
in  view  of  the  remarkable  success  achieved  by  Dr.  COUES,  in  the  application  of 
the  method  to  Ornithology,  the  author  has  adopted  the  system  of  artificial  keys." 
(Extract  from  Preface.)— Birds  are  treated  at  pp.  36-156,  with  useful  artificial 
keys  to  the  higher  groups,  analyses  of  the  genera,  and  concise  diagnoses  of  the 
species.  It  has  proven  a  very  useful  and  valuable  help  to  the  student,  and  has 
already  passed  to  a  2d  td.,  1878,  q.  v. 

1876.  JOUY,  P.  L.  Birds  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  <  Field  and  Forest, 
i,  No.  10,  Mar.,  1876,  pp.  79,  80. 

Nominal  list  of  38  "common  permanent  residents"  and  29  " common  winter 
residents".  Article  ascribed  to  E,  W.  Shufeldt;  error  corrected  op.  cit.,  ii,  No. 
1,  p.  18. 

1876.  KEYES,  F.  H.  May  Songsters  at  Springfield  [Mass.].  <  Forest  and 
Stream,  vi,  June  29, 1876,  p.  338. 

1876.  KUMLEIN,  A.  J.  Unusual  Accidents  to  Birds.  <  Field  and  Forest,  ii, 
No.  6,  Dec.,  1876,  p.  106. 

Chordeiles  popetue  with  a  beetle  (Lachnosterna)  which  had  worked  partly 
through  the  gullet  and  skin  of  the  neck. — Pigeon  impaled  on  a  beech  twig. 

1876.  LAWRENCE,  G.  N.  Birds  |  of  |  Southwestern  Mexico.  |  Collected  by 
Francis  E.  Sumichrast  |  for  the  |  United  States  National  Museum.  | 
—  |  Prepared  by  |  George  N.  Lawrence.  |  —  |  Washington :  J  Gov- 
ernment Printing  Office.  |  1876.  =Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mm.,  No.  4.  8vo 
pamph.  Cover  and  pp.  56. 

There  is  the  cover-title,  the  full-page  title  (above  given),  and  a  third  one,  all 
worded  differently. — An  important  paper,  treating  of  321  spp.,  with  author's 
critical  and  collector's  field-notes,  preceded  by  Sumichrast's  "Notes  on  the 
geographical  division  of  the  birds  in  theSithmns  [lege  Isthmus]  of  Tehuantepec". 
The  novelties  contained  in  this  splendid  collection  were  earlier  published  else- 
where. 

1876.  LB  BARON,  J.  F.  The  naturalist  and  sportsman  in  Florida.  <  Mod 
and  Gun,  ix,  1876,  pp.  21, 29, 53, 69, 83, 97, 113. 


726  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1876  [l60 

1876.  LONGFELLOW,  G.    A  persecuted  Ornithologist.    <  Forest  and  Stream, 
vi,  June  22,  1876,  p.  319. 
Enormous  abundance  of  sea-birds  in  Englishman's  Bay,  Maine.    See  p.  233. 

1876.  MARSH,  O.  C.  Notice  of  New  Odontornithes.  <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  (3), 
xi,  1876,  pp.  509-511. 

Not  seen.—Lestorniscrassipes,  g.  sp.  n.,  p.  509;  Hespcromis  gracilis,  p.  510,  ep. 
n. ;  Ichthyornis  (?)  victor,  p.  511,  sp.  n. 

1876.  MARSH,  O.   C.     Note  sur  de  nouveaux  Odontornithes.     <[  Gervais' 
Journ.  de  Zool,  v,  1876,  pp.  304-306. 
Not  seen — from  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  (3),  xi,  pp.  509-511,  q.  v. 

1876.  MAYNARD,  C.  J.  Variation  in  the  breeding  habits  of  certain  Birds 
[of  Florida].  <  Bod  and  Gun,  viii,  Aug.  12, 1876,  p.  314. 

1876.  MERRIAM,  C.  H.  <  Passerculus  princeps  and  Parus  hudsonicus  in 
Connecticut.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  i,  No.  2,  July,  1876,  p.  52. 

1876.  MERRILL,  J.  C.  Notes  on  Texan  Birds.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  i, 
No.  iv,  Nov.,  1876,  pp.  h8, 89. 

I.  Molothrus  ceneus,  Nyctidromus  albicollis,  Pyrrhophcena  riefferi,  Parra  gymno- 
stoma,  Podiceps  dominicus,  from  Fort  Brown,  Texas— all  but  the  last  new  to  the 
IT.  S.  fauna.  II.  On  the  breeding  habits,  previously  unknown,  of  two  species  of 
North  American  birds  (Embernagra  rufivirgata,  Xanthura  luxuosa). 

1876.  MINOT,  H.  D.    The  Summer  birds  of  the  White  Mountain  Region. 

<  Am.  Nat.,  x,  No.  2, 1876,  pp.  75-80. 

Banning  commentary  on  various  species  of  that  part  of  New  Hampshire. 

1876.  MORRIS,  R.  T.    Reflections  upon  reflections.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 
May  1, 1876,  p.  197. 
Adverse  criticism  of  Theo.  Jasper's  book,  1874-78.  q.  v. 

1876.  MORRIS,  R.  T.  Game  Birds  of  Connecticut.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  vii, 
Sept,  28, 1876,  p.  116. 

53  spp.,  with  notes  upon  relative  abundance. 

1876.  MORRIS,  R.  T.  Local  nomenclature  [for  wildfowl  on  the  Connecticut 
coast].  <  Forest  and  Stream,\n,~Dec.7 ,1876,  p.  276.  See  pp.  212,  245. 

1876.  NELSON,  E.  W.  Additions  to  the  Avi-fauua  of  Illinois,  with  notes  on 
other  species  of  Illinois  Birds.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  i,  No.  2, 
July,  1876,  pp.  39-44. 

15  spp.,  fully  annotated,  with  further  notes  on  14  other  spp.  still  imperfectly 
known  as  birds  of  Illinois. 

1876.  NELSON,  E.  W.  Birds  observed  in  the  vicinity  of  Oakland,  Cal.,  De- 
cember 23,  1872.  <  The  Scientific.  Monthly  (Toledo,  Ohio),  vol.  i, 
No.  5,  Feb.,  1876,  pp.  232-234. 

Running  commentary  on  the  varied  results  of  one  day's  .observations. 

1876.  PARKER,  S.  S.    A  report   [of   spring  Birds]  from  New  Hampshire. 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  April  27,  1876,  p.  180. 

1876.  PHILLIPS,  C.  H,      The  fauna  of  Nebraska  [including  game  birds]. 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  June  8, 1876,  p.  284. 

1876.  PIERCE,  M.  P.  Scarcity  of  Birds  in  New  Jersey.  <  Forest  and  Stream, 
vi,  Mar.  16,  1876,  p.  84. 


16l]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1876  727 

1876.  P[URDIE],  H.  A.  Birds  of  New  England.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornitk.  Club, 
i,  No.  3,  Sept.,  1876,  pp.  72, 73. 

Critical  review  of  T.  M.  Brewer's  Catalogue,  Pr.  Best.  Soc.,  xvii,  pp.  436-454, 
noting  some  of  the  required  additions  and  making  many  necessary  corrections. 

1876.  RAGSDALE,  G.  H.  Texan  Ornithology.  <^Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  July 
13,  1876,  p.  370. 

Journal  from  April  24  to  June  5  of  ornithological  occurrences  at  Gainesville, 
Cooke  Co.,  Texas. 

1876  RIDGWAY,  R.  Ornithology  of  Guadeloupe  Island  based  on  notes  and 
collections  made  by  Dr.  Edward  Palmer.  <  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 
Terr.,  vol.  ii,  1876,  pp.  183-195. 

The  land  birds  ascertained  to  inhabit  the  island  during  the  breeding  season  are 
Megulus  calendula  obscurus,  p.  184 ;  Salpinctes  obsoletus  guadeloupensis,  p.  185 ; 
Thryomanes  brevicauda,  p.  186  ;  Carpodacus  amplus,  p.  187 ;  Junco  insularis,  p.  188 ; 
Pipilo  maculatus  consobrinus,  p.  189  ;  Cvlaptes  mexicanus  rufipileus,  p.  191 ;  Poly- 
borua  lutosus,  p.  192— all  new  spp.  or  varr.,  excepting  the  Polyborus,  which  had 
just  before  been  described  (op.  tit.,  2d  ser.,  No.  6, 1876,  p.  459).  "Guadeloupe" 
(so  spelled)  lies  off  the  coast  of  Lower  California,  and  must  not  be  confounded 
with  an  Antillean  island  of  same  name  and  similar  orthography. 

1876.  ROBERTS,  T.  S.  Winter  rarities  in  Minnesota.  <  Forest  and  Stream, 
vi,  April  13,  1876,  p.  148. 

Hesperiphona  vespertina,  Carpodacus  purpureus,  Pinicola  enucleator,  Bucephala 
americana. 

1876.  ROBERTS,  T.  S.  A  list  cf  some  Birds  observed  in  the  vicinity  of  Min- 
neapolis, Minn.,  not  enumerated  in  Dr.  Hatch's  list.  <  The  Scientific 
Monthly  (Toledo,  Ohio),  vol.  i,  No.  5,  Feb.,  1876,  p.  231. 

Annotated  list  of  20  spp.,  communicated  by  Mr.  Ridgway. 
1876.  ROBINSON,  R.  E.     Spring    birds    of    [Addison    County]    Vermont. 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  June  22,  1876,  p.  318. 

1876.  SMITH,  G.  AUG.  Birds  of  Fort  Wayne,  Ind[iana].  <  Forest  and 
Stream,  vi,  April  13, 1876,  p.  148. 

50  spp.  observed  in  winter  during  16  years.  There  are  some  glaring  errors ;  as, 
Glaucidium  gnoma  for  Nyciale  acadiea. 

1876.  SNOW,  F.  H.  New  Kansas  Birds.  <  Observer  of  Nature  (newspaper), 
iii,  No.  6,  April  26,  1876. 

Adds  11  spp.  to  the  fauna  of  the  State,  among  them  Myiadestea  townsendi, 
Coturniculus  lecontii,  and  Gymnokitta  cyanocephala. 

1876.  "  SPECULATOR."    [ROBERT  T.  MORRIS.  ]    Birds  resident  at  New  Haven. 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  March  2,  1876,  p.  52. 

1876.  "  SPECULATOR."    [ROBERT  T.  MORRIS.]    Effect  of  cold  on  small  Birds. 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  March  30, 1876,  p.  115. 

1876.  [SPERA,  W.  H.]    The  coming  of  the  Birds.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 

March  2,  1876,  p.  52. 
List  of  dates  of  arrivals  of  birdg  at  Ephrata,  Pa.,  by  W.  H.  Spera ;  quoted  from 

Ephrata  Times. 
1876.  STEVENS,  W.  G.    Bird  arrivals  on  the  Harlem  [in  April].     <  Forest 

and  Stream,  vi,  May  11,  1876,  p.  215. 
1876.  "TEAL."    [R.  L.NEWCOMB.]    The  Massachusetts  coast.    <  Forest  and 

Stream,  vi,  Aug.  3,  1876,  p.  417. 

Ornithological  diary,  March  9  to  May  17. 
1876.  THOMPSON,  [J.]  M.    Some  of  our  game-birds.    <  Appleton's  Journ., 

new  ser.,  i,  1876,  pp.  481-490, 12  illustrations. 


728          BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    APPENDIX.       1876-18V7  [l62 

1876.  THOMPSON,  [J.]  M.—  Continued. 

These  spirited  woodcuts  also  accompanied  a  series  of  brief  articles  on  game- 
birds  (anonymous)  in  Appleton's  Almanac  for  1869.  This  annual,  published 
in  small  4to,  tor  1869,  1870,  and  1871,  contained  many  woodcuts  of  birds  and  much 
pleasant  descriptive  matter,  having,  however,  little  ornithological  interest, 
although  generally  accurate. 

1876.  WARRBN,  T.  R.      Bay   Snooting.    <  Scribner*s  Monthly,  xiii,    1876, 
pp.  145-159  ;  fifteen  illustrations. 
Humorous  account  of  hunting  sea-sho»e  fowl. 

1876.  WHEELER,  W.  B.      A  Maryland  calendar.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  vi, 

April  27,  1876,  p.  181. 
Spring  arrivals  at  Boonsboro,  Md. 

1876-77.  GENTRY,  T.  G.  Life-Histories  of  the  Birds  of  Eastern  Pennsylva- 
nia, by  Thomas  G.  Gentry,  [etc.]  In  two  volumes.  Vol.  I.  Phila- 
delphia :  published  by  the  author.  1876.  Vol.  II.  Salem,  Mass. 
The  Naturalists'  Agency.  1877.  Sm.Svo.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  399.  Vol. 
II,  4  p.  11.,  pp.  336. 

The  typography  of  the  title  differs  in  the  two  vols.  Though  announced  in  two 
vols.,  the  second  vol.  only  carries  the  subject  through  the  land-birds,  and  another 
is  expected.  In  spite  of  the  literary  execution,  these  "Life-Histories"  are 
an  acceptable  contribution,  being  especially  full  and  important  on  the  subject 
of  the  food  of  the  birds,  inventories  of  the  contents  of  the  stomach  being  given 
in  most  cases. 

1876-77.  WILSON,  A.,  and  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  American  Ornithology  ...  by 
Sir  William  Jardine.  London:  1876.  New  York:  J.  W.  Bouton, 
1877.  3vols.4to. 

I  gather  from  some  trade-lists  that  there  has  been  a  reissue,  as  above  barely 
indicated,  of  this  edition—  the  "Jardine"—  but  I  have  not  seen  a  copy. 

1877.  ABBOTT,  C.  C.    Glimpses  of  Mind  in  Birds.    <  Am.  Nat.,  xi,  No.  5, 

1877,  pp.  276-286. 
Said  to  be  furnished  to  the  writer  by  certain  N.  A.  birds. 

1877.  "  AHWAHSOOSE."    Our  winter  visitors  [among  birds].    <  Forest  and 
Stream,  viii,  May  3,  1877,  p.  191. 

1877.  ALDRICH,  C.    Destruction  of  Birds  by  Telegraph  Wires.    <  Am.  Nat., 
xi,  No.  11,  1877,  pp.  686,  687. 
Further  evidence,  in  case  of  Cupidonia  cupido.    Cf.  Amer  Nat,  x,  1876,  p.  734. 

1877.  A[LLEN],J.A.  Californian  Ornithology.  <Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club, 
ii,  No.  3,  July,  1877,  p.  76. 

Review  of  J.  G.  Cooper's  paper,  Proc.  Gal.  Acad.,  1876  (separates  dated  Dec.  5, 
1875). 


1877.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.    McCauley's  Notes  on  Texan  Ornithology. 
Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  ii,  No.  3,  July,  1877,  pp.  76,  77. 
Review  of  paper  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  iii,  No.  3,  pp.  655-695,  May  15, 

1877. 

1877.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  Occurrence  of  the  Western  Nonpareil  [Cyanospiza  versi- 
color]  and  Berlandier's  Wren  [Thryothorus  ludovicianus  var.  ber- 
landieri]  at  Fort  Brown,  Texas.  <Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  C7w&,ii,No. 
4,  Oct.,  1877,  pp.  109,  110. 


163]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       187?  729 

1877.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  The  Influence  of  physical  Conditions  in  the  Genesis  of 
Species.  <  Radical  Review,  i,  May,  1877,  pp.  108-140. 

Devoted  largely  to  geographical  variation  in  North  American  mammals  and 
birds  (pp.  121-126  devoted  exclusively  to  birds,  with  other  references  passim), 
giving  a  general  resume  of  the  subject. 

1877.  [ANON.]  Recent  Ornithological  Papers.  <  Am.  Nat.,  xi,  1877,  pp. 
615-617. 

Reviews  Nelson's  papers  on  Illinois  Birds  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  viii,  1877,  pp. 
90-155;  ix,  pp.  32-65;  McCauley's  on  Texan  Birds,  in  Bull.  V.  S.  Oeol.  Suro.  Terr., 
iii,  1877,  pp.  655-695,  and  others. 

1877.    [ANON.]      [Review  of  the  "  Nuttall  Bulletin"  for  January,  1877.] 
<  Forest  and  Stream,  viii,  Feb.  8,  1877,  p.  10. 

1877.  [ANON.— R.  F.  BOISBAU.]  Our  Washington  Letter,  [etc.]  <  Forest 
and  Stream,  viii,  May  31,  1877,  p.  267. 

List,  with  remarks,  of  birds  of  District  of  Columbia,  derived  from  Coues  and 
Prentiss's  List  of  1862,  q.  v. 

1877.  [ANON.]  Venuor's  Birds  of  Prey.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  viii,  June 
14,  1877,  p.  300. 

Review  of  Vennor's  Our  Birds  of  Prey ;  or,  The  Eagles,  Hawks  and  Owls  of 
Canada.  Reprinted  from  Toronto  Mail. 

1877.  [ANON.  G.  B.  GRINNELL.  Review  of  E.  W.  Nelson's  "Birds  of 
North-eastern  Illinois".]  <  Forest  and  Stream,  viii,  June  21,  1877, 
p.  331. 

1877.  "ARCHER."    [G.A.  STOCKWELL.]    The  Fauna  of  Michigan.    [Birds.] 
<  Forest  and  Stream,  viii,  1877,  pp.  224, 241, 261, 281, 300, 360, 380. 
Merely  a  nominal,  incomplete  list,  containing  no  news. 

1877.  BACON,  G.  R.    Notes  on  some  Oregon  Birds.    <  Am.  Nat.,  xi,  No.  1, 
1877,  p.  44. 
Field-notes  on  6  spp. 

1877.  BAGG,  E.  A  Cuckoo's  [Coccygus  erythrophthalmus]  Egg  in  a  Cedar- 
Bird's  [Ampelis  cedrorum]  Nest.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornitli.  Clul,  ii,  No. 
4,  Oct.,  1877,  p.  110. 

With  an  editorial  note  by  J.  A.  Allen,  on  other  instances  of  parasitism  of  the 
American  Cuckoos. 

1877.  BENDIRE,  C.  Notes  on  some  of  the  Birds  found  in  Southeastern  Ore- 
gon, particularly  in  the  Vicinity  of  Camp  Harney,  from  November, 
1874,  to  January,  1877.  <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xix,  1877, 
pp.  109-149. 

An  interesting  list  of  191  spp.,  fully  annotated ;  includes  some  rarities,  and 
many  novel  observations,  especially  with  reference  to  breeding. 

1877.  BENTON,  J.  John  Burroughs.  <  Scribner's  Monthly,  xiii,  1877,  pp. 
336-341,  with  portrait. 

Includes  extracts  from  Burroughs's  ornithological  writings. 

1877.  B[oiSEAU],  R.  F.    Our  Washington  letter.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  ix, 
Nov.  22, 1877,  p.  314. 

Game-birds  about  Chesapeake  Bay;  wildfowl  shooting ;  habits  of  "jacksnipe  ". 

1877.  BRACKETT,  A.  G.  The  Birds  of  Wyoming.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  vii, 
1877,  pp.  388, 404. 

Partial  list,  made  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Sanders ;  editorial  remarks  ap- 
pended. See  vol.  vii,  p.  4. 


730  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENIDX.       1877  [lG4 

1877.  B[REWER],  T.  M.     Vennor's  Rapacious  Birds  of  Canada.     <  Bull. 
Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  ii,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1877,  pp.  24, 25. 
Review  of  the  work. 

1877.  BREWER,  T.  M.  [Another]  Defense  of  his  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of 
New  England.  <Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  ii,No.  2,  April,  1877,  pp. 
44-48. 

Continuation  of  the  controversy,  now  degenerated  to  a  personal  issue.  Cf.  op 
cit.t  i,  p.  72  and  p.  89 ;  ii,  p.  11  and  p.  44. 

1877.  BREWER,  T.  M.  How  to  Rightly  Estimate  the  Economical  Value  of 
Birds.  <  Oologist,  iii,  No.  1,  1877,  pp.  6, 7. 

1877.  B[REWSTER],  W.    Nelson's  "  Birds  of  Northeastern  Illinois."    <Bull. 
Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  ii,  No.  3,  July,  1877,  pp.  68, 69. 
Review  of  paper  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  viii,  1876,  p.  90. 

1877.  B[REWSTER],  W.    Merriam's  "Review  of  the  Birds  of  Connecticut." 

<  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  ii,  No.  4,  Oct.,  1877,  pp.  107, 108. 

Review  of  Merriam's  important  paper  in  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  iv,  1877,  pp.  1-165. 

1877.  BROWN,  N.  C.  Notes  on  [five  species  of]  Birds  new  to  the  Fauna  of 
Maine,  etc.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  ii,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1877,  pp.  27, 28. 

1877.  BROWNE,  F.  C.  A  list  of  Birds  observed  on  and  around  Clark's  Island, 
Plymouth,  Mass.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  viii,  March  22, 1877,  p.  96. 

1877.  BURROUGHS,  J.    April.    <  Scribner's  Monthly,  xiii,  1877,  pp.  799-803. 
Includes  some  birds  found  along  the  Hudson  River  in  that  month. 

1877.  "  C."  Some  Newfoundland  birds.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  viii,  April  12, 
1877,  p.  145. 

1877.  COOPER,  J.  G.  On  seventy-five  doubtful  West-coast  Birds.  <  Bull. 
Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  ii,  No.  4,  Oct.,  1877,  pp.  88-97. 

This  is  an  important  commentary  and  criticism  on  this  large  number  of  birds 
ascribed  by  various  writers  to  the  region  in  question,  but  which  have  not  been 
satisfactorily  determined  to  occur  there. 

1877.  COUES,  E.  Birds  of  the  North-West :  |  A  Hand-book  |  of  |  American 
Ornithology,  |  containing  accounts  of  all  the  birds  inhabiting  the  | 
Great  Missouri  Valley,  |  and  many  others,  together  representing  a 
large  majority  of  the  |  Birds  of  North  America,  |  with  copious  bio- 
graphical details  from  personal  |  observation,  and  an  extensive 
synonymy.  |  —  |  By  Elliott  Coues,  |  Captain  and  Assistant  Surgeon 
U.  S.  Army : — Secretary  U.  S.  |  Geological  Survey : — Member  of  the 
National  Acadamy  [sic]  of  Sciences,  etc : — Author  of  "  Key  to  North  | 
American  Birds,"  "Field  Ornithology,"  etc.  |  —  |  [Monogram.]) 
Boston :  |  Estes  &  Lauriat,  |  Salem  Naturalists'  Agency,  |  1877.  1 
vol.  8vo.  pp.  xi,791. 

This  is  simply  214  copies  of  the  original  Birds  of  the  North -Weft,  1874,  q.  v., 
reissued,  rebound  with  publishers'  new  title-leaf  as  above. 

1877.  C[OUES],  E.    Minot's  "  Birds  of  New  England."    <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith. 
Club,  ii,  No.  2,  April,  1877,  pp.  49, 50. 
Review  of  the  work. 

1877.  [COUES,  E.]     The  Land  Birds  and  Game  Birds  of  New  England. 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  vii,  Jan.  25, 1877,  p.  391. 
Review  of  H.  D.  Minot'a  book  of  that  name. 


165]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.        1877  731 

1877.  COUES,  E.  Land  Birds  and  Game  Birds  of  New  England.  <  Rod  and 
Gun,  ix,  Jan.  27,  1877,  p.  263. 

Review  of  work  with  above  title. 

1877.  COUES,  E.,  and  PRENTISS,  D.  W.  Remarks  on  Birds  of  the  District  of 
Columbia.  <  Field  and  Forest,  ii,  No.  11,  May,  1877,  pp.  191-193. 

Somewhat  in  the  nature  of  a  critique  on  P.  L.  Joay's  Catalogue,  op  cit.,  Mar. 
and  Apr.,  1877,  q.  v.  Some  of  the  questionable  points  are  discussed.  The  article 
was  afterward  appended  to  Jouy's  in  the  separate  reprint  of  the  latter. 

1877.  FEILDEN,  H.  W.    On  the  Birds  of  the  North  Polar  Basin.    <  P.  Z.  S., 

1877,  pp.  28-32. 
1877.  FEILDEN,  H.  W.    List  of  Buds  observed  in  Smith  Sound,  and  in  the 

Polar  Basin  during  the  Arctic  Expedition  of  1875-76.    <  Ibis,  4th 

series,  i,  Oct.,  1877,  pp.  401-412. 

24  spp.,  well  annotated.    Cf.  Bull  Nutt.  Ornilh.  Club,  Hi,  No.  2,  April,  1878,  p.  86. 
1877.  GOODHUE,  C.  F.    The  Birds  cf  Webster  and  adjoining  towns  [of  New 

Hampshire].    <  Forest  and  Stream,  viii,  1877,  pp.  33, 49, 98, 113, 146. 
An  annotated  list,  by  an  accurate  observer.    The  titles  of  parts  succeeding  the 

first  instalment  vary  slightly  in  wording  from  the  first  caption. 

1877.  HALLOCK,C.  The  |  Sportsman's  Gazetteer  |  and  |  General  Guide.  |  The 
game  animals,  birds  and  fishes  of  North  America  :  |  their  habits  and 
various  methods  of  capture,  j  Copious  instructions  |  in  shooting,  fish- 
ing, taxidermy,  woodcraft,  etc.  |  Together  with  |  a  directory  to  the 
principal  game  resorts  of  the  |  country ;  illustrated  with  maps.  |  By 
Charles  Hallock,  |  [etc.]  |  New  York:  |  "Forest  and  Stream"  Pub- 
lishing Company,  |  American  News  Company,  Agents.  |  1877.  1  vol. 
thick  12mo.  pp.  1-688,  1-208,  frontisp.  (portrait  of  author),  cuts, 
maps. 

Pages  103-237,  a  concise  systematic  treatise  on  the  game  birds  of  North  America, 
some  of  which  are  treated  at  considerable  length.  The  nomenclature  and  tech- 
nicalities are  from  authentic  sources. 

1877.  HATCH,  P.  L.  Report  on  Ornithology  [of  Minnesota].  <^Bull.  Min- 
nesota Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  1877,  pp.  305-309. 

Additions  to  the  list  of  Minnesota  birds  given  in  his  previous  paper  in  the 
same  publication,  1874,  q.  v, 

1877.  HUTCHINS,  J.  P.      Something  about  Birds  of   Central  New  York. 
<[  Forest  and  Stream,  viii,  April  19,  1877,  p.  160. 
Biographical  notes  and  short  list  of  arrivals. 

1877.  INGERSOLL,  E.  Our  Winter  Birds  [in  the  vicinity  of  New  York  City]. 
<^AppletonJs  Journ.,  new  ser.,  ii,  Feb.,  1877,  p.  97;  11  illust. 

Biographical  notes  on  a  few  birds  of  the  United  States ;  remarks  on  protective 
mimicry  in  birds. 

1877.  ![NGERSOLL],  E.    Burroughs's  "  Wake-Robin."     <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith. 

Club,  ii,  No.  2,  April,  1877,  pp.  48,  49. 

Keview  of  that  delightful  book. 
1877.  [INGERSOLL  E.]    [Review  of  Vol.  II  of]  Gentry's  Life  Histories  of  the 

Birds  of  Eastern  Pennsylvania.     <  The  Country,  i,  Dec.  22,  1877, 

p.  103. 

1877.  JONES,  W.  L.    Arrivals  of  Birds.    <^Field  and  Forest,  Hi,  No.  1,  July, 
1877,  pp.  17, 18. 
At  Lebanon,  Illinois,  spring  of  1877. 


732  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       !§??  [l66 

1877.  JOUY,  P.  L.  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 
<  Field  and  Forest,  ii,  No.  9,  Mar.,  1877,  pp.  154-156;  No.  10,  Apr., 
1877,  pp.  178-181. 

Nominal  list  of  240  spp.,  those  additional  to  Coues  and  Prentiss's  List  of  1862  in 
italics ;  stragglers  marked  with  asterisk. 

1877.  JOUY,  P.  L.  Field  Notes  OD  some  of  the  Birds  of  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia. <  Field  and  Forest,  iii,  No.  3,  Sept.,  1877,  pp.  51,  52. 

Dendrceca  coerulea,  Siurus  motacilla,  Chondestes  grammica  /,  Pipilo  erythroph- 
thalmus,  Strix  flammea,  Florida  coerulea. 

1877.  JOUY,  P.  L.,  COUES,  E.,  and  PRENTISS,  D.  W.  Catalogue  |  of  the  | 
Birds  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  |  Prepared  by  Pierre  Louis  Jouy,  | 
with  |  Remarks  on  the  Birds  of  the  District,  |  by  Drs.  Coues  and 
Prentiss.  |  1877.  8vo  pamphl.  pp.  11. 

Reissued,  repaged,  in  an  edition  of  200  copies,  from  Field  and  Forest,  Mar.-May, 
1877.  It  consists  of  Jouy's  Catalogue,  q.  v.,  with  the  Remarks  of  Goues  and 
Prentiss  appended. 

1877.  KUMLEIN,  L.  Ornithological  Notes  from  Texas.  <  Field  and  Forest, 
ii,  No.  8,  Feb.,  1877,  pp.  127-132. 

Good  running  commentary  on  numerous  spp.  from  the  Brazos  River  Valley, 
Waller  Co.,  Texas. 

1877.  KUMLEIN,  L.  [Notes  on  Texan  Birds.]  <  Field  and  Forest,  ii,  No.  12, 
June,  1877,  pp.  219, 220. 

Reply  to  Ragsdale,  op.  cit.,  p.  183. 

1877.  LAMBERTON,  A.  B.  The  Birds.  <  Bod  and  Gun,  ix,  March  17,  1877, 
p.  375. 

Record  of  arrivals  of  birds  at  Rochester,  N".  Y. 

1877.  LANGDON,  F.  W.  A  Catalogue  |  of  the  |  Birds  of  the  Vicinity  of  Cin- 
cinnati [Ohio],  |  with  Notes.  |  —  |  By  Frank  W.  Langdon.  |  —  | 
Salem,  Mass.:  |  The  Naturalist's  Agency.  |  1877.  8vo  pamph. 
pp.  18. 

279  spp.,  with  notes ;  breeders  indicated  by  asterisk ;  species  included  on 
strength  of  their  known  range  have  their  numbers  in  parentheses. — A  good  list. 

1877.  LITTLETON,  J.  T.  Southern  [Ornithological]  Notes.  <  Forest  and 
Stream,  viii,  May  17,  1877,  p.  224. 

1877.  MCCAULEY,  C.  A.  H.  Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  the  Region  about 
the  Source  of  the  Red  River  of  Texas,  from  Observations  made  during 
the  Exploration  conducted  by  Lieut.  E.  H.  RufFner,  Corps  of  En- 
gineers, U.  S.  A. — By  C.  A.  H.  McCauley,  Lieutenant  Third  United 
States  Artillery.— Annotated  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues,  U.  S.  A.  <  null. 
U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  iii,  1877,  pp.  655-695. 

Very  full  and  interesting  field-notes  on  the  habits  of  the  birds  of  a  particular 
tract  of  which  we  knew  very  little.  The  general  drift  of  the  list  reminds  us  of 
"Woodhouse's  in  Sitgreaves's  Report,  though  the  latter  contains  various  species 
from  farther  southwest  than  Lieutenant  McCauley  went.  This  region  is  interest- 
ing from  the  number  of  characteristic  Eastern  species  represented  along  with 
thoroughly  "Western  ones,  resulting  in  a  novel  fades.  The  nomenclature  and 
technic  of  the  article  are  by  Dr.  Coues. 

1877.  MCCHESNEY,   C.   E.    Birds  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies  of  Eastern 
Dakota.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  viii,  No.  12,  April  26,  1877,  pp.  176, 
177;  No.  13,  May  3,  1877,  p.  192;   No.  15,  May  17, 1877,  pp.  224, 225 ; 
No.  16,  May  24,  1877,  pp.  241, 242;  No.  17,  May  31,  1877,  p.  261. 
Annotated  list  of  species. 


167] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1§7?  733 


1877.  MARSH,  O.  C.  Introduction  and  Succession  |  of  |  Vertebrate  Life  in 
America.  |  An  Address  |  delivered  before  the  |  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  |  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  August  30, 
1877,  j  by  Professor  O.  C.  Marsh,  |  Vice  President.  8vo.  pp.  57, 
large-paper  copies,  separate  from  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  n.  p., 
n.d.  [1877.] 

Birds  especially  at  pp.  18-22. — A  masterly  review  of  the  "whole  subject,  with 
especial  reference,  however,  to  mammals. 

1877.  MARSH,  O.  C.    Recent  PalaBontological  Discoveries  in  the  West.  <^  Am. 
Nat.,  xi,  No.  8,  1877,  p.  500,  tig.  84. 
Notice  and  figure  of  restored  Hesperornis  regalis, 

1877.  "M.  E.  B."  Blue-birds  [Sialia  sialis]  besieged  by  Martins  [Progne 
subis].  <Field  and  Forest,  ii,  No,  12,  June,  1877,  pp.  215, 216. 

1877.  MERRIAM,  C.  H.  A  Review  of  the  Birds  of  Connecticut,  with  Remarks 
on  their  Habits.  <  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  iv,  July-Oct.,  1877,  pp.  1-165. 
Also  separate,  pamphlet  and  bound,  A  Review  |  of  the  |  Birds  of 
Connecticut.  |  By  |  C.  Hart  Merriam.  |  —  |  New  Haven  :  |  Tuttle, 
Morehouse  &  Taylor,  Printers,  |  1877.  Large  8vo.  1  p.  1.,  pp.  1-166. 
An  important  article,  very  critical,  complete  and  workmanlike,  bringing  the 
subject  up  to  date,  from  the  imperfect  condition  in  which  it  was  left  34  years 
before  by  LIXSLEY,  Am.  Journ.  Sri.,  xliv,  No.  2,  1843,  pp.  249-274,  which  paper  is 
carefully  analyzed.  I  hold  it  for  a  model  of  this  sort  of  work.  291  spp.,  fully 
annotated,  with  copious  references.  Summer  residents  known  to  breed,  135; 
permanent  residents,  41;  migrants  not  known  to  breed,  90;  winter  residents, 
regular,  36;  irregular,  31;  summer  visitants,  irregular,  30;  rare  and  accidental 
visitors,  46 ;  rare  and  irregular  migrants,  9. 

1877.  MINOT,  H.  D.  The  |  Land-Birds  and  Game-Birds  |  of  |  New  England  | 
with  |  Descriptions  of  the  Birds,  their  Nests  and  Eggs,  |  their  Hab- 
its and  Notes.  |  With  Illustrations.  |  —  |  By  |  H.  D.  Minot.  |  —  | 
[Quotation.]  |  Salem, Mass.  |  Naturalists'  Agency.  |  Boston:  |  Estes 
&  Lauriat.  |  1877.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  xvi,  456,  with  29  woodcc.  on  1  pi. 
(frontisp.)  and  22  in  text. 

Published  in  December,  1876.     Cf.  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  ii,  1877,  p.  49  ;  Forest 
and  Stream,  vii,  Jan.  25, 1877,  p.  391 ;  Rod  and  Gun,  ix,  Jan.  27, 1877,  p.  263. 

1877.  MINOT,  H.  D.  Minot's  New  England  Birds ;  Additions.  <  Am.  Nat., 
xi,  No.  3, 1877,  p.  175. 

Note  of  his  "careless"  (as  he  calls  it)  omission  of  Nauclerus  forficatus,  Buteo 
swainsoni,  Tyrannus  verticalis,  and  Helminthophaga  pinus  from  his  work. 

1877.  MINOT,  H.  D.  Birds'  Nests.  <  Harper's  New  Monthly  Mag.,  Iv,  1877, 
pp.  90-97, 256-259,  9  illustrations. 

Description  of  various  forms  of  nest-architecture ;  illustrated  very  finely  by 
woodcuts  from  photographs. 

1877.  NELSON,  E.  W.  Birds  of  Northeastern  Illinois.  <  Bull.  Essex  Inst., 
viii,  April,  1877,  pp.  90-155. 

A  thoroughly  good  list,  annotated,  of  316  spp.  and  several  vars.    Cf.  Am.  Nat., 
xi,  1877,  p.  615. 

1877.  NELSON,  E.  W.    Notes  upon  Birds    observed  in  Southern  Illinois 
between  July  17  and  September  4,  1875.    <  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  ix, 
June,  1877,  pp.  32-65. 
Notices  of  about  a  hundred  species. 


734  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       187"?  [lC8 

1877.  PURDIE,  H.  A.  Distribution  of  New  England  Birds. — A  reply  to  Dr. 
T.  M.  Brewer.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  ii,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1877,  pp. 
11-17. 

Continuation  of  the  controversy  from  op.  tit.,  i,  pp.  72  and  89.  Quiscalu*  major, 
Corvus  ossifragus,  ^gialitis  wilsonia,  Nettion  crecca,  Sula fiber,  and  others,  claimed 
for  New  England,  on  apparently  good  grounds. 

1877.  PURDIE,  H.  A.    Notice  of  a  few  Birds  of  rare  or  accidental  Occurrence 
in  New  England.    <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  ii,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1877, 
pp.  20-22. 
14  spp.,  annotated. 

1877.  RAGSDALE,  G.  H.     [Notes  on  Texan  Birds.]     <^Field  and  Forest,  ii, 
No.  10,  April,  1877,  p.  183. 
Reflecting  on  Kumlein,  op.  tit.,  pp.  127-132. 

1877.  RATHBUN,  F.  R.  A  Partial  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Central  New 
York,  from  observations  taken  in  the  Counties  of  Cayuga,  Seneca, 
and  Wayne  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Fowler,  of  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  and  from  the 
Cabinet  of  Skins  of  New  York  Birds  collected  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Gilbert, 
of  Penn  Yan,  Yates  County.  Divided  and  arranged  in  accordance 
with  the  "Check  List  of  North  American  Birds"  by  Elliott  Coues, 
M.  D.,U.  S.  A.,  and  dedicated  to  the  Cayuga  Historical  Society. 
<^A\iburn  [N.  Y.]  Daily  Advertiser  [newspaper]  of  August  14,  1877. 
Annotated  list  of  191  spp. — Anthus  ludovicianus  given  as  breeding.  "  The 
compiler  of  this  list  makes  due  grace  to  '  Forest  and  Stream ',  in  the  columns  of 
•which  publication  it  first  appeared  by  instalments,  void  the  classification  and 
occasional  notes."— Additional  note  on  same,  by  same,  ibid.,  Sept.  6,  1877.— See 
1876,  FOWLER,  H.  G. 

1877.  REYNOLDS,  H.  S.  (Miss  or  Mrs.)    Winter  Birds  of  Arkansas.    <  Am. 
Nat.,  xi,  No.  5, 1877,  pp.  307, 308. 
Desultory  observations  on  a  few  species. 

1877.  RHODES,  W.    Imported  Birds  for  our  woods  and  parks.    <[  Forest  and 
Stream,  viii,  April  19, 1877,  p.  165. 
Narrative  of  experiments  in  acclimatization  of  European  birds  in  Canada. 

1877.  RIDGWAY,  R.  United  States  Geological  Exploration  of  the  Fortieth 
Parallel.  Clarence  King,  Geologist-in-charge. — Part  III.  Ornithol- 
ogy. By  Robert  Ridgway.  Washington:  Government  Printing 
Office.  1877.  4to.  1  cover-!.,  pp.  303-669. 

The  above  is  the  half-title  of  the  ornithological  .portion  of  the  Report  of  the  Ex- 
ploration of  the  Fortieth  Parallel,  being  Part  III  of  Vol.  IV  of  the  series  of 
reports,  separately  issued  in  paper  cover,  but  with  the  original  pagination ;  the 
cover-title  only  differs  in  beginning  "Extract  from  Vol.  IV.  Report  of",  etc. 
This  separate  issue  is  not  dated  ;  the  date  is  1877,  probably  December.  I  got 
my  copy  Fob.  25,  1878.  See  important  bibliogr.  note  on  p.  392  of  the  report. 
This  work,  as  originally  prepared,  was  stereotyped  in  1871-72  (not  1870,  as  the 
note  just  mentioned  states),  but  never  published,  citations  of  the  work  prior  to 
1878  having  all  been  made  from  proof-impressions.  This  original  draft  of  the 
work  was  suppressed,  and  the  stereo,  plates  were  -melted  in  1876.  There  is  a 
single  much  mutilated  set  of  proofs  in  my  possession  (Feb.  28, 1878K  Meanwhile, 
the  report  was  entirely  rewritten,  and  the  various  citations  of  the  original  sup- 
pressed report  which  are  extant  do  not  apply  to  the  actual  report  as  published, 
many  changes  of  nomenclature,  and  others,  having  been  made.  See  Bull.  Nuttall 
Club,  in,  April,  1878,  pp.  81-83. 

This  important  memoir  contains  a  description  of  the  route  traversed,  physical 
features  of  the  Great  Basin,  various  local  avifauuse  of  the  same,  special  descrip- 


169] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1§?7  735 


1877.  EIDGWAY,  R.— Continued. 

tions  of  the  localities  where  collections  and  observations  were  made,  general 
remarks  on  the  avifaunas  of  the  Great  Basin,  and  a  catalogue  of  the  2C2  species 
collected  or  observed— all  this  interesting  matter  being  preliminary  to  the  report 
proper.  In  the  latter,  the  birds  are  treated  at  full  length,  with  brief  synonymy 
and  extended  critical  and  field  notes;  the  whole  forming  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able contributions  we  possess  to  the  bird-history  of  Utah,  Nevada,  and  adjacent 
portions  of  California.  The  articles  are  specially  notable  for  the  many  meas- 
urements of  fresh  specimens,  and  notes  of  the  life-colors  of  the  bill,  feet,  and  eyes. 
The  specimens  collected  are  all  individually  catalogued  with  these  notes,  in 
addition  to  the  general  text.  There  are  no  new  species  in  this  report ;  but  the 
nomenclature  differs  in  many  instances  from  that  previously  used  by  Mr.  Ridg- 
way  in  the  History  of  North  American  Birds  and  elsewhere,  during  1873-77. 

1877.  RIDGWAY,  R.  The  Birds  of  Guadalupe  Island,  discussed  with  refer- 
ence to  the  present  Genesis  of  Species.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club, 
ii,  No.  3,  July,  1877,  pp.  58-66. 

The  material  here  discussed  is  the  same  as  that  upon  which  was  based  a  prior 
descriptive  paper,  Bull  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  ii,  1876,  pp.  183-195,  q.  v. 

1877.  RIDGWAY,  R.  Mrs.  Maxwell's  Colorado  museum.  Catalogue  of  the 
Birds.  <  Field  and  Forest,  ii,  No.  11,  May,  1877,  pp.  195-198  :  No.  12, 
June,  1877,  pp.  208-214. 

List  of  234  spp.  represented  in  this  fine  collection,  with  little  annotation.— 
Scops  oiio,  «,  maxwellice,  p.  213,  n.  v. 

1877.  RIDGWAY,  R.     Mrs.  Maxwell's  Colorado  Museum.    Additional  Notes. 

<  Field  and  Forest,  iii,  No.  1,  July,  1877,  p.  11. 

On  Junco  caniceps  and  J.  annectens. 

1877.  ROOSEVELDT,  T.,  and  MINOT,  H.  D.    The  Summer  Birds  of  the  Adiron- 
dacks  in  Franklin  County,  N.  Y.    By  Theodore  Rooseveldt,  Jr.,  and 
H.D.Minot.    1877.    8vo.    pp.4. 
97  spp.,  shortly  annotated. 

1877.  ST.  CLAIR,  J.  W.  Some  Southern  wood  notes  [Georgia].  <  Forest 
and  Stream,  viii,  May  24, 1877,  p.  240. 

1877.  SCOTT,  DAVID.  The  Tendency  in  Birds  to  Vary  their  Habits.  <  Field 
and  Forest,  vol.  ii,  No.  7,  Jan.,  1877,  pp.  107-114. 

Nearly  all  the  illustrations  of  the  well-known  fact  are  drawn  from  North 
American  birds.  Two  generalizations  are  suggested:  I.  "The  influencing 
agent  which  prompts  the  bird  to  build  its  domicile  is  instinct."  II.  "Nearly  all 
birds  modify  their  habitations  to  accord  with  exteral  [sic]  influences."  That  is 
to  say  internal  influences  prompt  them  to  build,  and  external  influences  make 
them  build  in  different  ways. 

187-7.  |] SCOTT,  W.  E.  D.]     [On  Albinism,  and  other  Notes  from  New  Jersey.] 

<  The  Country,  i,  Nov.  17,  1877,  p.  43. 

1877.  [ScoTT,  W.  E.  D.]      [Rare   Occurrences  in  Southern  New  Jersey.] 

<  The  Country,  i,  Dec.  8,  1877,  p.  79. 

1877.  [ScoiT,  W.  E.  D.]    [Ornithological]  Notes  from  Central  New  York. 

<  The  Country,  i,  Dec.  29, 1877,  p.  11 5.    See  p.  165. 

1877.  STEVENS,  W.  B.  Ornithological  Notes  [of  Arrivals  of  Birds  at  West 
Farms,  N.  Y. ]  <  Forest  and  Stream,  viii,  July  19, 1877,  p.  400. 

1877.  STREETS,  T.  H.  Contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of  the  Hawaiian 
and  Fanning  Islands  and  Lower  California,  made  in  connection 
with  the  United  States  North  Pacific  Surveying  Expedition, 


736          BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1877-1878  [l70 

1877.  STREETS,  T.  H.— Continued. 

1873-75.  By  Thos.  H.  Streets,  M.  D.,  Passed  Assistant  Surgeon, 
U.S.  Navy. — Washington:  Government  Printing  Office.  1877.  8vo. 
pp.  172.  =  Bulletin  of  the  United  States  National  Museum,  No.  7. 

Ornithology,  pp.  9-33.  Identifications  of  the  species  ascribed  to  Dr.  Coues  by 
the  author.  The  matter  is  synonymatic,  descriptive,  and  miscellaneous,  includ- 
ing critical  and  field  notes.  The  most  interesting  species  noted  are  Ooriphilus 
kuhli,  QaUinula  sandvicensis,  Chaulelasmus  couesi,  and  Puflinus  nativitatis,  sp. 
n.,  p.  29. 

1877.  TENNEY,  S.  The  Raven  [Corvus  carnivorus]  and  the  Sooty  Tern 
[Sterna  fuliginosa]  in  Williamstown,  Mass.  <  Am.  JVot,xi,No.  4, 
1877,  p.  243. 

1877.  THOMPSON,  M.    Hunting  with  the  long  bow.    <  Harper's  New  Monthly 
Mag.,  pp.  238-255, 13  illustrations. 
Biographies  of  waterfowl  and  other  game  birds,  with  exquisite  drawings  of  each. 

1877.  VENNOR,  H.  G.  Our  Birds  of  Prey  ;  or,  the  Eagles,  Hawks,  and  Owls 
of  Canada.  By  Henry  G.  Vennor.  Montreal,  Dawson  Brothers, 
1877.  Roy.  8vo  or  sm.  4to.  pp.  154,  with  30  photog.  pll. 

Title  defective ;  from  my  review  of  the  book,  The  Nation,  xxiv,  No.  623,  June  7, 
1877,  p.  341 

1877.  WARD,  L.  P.  A  Congress  of  Birds.  <  Field  and  Forest,  ii,  No.  7,  Jan., 
1877,  pp.  122, 123. 

Gathering  of  numerous  spp.  in  one  spot  along  Rock  Creek,  near  "Washington, 
D.  C. 

1877.  WHEATON,  J.  M.  The  Ruff  [Philomachus  pugnax]  and  the  Purple  Gal- 
liuule  [Porphyrio  martinica]  in  Ohio.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  ii, 
No.  3,  July,  1877,  p.  83. 

1877.  WILSON,  T.  J.  Ornithological.  <  Daily  Advertiser  (newspaper  of  Au- 
burn, N.  Y.)  of  Sept.  6, 1877. 

A  few  annotations  of  F.  B.  Kathbun's  list,  which  appeared  in  same  paper  for 
Aug.  14, 1877. 

1877.  "  WOLVERENE."    Protect  the  Birds.    <  Rod  and  Gun,  ix,  Jan.  6, 1877, 

p.  216. 

1878.  ABBOTT,  C.  C.    Birds'  Architecture.     <  The  Country,  i,  Mar.  9, 1878,  p. 

276. 

Discussing  "Wallace's  Theory  of  Birds'  Nests,  and  Allen's  criticism  thereon. 
1878.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    A  List  of  the  Birds  of  Massachusetts,  with  Annotations. 
<  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  x,  1878,  pp.  3-37. 

This  may  be  considered  to  supersede  the  various  previous  tracts  on  the  same 
subject,  both  by  the  same  and  other  authors,  as  it  completely  sums  our  knowl- 
edge of  the  subject.  The  paper  opens  with  summary  considerations,  followed 
by  a  valuable  historical  resume.  1.  Species  of  authentic  occurrence  within  the 
State,  317.  2.  Extirpated,  4.  3.  Of  probable  occurrence,  24.  4.  Hypothetical 
and  doubtf  al  species,  3  (Mywdioctes  minutus,  Empidonax  pygmceus  of  Minot, 
Thaumatias  linncei).  5.  Introduced  un domesticated  species,  6.  "Considered  as 
fairly  entitled  to  recognition  as  Massachusetts  birds  ",  340.  Known  to  breed  in 
the  State,  about  135.  Extremely  rare  or  accidental  visitors,  90.  North  Amer- 
ican species  added  since  1867,  35. 

1878.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  An  inadequate  '*  Theory  of  Birds'  Nests."  <  Bull.  Nutt. 
Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1878,  pp.  23-32. 

A  critique  upon  Wallace's  well-known  essay  entitled  "  Theory  of  Birds'  Nests  " 
(Intellectual  Observer,  July,  1867,  and  numerous  subsequent  reprints) ;  its  appli- 
cability tested  by  reference  to  the  breeding  habits  of  North  American  birds. 


17,] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1878  737 


1878.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.  Birds  of  the  Vicinity  of  Cincinnati.  <  Bull.  Nutt. 
Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1878,  p.  34. 

Review  of  P.  W.  Langdou's  List,  8vo,  Salem,  1877,  pp.  18. 

1878.  A[LLEN],J.A.  Birds  of  Central  New  York.  <Bull  Nutt.  Ornith. 
Club,  iii,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1878,  pp.  34, 35. 

Review  of  F.  B.  Rathbun's  List,  in  Auburn  Daily  Advertiser,  Aug.  14, 1877. 
1878.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.     Summer  Birds  of   the  Adirondacks.    <^Bull   Nutt. 
Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1878,  p.  36. 
Notice  of  Rooseveldt  and  Minot's  paper,  8vo,  1877,  pp.  4. 

1878.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.  Birds  of  Southern  Illinois.  <  Bull  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club, 
iii,  No.  l,Jan.,  1878,  p.  36. 

Review  of  E.  "W.  Nelson's  paper,  Bull  Essex  Inst.,  ix,  p.  32. 

1878.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.  Gentry's  "  Life-Histories  of  the  Birds  of  Eastern  Penn- 
sylvania." <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1878,  pp.  36, 37. 

Review  of  the  2d  vol.  of  this  work. 

1878.  AI.LLEN],  J.  A.  Streets's  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Lower  California  and 
the  Hawaiian  and  Fanning  Islands.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.Club,  iii, 
No.  2,  April,  1878,  pp.  80, 81. 

Review  of  the  paper  in  Bull.  Nat.  Mus.,  No.  7, 1877,  pp.  9-33. 

1878.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.    Bendire's  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Southeastern  Oregon. 
<  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  2,  April,  1878,  p.  81. 
Review  of  the  paper  in  Pr.  Boat  Soc.  N.  H.,  xix,  1877,  pp.  109-149. 

1878.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.    Ridgway's  Report  on  the  Ornithology  of  the  Fortieth 
Parallel.    <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  2,  April,  1878,  pp.  81-83. 
Review  of  this  publication,   4to,  "Washington,  pp.  303-670,  1877.    With  note 
by  E.  C[oues]. 

1878.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.  Feilden's  "  List  of  Birds  observed  in  Smith  Sound," 
etc.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  2,  April,  1878,  p.  86. 

Review  of  his  paper  in  the  Ibis,  i,  4th  ser.,  1877,  pp.  401-412. 

1878.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.  Maynard's  Birds  of  Florida.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith. 
Club,  iii,  No.  3,  July,  1878,  p.  145. 

Notice  of  appearance  of  Part  IV  of  the  work— 4to,  C.  J.  Maynard  &  Co.,  New- 
tonville,  Mass.,  pp.  89-112,  one  pi.  The  title  appears  to  have  been  modified  to 
"The  Birds  of  Florida,  with  the  Water  and  Game  Birds  of  Eastern  North 
A  merica  " .  See  1872-78,  M A YN ABD,  C.  J. 

1878.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.    Jordan's  Manual  of  Vertebrated  Animals.    <  Bull 
Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  3,  July,  1878,  pp.  145, 146. 
Short  notice  of  the  2d  ed.  of  this  work. 

1878.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    Occurrence  of  three  Species  of  Sea-Ducks  at  St.  Louis, 
•  Missouri.    <  Bull  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  3,  July,  1878,  pp.  148, 149. 
CEdemia  americana,  (E.fusca,  (E.  perspiciMata. 

1878.  ALLEN,  J.  A.    The  Carolinian    Fauna.     <  Bull  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii, 
No.  3,  July,  1878,  pp.  149, 150. 
Continuing  the  subject  from  BICKNELL,  op.  torn,  cit.,  pp.  128-132. 

1878.  A[LLEN],  J.  A.  Brewer's  Supplement  to  his  Catalogue  of  New  Eng- 
land Birds.  <  Bull  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  4,  Oct.,  1878,  p.  185. 

It  appears  from  this  notice,  that  the  ultra-conservatism  with  which  Dr.  Brewer's 
Catalogue  of  1875  was  drawn  up  resulted  in  the  necessity  for  this  supplement, 
there  being  twenty-one  species  to  add. 

47  B  C 


738  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       IS78  [l72 

1878.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  Description  of  a  Fossil  Passerine  Bird  from  the  Insect- 
bearing  Shales  of  Colorado.  <  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Swrv.  Terr., 
iv,  No.  2,  May  3, 1878,  art.  xix,  pp.  443-445,  pi.  1,  figg.  1, 2. 

Palceospiza  bella,  g.  sp.  n.,  p.  443 — the  first  fossil  Passerine  discovered  in  N.  A. 
It  bears  distinct  impressions  of  feathers.  N.  B.— A  few  copies  of  this  No.  of  the 
Hull,  were  in  private  circulation  from  about  April  14,  and  some  electros,  of  the 
plate  were  sent  out  during  this  month.  Thus,  the  cut  appeared  in  a  Californian 
newspaper,  with  a  compiled  account  of  the  bird,  April  27.  The  article  was  im- 
mediately reprinted  in  the  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  for  May,  1878. 
1878.  [ANON.]  A  Remarkable  Fossil  Bird  [Palseospiza  bella,  Allen  J. 

<  Pacific  Rural  Press  (newspaper),  vol.  xv,  No.  17,  April  27,  1878, 
p.  257,  fig. 

Anonymous,  but  contributed  to  the  paper  by  the  TJ.  S.  Geological  Survey.  It 
is  an  abstract  of  the  original  account,  accompanied  by  an  electro.,  and  actually 
antedates  the  regular  publication  of  the  article  by  six  days. 

1878.  [ANON.]     Ridgway's  Ornithology  of  the  Fortieth  Parallel.    <  Amer. 
Nat.,  xii,  No.  7,  July,  1878,  p.  469. 
Short  notice  of  the  work. 

1878.  [ANON.]  American  Ornithology,  [etc.]  < Forest  and  Stream,  x,  Feb. 
7,  1878,  p.  12. 

Notice  of  reissue  of  an  ed.  of  Wilson  and  Bonaparte,  3  vols.  8vo,  New  York, 
J.  W.  Bouton. 

1878.  [ANON.]  [Notice of  A.  Pope's]  Upland  Game  Birds  and  Water-fowl  of 
the  United  States,  [etc.]  <  Forest  and  Stream,  x,  May  9, 1878,  p.  266 ; 
2d  notice,  title  modified, May  30, 1878, p.  325. 

1678.  AUGHEY,  S.  Department  of  the  Interior.  |  United  States  Geological 
Survey.  |  F.  V.  Hayden,U.  S.  Geologist-in-charge.  |  —  |  First  Annual 
Report  |  of  the  |  United  States  |  Entomological  Commission  |  for  | 
The  Year  1877  |  relating  to  the  |  Rocky  Mountain  Locust  |  and  |  the 
best  methods  of  preventing  its  injuries  and  of  guarding  against  its 
invasions,  in  pursuance  of  an  appropria-  |  tion  made  by  Congress  for 
this  purpose.  |  With  maps  and  illustrations.  |  —  |  Washington  :  | 
Government  Printing  Office.  1878.  1  vol.  8vo.  pp.  i-xvi,  1-477, 
[l]-[294],  6  11.,  pll.  i-v,  maps,  cuts.  >  Appendix  II.  Notes  on  the 
Nature  of  the  Food  of  the  Birds  of  Nebraska.  By  Prof.  Samuel 
Aughey.  pp.  [13]-[62]. 

A  considerable  paper,  giving  a  nearly  complete  list  of  the  birds  of  the  State, 
fully  annotated  from  the  special  perspective  implied  in  the  title  of  the  book,  and 
including  tabular  exhibits  of  contents  of  stomachs  in  a  thousand  cases  or  more. 
Other  remarks  are  those  ordinarily  making  part  of  a  local  list.  It  would  seem 
that  nearly  all  birds  eat  grasshoppers  under  some  circumstance,  if  not  habit- 
ually. The  nomenclature  of  the  paper  is  revised  by  E.  Cones. 

1878.  BALLOU,  W.  H.    The  Natural  History  of  the  Islands  of  Lake  Erie. 

<  Field  and  Forest,  iii,  No.  9,  Mar.,  1878,  pp.  135-137. 

Chiefly  ornithological,  and  includes  a  nominal  list  of  birds;  the  breeders 
marked  with  an  asterisk. 

1878.  BARBER,  E.  A.    Ornithological  Notes.     <  Amer.  Nat.,  xii,  No.  7,  July, 
1878,  pp.  477, 478. 
On  peculiarities  in  oviposition  of  Molothrus  pecoris  and  Sturnella  magna. 

1878.  BENNER,  F.  Bird  Notes  from  Long  Island.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  x, 
1878,  pp.  174, 215. 


173] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1878  739 


1878.  BICKNELL,  E.  P.  On  the  animal  and  vegetable  life  of  the  past  winter 
[at  Riverdale,  N.  Y.].  <  The  Country,  i,  Mar.  30, 1878,  p.  324. 

1878.  BICKNELL,  E.  P.    Evidences  of  the  Carolinian  Fauna  in  the  lower 
Hudson  Valley.    Principally  from  Observations  taken  at  Riverdale, 
N.  Y.    <  Bull  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  3,  July,  1878,  pp.  128-132. 
Remarks  on  13  spp.  the  presence  of  which  attests  the  main  proposition. 

1878.  BLACHEY,  C.  P.    Birds  of  Kansas.    <  The  Valley  Naturalist,  i,  No.  9, 
Sept.,  1878,  p.  42 ;  No.  10,  Oct.,  1878,  p.  53  :  to  be  continued. 
Annotated  list  of  species. 

1878.  BRACE,  L.  J.  K.  Notes  of  a  few  Birds  observed  at  New  Providence, 
Bahamas,  not  included  in  Dr.  Bryant's  List  of  1859.  <  Proc.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xix,  for  1877,  1878,  pp.  240,  241. 

7  spp.,  among  them  one  called  "Athene   cunicnlaria ".     Passer  domesticiis 
"  introduced  within  a  few  years". 

1878.  BREWER,  T.  M.    Variations  in  the  Nests  of  the  same  Species  of  Birds. 

<  Am.  Nat.,  xii,  No.  1,  1878,  pp.  35-40. 

The  instances  are    North    American — notably   Dendrosca  dominica,  Icterus 
cucuttatits,  Empidonax  acadicus. 

1878.  BREWER,  T.  M.  Changes  in  our  North  American  Fauna.  <  Bull. 
Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  2,  April,  1878,  pp.  49-52. 

Addition  of  Totanus  ochropus,  ^gialitis  hiaticula,  and  Larus  canus,  and  sub- 
traction of  Podiceps  cristatui.    The  several  cases  are  fully  discussed. 

1878.  BREWER,  T.  M.    [Note  on  Florida  ca3rulea  and  Dendrocygna  fulva.] 

<  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xix,  1878,  p.  259. 

1878.  BREWER,  T.  M.    Notes  on  certain  Species  of  New  England  Birds,  with 
Additions  to  his  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  New  England.    <[  Proc. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xix,  April,  1878,  pp.  301-309. 
Twenty-one  additions  to  his  list  of  1875. 

1878.  B[REWER],  T.  M.    Allen's  Birds  of  Massachusetts.    <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith. 
Club,  iii,  No.  3,  July,  1878,  pp.  138-140. 
Review  of  J.  A.  Allen's  paper,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  x,  1878,  pp.  3-37,  q.  v. 

1878.  BREWER,  T.  M.    Apologetic.    <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  3,  July, 
1878,  pp.  147-148. 
To  N.  C.  Brown,  in  re  Ammodromus  caudacutus  et  Micropalama  himantopus. 

1878.  BREWER,  T.  M.  Interesting  Captures  [of  Ibis  falciuellus  and  Phalaro- 
pus  hyperboreus  in  Massachusetts].  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii, 
No.  3,  July,  1878,  p.  151. 

Note  by  "W.  Brewster  of  common  occurrence  of  the  Phalarope  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

1878.  BREWER,  T.  M.    Two  more  Birds  new  to  the  Fauna  of  North  America. 

<  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  3,  July,  1878,  p.  152. 

Vireo  ftavoviridis,  Stumella  mexicana,  taken  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Merrill  at  Fort 
Brown,  Texas. 

1878.  BREWER,  T.  M.    Bird  Architecture,  I  [II,  III].     <  Scribner's  Monthly 
Magazine,  xvii,  1878,  pp.  47-53,  257-269,  305-315 ;  33  illust. 
Popular  accounts  of  birds'  nests,  partly  derived  from  North  American  birds 


740  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1878  []74 

1878.  BREWSTER,  W.  Descriptions  of  the  First  Plumage  in  Various  Species 
of  North  American  Birds.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  1,  Jan. , 
1878,  pp.  15-23  ;  No.  2,  April,  1878,  pp.  56-64  ;  No.  3,  July,  1878,  pp. 
115-123;  No.  4,  Oct.,  1878,  pp.  175-182. 

An  important  contribution,  describing  the  first  plumages,  some  of  wh'ch 
were  before  unknown,  of  various  species. — I.  This  portion  of  the  article  handles 
Turdidce,  Sylviidce,  Paridce,  Sittidce,  Troglodytidce,  Sylvicolidce.  II.  Sylvicolidce 
continued,  Tanagridce,  Hirundinidce,  Ampelidce.  III.  Vireonidce,  Laniidce,  Frin- 
gillidce.  IV.  Icteridce,  Tyrannidce,  Oaprimulgidce,  Cueulidce,  Pitidce ;  in  all,  98  sp p. 

1878.  B[REWSTER],  W.  Ornithology  of  the  Wheeler  Expeditions  of  1876 
and  1877.  <  Bull  Nutt.  OrnUh.  Club,  iii,  No.  3,  July,  1878,  pp.  136-138. 

Review  of  Hensbaw's  papers  in  the  publication  referred  to  in  the  title. 
1878.  BROWN,  N.  C.    A  List  of  Birds  observed  at  Coosada,  Central  Alabama. 

<  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  4,  Oct.,  1878,  pp.  168-174 :  to  be 
continued. 

This  part  of  the  paper  treats  of  40  spp.,  annotated. 

1878.  BROWNE,  F.  C.  Spring  Migration  of  Birds.  <[  Forest  and  Stream,*, 
Mar.  7, 1878,  p.  76. 

Tabular  exhibit  of  dates  of  arrival  of  20  common  spp.  in  Eastern  Massachu- 
setts from  1853  to  1877. 

1878  ?  BURROUGHS,  J.    Wake-Robin 

I  hear  of  an  edition  of  about  this  date,  perhaps  1877,  which,  however,  I  have 
never  seen.  See  the  orig.  ed.,  1871.  See  1877,  I[NGERSOLL],  E. 

1878.  "BUSHWHACKER."  Brant  and  quail  [various  species]  in  Texas.  ^For- 
est and  Stream,  ix,  Jan.  31, 1878,  p.  489. 

1878.  CARNIFEX,  JOHN  (pseudonyme).  Some  Western  Sparrows  [and  other 
birds].  <  The  Country,  July  20,  1878. 

Various  Fr<  ngillidce,  as  Plectrophanes  spp. ,  Passerculus  bairdi,  Calamospiza 
bicolor;  also,  Anthus  spraguii. — Notes  on  their  habits,  largely  derived  from  Coues. 

1878.  CfLARKE],S.  C.    Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Halifax  Inlet,  East  Florida. 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  x,  1878,  pp.  255. 

1878.  COE,  W.  W.    Spring  Notes  [at  Portland,  Ct.].    <  Forest  and  Stream,  x, 

April  4, 1878,  p.  156. 
1878.  COOPER,  W.  A.     Notes  on  the  breeding  habits  of  Huttdn's  Vireo  (Vire;> 

huttoni)  and  the  Gray  Titmouse  (Lophophanes  inornatus),  with  a 

description  of  their  Nests  and  Eggs.    <  Bull  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii, 

No.  2,  April,  1878,  pp.  68, 69. 
1878.  COUES,  E.    Field-Notes  on  Birds  observed  in  Dakota  and  Montana 

along  the  forty-ninth  parallel  during  the  seasons  of  1873  and  1874. 

<  Bull'  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.,  iv,  No.  3,  July,  29,  1878,  pp. 
545-661. 

The  author  was  attached  to  the  TJ.  S.  Northern  Boundary  Commission,  which 
in  1873  and  1874  surveyed  the  Boundary  Line  on  the  -9th  parallel  from  the  Red 
River  of  the  North  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  a  distance  of  850  miles  along  the 
northern  borders  of  the  Territories  of  Dakota  and  Montana ;  and  this  paper  pre- 
sents at  considerable  length  the  results  of  his  actual  observations  in  the  field. 
There  are  tabular  lists  of  the  specimens  collected,  with  dates,  localities,  measure- 
ments, &c. ;  pretty  full  biographies  of  some  of  the  species,  and  shorter  notes  on 
the  rest ;  preceded  by  a  comparison  of  the  faunal  characteristics  of  different  por- 
tions of  the  country  examined,  and  concluded  with  a  slight  special  bibliography. 
A  much  more  elaborate  presentation  of  the  subject  was  contemplated,  but  this 
paper  is  doubtless  the  only  outcome  of  the  affair  we  shall  have.  Also  published 
separately,  200  copies,  "  author's  edition  ",  being  merely  oversheets,  same  title 
and  pagination. 


175] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1878  741 


1878.  COUES,  E.  New  Birds  for  the  United  States  Fauna.  <  The  Country 
(newspaper,  New  York  —  since  dead),  July  13,  1878,  p.  184. 

Buieo  albocaudatus,  Scops  enano,  Crotophaga  sulcirostris,  Pitangus  derbyanus, 
Ornithion  incanescens  [error  for  O.imberbe],  collected  in  Texas  by  George  B. 
Sennett. 

1878.  COUES,  E.,  and  YARROW,  H.  C.  Notes  on  the  Natural  History  of  Fort 
Macon,  N.  C.,  and  Vicinity.  (No.  4.)  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila., 
1878,  pp.  21-28. 

II.  Birds,  pp.  22-24.  This  article  is  supplementary  to  that  in  Pr.  Phila.  Acad., 
1871,  pp.  12-49,  q.  v.,  adding  11  spp.  to  the  former  list. 

1878.  "  D.  L.  B."    Spring  Arrivals  [iu  Western  Long  Island].    <  Forest  and 

Stream,  x,  April  25,  1878,  p.  216. 
1878.  EAGLE,  C.  H.    The  Capture  of  several  Rare  Birds  near  West  Point, 

New  York.    <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1878,  pp.  45-47. 

Corvus  ossifragus,  Helminthophaga  celata,  Dendrceca  ceerulea,  Vireo  philadel- 
phicus,  Stelgidopteryx  serripennis,  Ampelis  garndus. 

1878.  EATON,  D.  H.      List  of  Birds   in   Peotone   [Illinois]   and  vicinity. 
<  Forest  and  Stream,  xi,  Aug.  22,  1878,  p.  47. 
65  spp.,  with  brief  notes;  should  be  accepted  with  caution. 

1878.  GREEN,  F.  C.    Birds  of  Milwaukee  County,  Wisconsin].    <  The  Val- 
ley Naturalist  (newspaper  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.),  vol.  i,  No.  6,  June, 
1878,  p.  23  ;  No.  7,  July  1878,  p.  27  :  to  be  continued. 
Annotated  list  of  species. 

1878.  [GRINNELL,  G.  B.]    [Review  of]  The  Birds  of  Southeastern  Oregon  [by 

Capt.  Chas.  Bendire,  U.  S.  A.]     <  Forest  and  Stream,  ix,  Jan.  31, 

1878,  p.  489. 
1878.  [GRINNELL,  G.  B.]     [Notice  of  charts  by  J.  M.  Le  Moine,  entitled] 

Les  Oiseaux  du  Canada.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  x,  Feb.  7,  1878,  p.  3. 
1878.  [GRINNELL,  G.B.]    Birds  with  teeth.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  x,  Feb.  21, 

1878,  p.  35,  3  fig. 
Account  of  fossil  Odontornithes  discovered  by  Prof.  O.  C.  Marsh  in  Cretaceous 

deposits  of  the  West. 
1878.  [GRINNELL,  G.  B.]    The  Birds  of  Connecticut.    <  Forest  and  Stream, 

x,  May  16,  1878,  p.  275. 
Review  of  C.  H.  Merriam's  "Review  of  the  Birds  of  Connecticut".] 

1878.  HAMLIN,  MARY  A.  Our  Birds  of  Prey.  <\  Familiar  Science  and  Fanciers' 
Journal,  i  (new  series),  Feb.,  1878,  p.  29. 

1878.  HOFFMAN,  W.  J.  Remarks  upon  Albinism  in  several  of  our  [North 
American]  Birds.  <  Am.  Nat.,  xii,  No.  7,  July,  1878,  pp.  474-476. 

Gorvus  americanus,  Turdus  migratorius,  Hirundo  korreorum,  Passer  domesticus, 
Buteo  borealis,  Agelceus  phceniceus,  Stumella  magna,  Galamcspiza  bicolor. 

1878.  HUGHES,  W.  H.    Birds  of  Michigan.    <  The  Valley  Naturalist  (monthly 
newspaper  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.),  i,No.  3,  Mar.,  1878,  p.  11;  No.  4,  Apr., 
1878,  pp.  14,  15  ;  No.  8,  Aug.,  1878,  pp.  34,  35  ;  No.  10,  Oct.,  1878  :  to  be 
continued. 
Annotated  list  of  species. 

1878.  HUYLER,  A.  I.  Winter  birds  on  the  Hackensack  [River,  N.  J.].  <  The 
Country,  i,  Jan.  12,  1878,  p.  149. 


742  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1878  [l?C 

1878.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]  [Review  of]  The  Birds  of  Southeastern  Oregon  [by 
Capt.  Chas.  Bendire].  <  The  Country,  i,  Jan.  12, 1878,  p.  149. 

1878.  [INGERSOLL,  E.]    An  Aged  Naturalist  Gone.    <  The  Country,  i,  Jan. 
19, 1878,  p.  160. 
Obituary  notice  of  Dr.  Jared  P.  Kirtland. 

1878.  INGERSOLL,  E.  [Notice  of  Coues's  forthcoming  "Birds  of  the  Colorado 
Valley  ".  <  The  Country,  i,  March  9, 1878,  p.  272.  See  p.  310. 

1878.  INGERSOLL,  E.  [Review  of]  "  Ornithology  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande." 
By  George  B.  Senuett.  <  The  Country,  i,  March  9, 1878,  p.  283. 

1878.  INGERSOLL,  E.  Linnean  Society.  <  The  Country,  i,  March  30,  1878, 
p.  325. 

Secretary's  report  of  proceedings,  including  notes  on  birds  of  Long  Island, 
Adirondack  region,  and  vicinity  of  New  York  City. 

1878.  INGERSOLL,  E.    Ornithological  News  from  the  United  States.     <  The 
[London]  Field,  li,  March  16, 1878,  p.  323. 
Keview  (f  column)  of  K.  Ridgway's  Ornithology  of  the  Survey  of  the  40th  Parallel. 

1878.  "J.  M.W."    Professional  Oologists.     <  Familiar  Science  and  Fanciers' 
Journ.,  new  ser ,  v,  April,  1878,  p.  75. 
Instances  of  despoilation  of  nests  by  various  animals  and  birds. 

1878.  JONES,  WM.  L.  Birds  of  St.  Clair  County,  Illinois].  <  The  Valley 
Naturalist  (monthly  newspaper,  St.  Louis,  Mo.),  i,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1878,  p. 
3 ;  No.  2,  Feb.,  1878,  p.  6 ;  No.  3,  Mar.,  1878,  p.  11 ;  No.  6,  June,  1878,  p. 
23;  No.  7,  July,  1878,  pp.  26-27;  No.  8,  Aug.,  1878,  p.  35;  No.  9,  Sept., 
1878,  p.  42;  No.  10,  Oct.,  1878,  p.  53 :  to  be  continued. 
Annotated  list  of  species ;  the  parts  noted  here  only  carry  it  into  Ampelidce. 

1878.  JORDAN,  D.  S.  Manual  |  of  the  |  Vertebrates  |  of  the  |  Northern 
United  States,  |  including  |  the  district  east  of  the  Mississippi  river, 
and  north  of  |  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  exclusive  |  of  ma- 
rine species.  |  By  |  David  Starr  Jordan,  Ph.  D.,  M.  D.  |  Professor  of 
Natural  History  in  Butler  University.  |  —  |  Second  edition,  revised 
and  enlarged.  |  —  |  Chicago :  Jansen,  McClnrg  &  Company.  |  1878. 
1  vol.  squarish  12mo.  pp.  407. 

The  bird-matter  of  this  admirable  manual  is  nearly  the  same  as  in  the  orig.  ed., 
1876,  q.  v. ;  but  there  are  addenda  at  pp.  353, 354, 403. 

1878.  LAWRENCE,  N.  T.  Notes  on  several  rare  Birds  taken  on  Long  Island, 
N.  Y.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  x,  May  2, 1878,  p.  235. 

1878.  [LENTE,  W.  K.]  Florida  Notes  [concerning  certain  Birds].  <  For- 
est and  Stream,  ix,  Jan.  31, 1878,  p.  489.  See  p.  327. 

1878.  MAYNARD,  C.  J.  Modifications  in  the  Breeding  Habits  of  Birds  Caused 
by  the  Persecutions  of  Man.  <  Familiar  Science  and  Fanciers'  Jour- 
nal, v  (new  series),  Jan.,  1878,  p.  7. 

1878.  MEARNS,  E.  A.  The  Capture  of  several  Rare  Birds  near  West  Point, 
New  York.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1878,  pp.  45, 46. 

Corvus  ossifragus,  Helminthoptiaga  celata,  Dendraeca  ccerulea,  Vireo  philadclphi- 
cus,  Stelgidopteryx  serripennis,  Ampelis  garrulus. 


177]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1878  743 

1878.  MEARNS.  E.  A.  A  Description  of  unusually  developed  individuals  of 
three  Species,  and  remarks  on  uncommon  plumages  of  several  others, 
taken  near  West  Point,  N.  Y.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  2, 
April,  1878,  pp.  69-72. 

1,  Geothlypis  Philadelphia,-  2,  Setophaga  ruticilla;  3,  Ampelis  cedrorum,-  with 
remarks  on  Helminthophaga  peregrina,  Dendroeca  pennsylvanica,  Corvus  amen- 
canus,  Picus  pubescens,  Myiodioctes  mitratus,  Siurus  motacilla. 

1878.  MEARNS,  E.  A.    Capture  of  Two  Rare  Birds  in  the  Hudson  River  Val- 
ley.    <  BulL  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  3,  July,  1878,  p.  146. 
Centurus  carolinus,  Colymbus  septentrionalis. 

1878.  MERRTAM,  C.  H.  Correction.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  1, 
Jan.,  1878,  p.  47. 

Of  his  Review  of  Connecticut  Birds,  where  Podiceps  cristatus  should  read  P. 
griseigena  var.  holbolli. 

1878.  MERRIAM,  C.  H.  Remarks  on  some  of  the  Birds  of  Lewis  County, 
Northern  New  York.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  2,  April, 
1878,  pp.  52-56 ;  No.  3,  July,  1878,  pp.  125-128. 

1878.  M[ERRIAM],  C.  H.    Recent  Lists  of  the  Birds  of  Central  New  York. 

<  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith,  Club,  iii,  No.  2,  April,  1878,  pp.  &J-86. 

In  S.  L.  Willard's  Directory  of  the  Ornithologists  of  the  United  States  and  else- 
where. Some  judicious  remarks  on  "local  lists"  in  general 

1878.  MOORE,  N.  B.  List  of  Birds,  chiefly  visitors  from  N.  America,  seen 
and  killed  in  the  Bahamas  in  July,  Aug.,  Oct.,  Nov.,  and  Dec.,  1876. 

<  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  for  1877,  xix,  1878,  pp.  241-243. 
30  spp.,  briefly  annotated. 

1878.  MOORE,  N.  B.  Observations  on  some  Birds  seen  near  Nassau,  N.  Provi- 
dence, in  the  Bahama  Islands.  <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  for 

1877,  xix,  1878,  pp.  243-247. 

Remarks  on  "Athene  (Spheotyto)  cunicularia" ',  "  Stryxfurcata?",  Certhiola  baha- 
mensis,  and  a  few  others. 

1878.  MURDOCH,  J.  Effects  of  the  warm  winter  on  the  migration  of  Birds 
[in  Massachusetts].  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  2,  April, 

1878,  pp.  75,76. 

1878.  [NEWCOMB,  R.  L.]  Extracts  from  a  naturalist's  note-hook  [at  Salem, 
Mass.].  <  Forest  and  Stream,  x,  Apr.  4, 1878,  p.  155. 

1878.  NEWCOMB,  R.  L.  Field  Notes  [on  Birds  at  Salem,  Mass.].  <  The 
Country,  i,  Apr.  13, 1878,  p.  354. 

1878.  NEWCOMB,  R.  L.  [Occurrence  of  rare  Birds  at  Salem,  Mass.]  <  The 
Country,  ii,  June  29, 1878,  p.  152. 

1878.  "  P.  B."  Our  Salem  Letter.— No.  6.  <  Familiar  Science  and  Fanciers' 
Journal,  i  (new  series),  Feb.,  1878,  p.  23. 

Contains  notes  upon  Mergulus  alle  in  winter  at  Salem,  Mass.,  and  the  domesti- 
cation of  Melospiza  melodia,  with  other  matters. 

1878.  PENNOCK,  C.  J.  Field  Notes  [made  in  the  Adirondacks,  May  23 — June 
14, 1878].  <  The  Country,  ii,  June  29, 1878,  p.  152. 


744  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.      1878  [l78 

1878.  POPE,  A.  Upland  Game  Birds  |  and  Water  Fowl^~  |  United  States.  | 
By  A  Pope  Jr  I  Published  by  |  Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  Naw 
York,  |  Successors  to  Scribner,  Armstrong  &  Co.  [No  date.  Copy- 
right dated  1877  for  Part  I,  for  the  rest  1878.]  Oblong  folio,  size 
22x28  inches,  not  paged ;  pub.  in  10  parts,  stiff  paper  covers,  2  folios 
of  letter-press  and  2  chromolithogr.  pll.  to  each,  uusewed,  at  irregu- 
lar intervals  in  (1877  and  ?)  1878.  Pll.  not  numbered. 

Above  is  the  cover-title  of  this  publication,  which  forms  a  handsome  centre- 
table  book  for  the  sporting  public.  The  execution  of  the  plates  is  excellent.  The 
plates  are  as  follows :— Part  I,  1.  Green-winged  Teal,  2.  American  Snipe.  Pt. 
II,  3.  Woodcock,  4.  Mallard.  Pt.  Ill,  5.  American  Quail,  6.  Black  Duck.  Pt. 
IV,  7.  Ruffed  Grouse,  8.  Blue-billed  Duck.  Pt.  V,  9.  Pinnated  Grouse,  10.  Red- 
headed Duck.  Pt.VI,  11.  Canada  Grouse,  12.  Wood  Duck.  Pt.  VII,  13.  Valley 
Quail  of  California,  14.  Buffle-headed  Duck.  Pt.  VIII,  15.  Upland  Plover,  16. 
Golden-eyed  Duck.  Pt.  IX,  17.  Mountain  Quail  of  California,  18.  American  Wid- 
geon. Pt.  X  (not  out  yet).  The  text,  prepared  by  Ernest  Ingereoll,  is  largely 
compiled  from  the  usual  sources,  and  is  very  good. 

1878.  P[UKDIE],  H.  A.     Sennett's  Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  the  Lower 
Eio  Grande,  Texas.     <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  3,  July,  1878, 
pp.  144, 145. 
Review  of  paper  in  Bull.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  $urv.,  iv,  No.  1,  Feb.  5, 1878,  pp.  1-66,  q.  v. 

1878.  PURDIE,  H.  A.  Capture  of  the  Yellow- throated  Warbler  in  Massachu- 
setts, and  Notes  on  other  Rare  Massachusetts  Birds.    <  Bull.  Nutt. 
Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  3,  July,  1878,  p.  146. 
Dendioeca  dominica,  Eallus  elegans,  Anser  hyberboreus. 

1878.  RIDGWAY,  R.  Three  additions  to  the  Avifauna  of  North t  America. 
<  Bull  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1878,  pp.  37,  38.' 

Part**  cinctus,  Syrnium  lapponicum,  Surnia  ulula,  all  from  Norton's  Sound, 
Alaska. 

1878.  KIDGWAY,  R.  Notes  on  some  of  the  birds  of  Calaveras  County,  Cali- 
fornia, and  adjoining  localities.  <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No. 
2,  April,  1878,  pp.  64-68.  • 

Annotated  list  of  47  spp.  (including  the  subspp.). 

1878.  RIDGWAY,  R.    Notes  on  Birds  observed  at  Mount  Carmel,  Southern 
Illinois,  in  the  Spring  of  1878.    <  Bull.  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  4, 
Oct.,  1878,  pp.  162-166. 
Annotated  list  of  25  spp.    Nesting  of  Falco  communis. 

1878.  [RIDGWAY,  R.]  Song  Birds  of  the  West.  <  Harper's  New  Monthly 
Magazine,  Ivi,  1878,  pp.  857-880,  19  very  fine  illustrations. 

1878.  RIDGWAY,  R.  On  the  Plains,  |  and  |  Among  the  Peaks ;  |  or,  |  how 
Mrs.  Maxwell  |  made  her  |  Natural  History  Collection.  |  —  |  By  | 
Mary  Dartt.  |  —  |  Philadelphia :  |  Claxton,  Rernsen  &  Haffelfinger,  | 
624,626  &  628  Market  Street.  |  1879  [sic].  1  vol.sm.16mo.  pp.237, 
frontisp.  \  Appendix.  Mrs.  Maxwell's  Colorado  Museum.  Cata- 
logue of  the  Birds.  (By  Robert  Ridgway.)  pp.  226-237. 

Pub.  1878  (my  copy  received  Oct.,  1878),— The  bird-matter  is  a  reprint  of  the 
two  papers  published  in  Field  and  Forest.  See  1877,  RIDGWAY,  R. 

1878.  SAGE,  J.  H.  Birds  of  the  Garden  and  Orchard.  <  Familiar  Science  and 
Fanciers'  Journ.,  new  ser.,  v,  March,  1878,  p.  50. 

Read  before  Middletown  (Conn.)  Scientific  Association,  Feb.  12, 1878. 


179]  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1878  745 

1878.  [SCOTT,  W.  E.  D.]    Winter  Notes  [on]  birds  about  Princeton,  [N.  J.] 

<  The  Country,  i,  1878,  pp.  164, 196, 212, 229, 244. 

1878.  [SCOTT,  W.E.  D.]  Notes  from  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  <  The  Country,  i,Jan. 
19, 1878,  p.  165.  See  p.  115. 

1878.  [ScoTT,  W.  E.  D.]  Notes  about  some  of  the  rarer  birds  about  Prince- 
ton, N.  J.  <  The  Country,  i,  April  13,  p.  354 ;  ii,  April  27,  p.  9. 

1878.  [SCOTT,  W.  E.  D.]  Birds  about  Denver  [Col.].  <  The  Country,  ii, 
June  22, 1878,  p.  136. 

Remarks  upon  the  ornithology  of  the  season ;  Eudromias  montanus  ;  Speotyto 
cunicularia  var.  hypogcea;  hawks  and  others. 

1878.  [ScoTT,  W.  E.  D.]    A  mountain  drive.    <  The  Country,  ii,  1878,  pp. 
152, 168. 
Observations  upon  birds  in  the  foot-hills  near  Denver,  Col. 

1878.  SCOTT,  W.  E.  D.    Some  Birds  breeding  about  the  Twin  Lakes,  Colorado. 

<  The  Country  (newspaper,  N.  Y.),  July  20,  1878. 

Sphyrapicus  thyroideus,  Zonotrichia  leucophrys  (var.  intermedia?),  Regulus 
calendula!  The  latter  specially  interesting— nest  and  eggs  described. 

1878.  "  S.  E.  B."    Late  and  Early  Birds.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  x,  Feb.  28, 

1878,  p.  55. 

Gallinago  wilsoni  wintering  in  Central  New  York ;  song  birds  wintering  in 
New  England. 

1878.  SENNETT,  G.  B.  Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  of 
Texas,  from  Observations  made  during  the  Season  of  1877.  By 
George  B.  Sennett,  of  Erie,  Pa.  Edited,  with  Annotations,  by  Dr. 
Elliott  Coues,  U.  S.  A.  <  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  iv,  No.  1, 1878, 
pp.  1-66. 

A  specially  important  memoir,  containing  valuable  and  interesting  observations 
on  the  habits  of  Texan  birds.  Much  of  the  matter  is  entirely  new.  The  author 
made  a  large  collection  of  birds,  and  closely  studied  their  habits  in  the  breeding 
season.  He  was  enabled  to  add  several  epeciesto  the  fauna  of  the  United  States. 
The  nomenclature  and  technic  of  the  article  are  by  the  editor.— Parula  nigrilora 
Coues,  p.  11,  n.  sp.  JEchmoptila  Coues,  p.  48,  g.  n.,  =Leptoptila  auct.  nee  Less. 

1878.  STEVENS,  F.    Notes  on  a  few  Birds  [20  spp.]  observed  in  New  Mexico 

and  Arizona  in  1876.    <  Bull  Nutt.  Ornith.  Club,  iii,  No.  2,  April,  1878, 

pp.  92-94. 
1878.  TIFFANY,  W.L.    Notes  on  Three  Rare  Birds  of  Minnesota.    <Am.Nat., 

xii,  No.  7,  July,  1878,  pp.  470-472. 

Interesting  observations  on  Ampelis  gatrulw,  Hesperiphona  vespertina,  Cotur- 

niculv.s  lecontii. 

1878.  WILSON,  A.,  and  BONAPARTE,  C.  L.  American  Ornithology ;  |  or,  the  | 
Natural  History  |  of  the  |  Birds  of  the  United  States.  |  Illustrated 
with  plates  |  engraved  from  drawings  from  nature.  |  By  |  Alexan- 
der Wilson  |  and  Charles  Lucian  Bonaparte.  |  —  |  Popular  Edition. 
|  —  |  Vol.  I[-III].  |  [Monogram.]  |  Philadelphia:  |  Porter  &  Coates,g 
!  822  Chestnut  street.  |  [No  date— 1878.]  3  vols.  in  1,  large  8vo.  pp.* 
iii-vi  (Title  and  Contents  of  Vol.  I),  ix-cxxxii  (Ord's  Life  of  Wil- 
son), i-xvi  (Baird's  Catalogue  of  N.  A.  Birds),  1-214  (to  end  of  Vol. 
I);  pp.  iii-viii  (Title  and  Contents  of  Vol.  II),  9-390  (to  end  of  Vol. 
II);  pp.  v-viii  (Title  and  Contents  of  Vol.  Ill),  9-134  (to  end  of 


746  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   APPENDIX.       1878  [l60 

1878.  WILSON,  A.,  and  BONAPARTE,  C.  L. — Continued. 

"Wilson"),  11.,  PP.  139-420  (being  "Bonaparte",  with  Index  to 
both);  "plates"  (i.  e.  collections  of  figures  on  28  leaves)  1-70  (Wil- 
son's) -{-  B  1-B  27  (Bonaparte's),  uncolored. 

This  is  the  latest  edition  of  "  Wilson  and  Bonaparte  ",  and  one  which  has 
came  to  my  knowledge  since  most  of  this  Bibliography  has  been  in  type.  It  is  a 
cheap  popular  edition,  selling  for  $7.50,  and  should  take  well  with  the  public,  as 
it  answers  all  practical  purposes.  The  text  is  substantially  identical  with 
the  same  publishers'  3  vol.  8vo  ed.  of  1871,  q.  v.,  the  vols.  here  being  bound  in  one, 
with  the  repeatedly  broken  pagination  above  indicated.  Each  of  these  reissues 
by  Porter  &  Coates  may  be  identified  by  the  presence  of  Baird's  8vo  Catalogue  of 
1858,0.0.;  but  I  note  no  other  addition  to  the  matter  of  the  earlier  eds.  The 
"plates",  uncolored,  are  reduced  from  those  of  the  2  folio  vols.  which  belong  to 
the  ed.  of  1871  down  to  nearly  the  size  of  those  in  Brewer's  12mo  ed.  of  1840,  q.  v., 
maintaining  the  same  grouping  of  figures  as  in  the  originals;  these  groups,  not 
the  sheets  on  which  they  are  printed,  being  numbered  1  to  76  for  Wilson's,  and 
B  1  to  B  27  for  Bonaparte's.  The  execution  is  rather  coarse,  but  the  figures 
retain  to  a  degree  the  characteristics  of  the  original  models. 

1878.  WINKLE,  N.    Heralds  of  Spring.    <  The  Country,  i,  Mar.  16, 1878,  p.  293. 

1878.  WINKLE,  N.     [Spring  birds  at  Summit,  N.  J.]     <  The  Country,  ii,  May 
18, 1878,  p.  57. 

1878.  WOOD,  W.    Tee  Birds  of  Connecticut.    <  Familiar  Science  and  Fan- 
ciers' Journal,  v  (new  series),  1878,  pp.  6, 26, 49, 73. 
Still  in  progress. 


INDEX  TO  BIBLIOGRAPHY 


[NOTE. — "With  catch-titles.  Chronological  arrangement  under  each  head.  Joint- 
authorships  under  leading  name.  Figures  refer  to  dates  under  which  titles  are  alpha- 
betized :  double  dates  are  found  in  the  Bibliography  at  end  of  series  of  single  dates ;  thus, 
1877-78  at  end  of  1877.  Anonymous,  pseudonymous,  editorial,  and  initial  titles  mostly 
omitted.] 


ABADIE. 

List  of  North  American  Birds  pre- 
sented to  the  National  Institute, 
1846. 
ABBOTT,  (C.  C.) 

List  of  Vertebrates  of  New  Jersey, 
1868. 

Inland  Birds  of  New  Jersey,  1870. 

Migration  of  Inland  Birds,  1875. 

Repetition  of  Nesting,  1876. 

February  Field  Notes,  1876. 

March  Field  Notes,  1876. 

Three  months  of  Field  Notes,  1876. 

Glimpses  of  Mind  in  Birds,  1877. 
ABBOTT,  (S.  L.) 

Birds  from  Connecticut,  1842. 

Three  Species    of   United  States 

Birds,  1842. 
ABERT. 

Notes  of  a  Military  Reconnoissauce, 

1848. 
ADAMS. 

Field  and  Forest  Rambles,  1873. 
AIKEN. 

Glimpse  of  Colorado  Birds,  1873. 
ALBRECHT. 

Vogel  der  Bahama-Inseln,  1861. 
ALDRICH. 

Destruction  of  Birds  by  Telegraph 

Wire,  1877. 
ALLAN. 

Land  Birds  of  Toronto,  1853. 
ALLEN,  (C.  A.) 

Notes  from  California,  1876. 

Six  Californian  Birds,  1876. 
ALLEN,  (J.  A.) 

Birds  of  New  England,  1860-63. 
181] 


ALLEN,  (J.  A.)— Continued. 
Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Springfield, 

Mass.,  1864. 
Winter  Notes  of  an  Ornithologist, 

1867. 

Ornithological  Calendars,  1867. 
Birds  of  Spring,  1867. 
Birds  of  Western  Iowa,  Illinois, 

and  Indiana,  1868,  1868. 
Note  on  Vireosylvia  philadelphica 

and     Empidonax     flaviventris, 

1869. 
Rarer  Birds  of  Massachusetts,  1869- 

70. 

Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Iowa,  1870. 
Fauna  of  the  Prairies,  1871. 
Mammals    and    Winter    Birds    of 

Florida,  1871. 
Ornithological  Notes  from  the  West, 

1872. 
Snow's  Birds  of  Kansas,  1872, 1872, 

1872. 
Ornithological  Works  in  Prospect, 

1872. 
Coues's  Natural  History  of  Fort 

Macon,  1872. 
Grayson's  Birds  of  Tres  Marias  and 

Socorro,  1872. 
Ornithological  Recounoissance  in 

Kansas,  etc.,  1872. 
Geographical  Variation  in  Birds, 

1872,  1872. 

Maynard's  Birds  of  Florida,  1873. 
Coues's    Key    to  North  American 

Birds,  1873. 
Laws  of  Geographical  Variation, 

1874, 1874. 

747 


748 


INDEX    TO    BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS 


[182 


ALLEN,  ( j.  A.)— Continued. 
Coues's  Field  Ornithology,  1874. 
Natural  History  of  Portions  of  Da- 
kota and  Montana,  1874. 
Coues's  Birds  of   the   Northwest, 

1875, 1875, 1875. 
Jordan's  Manual  of   Vertebrates, 

1876. 

Calendar  for  March,  1876, 1876. 
Send  in  the  Reports,  1876. 
Calendar  for  April,  1876. 
Decrease  of  Birds  in  the  U.  S.,  1876. 
Availability  of  Bartramian  Names, 

1876. 

Bartramian  Names  again,  1876. 
Progress  in  Ornithology  during  the 

Century,  1876. 

Snow's  Birds  of  Kansas,  1876. 
Extinct  Birds  with  Teeth,  1876. 
Gentry's  Life-Histories,  1876. 
Decrease  of  Birds  in  Mass.,  1876. 
Brewster's  Birds  of  Ritchie  County, 

West  Virginia,  1876. 
Geographical  Variation  in  Eggs, 

1876. 
Lawrence's  Birds  of  Southwestern 

Mexico,  1876. 
Cooper's  Californian  Ornithology, 

1877. 

McCauley's  notes  on  Texan  Orni- 
thology, 1877. 
Cyanospiza  versicolor  and  Thryo- 

thorus  berlandieri  in  Texas,  1877. 
Influence  of  Physical  Conditions  in 

the  Genesis  of  Species,  1877. 
List  of  Massachusetts  Birds,  1878. 
Inadequate  Theory  of  Birds'  Nests, 

1878. 
Langdon's    Birds    of    Cincinnati, 

1878. 
Rathbun's  Birds  of  Central  New 

York,  1878. 
Rooseveldt  and  Minot's  Birds  of 

the  Adirondacks,  1878. 
Nelson's  Birds  of  S.  Illinois,  1878. 
Gentry's  Life-Histories,  1878. 
Streets's  Notes  on  Birds  of  Lower 

California,  1878. 
Bendire's  Notes  on  Birds  of  Oregon, 

1878. 


ALLEN,  (J.  A.)— Continued. 
Ridgway's    Report  on  Survey    of 

Fortieth  Parallel,  1878. 
Feilden's  Birds  of  Smith's  Sound, 

1878. 

Mayuard's  Birds  of  Florida,  1878. 
Jordan's    Manual  of   Vertebrates, 

1878. 

Sea  Ducks  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1878. 
Carolinian  Fauna,  1878. 
Brewer's  New  England  Birds,  1878. 
New  Fossil  Passerine,  1878. 
AMBROSE. 
Visit  to  Green  Island,  Nova  Scotia, 

1860. 
Sea  Birds  of  St.  Margaret's  Bay, 

Nova  Scotia,  1865. 
ANDERSON. 
Iceland,  Greenland,  etc.,  1746, 1750, 

1758. 
ARNOLD. 

History  of  my  Pets,  1875. 
AUDUBON,  (J.  J.) 
Birds  of  America,  orig.  folios,  1627- 

38 ;  later  folios,  1861. 
Method  of  Drawing,  1828. 
Ornithological     Biography,     orig. 

ed.,  1831-39. 
Synopsis,  1839. 
Birds  of  America,  orig.  8vo,  1840- 

44 ;    later  8vo,  1856,  1856,  1861, 

1863, 1865, 1871. 
AUDUBON,  (M.  R.) 

Reminiscences   of  Audubon,  1876. 
AUDUBON,  (V.  G.) 
Reply  to  Waterton,  1833. 

AUGHEY. 

Food  of  Birds  of  Nebraska,  1878. 
BACHMAN. 

Defence  of  Audubon,  1834. 
Migration  of  Birdn  of  North  Amer- 
ica, 1836, 1840. 
BACON. 

Notes  on  Oregon  Birds,  1877. 
BAGG. 

Cuckoo's  Egg  in  Cedar-bird's  Nest, 

1877. 

BAILEY,  (H.  B.) 

Birds  Breeding  on  Cobb's  Island, 
Va.,  1876. 


163] 


INDEX   TO    BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS 


749 


BAILEY,  (J.  S.) 

Migration  of  Birds,  1875. 
BAILY,  (W.L.) 

Our  Own  Birds,  1869. 
BAIKD,  (S.  F.) 

Catalogue  of  Birds  found  in  neigh- 
borhood of  Carlisle,  Pa.,  1845. 
Stansbury's  Great  Salt  Lake,  1852, 

1852, 1852. 

Brewer's  American  Oology,  1857. 
Catalogue     of    North     American 

Birds,  1858, 1859. 
Birds  found  at  Fort  Bridger,  Utah, 

1858. 
Birds  collected  by  Xantus  at  Cape 

St.  Lucas,  1859. 

Pacific  R.  R.  Reports,  vol.  x,  1859. 
U.  S.  and  Mexican  Boundary,  1859. 
Birds  of  North  America,  1860. 
Report  on  Ives's  Exploration  of  the 

Colorado  River,  1861. 
Notice  of  Kennicott's  and  Xantus's 

Movements,  1863. 
Review  of  American  Birds,  1864-66. 
Distribution    and     Migrations    of 

North    American    Birds,    1866, 

1866,  1867. 
Additions  to  Bird  Fauna  of  North 

America,  1869. 

Fossil  Birds  of  the  U.  S.,  1870. 
Link  between  Reptiles  and  Birds, 

1870. 
Birds    collected    by  McCarthy  in 

Utah,  1876. 
BAIRD,  (W.  M.  and  S.  F.) 

List  of  Birds  of  Carlitle,  Pa.,  1844. 
BAIRD,  BREWER,  and  RIDGWAY. 

History  of  N.  A.  Birds,  1874. 
BAIRD,  CASSIN,  and  LAWRENCE. 
Pacific  Railroad  Reports,  vol.  ix, 

1858. 
BAIRD  and  RIDGWAY. 

New  Forms  of  American  Birds,  1873. 
BALLOU. 

Birds  of  Lake  Erie,  1878. 
BARBER. 

Ornithological  Notes,  1878. 
BARNARD. 
Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Chester  Co., 

Pennsylvania,  1861. 


BARNSTON. 

Progress  of  Seasons,  1841. 
BARRY. 

Ornithological  Fauna  of  Wisconsin, 

1854. 
BARTON. 

Fragments,  1799. 

Letter  to  Lace"pede,  1805. 

Discourse  on  Natural  History,  1807. 
BARTRAM. 

Travels,  1791, 1793, 1793, 1794, 1799. 
BATTY. 

Winter  collecting   in    Minnesota, 
1875. 

Our  Hawks  and  Owls,  1875. 
BEESLEY. 

Geology  of  Cape  May,  N.  J.,  1857. 
BELKNAP. 

New  Hampshire,  1792. 
BELL. 

Birds  around  Lakes  Superior  and 

Huron,  1861. 
BENDIRE. 

Notes    on   Birds  of   Southeastern 

Oregon,  1877. 
BENNER. 

Notes  from  Long  Island,  1878. 

Notes  from  Riverdale,  N.  Y.,  1878. 
BENTON. 

Shy  Friends,  1869. 

John  Burroughs,  1877. 

BlCKNELL. 

Comparison  of  Winter  Birds,  1876. 

Early  Birds  on  the  Hudson,  1876. 

Field    Notes  at  Riverdale,  N.  Y., 
1876. 

Birds  of  our  Suburbs,  1876. 

Carolinian  Fauna  in  the  Hudson 

Valley,  1878. 
BILLINGS. 

Game  Birds  of  Canada,  1856. 
BLACHEY 

Birds  of  Kansas,  1878. 
BLAKISTON. 

Notes  of  a  Naturalist,  1857. 

Scraps  from  the  Far  West,  1859. 

Birds  of   the  Interior  of  British 

America,  1861-62,  1863. 
BLAND. 

List  of  Birds  of  Bermuda,  1859. 


750 


INDEX    TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS 


[184 


BOARDMAN. 

Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Calais,  Maine, 

1862. 
Rare  Birds  at    Milltown,  Maine, 

1869. 
Black  Vulture  and  Purple  Gallinule 

in  Maine,  1869. 
Ornithological  Notes  from  Maine, 

1871. 
BOIES. 

Catalogue  of  Birds  of   Southern 

Michigan,  1875. 
Additions  to  Catalogue,  1876. 
BONAPARTE. 
Observations  on  the  Nomencla<  ure 

of  Wilson,  1824-25,  1826. 
Two  new  Species  of  Mexican  Birds, 

1825. 
Additions  to  Ornithology  of  the 

United  States,  1825. 
American  Ornithology,  1825-33. 
Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  the  United 

States,  "1826." 

Comparative  Catalogue,  "1826." 
Supplement  to  the  Genera  of  North 

American  Birds,  1827. 
Catalogue  of  theBirdsof  the  United 

States,  1827. 

Specchio  Comparative,  1827-32. 
Genera  of  North  American  Birds, 

and  Synopsis  of  U.  S.  Species,  1828. 
Further  Additions  to  the  Ornitho- 
logy of  the  United  States,  1828. 
Nachtrag    zu    den     nordamerica- 

nischen  Vogeln,  1830. 
Sippen    der     nordamericanischen 

Vogel  und  Synopsis,  1832. 
Geographical     and     Comparative 

List,  1838. 
New  Birds  from  Mexico  and  South 

America,  1841. 
Notes  on  the  Delattre  Collections, 

1853,  1853-54. 
Bosc. 

Description  of  New  Objects  of  Nat- 
ural History  from  South  Caro- 
lina, 1797. 
Bossu. 
New  Voyages  to  West  Indies,  1768, 

1771. 


BOUVB. 

Death  of  Henry  Bryant,  1867. 
BRACE. 

Birds  observed  at  New  Providence, 
Bahamas,  not  given  by  Bryant, 
1878. 
BRACKETT. 

Birds  of  Wyoming,  1877. 
BRADBURY. 

Travels,  1817. 
BRANDT. 

Dissertatio  inauguralis,  1842. 

Eine  Liste  von  Thieren,  1844. 
BRENDEL. 

Vogel  derUmgegendPeorias  in  Illi- 
nois, 1857. 

Fauna  of  Peoria,  1870. 
BREWER. 

Additions  to  Catalogue  of  Massa- 
chusetts Birds  in  Hitchcock's  Re- 
port, 1837. 

Some  North  American  Birds7  Eggs, 
1852. 

A  few  Ornithological  Facts,  New 
Brunswick,  1852. 

List  of  Birds  common  to  Europe 
and  America,  1854. 

Plotus  anhinga  and  Tantalus  locu- 
lator  in  Illinois,  1856. 

Eggs  obtained  in  California  by 
Samuels,  1857. 

North  American  Oology,  1857. 

Food  of  Birds,  1866. 

Errors  regarding  Habits  of  Birds, 
1867. 

Song  Birds  of  North  America,  1868. 

Obituary  of  Cassin,  1869,  1869. 

Seaside  Ornithology,  1869. 

Snow's  List  of  Kansas  Birds,  1872. 

Avifauna  of  Colorado,  1873. 

Nest  and  Eggs  of  Arizona  Birds, 
1873. 

Catalogue  of  New  England  Birds, 
1875. 

Birds  of  New  England,  1876. 

Vennor's  Rapacious  Birds  of  Can- 
ada, 1877. 

Defence  of  his  Catalogue  of  New 
England  Birds,  1877. 


185] 


INDEX    TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS 


751 


BREWER.— Continued. 

Estimation  of  Economical  Value 
of  Birds,  1877. 

Variations  in  Nesting,  1878. 

Changes  in  North  American  Fauna, 
1878. 

Florida  ccerulea  and  Dendrocygna 
fulva,  1878. 

Additions  to  his  New  England  Cat- 
alogue, 1878. 

Allen's  Birds  of  Massachusetts, 
1878. 

Apologetic,  1878. 

Ibis  falcinellus  and  Phalaropus 
hyperboreus  in  Massachusetts, 
1878. 

Bird  Architecture,  1878. 
BREWSTER. 

Birds  new  to  Massachusetts,  1872. 

Observations  on  Birds  of  Ritchie 
County  ,West  Virginia,  1874,[and 
duplicated]  1875  [other  date 
wrong]. 

Occurrence  of  certain  Birds  in  New 
England,  1876. 

Nelson's  Birds  of  Illinois,  1877. 

Merriam's  Review  of  Connecticut 
Birds,  1877. 

Descriptions  of  First  Plumages, 
1878. 

Ornithology  of  the  Wheeler  Expe- 
ditions, 1878. 
BRICKELL. 

Carolina,  1737. 
BRIDGES. 

Notes  on  California  Birds,  1858. 

BRIGGS. 
Letters  from    Northern  Vermont, 

1876. 

BROWN,  (N.  C.) 

Ornithological  Notes  from  Port- 
land, Me.,  1875. 

Variable  Abundance  of  Birds,  1876. 
Birds  new  to  Maine,  1877. 
List  of  Birds  of  Central  Alabama, 

1878. 

BROWN,  (R.) 

Synopsis  of  Birds  of  Vancouver, 
1868. 


BROWN,  (Thos.) 

Illustrations  of  Wilson  and  Bona- 
parte, and  whole  Forest  Sylvia, 
1835. 

BROWNE,  (F.  C.) 
Local  names  of  Birds  in  Massa- 

'  chusetts,  1876. 
List  of  Birds  observed  on  Clark's 

Island,  Massachusetts,  1877. 
Migration  of  Birds,  1878. 

BRUHIN. 
Aukunft    nnd    Briitezeit    einiger 

Vogel,  1871. 
Unsere    gefiederten    Wintergaste, 

1872. 
Zur    nordamerikanischen    Vogel- 

sprache,  1872. 
Ankunft  von  Vogeln,  1872. 
Mittheilungen  aus  Wisconsin,  1873. 
Vogel  aus  Wisconsin,  1875. 

BRYANT,  (H.) 
Birds   observed  at  Grand  Manan 

and  Yarmouth,  N.  S.,  1857. 
Early  Migration  of  Birds,  1857. 
List  of  Birds  of  the  Bahamas,  1859. 
On  Birds  of  East  Florida,  1859. 
Remarks  on  Birds  that   breed  in 

the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  1861, 

1861. 
Two  New  Birds  from  the  Bahamas, 

1864. 
Additions  to  List  of  Bahaman  Birds, 

1867? 
BURLING. 
American  Birds,  1870. 

BURNETT. 

Fauna  of  Pine  Barrens  of  South 

Carolina,  1851. 
BURROUGHS. 

Wake-Robin,  1871, 1878? 

Birds'  Nesting,  1872. 

Flagg's  Birds  of  New  England, 
1875. 

Notes  from  the  North  River,  1876. 

Bird  Medley,  1876. 

April,  1877. 
BUTCHER. 

List  of  Birds  of  Laredo,  Texas,  1868. 


752 


INDEX    TO    BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS 


[186 


CABANIS. 

Ausbeute  der  neuesten  Reiseunter- 
nehmung  des  Herzogs  P.  W.  v. 
Wiirttemberg,  1856. 
CABOT,  (J.  E.) 

Agassiz's  Lake  Superior,  1850, 1852. 
CABOT,  (S.,  jr.) 

Meleagris  and  other  Grllinse,  1842. 
Five  species  of  Birds  breeding  on 

Magalloway  River,  1845. 
CARPENTER. 

Natural  History  of  Big  Horn  Moun- 
tains, 1876. 
CARTWRIGHT. 

Labrador,  1792. 
CARVER. 

Travels,  1778, 1781,  1796. 
CASSIN. 
Catalogue  of  Pease's  Mexican  Birds, 

1848. 

Remarks  on  Arctic  Birds,  1852. 
Illustrations  of  the  Birds  of  Texas, 
California,    etc.,   1853,    1853-55, 
1856. 

Notes  on  North  American  Birds  in 

the  Philadelphia  Academy,  1856. 

Ornithology  of  the  United  States, 

1856. 
On  Archibuteo,  Lanius,  and  Seleni- 

dera,  1857. 
Copperplates  of  Vieillot's  Ois.  Am. 

Sept.,  etc.,  1865. 
CATESBY. 

Carolina,  1731-48,  1754,  1771. 
CHADBOURNE. 

Birds  of  the  North,  1870. 
CHARLEVOIX. 

Nouvelle  France,  1744, 1761, 1777. 
CHICKERING. 
Notice  of  New  Hampshire  Birds, 

1875. 
CHITTENDEN. 

Land  Birds  far  out  at  Sea,  1871. 
CLARKE. 
Notes  from  Halifax  Inlet,  Florida, 

1878. 
CLAVIGERO. 

History  of  Mexico,  1787,  1807. 
CLAYTON. 
Account  of  Virginia,  1693. 


CLIFFORD. 

Birds  of  Illinois  injurious  and  bene- 
ficial, 1865. 
CLINTON. 

Discourse,  1815. 
COE. 

Notes  from  Portland,  Conn.,  1878. 
COINDE. 

Faune    ornithologique    de    Saint- 
Paul,  1860. 
COLLINS. 

Report  on  Bill  for  protecting  Birds, 
1860. 

COLVIN. 

Winter  Fauna  of  Mt.  Marcy,  N.  Y., 

1876. 
COOK,  (A.  J.) 

Birds  and  Caterpillars,  1874. 
COOKE,  (J.) 

Autumn  Game  on  the  Prairies,  1872. 
COOPER,  (J.  G.) 

Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.,  vol.  xii,  1860. 
New  Californian  Animals,  1861. 
Naturalist  in  California,  1869. 
Fauna  of  Montana,  1869. 
Additions  to  Fauna  of  California, 

1869. 

Fauna  of  California  and  its  Geo- 
graphical Distribution,  1870. 
Ornithology  of  California,  1870. 
Monterey  in  the  Dry  Season,  187 J. 
New    Facts  in    Californian   Orni- 
thology, 1875. 

California  Garden  Birds,  1876. 
Seventy-five  doubtful  West  Coast 

Birds,  1877. 
COOPER,  W.  A. 
Button's  Vireo  and  Gray  Titmouse, 

1878. 
COPE. 
Fauna  of   Southern    Alleghanies, 

1870. 
Synopsis  of  Extinct  Aves  of  North 

America,  1872. 

Extinct  Vulturine  Bird,  1875. 
Gigantic  Eocene  Bird,  1876. 

CORMACK. 

Journey  across  Newfoundland,  1823. 

COTTLE. 

List  of  Birds  of  Upper  Canada,  1859. 


187] 


INDEX    TO    BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS 


753 


Coucn. 

New  Birds   of  Northern    Mexico, 

1854. 
COUES. 

Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  La- 
brador, 1861. 

Synopsis  of  Colymbidse  and  Podi- 
cipida),  1862. 

Note  to  the  same,  1862. 

Ornithology  of  a  Prairie- Journey, 
1865. 

Notes  on  Birds  of  Fort  Whipple, 
Arizona,  1865. 

From  Arizona  to  the  Pacific,  1866. 

List  of  Birds  of  Fort  Whipple, 
Arizona,  1866. 

Prodrome,  1866. 

Birds  of  New  England,  1867. 

List  of  Palmer's  Birds  of  Southern 
Arizona,  1868. 

Catalogue  of  Birdsof  North  America 
in  Museum  of  Essex  Institute, 
1868. 

List  of  Birds  of  New  England,  1868. 

Synopsis  of  Birds  of  South  Carolina, 
1868. 

Results  of  Exploration  of  the  North- 
west, 1870. 

Progress  of  American  Ornithology, 
1871. 

Natural  History  of  Fort  Macon, 
N.  C.,  1871. 

Key  to  North  American  Birds,  1872. 

Checklist  of  North  American  Birds, 
1873. 

Report  on  the  Prybilov  Islands, 
1873,  1875. 

Two  little-known  Birds  of  United 
States,  1873. 

Maynard's  New  England  Orni- 
thology, 1873. 

Allen's  Ornithology  of  the  West, 
1873. 

United  States  Birds  new  to  Science 
and  other  things  ornithological, 
1873. 

Odontornithes,  1873. 

Color-variation  dependent  on  Cli- 
matic Influences,  1873. 

Late  Local  Lists,  1873. 
48  B  0 


COUES.— Continued. 

Specimens   of   Bird    Architecture, 
1873. 

Birds  of  the  Northwest,  187-1,  1877. 

Field  Ornithology,  1874. 

Avifauna    of  Colorado    and    Wy- 
oming, 1874. 

Recent      Publications     in     Orni- 
thology, 1874. 

The  Nesting  of  Certain  Hawks,  etc., 
1874. 

Baird,     Brewer     and     Ridgway's 
Work,  1874. 

Ridgway's  Birds  of  Illinois,  1874. 

Breeding  of  certain  Birds  of  Mon- 
tana, 1875. 

Brewster's  paper  on  West  Virginia 
Birds,  1875. 

Brewer's  Catalogue  of  New  Eng- 
land Birds,  1875. 

Fasti  Ornithologist  Redivivi,  1875. 

Reply  to  Allen's  Availability  of  Bar- 
tramian  Names,  1876. 

Nesting  Sites  of  Night  Hawk  and 
Towhee  Bunting,  1876. 

Destruction  of  Birds  by  Telegraph 
Wire,  1876. 

Number  of  Primaries  in  Oscines, 
1876. 

Gentry's  Book  about  Birds,  1876. 

On  "Partridge,"  "  Quail,"  etc.,  1876. 

Minot's    Birds    of  New  England, 
1877, 1877, 1877. 

Field-Notes  on  Birds  observed  in 
Dakota  and  Montana,  1878. 

New  Birds  for  the  United  States 

Fauna,  1878. 
COUES  and  PRENTISS. 

List  of  Birds  of  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, 1862. 

Remarks  on  Birds  of  the  District 

of  Columbia,  1877. 
COUES  and  YARROW. 

Notes  on  Natural  History  of  Fort 
Macon,  N.  C.  (No.  4),  1878. 

COUPER. 

List  of  the  Birds  of  Quebec,  1867. 
COVERT. 

Letter  of  Promise,  1876. 
Birds  of  Lower  Michigan,  1876. 


754 


INDEX    TO    BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS 


[188 


CRANTZ. 

Greenland,  1765, 1767, 1767, 1820. 
CURTIS. 

Particulars  of  Labrador,  1772. 
DALL. 

List  of  Birds  of  Alaska,  1869. 

Alaska  and  its  Resources,  1870. 

Winter's  Day  in  the  Yukon  Terri- 
tory, 1870. 

Avifauna  of  the  Aleutians,  1873, 

1874. 
DAWSON. 

Report    British    North    American 

Boundary  Commission,  1875. 
DEANE. 

Origin  of  the  Nuttall  Club,  1874. 

Nuttall  Ornithological  Club,  1875. 

Albinism  and  Melanism  in  North 

American  Birds,  1876. 
DEKAY,  (C.) 

Burroughs's  Winter  Sunshine,  1876. 
DEKAY,  (J.  E.) 

New  York  Zoology,  1844. 

D'ERES. 

Memoirs,  1800. 
DESMAREST. 
Review  of  Wilson's   Ornithology, 

1824. 

Review  of  Bonaparte's  "Observa- 
tions", 1825. 
Review  of  Bonaparte's  American 

Ornithology,  1826. 
DES  MURS. 

On  De  Saussure's  Habits  of  Mexi- 
can Birds,  1859. 

Review  of  Brewer's  Oology,  1859. 
DOLE. 

Odds  and  Ends,  1874. 
DOUGLAS. 

Species  of  Tetrao  and  Ortyx,  1829, 

1829,  1830,  1833. 
DOWNS. 

Land  Birds  of  Nova  Scotia,  1865-66. 
DRESSER. 

Birds  of  Southern  Texas,  1865-66. 
DUGES. 
Faune    de  Guanajuato,    Mexique, 

1868. 

Catalogue  of  Mexican  Vertebrates, 
1869, 1870. 


Du  PRATZ. 

Louisiana,  1758,  1763,  1774. 

D'URBAN. 

Birds  observed  around  Montreal, 

1857. 
Natural  History  of  the  Valley  of 

the  River  Rouge,  1859. 
DUVAN. 
Additions  to  Game  of  Nova  Scotia, 

1865. 
EAGLE. 
Rare  Birds  near  West  Point,  N.  Y., 

1878. 
EATON. 

Prairie  Ornithology  in  Illinois,1876. 
Egg  collecting  in  Illinois,  1876. 
List  of  Birds  from  Peotone,  111., 

1878. 
EGEDE. 

Greenland,  1741, 1745. 
ELLIOT. 

Game  Birds  of  the  United  States, 

1865. 
Birds    of   North    America,    folio, 

1866-69. 
ELLIS. 

Hudson's  Bay,  1748. 
EMMONS. 
Catalogue  of  Animals  and  Plants 

of  Massachusetts,  1833. 
Observations  on    Spring  Birds  of 

Massachusetts,  1834. 
ESTES. 

Winter  Notes  from  Wisconsin,1876. 
FABRICIUS. 

Favna  Groenlandica,  1780. 
FEILDEN. 

Birds  observed  on  Smith's  Sound, 

1877. 

Birds  of  North  Polar  Basin,  1877. 
FEILNER. 
Exploration  in  Upper    California, 

1865. 
FINSCH. 
Vogelsammlung      aus     Nordwest 

Mexico,  1870. 
Zur  Ornithologie  Nordwest- Ameri- 

kas,  1872. 

Reisebericht  fiber   Nord-Amerika, 
1873. 


189] 


INDEX   TO    BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS 


755 


FINSCIL— Continued. 
Die  zweite  dentsche  Nordpolfahrt, 

1874. 
Vogelsammlung      aus     Siidwest- 

Gronland,  1874. 
FISH. 

Birds  and  their  Uses,  1876. 
FISHER. 
Small  Birds  caught  by  the  Burdock, 

1876. 
FLAGG. 

Birds  and  Seasons  of  New  England, 
1875. 

FORSTER. 

Catalogue  of  Animals    of    North 

America,  1771. 
Account  of  Birds  from  Hudson's 

Bay,  1772. 
FOWLER,  (A.) 

Three  New  England  Birds,  1867. 
Butcher    Bird  and  Mottled  Owl, 

1869. 

FOWLER,  (H.  G.) 
Birds  of  Central  New  York,  1876. 
Additional  Note,  1876. 
FOWLER,  (S.  P.) 
Past  and  Present  History  of  United 

States  Ornithology,  1859. 
Changes  made  by  Civilization  in 

Massachusetts  Birds,  1860. 
Fox. 
Notice  of  some    American  Birds, 

1836. 

Three  Migrations  in  New  Hamp- 
shire, 1876. 
FRANKLIN. 
Verzeichniss  der  Arten  von  seiner 

Polfahrt,  1835. 
FROST. 

Survivors  of  Civilization,  1868. 
FULLER. 
Spring  Arrivals  at  Meacham  Lake, 

N.  Y.,  1876. 
GAMBEL. 
New  and  Rare  Birds  of  the  Rocky 

Mountains,  1843. 
New  and  Little-known  Birds    of 

Upper  California,  1845. 
Remarks    on   Birds    observed    in 
Upper  California,  1846, 1848. 


GAMBEL. — Continued. 

Remarks  on  Tipper  California 
Birds  and  Descriptions  of  New 
Species,  1847-49. 

Contributions   to  American  Orni- 
thology, 1848. 
GARDNER. 

Wilson  the  Ornithologist,  1875. 
GAUMER, 

On  Kansas  Birds,  1875. 
GENTRY. 

Molestation  of  Birds  by  Squirrels, 
1873. 

Habits  of  some  American  Birds, 
1874. 

Life-Histories  of  Birds  of  Eastern 

Pennsylvania,  1876-77. 
GERHARDT. 

Vogelgesang  im  siidlichen  Nord- 
Amerika,  1853. 

Jagdbare  VSgel  der  Yereinigten 
Staaten,  1853. 

Skizzen  aus  dem  Vogelleben  Nord- 
Amerika's,  1854. 

Zur  Lebensweise  der  Vogel  Geor- 
gia's, 1855-56. 

GlBBES. 

Tuomey's  Geology  of  South  Caro- 
lina, 1848. 

GlEBEL. 

Bemerkungen  zu  Brendel's  Vogel 

Peorias,  1857. 
GILBERT. 

Rarer  Birds  of  Western  New  York, 
1876. 

GlRAUD. 

Sixteen  New  Species,  1841. 

Birds  of  Long  Island,  1844. 
GLADWIN. 

Birds  of    Southern    Connecticut, 

1876. 
GLOVER. 

Account  of  Virginia,  1676. 
GOODHUE. 

On  Birds  of  Vermont,  1870-71. 

Birds  of  Webster,  N.  H.,  1877. 
GOSSE. 

Canadian  Naturalist,  1840. 

Letters  from  Alabama,  1859. 


756 


INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS 


[190 


GOULD. 

On  a  Collection  of  Birds  from 
America,  1834,  1834. 

GRAAH. 
Expedition  to  Greenland,  1837. 

GRAY,  (Asa.) 

Death  of  Nuttall,  1859. 
GRAY,  (A.  F.) 

Birds  of  Danvers,  Mass.,  1876. 

GRAY,  (G.  R.) 
Narrative  of  Rae's  Expedition,1850. 

GRAYSON. 

Physical  Geography  and  Natural 
History  of  the  Tres  Marias  and 
Socorro,  1872. 

GREEN,  (F.  C.) 
Birds  of  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.,  1878. 

GREEN,  (J.) 
Fragmente     zur   Thiergeschichte, 

1832. 
GREGG. 

Birds  cf  Chemnng  Co.,  N.  Y.,  1870. 
GRINNELL. 
Report  of  Reconnoissance  of  Black 

Hills  of  Dakota,  1875. 
Frigate  Bird  and  White  Ibis  in 

Connecticut,  1875. 
Sumichrast's  Birds  of  Southwest- 
ern Mexico,  1876. 
Bendire's  Birds  of  Oregon,  1878. 
GRUBER. 
Die  Farallones  Inseln,  1862. 

GUNN. 

Egging  Expedition  to  Shoal  Lake, 
1868. 

GURNEY. 

Zoology  of  California,  1851. 
HADFIELD. 

Notes  on  Canada  Birds,  1857. 

Birds  of  Canada  near  Kingston, 
1859, 1H59. 

On  Scolopax  gallinago  and  Cor- 

vus  corone  of  Wilson,  1862. 
HALDEMAN. 

Habits  of  Four  Species,  1841. 

On  Rafinesque,  1842. 

Trego's  Geography  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, 1843. 


HALL. 

Birds  of  Montreal,  1862. 
HALLOCK. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  1877. 
HAMLIN. 

Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Waterville, 

Me.,  1865. 
HAMLIN,  (Mrs.  M.  A.) 

Our  Birds  of  Prey,  1878. 
HAMMERTON. 

Chapters  on  Animals,  1874. 
HAMOR. 

Discourse  of  the  Estate  of  Virginia, 

1615. 
HARMON. 

Voyages  and  Travels,  1820. 
HARRIS. 

Birds  of  the  Missouri  River,  1851. 
HARTLAUB. 

Neue  oder  weniger  bekannte  Vogel 
Amerika's,  1852. 

Ueber  Cassin's  „ Birds  of  Texas" 

n.  s.  w.,  1853. 
HARTING. 

Barrow's  Arctic  Collection,  1871. 

Coues's    Fauna  of   the    Prybilov 

Islands  abridged,  1875. 
HARTT. 

Bird-Tracks    of    Basin  of  Minus, 
1867. 

HARVEY. 

Birds  of  Newfoundland,  1874-75. 
HAR VIE -BROWN. 

On  a  Collection  of  North  American 
Birds'  Eggs  and  Skins,  1874. 

HASKINS. 

For  the  Birds,  1874. 
HATCH. 

Report  on  Birds  of  Minnesota,  1874. 
Report  on  Minnesota  Ornithology, 

1877. 
HAYDEN. 

Report  of  Explorations  in  Nebras- 
ka and  Dakota,  1858. 
Natural  History  of  the  Upper  Mis- 
souri, 1862. 
RAYMOND. 

Birds    of    Southeastern    Indiana, 
1856. 


INDEX    TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS 


757 


HAYMOND. — Continued. 
Birds  of  Franklin  Co.,    Indiana, 

1869. 
HEAD. 
Natural  History  of  Fort  Ripley, 

Minn.,  1855,  1855. 
HEARNE. 

Journey,  1795, 1796, 1807. 
HEERMANN. 

Notes  on  Birds  of  California,  1853. 
Pacific  R.  R.  Reports,  vol.  x,  1859, 

1859. 

HENRY,  (J.) 
Registry  of  Periodical  Phenomena, 

1856. 

HENRY,  (T.  C.) 
Notes  on  Birds  of  New   Mexico, 

1855. 
New  Birds  from  Fort  Thorn,  N.  M., 

1858. 
Catalogue  of  Birds  of  New  Mexico, 

1859. 

HENSHAW. 

Hummingbird  new  to  our  Fauna 
and  other  Ornithological  Facts, 
1874. 
Annotated    List  of  the  Birds    of 

Utah,  1874. 

List  of  Birds  of  Arizona,  1875  [last 
title  on  p.  713]. 

HENSHAW  and  AIKEN. 
Report  on  Birds  of  the  Wheeler 

Exploration,  1875. 
HERNANDEZ. 

Thesaurus,  1628, 1651. 
HERRICK. 

Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Grand  Me- 
nan,  1873. 

HlGGINSON. 

New  England's  Plantation,  1630. 
HINCKS. 
Catalogue    of   Birds    of  Western 

Canada,  1866? 
Notes  of   a  few  Canadian  Birds^ 

1866. 
Review  of  Mcllwraith's  Hamilton 

(C.  W.)  List,  1866. 
HITCHCOCK. 
Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Maine,  1864. 


HOFFMAN. 

List  of  Birds  of  Grand  River  Agen- 
cy, Dakota,  1875. 
Habits  of  Western  Birds,  1876. 
Remarks  on  Albinism,  1878. 

HOLBERTON. 

Local  Names  of  Limicolae,  1876. 

HOLB5LL. 

Gronlandisk    Fauna,    1843,    1845, 

1846. 
Bemserkninger  over  nogle  Fugles, 

1843. 

HOLDEN. 

Birds  of  Wyoming  and  Colorado, 

1872. 
HOLDER. 

Birds  of  Illinois,  1861, 1862, 
HOLMES. 

Birds    Injurious    to   Agriculture, 
1857. 

Birds  of  Maine,  1861. 
HOPKINS. 

List  of  Birds  of  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  1854. 
HOUGH. 

Meteorological  Observations,  1864. 

HOWELL. 

Among    the    Waterfowl    of    the 

West,  1874. 
HOY. 

Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  Wis- 
consin, 1853, 1853. 
Exploration  of  Western  Missouri, 

1865. 
Peculiarities  of  Fauna  near  Racine, 

1874. 
HUGHES. 

Birds  of  Michigan,  1878. 
HUTCHINS. 
Birds  of  Central  New  York,  1877. 

HUYLER. 

Winter  Birds  on  the  Hackensack, 

N.  J.,  1878. 
INGERSOLL. 

Autumnal  Migrations,  1875. 
Birds  flying  into  Windows,  1875. 
Grinnell's  Ornithology  of  the  Black 

Hills,  1875. 

Birds  with  Teeth,  1875. 
Three  April  Birds,  1876. 
Something  about  Birds,  1876. 


758 


INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS. 


[192 


INGERSOLL. — Continued. 

Winter  Birds  of  New  York  City, 
1877. 

Burroughs's  Wake-Robin,  1877. 

Ornithological    News     from     the 
United  States,  1878. 

Coues's  Birds  of  the  Colorado,  1878. 

Sennett's  Ornithology  of  the  Lower 
Rio  Grande,  1878. 

Linnsean  Society,  1878. 

An  aged  Naturalist  gone,  1878. 

Bendire's  Birds  of  Oregon,  1878. 

Gentry's  Life-Histories,  1878. 
JACKSON. 

The  Mountain,  1860. 
JAMESON. 

Reise  in  der  Davisstrasse,  1832. 
JARDINE. 

Ornithology  of  the  Bermudas,  1849- 

50. 
JASPER. 

Birds  of  North  America,  1874-78. 
JEFFERSON. 

Notes  on  Virginia,  1782, 1786, 1787, 
1788,  1800,  1801,  1801,  1802, 1803, 
1853. 
JENKS. 

Instinct  or  Reason  ?  1874. 
JONES,  (C.  M.) 

Breeding  Habits  of  Birds,  1869. 
JONES,  (J.  M.) 

Naturalist  in  Bermuda,  1859. 

Fortnight  in  Nova  Scotia,  1867. 

Rarer  Birds  of  Nova  Scotia,  1869. 

Rare  B  irds  in  Nova  Scotia,  1870. 
JONES,  (W.  L.) 

March  Memoranda  in  Illinois,  1876. 

April  Birds  in  Illinois,  1876. 

Arrivals  of  Birds  in  Illinois,  1877. 

Birds  of  St.  Clair  Co.,  111.,  1878. 
JORDAN. 

Manual  of  Vertebrates,  1876, 1878. 
JORDAN  and  VAN  VLECK. 

Popular  Key,  1874. 

JOSSELYN. 

New  England's  Rarities,  1672, 1675, 

1860. 
Account  of   Two    Voyages,   1674, 

1675, 1833. 


JOUY. 

Birds  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 

1876. 
Fieldnotes  on  Birds  of  District  of 

Columbia,  1877. 
Catalogue  of  Birds  of  District  of 

Columbia,  1877. 
JOUY,  COUES,  aud  PRENTISS. 
List  of  and  Remarks  on  Birds  of 

District  of  Columbia,  1877. 
KALM. 

Travels  in  North  America,  1753-61, 
1754-64,  1770-71, 1772, 1776, 1812. 
KENNERLY. 

Pacific  R.  R.  Reports,  vol.  iv,  1856. 
Pacific  R.  R.  Reports,  vol.  x,  1859. 
KENNICOTT. 
Catalogue  of  Animals  of  Cook  Co., 

111.,  1855. 

Catalogue  of  the  Trowbridge  Col- 
lection, 1861. 
KEYES. 

May    Songsters     at     Springfield, 

Mass.,  1876. 
KING,  (R.) 

Narrative  of  Back's  Journey,  1836. 
KiNG,(VV.R.) 

Sportsman  and  Naturalist  in  Can- 
ada, 1866. 

KlNNEY. 

Report  on  Illinois  Birds,  1868. 

KlRTLAND. 

Fragments  of  Natural  History,  ii, 

1841. 

On  Indiana  Birds,  1874. 
On  Ohio  Birds,  1874, 1874. 

KlTTLlTZ. 

Denkwiirdigkeiten     einer     Reise, 

1858. 
Nachtriigliche     Bemerkungen     zu 

dem  Vorigeu,  1858. 
KNEELAND. 

Birds  of  Lake  Superior,  1857. 
Habits  of  some  Water  Birds,  Ib71. 
KRIDER. 
Ornithological  and  Oological  List, 

1861, 1874. 

KUMLEIN. 

Unusual  Accidents  to  Birds,  1876. 
Notes  from  Texas,  1877. 


193] 


INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS 


759 


LAFRESNAYE. 

New  Mexican  Birds,  1844. 
LA  HONTAN. 

Voyages,  1703. 
LAMBERTOX. 

Birds  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  1877. 

LANGDON. 

Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Cincinnati, 

Ohio,  1877. 
LAWRENCE,  (G.  N.) 

New  Species  of  Conirostrum,  Em- 
bernagra,  and  Xanthornus,  1852. 

Additions  to  North  American  Orni- 
thology, 1852, 1852, 1853. 

New  Species  of  Toxostoma,Tyran- 
nula,  and  Plectrophanes,  1852. 

Ornithological  Notes,  1852, 1853. 

New  Species  of  Ortyx,  Sterna,  and 
Icteria,  1853. 

Catalogue  of  Birds  of  New  York, 
Long  and  Staten  Islands,  1866. 

Birds  of  Western  and  Northwestern 
Mexico,  1874. 

Birds  of  Southwestern  Mexico  col- 
lected by  Sumichrast,  1876. 

LAWRENCE,  (N.  T.) 

Rare  Birds  from  Long  Island,  1878 

LAWSON. 

Carolina,  1709, 1714, 1718, 1860. 

LEACH. 

Animals  from  Arctic  Regions,  1819 

1820. 
LE  BARON. 

On  Illinois  Birds  interesting  to  the 

Agriculturist,  1855. 
Naturalist  and  Sportsman  in  Flo- 
rida, 1876. 

LECONTE. 

Forgotten  or  Lost  American  Ani- 
mals, 1854. 

LEIB. 
Fulica   araericana,    Anas  discors, 

1841. 

LE  MOINE. 

Land  and  Sea  Birds  around  Que- 
bec, 1859. 

Birds    observed    around   Quebec, 
1860. 


LE  MOINE. — Continued. 
Ornithologie    du    Canada,     1860, 

1860-61. 

Birds  of  Canada,  1866. 
LESSON. 

Review  of  Bonaparte's  Observa- 
tions, 1826. 
Review  of   Ord's  Supplement  to 

Wilson,  1826. 

Reviews  of  Bonaparte,  1827. 
Review    of    Bonaparte's    Genera, 

1828, 1831. 

Notice  of  Audubon's  folios,  1828. 
On  Douglas's  Species  of  Tetrao  and 

Ortyx,  1830. 
LEWIS,  (E.J.) 

American  Sportsman,  1871 
LEWIS  and  CLARKE. 
Travels,  1814, 1814, 1815, 1815, 1816- 
18, 1817, 1817, 1842-75. 

LlCHTENSTEIN. 

Ornithologische  Fauna  von  Cali- 

fornien,  1839, 1844. 
Preis-Verzeichniss  vom  Jahre  1830, 

1863. 

LINSLEY. 

Catalogue  of   Connecticut  Birds, 
1843. 

LITTLETON. 
Southern     Ornithological    .Notes, 

1877. 

LLAVE. 

Me'moire  d'histoire  naturelle,  1861. 

LOCKINGTON. 

Birds  of  Humboldt  Co.,  Cal.,  1874. 
LOCKWOOD. 
United  States  Birds  acquiring  new 

habits,  1873. 
LONG. 

American  Wildfowl  Shooting,  1874. 
LONGFELLOW. 

A  Persecuted  Ornithologist,  1876. 
LORD. 
Birds  of  British  North  American 

Boundary  Commission,  1864. 
Catalogue  of  Birds'  Nests  and  Eggs, 

1865. 

Naturalist  in  Vancouver   Island, 
1866. 


760 


INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS 


[194 


LOSKIEL. 

History  of  his  Mission,  1788, 1794. 

MCCALL. 

Notes  on  Mexican  Birds,  1848, 1849. 
Habits -of  Birds  of  Western  Texas, 
1851. 

McCAULEY. 

Notes  on  Ornithology  of  Red  River 
of  Texas,  1877. 

MCCHESNEY. 

Birds  of  tho  Coteau  des  Prairies  of 
Dakota,  1877. 

MCCLINTOCK. 

Extracts  from  his  Diary,  1856. 
McCoWN. 

Notes  taken  in  Texas,  1853. 
MACFIE. 

Vancouver  Island,  1865. 

MCILWRAITH. 

Birds  of  Hamilton,  C.  W.,  1860. 
Notices  of   Birds  near  Hamilton, 

C.  W.,  1861. 
List  of  Birds  of  Hamilton,  C.  W., 

1866. 
MANBY. 

Voyage  to  Greenland,  1822, 1823. 
MARTENS. 

Vogel  der  Bermuda-Inseln,  1859. 
MAURY. 

Dumb  Guides  to  the  Pole,  1869. 
MARSH. 
Fossil  Birds  from  Cretaceous  and 

Tertiary,  1870, 1870, 1870. 
Hesperornis  regalis,  1872, 1872. 
New  Tertiary   and    Post-Tertiary 

Birds,  1872. 

Ichthyornis  dispar,  1872, 1873. 
Hesperornis  regalis  and  four  new 

Cretaceous  Birds,  1872, 1872. 
On  Ichthyornis  celer,  1873. 
On  Odontornithes,  1873, 1873, 1875, 

1876, 1876. 
List   of  Fossil  Cretaceous  Birds, 

1873. 

Vertebrate  Life  in  America,  1877. 
Recent    Pala3ontological    Discov- 
eries, 1877. 
MAXIMILIAN. 
Reise  in  das  innere  Nord-America, 

1839-41, 1840-43, 


MAYNARD. 

Catalogue   of    Birds    of    Eastern 

Massachusetts,  1870. 
Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Coos  Co.,  N. 

H.,  and  Oxford  Co.,  Me.,  1872. 
Birds  of  Florida,  1872-78. 
Strange  and  Rare  Birds  of  North 

America,  1873. 

Naturalist's  Trip  to  Florida,  1874. 
A  Naturalist's  Vacation,  1875. 
Birds  about   Wilmington,   N.   C., 

1875. 
Variation    in   Habits  of    Florida 

Birds,  1876. 
Modifications  in  Breeding  Habits, 

1878. 

MEARES. 

Voyages,  1791. 
MEARNS. 
Rare  Birds  near  West  Point,  N.  Y., 

1878. 
Rare  Birds  in  the  Hudson  River 

Valley,  1878. 
Descriptions  of  and  Notes  on  Birds 

from  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  1878. 
MERRIAM. 
Report  on  Birds  of  Montana,  etc., 

1873. 
Ornithological    Notes    from    the 

South, 1874, 1874. 
Passerculus    princeps    and    Parus 

hudsonicus  in  Connecticut,  1876. 
Review  of  Birds  of  Connecticut, 

1877. 

Correction  of  his  Review  of  Con- 
necticut Birds,  1878. 
Remarks  on  Birds  of  Lewis  Co.,  N. 

Y.,  1878. 
Recent  Lists  of  Birds  of  Central 

New  York,  1878. 

MERRILL. 

Notes  on  Texan  Birds,  1876. 
MINIER. 

Report  on  Illinois  Birds,  1868. 

MINOT. 
Summer  Birds  of  White  Mountains, 

New  Hampshire,  1876. 
Land  and  Game  Birds  of  New  Eng- 
land, 1877. 


195] 


INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS 


761 


MINOT. — Continued. 
Minot's  New  England  Birds,  addi- 
tions, 1877. 
Birds'  Nests,  1877. 

MOXTEBELLO. 

Sur  quelques  animaux  de  1'Anie'- 

rique  du  Nord,  1873. 
MOORE,  (E.) 

Newfoundland  Birds,  1841. 
MOORE,  (N.  B.) 
List  of  Bahaman  Birds,  1878. 
Observations  on  Bahaman  Birds, 

1878. 
MORRIS. 

On  Jasper's  Work,  1876. 
Game  Birds  of  Connecticut,  1876. 
Local  Nomenclature  in  Connecti- 
cut, 1876. 
MORTIMER. 
Account    of    Catesby's    Carolina, 

1730,  1731,  1732, 1748. 
MORTON. 
New  English  Canaan,  1632, 1637. 

MOSCHLER. 

Notiz  zur  Ornithologie  Gronlands, 

1856. 

MULLER,  (J.  v.) 
Notizen  iiber  die  Vogel  des  hoch- 

sten  Nordens,  1856. 
MULLER,  (J.  W.  von.) 
Reisen  in  Mexico,  1859. 
Reisen  in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten, 

1864-65. 
Verzeichniss  der  Vogel  Mexico's, 

1865. 

MUNGER. 

Four  American  Birds,  1869. 
MURDOCH. 

Migration  of  Birds  in  Massachu- 
setts, 1878. 
MURRAY. 
Natural  History  of  Hudson's  Bay, 

1859. 

Contributions  to  the  Natural  His- 
tory of  Hudson's  Bay  Company's 
Territory,  1866. 
NAUMAN. 

Troglodytes  aedon,  Tyrannus  caro- 
linensis,  etc.,  1869. 


NELSON. 
Birds  observed  in  Utah,  Nevada, 

and  California,  1875. 
Additions  to  Avifauna  of  Illinois, 

1876. 
Birds  observed  in  Oakland,  Cal., 

1876. 

Birds  of  Northeastern  Illinois,  1877. 
Birds  observed  in  Southern  Illinois, 

1877. 
NEWBERRY. 

Pacific  Railroad  Reports,  vol.  vi, 

1857. 

NEWCOMB. 

Rare  Massachusetts  Birds,  1873. 
Notes  from  Salem,  Mass.,  1877. 
NEWTON. 
Notice  of  Movements  of  E.  Coues, 

1865. 
Notice  of  R.  Kenuicott's  Alaskan 

Projet,  1865. 

Obituary  of  J.  Cassin,  1869. 
Z  weite  deutsche  Nordpolfahrt,1874. 
Birds  which  have  been  found  in 

Greenland,  1875. 
NUTTALL. 

Manual,  1832-34, 18'40. 

Remarks  and  Inquiries  concerning 

Massachusetts  Birds,  1833  ? 
OBER. 
Birds  of  Lake  Okeechobee,  Florida, 

1874. 
ORD. 
Guthrie's  Geography,  1815,  1820. 

O'REILLY. 

Greenland,  1818. 
PALLAS. 

Zoographia  Rosso- Asiatica,  1831. 
PALMER,  (C.) 

Ornithological  Notes,  1871. 
PALMER,  (F.  H.) 

Insect-eating  Birds,  1874. 
PARKER,  (H.  W.) 

Iowa  Birds,  1871. 
PARKER,  (S.) 

Journal  of  Tour  beyond  the  Rocky 

Mountains,  1846. 
PARKER,  (S.  S.) 

Spring  Birds  of  New  Hampshire, 
1876. 


762 


INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS 


[196 


PEABODY. 

Massachusetts  Report,  1839, 1840. 
PENNANT. 

Arctic  Zoology,  1785,  1787,  1792. 
PHILLIPS. 

Fauna  of  Nebraska,  1876. 
PIERCE. 
Scarcity  of  Birds  in  New  Jeryey, 

1876. 
POPE. 

Upland    Game  Birds    and    Water 
Fowl  of  the  United  States,  1878. 
PRATTEN. 
Catalogue  of  South  Illinois  Birds, 

1855. 
PROVANCHER  ? 

Fauue  Canadienne,  1870-74. 
PURDIE. 

Rarer  Massachusetts  Birds,  1873. 
Brewer's  Birds  of  New  England, 

1876. 
Distribution  of  New  England  Birds, 

1877. 
Notice  of  Rare  New  England  Birds, 

1877. 

Sennett's  Notes  on  the  Ornithology 
of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  of 
Texas,  1878. 

On  Rare  Massachusetts  Birds,  1878. 
PUTNAM. 

Birds  of  Essex  Co.,  Mass.,  1856. 
RAFINESQUE. 
Discoveries    in    Natural    History, 

1818, 1818. 

Prodrome  of  70  New  Genera,  1819. 
RAGSDALE. 

Texan  Ornithology,  1876. 
RATHBUN. 

Birds    of    Cayuga,     Seneca,    and 

Wayne  Counties,  N.  Y.,  1877. 
READ. 

Catalogue  of    Birds  of  Northern 

Ohio,  1853. 
REEKS. 

Zoology  of  Newfoundland,  1869. 
Rare  Eggs  from  North  America, 

1870. 

Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Newfound- 
land, 1870-71. 


REIN. 
Briefliches  aus  den  Bermuda-Inseln, 

1862. 
REINHARDT. 

Present  State  of  our  Knowledge  of 

Greenland  Ornithology,  1823. 
Ichthyologiske     Bidrag     til     den 

Griinlandiske  Fauna,  1838. 
Meddelelse  af  nogle  hidintil  i  Gron- 

land   ikke   trufue  Fugle,   1842, 

1843. 
On   Greenland  Birds,    1848,   1860, 

lb'64-75. 
IchthyologischeBeytriige  zur  gron- 

liindischen  Fauna,  1848. 
NotitsertilGioulandsOrnithologie, 

1854,  1854,  1874. 
Naturhistoriske     Bidrag     til    en 

Beskrivelse  af  Gr0nland,  1857. 
List  of  Greenland  Birds,  1861. 
E  t  Tillaeg  til  Gronlands  Fuglefauna, 

1872,  1872. 
RENNIE. 

Sketches  of  Song  Birds,  1829. 
REYNOLDS. 

Winter  Birds  of  Arkansas,  1877. 
RHODES. 

Imported  Birds,  1877. 
RICHARDSON,  (J.) 
Appendix  to  Parry's  Second  Voy- 
age, 1825. 

Exhibition  of  New  Birds,  1831. 
Ueber  Cliina  und  Vegetation  an  der 

Hudsonsbay,  1832. 
Appendix  to  Narrative  of  Back's 

Journey,  1836. 
Report  on  North  American  Zoology, 

1837. 

The  Polar  Regions,  1861. 
RICHARDSON,  (R.) 
Geographical  Distribution  of  some 
North  American  Birds,  1843. 

RlDGWAY. 

Obscurely  known  Species  of  Ameri- 
can Birds,  1869. 

New  Birds  in  Southern  Illinois, 
1872. 

Relation  between  Color  and  Geo- 
graphical Distribution,  1872-73, 

1873.  1873. 


197] 


INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS 


763 


RIDGWAY.— Continued. 

Prairio  Birds  of  Southern  Illinois, 
1873. 

New  Forms    of  American    Birds, 
1873. 

Bird    Fauna    of    the    Salt    Lake 
Valley,  1873. 

The  Birds  of  Colorado,  1873. 

Grouse  and  Quails  of  North  Amer- 
ica, 1873. 

Wabash  Valley  and  its  Avifauna, 
1874,  1874. 

Local  Variations  in  Notes  and  Nest- 
ing Habits,  1874. 

Nomenclature  of  American  Game 
Birds,  1874. 

Catalogue  of  Illinois  Birds,  1874. 

Notes  on  American  Water  Birds, 
1874. 

Birds  observed  from  Sacramento, 
Cal.,  to  Salt  Lake,  Utah,  1874-75 

Two    Rare    Owls    from    Arizona, 
1875. 

Snow  Birds  and  Little  Owls,  1875. 

Impressions  of  Bird  Fauna  of  Cali- 
fornia, 1875. 

Ornithology  of  Guadeloupe  Island, 
1876. 

Ornithology  of  the  Survey  of  the 
40th  Parallel,  1877. 

Birds  of  Guadaloupe  Island  dis- 
cussed, 1877. 

Mrs.  Maxwell's  Colorado  Museum, 
1877,  1877,  1878. 

Three  Additions    to   Avifauna  of 
North  America,  1878. 

Notes  on  Birds  of  Calaveras  County, 
California,  1878. 

Song  Birds  of  the  West,  1878. 

Birds  observed  at  Mt.  Carmel,  111., 

1878. 
ROBERTS. 

New  Birds  from  Minnesota,  1875. 

Winter  Varieties  in  Minnesota,  1876. 

List  of  Birds  observed  at  Minne- 
apolis, Minn.,  1876. 
ROBINSON,  (R.  E.) 

Birds  of  Addison  County,  Vt.,  1876. 
ROBINSON,  (W.  R.) 

List  of  Albino  Birds,  1875. 


ROOSE VELDT  and  MINOT. 
Summer  Birds  of  the  Adirondacks, 

1877. 

ROOSEVELT,  (R.  B.) 
Game-Birds  of  the  Northern  States, 

1866. 

Ross,  (A.  M.) 

The  Birds  of  Canada,  1871. 
Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Canada, 

1872. 

Ross,  (B.  R.) 
Animals  useful  to  the  Chipewyan 

Tribes,  1861. 
Mammals  and  Birds  of  the  Arctic 

Regions,  1861. 
Birds  and  Eggs  of  the  McKenzie's 

River,  1862,  1862. 
Ross,  (.!.)? 

Voyage  of  Discovery,  1819. 
Ross,  (J.  C.) 
Journal  of  Parry's  Third  Voyage, 

1826. 
Appendix  to  Narrative  of  Second 

Voyage  of  Sir  John  Ross,  1835. 
SABINE,  (E.) 

Memoir  on  Birds  of  Greenland,  1818. 
Supplement  to  Appendix  of  Parry's 

Voyage,  1824. 
SABINE,  (J.) 
Appendix  to   Franklin's  Journal, 

1823. 

SAGARD  THEODAT. 
Grand  Voyage  du  Pays  des  Hurons, 

1632,  1865. 

Histpire  du  Canada,  1636,  1866. 
SAGE. 

Birds  of  Garden  and  Orchard,  1878. 
ST.  CLAIR, 

Notes  from  Georgia,  1877. 
SALLE. 

List  d'Oiseaux  a  vendre,  1861. 
SALVIN. 
Collection    made    by  Le   Strange 

near  City  of  Mexico,  1869. 
Ornithological  Advices  from  Disco, 

Greenland,  1875. 
SAMUELS. 

Ornithology  of  Massachusetts,  1864. 
Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Birds  of 
Massachusetts,  1864. 


704 


INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS 


[198 


SAMUELS. — C\  ntinued. 
Oology  of  some  New  England  Land 

Birds,  1865. 
Ornithology  and  Oology  of  New 

England,  1867,  1870,  1875. 
Among  the  Birds,  1868. 
Breeding  Habits  of  Three  Birds, 

1868. 

Our  Neighbors  the  Birds,  1868. 
SAUSSURE. 
Sur  les  Moeurs    des    Oiseaux    du 

Mexique,  1858,  1858-59? 
Note    sur    quelques    Oiseaux    du 

Mexique,  1859. 
Skildringer  af  Fuglelivet  i  Mexiko, 

1860. 
SAY. 
Long's  Expedition,  1823;  (ANON.) 

1824. 

iSCLATER. 

On  Giraud's  Sixteen  New  Birds, 
1855,  1856. 

Catalogue  of  Sailers  Southern  Mex- 
ican Birds,  1856. 

Birds  collected  by  Bridges  in  Cali- 
fornia, 1857. 

Additional  Mexican  Birds  collected 
by  Sall6,  1857. 

Birds  collected  by  Botteri  in  Mex- 
ico, 1857. 

Collection  of  Birds  by  Sall6  in 
Mexico,  1857. 

New  Birds  by  Salle"  in  Mexico,  1857. 

Notes  on  Birds  from  Southern  Mex- 
ico, 1858. 

On  Birds  received  by  Salle"  from 
Southern  Mexico,  1858,  1858. 

Exhibition  of  Arctic  Birds,  1859. 

Collection  of  Birds  from  Van- 
couver's Island,  1859. 

Series  of  Birds  from  Jalapa,  1859. 

List  of  Boucard's  Birds  from 
Oaxaca,  1859. 

Notes  on  Birds  from  Orizaba,  1860. 

Exhibition  of  Skins  from  Hudson's 
Bay,  1860. 

Birds  to  be  added  to  Avifauna  of 
Mexico,  1862. 

Birds  procured  by  G.  H.  White  near 
City  of  Mexico,  1864. 


SCLATER.— Continued. 
Exhibition  of  Birds  collected  by 
Boucard  near  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico, 
1865. 
Collection  made  by  Le  Strange  near 

City  of  Mexico,  1869. 
Instructions  for  Collecting,  1875. 
SCLATER  and  SALVIN. 
Additions  to  Avifauna  of  Mexico, 
1870. 

SCORESBY. 

Excursion  to  Island  of  Jan  May  en, 

1819. 

Northern  Whale-fishery,  1823. 
SCOTT,  (David). 
Tendency  to  Variation  in  Habits, 

1877. 

SCOTT  (G.  C.) 

Spring  Birds  and  Fishes,  1875. 
SCOTT,  (W.  E.  D.) 
Summer  Birds  of   Kanawha  Co., 

W.  Va.,  1873. 

Birds    Breeding  at    Twin   Lakes, 
Colorado,  1878. 

SEARS. 

Return  of  the  Birds,  1868. 
SENNETT. 

Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  the 
Lower  Rio  Grande  of  Texas,  1878. 
SEWASTIANOFF. 

New    Duck   and   Oyster   Catcher, 
1802. 

SlEDHOFF. 

Naturgeschichtliches  aus  den  Ver- 

einigten  Staaten,  1848. 
SIM. 
Food  and  Use  of  Rapacious  Birds, 

1874. 
SLACK. 

Birds  as  Architects,  1874. 
SMITH,  (G.  A.) 

Birds  of  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  1876. 
SMITH,  (J.) 

Virginia,  1612,  1624,  1632. 
SNOW. 
Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Kansas,  1872 

1872,  1873,  1875. 

On  Kansas  Birds,  1872,  1874,  1874, 
1875,  1875, 1875. 


199] 


INDEX   TO    BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS 


765 


SNOW. — Continued. 

Harlan's  Hawk  and  Mexican  Cor- 
morant, 1873. 
SOUBEIRAN. 

Commerce  des  Oiseaux,  1871. 
STEARNS. 

Birds  of  Penikese  Island,  1875. 
STEPHENS  or  STEVENS,  (F.) 

Rambles  in  New  Mexico,  1875. 

Notes  on  New  Mexican  Birds,  1878. 
STEVENS,  (W.  G.  or  W.  B.) 

Bird  Arrivals  on  the  Harlem,  1876. 

Notes  from  West  Farms,  N.  Y.,  1877. 
STEVENSON,  (J.) 

List  of  Birds  of  Wyoming,  1871. 
STIMPSON. 

Notice  of  Coues's  Ornithology  of 
Labrador,  1862. 

Illustrations    of  North  American 

Birds,  1867. 
STOKER. 

Fringilla    pinea    and    Bombycilla 

garrula  in  Ohio,  1845. 
STRACHEY. 

Virginia  Britannia,  1849. 
STRANG. 

Natural  History  of  Beaver  Island, 

Michigan,  1855. 
STRECKER. 

Albinism  in  Birds,  1868. 

STREETS. 

Birds  of  Hawaiian  and  Fanning 
Islands  and  Lower  California, 
1877. 

SUCKLEY. 
Pacific  R.  R.  Reports,  vol.  xii,  1860. 

SUMICHRAST. 

Geographical  Distribution  of  Birds 
of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  1869, 1869. 

Distribucion  de  las  Aves  de  Vera 
Cruz,  1870-71. 

[SWAINE,(C.)] 

Voyage  of  the  Ship  California,  1748. 
SWAINSON,  (W.) 

Synopsis  of  Mexican  Birds,  1827, 
1834. 

Account  of  Audubon's  work,  1829. 
SWAINSON  and  RICHARDSON. 

Fauna  Boreali-Americana,  1831. 


TABER. 

Life  of  Winter  Birds,  1875. 
TAYLOR,  (G.  C.) 

Five  Weeks  in  Florida,  1862. 
TAYLOR,  (R.  C.) 

Natural  History  of  the  Alleghanies, 
1835. 

Supplement  to  same,  1836. 
TENNEY. 

Raven  and  Sooty  Tern  in  Massa- 
chusetts, 1877. 
TERRILL. 

Chart  of  Canada  Birds,  1869? 
THOMPSON,  (J.  M.) 
*    Some  of  our  Game  Birds,  1876. 
THOMPSON,  (M.) 

Hunting  with  the  Long  Bow,  1877. 
THOMPSON,  (Z.) 

Natural  History  of  Vermont,  1853. 
THORPE. 

Bird  Shooting  in  New  Jersey,  1871. 
TIFFANY. 

Three  Rare  Birds  of   Minnesota, 
1878. 

TlLESTON. 

Birds  in  extremis,  1875. 

Spare  the  Birds,  1875. 
TOWNSEND. 

Twelve  New  Species  of  Birds,  1837. 

List  of  Birds  from  Oregon,  etc., 
1839. 

Narrative  of  a  Journey,  1839. 

Ornithology  of  the  United  States, 

1839  ?,  1849. 
TKEAT,  (Mrs.  M.) 

Birds  as  Architects,  1875. 
TRIPPE. 

Awakening  of  the  Birds,  1867. 

Differences  between  Eastern  and 
Western  Birds,  1871. 

Notes  on  Birds  of  Minnesota,  1871. 

Birds  Breeding  in  the  Catskills, 
1872. 

Irregular  Migrations  of  Birds,  1873. 

Ornithological  Queries,  1873. 

Birds  of  Southern  Iowa,  1873. 

Migration  of  Birds,  1874. 
TRISTRAM. 

Notes  on  some    Passerine   Birds, 
1871. 


766 


INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS 


[200 


TRUMBULL. 
Indian  Names  of  Birds.  1874, 1874. 

TURNBULL. 

Birds  of   East  Pennsylvania  and 

New  Jersey,  1869, 1869. 
VENNOR. 
Birds  wintering  around  Montreal, 

1860. 
Our  Birds  of  Prey  (Canada),  1877. 

VERRILL. 
Catalogue    of  Birds  of    Norway, 

Maine,  1862. 

Natural  History  of  Anticosti,  1862. 
Additions  to  Catalogue  of  Birds  of. 

Calais,  Maine,  1863. 
Notes  on    Distribution  of  North 

American  Birds,  1866, 1866. 
Coues's  Key  to  North  American 

Birds,  1873. 

VlEILLOT. 

Oiseaux  de  l'Ame"rique  Septentrio- 

nale,  1807. 
VIGORS. 
Birds  from  the  Northwest  Coast  of 

America,  1829. 
On  a  Collection  from   California, 

1833. 
Zoology  of  Beechey's  Voyage,  1839. 

VlLLADA. 

Aves  del  Valle  de  Mexico,  1869. 
WADDLE. 

Game  Waterfowl  of  America,  1870- 
WAGLER. 

Ueber  Thiere  Mexicos,  1831. 
WAILES. 

Agriculture  and  Geology  of  Missis- 
sippi, 1854. 
WALKER,  (B.) 

Two  Ornithological  Items,  1871. 
WALKER,  (D.) 

Notes  of  the  Voyage  of  the  Fox, 
1860. 

Notes  from  Liverpool  to  Vancouver 

Island,  1863. 
WARD. 

A  Congress  of  Birds,  1877. 
WARREN. 

Bay  Shooting,  1876. 


WATERTON. 

On  Audnbon's  Biography,  1833. 
On  Audubon's  Work,  1835. 
WEIZ. 
List  of  Vertebrates  Observed  at 

Okak,  Labrador,  1866. 
WHEATON. 

Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Ohio,  1861. 
Food  of  Birds  as  related  to  Agricul- 
ture, 1875. 
Ruff  and  Purple  Gallinule  in  Ohio, 

1877. 
WHEELER. 

A  Maryland  Calendar,  1876. 
WHITBOURNE. 
Discourse  of  Newfoundland,  1620, 

1622. 

WHITELY. 
Catalogue  of  North  American  Birds 

and  Eggs  at  Woolwich,  1865. 
WIED. 
Verzeichniss  der  Vogel,  1858-59. 

WlEGMANN. 

Zoological  Results  of  Ross's  Second 

Voyage,  1836. 
WILLIAMS. 

.   Vermont,  1794,  1809. 
WILLIS. 

List  of  Birds  of  Nova  Scotia,  1859. 
WILSON,  (A.) 

American     Ornithology,     1808-14, 
1828-29,  1831,  1832,   1840,  1871, 
1876-77,  1878. 
WILSON,  (J.) 
On  Douglas's  Species  of  Tetrao  and 

Ortyx,  1832. 
Progress  of  Discovery  on  Coasts  of 

America,  1833. 
WILSON,  (T.J.) 
Notes  on  Rathbun's  New  York  List, 

1877. 
WINKLE. 

Heralds  of  Spring,  1878. 
Spring  Birds  at  Summit,  N.  J.,  1878. 

WOLFORD. 

Importation  and  Protection  of  Use- 
ful Birds,  1855. 
WOOD,  (W.) 

New  England's  Prospect,  1634, 1635. 


201  ] 


INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES 


767 


WOOD,  (W.)  (Ms.) 
Rapacious  Birds    of   Connecticut, 

1861. 
Review  of  Articles  on  Habits  of 

North  American  Birds,  1868. 
Birds  of  Connecticut,  1878. 
WOODHOUSE. 
New  Species  of  Vireo  and  Zono- 

trichia,  1852. 
Sitgreaves's  Report,  Zuni,  1853. 

WURDEMANN. 

Letter  relating  to  Birds  of  Florida, 

1861. 
WYMAN. 
Kjcekkenmceddings  of  Maine  and 

New  Hampshire,  1867. 


XANTUS. 
New  Birds  from  Fort  Tejon,  Cal., 

1858. 

Catalogue  of  Birds  from  Fort  Tejon, 
Cal.,  1859. 

YARROW. 
Birds  of  the  Wheeler  Explorations, 

1874. 

YARROW  and  HENSHAW. 

Report   on    Ornithological    Speci- 
mens, 1874. 

YOUNT. 

Sporting  Life  in  Wyoming,  1874. 


[NOTE.— In  the  nature  of  the  case,  many  of  the  titles  cannot  be  indexed  here,  and 
anonymous,  pseudonymous,  and  ephemeral  titles  are  also  mostly  omitted,  the  intention 
being  mainly  to  give  a  ready  clue  to  the  Faunal  Lists,  etc.,  of  States,  Territories,  and 
other  considerable  areas.] 

ALABAMA. 

Gosse.    Letters  from,  1859. 

Brown,    List  of  Birds  observed  at  Coosada,  1878. 
ALASKA. 

Meares.    Voyages  to  Northwest  Coast  of  America,  1791. 

Pallas.    Zoographia  Rosso- Asiatica,  1831. 

Brandt.    Dissertatio  inauguralis,  1842. 

Brandt.    List  of  Birds  sent  from,  1844. 

EittlHz.    Denkwiirdigkeiten  einer  Reise  nach  dem  russ.  Amerika,  1858. 

Eittlitz.    Nachtragliche  Bemerkungen  zu  dem  Vorigen,  1858. 

Coinde.    Faune  de  Tile  de  St.  Paul,  1860. 

Baird.    Additions  to  Bird  Fauna  of,  1869. 

Dall  and  Bannister.     List  of  Birds  of,  1869. 

Coues.    Ornithological  Results  of  Exploration  of  the  Northwest,  1870. 

Dall.    Alaska  and  its  Resources,  1870. 

Dall.    Winter's  Day  on  the  Yukon,  1870. 

FinscJt.    Zur  Ornithologie  Nordwest-Amerikas,  1872. 

Dall.    Notes  on  the  Avifauna  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  1873, 1874. 

Coues.    Report  on  the  Prybilov  Islands,  1873, 1875. 

Harting.    Coues's  Report  on  the  Prybilov  Islands,  1875. 
ANTICOSTI. 

Verrill.    Notes  on  the  Natural  History  of,  1863. 
ARCTIC  REGIONS.    (See,  also,  BRITISH  AMERICA,  and  GREENLAND.) 

Pennant.    Arctic  Zoology,  1785,  1787,  1792. 

Hearne.    Journey  to,  1795,  1796,  1807. 

Leach.    Notice  of  Animals  from,  1818. 


768  INDEX   TO    BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES  [202 

ARCTIC  REGIONS. — Continued. 

Leach.    Birds  of  Ross's  Voyage,  1820. 

Sabine,  (J.)    Appendix  to  Franklin's  Voyage,  1823,  1823. 

Saline,  (E.)    Supplement  to  Appendix  to  Parry's  First  Voyage,  1824. 

Richardson,    Appendix  to  Parry's  Second  Voyage,  1825. 

Boss,  (J.  C.)    Appendix  to  Parry's  Third  Voyage,  1826. 

Wilson,  (J.)    View  of  Progress  of  Discovery  on  Northern  Coasts,  1833. 

Ross,  (J.  C.)     Appendix  to  Narrative  of  Ross's  Second  Voyage,  1835. 

King.    Narrative  of  Journey  to  Shore  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  1836. 

King.    Temperature  of  Quadrupeds,  Birds,  etc.,  1836. 

Richardson.    Appendix  to  Back's  Arctic  Laud  Expedition,  1836. 

Wiegmann.    Zoological  Results  of  Ross's  Second  Voyage,  1836. 

Gray.    Rae's  Expedition  to  Arctic  Shores,  1850. 

Cassin.    Remarks  on  Kane's  Birds  from,  1852. 

McCUntoclc.    Extracts  from  his  Diary,  1856. 

Miiller.    Notizen  tiber  die  Vogel  des  hochsten  Nordens,  1856. 

Sclater.    Exhibition  of  rare  Birds  from,  1859. 

Walker.    Ornithological  Notes  from  the  Arctic  Seas,  1860. 

Richardson.    The  Polar  Regions,  1861. 

Ross,  (B.  R.)    Mammals  and  Birds  of,  1861. 

Maury.    Dumb  Guides  to  the  Pole,  1869. 

Harting.    Catalogue  of  the  Barrow  Collection  from,  1871. 

Feilden.    Lists  of  Birds  observed  in  Smith's  Sound,  1877. 

Feilden.    Birds  of  North  Polar  Basin,  1877. 
ARIZONA. 

Baird.    Report  on  Colorado  of  the  West,  1861. 

Coues.    Notes  on  Birds  of  Fort  Whipple,  1865. 

Couos.    List  of  Birds  of  Fort  Whipple,  1866. 

Coues.    Prodrome  of  a  work  on  the  Ornithology  of,  1866. 

Coues.    Palmer's  Birds  of  Southern,  1868. 

Brewer.    Nests  and  Eggs  of  some  Birds  of,  1873. 

Henshatv.    List  of  Birds  of,  1875  [on  p.  713], 
ARKANSAS. 

Reynolds.    Winter  Birds  of,  1877. 
BAHAMAS. 

Bryant.    List  of  Birds  seen  at  the,  1859. 

Albrecht.    Die  Vogel  der,  1861. 

Bryant.    Two  Birds  from,  1864. 

Bryant.    Additions  to  List  of  Birds  seen  at  the,  1867. 

Brace.    Notes  on  a.  few  Birds  of  New  Providence,  1878. 

Moort.    List  of  Birds  seen  and  killed  in,  1878. 
BERMUDAS. 

Jardine.    Ornithology  of  the,  1849-50. 

Bland.    List  of  Birds  of,  1 859. 

Jones,  Wedderlmrn,  and  Hurdis.    The  Naturalist  in,  1859. 

Martens.    Die  Vogel  der,  1859. 

Rein.    Briefliches  aus  den,  1862. 
BRITISH  AMERICA.     (See,  also,  CANADA.) 

Ellis.    Voyage  to  Hudson's  Bay,  1748. 

[Swaine.]    Voyage  of  Ship  California,  1748. 


203]  INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES  769 

BRITISH  AMERICA. — Continued. 

Forster.    Account  of  Birds  sent  from  Hudson's  Bay,  1772. 

Richardson.    Exhibition  of  new  Birds  from,  1831. 

Swainson  and  Richardson.    Fauna  Boreali-Americana,  1831. 

Barnston.    Progress  of  Seasons  at  Hudson's  Bay,  1841. 

Richardson.    Distribution  of  some  Birds  of,  1843. 

Blakiston.    Notes  of  a  Naturalist,  1857. 

Blakiston.    Scraps  from  the  Far  West,  1859. 

Murray.    Contributions  to  Natural  History  of,  1859. 

Sclater.    Bird-skins  from  Hudson's  Bay,  1860. 

Ross.    Animals  useful  to  Chipewyans,  1861. 

Blakiston.    Birds  from  the  Interior  of,  1861-62, 1863. 

Ross.    Birds  of  the  Mackenzie  River,  1862,  1862. 

Murray.    A  Contribution  to  Natural  History  of  Hudson's  Bay  Company's 
Territory,  1866. 

Gunn.    Egging  Expedition  to  Shoal  Lake,  1868. 

Dawson.    British  North  American  Boundary  Commission,  1875. 
CALIFORNIA. 

Vigors.    Note  on  Bird  Skins  from,  1833. 

lAchtenstein.    Beitrag  zur  ornithologischen  Fauna  von,  1839, 1844. 

Gambel.     New  and  little  known  Birds  collected  in  Upper,  1845. 

Ganibel.    Remarks  on  Birds  observed  in  Upper,  1846, 1848. 

Gamlel.    Remarks  on  Birds  observed  in  Upper,  with  Descriptions  of  new 
species,  1847-49. 

Gurney.    Notes  on  the  Zoology  of,  1851. 

Heermann.    Notes  on  the  Birds  of,  1853. 

Bonaparte.    Notes  on  the  Delattre  Collections,  1853, 1853-54. 

Brewer.    Descriptions  of  Eggs  obtained  by  Samuels  in,  1857. 

Sclater.    List  of  Birds  collected  by  Bridges  in,  1857. 

Xantus.    New  Birds  from  Fort  Tejon,  1858. 

Bridges.    Notes  on  Birds  of,  1858. 

Baird.    On  Xantus's  Birds  from  Cape  St.  Lucas,  1859. 

Xantus.    Catalogue  of  Birds  from  Fort  Tejon,  1859. 

Cooper.    New  Californian  Animals,  1861. 

Gruber.    Productions  of  the  Farallones,  1862. 

Feilner.    Explorations  in,  1865. 

Cooper.    The  Naturalist  in,  1869. 

Cooper.    Additions  to  Fauna  of,  1869. 

Cooper.    Geological  Survey  of,  1870. 

Cooper.    Monterey  in  the  Dry  Season,  1871. 

Lockington.    Notes  on  Birds  of  Humboldt  County,  1874. 

Cooper.    New  Facts  relating  to  the  Ornithology  of,  1875. 

Allen.    Notes  from,  1876. 

Cooper.    Garden  Birds,  1876. 

Nelson.    Birds  observed  in  Vicinity  of  Oakland,  1876. 

Ridgway.    Ornithology  of  Guadeloupe  Island,  1876. 

Ridgway.    Birds  of  Guadaloupe  Island  discussed,  1877. 

Streets.    Nat.  Hist,  of  Hawaiian  and  Fanning  Islands  and  Lower,  1877. 

Ridgway.    Notes  on  some  Birds  of  Calaveras  County,  1878. 
49  BO 


770  INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES  [204 

CANADA. 

Sagard  TJieodat.    Grand  Voyage,  1632, 1865. 
Sagard  Theodat.    Histoire,  du  1636, 1866. 
Charlevoix.    Histoire  et  Description  Ge'ne'rale  de  la  Nouvelle  France,  1744, 

1761,  1777. 

Gosse.     The  Canadian  Naturalist,  1840. 
Allan.    Birds  wintering  in  Neighbourhood  of  Toronto,  1853. 
Hillings.    On  some  of  the  Game  Birds  of,  1856. 
Hadfield.    Notes  and  remarks  on  Birds  of,  1857. 
If  Urban.    Notes  on  Birds  of  Montreal,  1857. 
Cottle.    List  of  Birds  found  in  Upper,  1859. 
If  Urban.    Observations  on  Natural  History  of  Argenteuil  and  Ottawa, 

1859. 

Hadfield.    Birds  of,  observed  near  Kingston,  1859, 1859. 
Le  Moine.    Land  and  Sea  Birds  around  Quebec,  1859. 
Le  Moine.    Birds  observed  around  Quebec,  1860. 
Tennor.    Notes  on  Winter  Birds  of  Montreal,  1860. 
Le  Moine.    Ornithologie  du,  1860-61. 
Mcllwraith.    Birds  of  Hamilton,  C.  W.,  1860, 1861. 
Bryant.    Birds  breeding  in  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  1861, 1861. 
Hall.    Birds  of  the  District  of  Montreal,  1862. 
Mcllwraith.    List  of  Birds  of  Hamilton,  1866. 
King.    Sportsman  and  Naturalist  in,  1866. 
Le  Moine.    The  Birds  of,  1866. 
HincJcs.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Western,  1866  ? 
Hincks.    Notes  on  a  few  Birds  of,  1866. 
Hincks.     Review  of  Mcllwraith' s  Birds  of  Hamilton,  1866. 
Couper.    List  of  Birds  of  Quebec,  1867. 
Terrill.    Analytical  Chart  of  Birds  of,  1869. 
Provancher  ?    Faune  Canadienne,  1870-74. 
Whiteaves  ?    Notes  on  Birds  of,  1870,  1871. 
Eoss.    The  Birds  of,  1871. 
Boss.     Catalogue  of  Birds  of,  1872. 
Adams.    Field  and  Forest  Rambles,  1873. 
Le  Moine.    Winter  Birds  of  Quebec,  1875. 
Vennor.    Eagles,  Hawks,  and  Owls  of,  1877. 
'CAROLINA.    (See,  also,  NORTH,  and  SOUTH.) 

Bartram.    Travels  through  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida, 

1791,  1793,  1793, 1794, 1799. 

Mortimer.    Account  of  Catesby's,  1730, 1731, 1732, 1748. 
Catesby.   Natural  History  of  Carolina,  Florida,  and  the  Bahamas,  1731-48, 

1754,  1771. 
COLORADO. 

Aiken.    Glimpse  of  Birds  of,  1873. 
Batty.    On  some  Birds  of,  1873. 
Ridgway.    The  Birds  of,  1873. 
Coues.    Destruction  of  Birds  by  Telegraph,  1876. 
Ridgway.    Mrs.  Maxwell's  Museum,  1877,  1877, 1878. 
Allen-.    Fossil  Passerine  from  Shales  of,  1878. 
Scott.    Birds  breeding  about  Twin  Lakes,  1878. 
Scott.    Birds  about  Denver,  1878, 1878. 


205]  INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES  771 

CONNECTICUT. 

Abbott.    Exhibition  of  some  Birds  from,  1841. 

Linsley.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of,  1843. 

Wood.    Rapacious  Birds  of,  1861. 

Grinnell    Frigate  Bird  and  White  Ibis  in,  1875. 

Gladwin.    Notes  on  Birds  of  Southern,  1876. 

Merriam.    Passerculus  princeps  and  Parus  hudsonicus  in,  1876. 

Morris.    Game  Birds  of,  1876. 

Morris.    Local  Nomenclature  in,  1876. 

Merriam.    Review  of  the  Birds  of,  1877. 

Coe.    Spring  Notes  at  Portland,  1878. 

Wood.    Birds  of,  1878. 
DAKOTA. 

Hayden.    Explorations  in  Nebraska  and,  1858, 1862, 1875. 

Hoffman,    Birds  observed  at  Grand  River  Agency,  1875. 

Grinnell.    Report  of  Reconnoissance  of  the  Black  Hills,  1875. 

McChesney.    Birds  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies,  1877. 
DISTRICT  OP  COLUMBIA. 

Coues  and  Prentiss.    List  of  the  Birds  of,  1862. 

Jouy.     Birds  of,  1876. 

Boiseau.    List  of  Birds  of,  1877. 

Coues  and  Prentiss.    Remarks  on  Birds  of,  1877. 

Jouy.    Fieldnotes  on  some  of  the  Birds  of,  1877. 

Jouy,  Coues,  and  Prentiss.    Catalogue  and  Remarks  on  Birds  of,  1877. 
FLORIDA. 

Bonaparte.    Additions  to  United  States  Ornithology  from,  1825. 

Gerhardt.    Skizzen  aue  dem  Vogelleben,  1854. 

Bryant.    Notes  on  Birds  of  East,  1859. 

Wilrdemann.    On  Birds  from  South,  1861. 

Taylor.     Five  Weeks  in,  1862. 

Allen.    Mammals  and  Winter  Birds  of  Eastern,  1871. 

Coues.    Review  of  Allen's  paper  on  Birds  of  Eastern,  1871. 

Maynard.    The  Birds  of,  1872-78. 

Maynard.    Naturalist's  Trip  to,  1874. 

Oler.    Birds  of  Lake  Okeechobee,  1874. 

Le  Baron.    Naturalist  and  Sportsman  in,  1876. 

Maynard.    Variation  in  Breeding  of  Certain  Birds  of,  1876. 

Clarice.    Notes  on  Birds  of  Halifax  Inlet,  1878. 

Lente.    Florida  Notes,  1878. 
GEORGIA. 

Gerhardt.    Etwas  tiber  den  Vogelgesang,  1853, 

Gerhardt.    Die  jagdbaren  Vogel,  1853. 

GerJiardt.    Ueber  die  Lebensweise  der  Vogel,  1855-56. 

St.  Clair.    Southern  Wood  Notes,  1877. 
GREENLAND. 

Egede.    Det  gamle  Grtfmlands,  1741, 1745. 

Anderson.    Nachrichten  von  Island,  Gronland  und  der  Strasse  Davis,  1746. 

Anderson.    Histoire  Naturelle  de  1'Islande,  etc.,  1750. 

Anderson.    Beschryving  van  Ysland,  etc.,  1756. 

Crantz.    History  of,  1765,  1767,  1767. 


772  INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES  [206 

GREENLAND. — Continued. 
Falricius.    Favna  Groenlandica,  1780. 
WEtilly.    Greenland,  1818. 
Saline,  (E.)    Memoir  on  Birds  of,  1818. 
Scoresly.    Voyage  to  Northern  Whale  Fishery,  1819. 
Manly.    Journal  of  Voyage  to,  1822, 1823. 
Reinhardt.    Actual  State  of  our  Knowledge  of  Birds  of,  1623. 
Saline.    Memoir  on  Greenland  Birds,  1826. 
Oradh.    Expedition  to  East  Coast  of,  1837. 

Reirihardt.    Ichthyologiske  Bidrag  til  den  Groulandiske  Fauna,  1838, 1848. 
Reinhardt.    Middelelse  af  nogle  hidintil  i  Gronland  ikke  trufue  Fugle, 

1842,  1843. 
Holloll.    Ornithologiske  Bidrag  til  den  gr^nlandiske  Fauna,  1843,  1845. 

1846. 

Reinhardt.    Notitser  til  Gronlands  Ornithologie,  1854, 1854. 
Moschler.    Notiz  zur  Ornithologie  Gronlands,  1856. 
Reinhardt.    Naturhistoriske  Bidrag  til  en  Beskrivelse  af  Gronland,  1857. 
Reinhardt.    On  Birds  of,  1860. 
Reinhardt.    List  of  Birds  observed  in,  1861. 
Reinhardt.    On  Greenland  Birds,  1864-75. 
Reinhardt.    Et  Tillaeg  til  Gronlands  Fuglefauna,  1872, 1872. 
Finsch.    Die  zweite  deutsche  Nordpolfahrt,  1874. 
Finsch.    Ueber  eine  Vogelsammlung  aus  Siidwest-Gronland,  1874. 
Newton.    Die  zweite  deutsche  Nordpolfahrt,  1874. 
Newton.    Notes  on  Birds  which  have  been  found  in,  1875. 
Salvin.    Advices  from  Disco,  1875. 
Sclater.    Instructions  for  collecting  Birds  of,  1875. 
ILLINOIS. 

.Kennicott.    Catalogue  of  Animals  of  Cook  County,  1855. 
Le  Baron.    Observations  on  Birds  of,  interesting  to  Agriculturists,  1855, 
Pratten.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Southern,  1855. 
Brewer.    Plotus  anhinga  and  Tantalus  loculator  in,  1856. 
Brendel.    Vogel  der  Umgegend  Peorias,  1857. 

Gielel.    Bemerkungen  iiber  BrendePs  Vogel  der  Umgegend  Peorias,  1857. 
Holder.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of,  1861,  1862. 
Clifford.    Injurious  and  Beneficial  Birds  of,  1865. 
Allen.    On  Birds  observed  in  Northern,  1868. 
Kinney.    Report  on  Frugivorous  Birds  of,  1868. 
Minier.    Report  on  Injurious  and  Beneficial  Birds  of,  1868. 
Brendel.    The  Fauna  of  Peoria,  1870. 
Ridgway.    New  Birds  in  Southern,  1872. 
Ridgway.    Prairie  Birds  of  Southern,  1873. 
Ridgway.    Catalogue  of  Birds  ascertained  to  occur  in,  1874. 
Ridgway.    The  Wabash  Valley  and  its  Avian  Fauna,  1874, 1874. 
Eaton.    Prairie  Ornithology  in,  1876. 
Eaton.    Egg  collecting  in,  1876. 
Jones.    March  and  April  notes,  1876, 1876. 
Nelson.    Additions  to  Avifauna  of,  1876. 
Jones.    Arrivals  at  Lebanon,  1877. 
Nelson.    Birds  of  Northeastern,  1877. 


207] 


INDEX    TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES  773 


ILLINOIS. — Continued. 

Nelson.    Notes  on  Birds  observed  in  Southern,  1877. 

Eaton.    List  of  Birds  of  Peotone,  1878. 
.  Jones.    Birds  of  Sinclair  County,  1878. 

Ridgway.    Notes  on  Birdti  observed  at  Mt.  Carmel,  1878. 
INDIANA. 

Raymond.    Birds  of  Southeastern,  1856. 

Allen.    On  Birds  observed  at  Richmond,  1868. 

Raymond.    Birds  of  Franklin  County,  1869. 

Kirtland.    Letter  from,  1874. 

Smith.    Birds  of,  1876. 
IOWA. 

Allen.    On  Birds  observed  in  Western,  1868. 

Allen.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of,  1870. 

Parker.    Iowa  Birds,  1871. 

Trippe.    Notes  on  Birds  of  Southern,  1873. 
KANSAS. 

Snow.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of,  1872, 1872, 1873, 1875. 

Snow.    Harlan's  Hawk  and  Mexican  Cormorant  in,  1873. 

Snow.    Birds  of,  1874,  1874,  1875, 1875, 1875, 1876. 

Gaumer.    Notes  on  Birds  of,  1875. 

Blacliey.    Birds  of,  1878. 
LABRADOR. 

Curtis.    Particulars  of  the  Country  of,  1774. 

Cartwright.    Journal,  1792. 

Unknown.    List  of  Birds  found  in,  1844. 

Coues.    Notes  on  Ornithology  of,  1861. 

Weiz.    List  of  Vertebrates  observed  at  Okak,  1866. 

LAKE  SUPERIOR. 

Cabot.    Agassiz's  Lake  Superior,  1850, 1852. 

Kneeland.    Birds  of  Keweenaw  Point,  1857. 

Bell.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Lakes  Superior  and  Huron,  1861. 
LONG  ISLAND. 

Giraud.    The  Birds  of,  1844. 

Benner.    Notes  from,  1878. 

Lawrence.    Note  on  rare  Birds  taken  in,  1878. 
LOUISIANA. 

Du  Pratz.    Histoire  de  la,  1758,  1763,  1774. 

B088U.    Travels  in,  1768,  1771. 
MAINE. 

Holmes.    Birds  of,  1861. 

Anon.    Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of,  1862. 

Boardman.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Calais,  1862. 

Verrill.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Norway,  Oxford  Co.,  1862. 

Verrill.    Additions  to  Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Calais,  1863. 

Hitchcock.    Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of,  1664. 

Hamlin.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Waterville,  1865. 

Boardman.    Rare  Birds  in,  1869. 

Boardman.    Ornithological  Notes  from,  1871. 


774  INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES  [208 

MAINE.— Continued. 

Palmer.    Ornithological  Notes  from,  1871. 

Brown.    Ornithological  Notes  from  Portland,  1875. 

Broicn.    Five  Birds  new  to  Fauna  of,  1877. 
MARYLAND.  , 

Wheeler.    Spring  Arrivals  at  Boonesboro,  1876. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 

Emmons.    Catalogue  of  Plants  and  Animals  of,  1833. 

Nuttall.    Remarks  and  Inquiries  concerning  Birds  of,  1833  ? 

Emmons.     Time  of  Appearance  of  Spring  Birds  at  Williamstown,  1834. 

Brewer.    Additions  to  Einmons's  Catalogue  of  Birds  of,  1837. 

Pedbody.    Reports  on  the  Fishes,  Reptiles,  and  Birds  of,  1839,  1840. 

Putnam.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Essex  County,  1856. 

Fowler.    Changes  by  Civilization  in  Birds  of,  I860. 

Allen.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Springfield,  1864. 

Samuels.    List  of  Birds  of,  1864,  1864. 

Allen.    Winter  Notes,  1867. 

Allen.    Ornithological  Calendars,  1867. 

Sears.    Return  of  the  Birds  to3  1868. 

Allen.    Notes  on  Rarer  Birds  of,  1869-70. 

Allen.    Notes  on  some  Rare  Birds  of,  1869-70. 

Maynard.     Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Eastern,  1870. 

Brewster.    Birds  new  to  Fauna  of,  1872. 

Newcomb.    Rare  Birds  on  the  Coast  of,  1873. 

Purdie.    Notes  on  some  of  the  Rarer  Birds  of,  1873. 

Stearns.    Birds  breeding  on  Penikese  Island,  1875. 

Allen.    Calendars,  1876,  1876,  1876. 

Allen.    Decrease  of  Birds  in,  1876. 

Browne.    Local  Nomenclature,  1876. 

Gray.    Resident  Birds  of  Danvers,  1876. 

Keyes.    May  Songsters  at  Springfield,  1876. 

Browne.    List  of  Birds  of  Clarke's  Island,  1877. 

Tenney.    Raven  and  Sooty  Tern  in,  1877. 

Allen.    List  of  the  Birds  of,  with  Annotations,  1878. 

Browne.    Tables  of  Arrivals  in  Eastern,  1878. 

Murdoch.    Effects  of  warm  Winter  ou  Migration  in,  1878. 

Newcomb.    Notes  on  Birds  at  Salem,  1878,  1878,  1878. 

Purdie.    Notes  on  rare  Birds  of,  1878. 
MEXICO. 

Hernandez.    Thesaurus,  1628,  1651. 

Clavigero.    History  of,  1787,  1807. 

Bonaparte.    Two  new  Birds  from,  1825. 

Swaimon.    Synopsis  of  Birds  collected  by  Bullock  in,  1827,  1834. 

Wagler.    Mittheilungen  iiber  Thiere  Mexico's,  1831. 

Bonaparte.    New  Birds  from  South  America  and,  1841. 

Lafresnaye.    New  Birds  of,  1844. 

Cassin.    Catalogue  of  Birds  collected  by  Pease  in,  1848. 

McCall.    On  two  Birds  of,  1848. 

McCall.    Notes  on  some  Birds  of,  1849. 

Couch.    New  Birds  of  Northern,  1854. 


209]  INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES  775 

MEXICO. — Continued. 

Sclater.    Catalogue  of  Birds  collected  by  Salle"  in  Southern,  1856. 

Sclater.    Collection  of  Birds  made  by  Bofcteri  in  Southern,  1857. 

Sclater.    New  Birds  collected  by  Salld  in  Southern,  1857. 

Sclater.    Birds  collected  by  Salld  in  Southern,  1857. 

Sclater.    Additional  Species  collected  by  SalleMn  Southern,  1857. 

Sclater.    Collection  of  Birds  received  by  Salle"  from  Southern,  1857. 

Sclater.    Notes  on  Birds  from  Southern,  1858. 

Sclater.    On  Salle's  Collections  from  Oaxaca,  1858,  1858. 

Saussure.    Sur  les  McBurs  de  Divers  Oiseaux  du,  1858,  1858-59  ?,  1859. 

Mullei'.    Eeisen  in,  1859. 

Saussure.    Sur  quelques  Oiseaux  du  Mexique,  1859. 

Sclater.    Series  of  Birds  from  Xalapa,  1859. 

Sclater.    List  of  Boucard's  Birds  from  Oaxaca,  1859. 

Saussure.    Skildringer  af  Fuglelivet  i  Mexiko,  1860. 

Sclater.    Collection  of  Birds  from  Orizaba,  1860. 

Llave.    M6moires  d'histoire  naturelle,  1861. 

Salle.    Sale  List  of  Birds  of,  1861. 

Sclater.    Additions  to  Avifauna  of,  1862. 

Liclitemtein.    Price-list  of  Birds  of,  1863. 

Sclater.    List  of  White's  Birds  of  City  of,  1864. 

Miiller.    Systematic  List  of  Birds  observed,  1865. 

Sclater.    Boucard's  Birds  from  Vera  Cruz,  1865. 

Duges.    Faune  de  Guanajuato,  1868. 

Duges.    Catalogue  of  Vertebrates  observed  in,  1869. 

Sclater  and  Salvin.    Le  Strange's  Birds  from  City  of,  1869. 

Sumichrast.    Distribution  of  Birds  of  Vera  Cruz,  1869,  1869. 

Villada.    Aves  del  Valle  de,  1869. 

Finsch.    Ueber  erne  Vogelsaminlung  aus  Nordwest-Mexico,  1870. 

Duges.    Catalogo  de  Animales  Vortebrados,  1870. 

Sclater  and  Salvin.    Recent  Additions  to  Fauna  of,  1870. 

Sumichrast.    Distribution  of  Birds  of  Vera  Cruz,  1870-71. 

Gray  son.    Natural  History  of  the  Tres  Marias  and  Socorro  Islands,  1872. 

Lawrence.    Grayson's  Birds  of  Western  and  Northwestern,  1874. 

Lawrence.    Sumichrast's  Birds  of  Southwestern,  1876. 
MICHIGAN. 

Strang.    Remarks  on  Natural  History  of  Beaver  Islands,  1855. 

Walker.    Two  Ornithological  Items  from,  1871. 

Boies.    Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Southern,  1875. 

Boles.    Additions  to  Catalogue  of  Birds  of,  1876. 

Covert.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Lower,  1876. 

Stockwell.    Game  of,  1876. 

Stockwell.    Fauna  of,  1877. 

Hughes.    Birds  of,  1878. 
MINNESOTA. 

Head.    Natural  History  of  the  Country  about  Fort  Ripley,  1855. 

Allen.    Vireosylvia  philadelphica  and  Empidonax  flaviventris,  1869. 

Trippe.    Notes  on  the  Birds  of,  1871. 

Hatch.    Report  on  Birds  of,  1874. 

Batty.    Winter  collecting  in,  1875. 


776  INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES  [210 

MINNESOTA. — Continued. 

Eolerts.    New  Birds  from,  1875. 

Estes.    Winter  Notes  from  Lake  Pepin,  1876. 

Eoberts.    Winter  Earities  in,  1876. 

Roberta.    Some  Birds  observed  near  Minneapolis,  1876. 

Hatch.    Report  on  Ornithology  of,  1877. 

Tiffany.    Three  Rare  Birds  of,  1878. 
MISSISSIPPI. 

Wailes.    Report  on  Agriculture  and  Geology  of,  1854. 
MISSOURI. 

Hoy.    Journal  of  Exploration  in  Western,  1865. 

Allen.    Three  Sea  Ducks  at  St.  Louis,  1878. 
MONTANA. 

Cooper.    The  Fauna  of,  1869,  1869. 

Coues.    On  the  Nesting  of  certain  Hawks,  etc.,  1874. 

Coues.    On  the  Breeding  of  certain  Birds  of,  1875. 

Carpenter.    Field  Notes  from,  1876. 
NEBRASKA. 

Phillips.    Game  Birds  of,  1876. 

Augney.    Nature  of  Food  of  Birds  of,  1878. 
NEW  BRUNSWICK. 

Brewer.    Hasty  Trip  through  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia,  1852. 

Herrick.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Grand  Menan,  1873. 
NEW  ENGLAND. 

Higginson.    New  England's  Plantation,  1630. 

Morton.    New  English  Canaan,  1632,  1637. 

Wood.    New  England's  Prospect,  1634,  1635. 

Josselyn.    New  England's  Rarities,  1672,  1675, 1860. 

Josselyn.    Two  Voyages  to,  1674, 1675, 1833. 

Allen.    Birds  of,  1860-63. 

Samuels.    Oology  of  some  Land  Birds  of,  1865. 

Allen.    Birds  of  Spring,  1867. 

Coues.    Review  of  Samuels's  Birds  of,  1867. 

Fowler.    Habits  of  three  Birds  of,  1867. 

Coues.    List  of  the  Birds  of,  1868. 

Samuels.    Ornithology  and  Oology  of,  1867,  1870,  1875. 

Wyman.    Shell-heaps  in  Maine  and  Massachusetts,  1867. 

Samuels.    Our  Neighbors  the  Birds,  1868. 

Samuels.    Among  the  Birds,  1868. 

Samuels.    Habits  of  three  Species  of  Birds  of,  1868. 

Brewer.    Sea-side  Ornithology,  1869. 

Brewer.    Catalogue  of  .the  Birds  of,  1875. 

Flagg.    Birds  and  Seasons  of,  1875. 

Maynard.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Coos  Co.,  N.  H.,  and  Oxford  Co.,  Me.,  1872. 

Brewster.    Occurrence  of  certain  Birds  in,  1876. 

Purdie.    Brewer's  Catalogue  of  Birds  of,  1876. 

Minot.    Land  and  Game  Birds  of,  1877. 

Minot.    Additions  to  Land  and  Game  Birds  of,  1877. 

Purdie.    Distribution  of  Birds  in,  1877. 

Purdie.    A  few  Rare  or  Accidental  Birds  of,  1877. 


2il]  INDEX    TO    BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES  777 

NEW  ENGLAND. — Continued. 

Breiver.    Additions  to  bis  Catalogue  of  Birds  of,  1878. 

Brewer.    Ibis  falcinellus  and  Phalaropus  hyperboreus  in,  1878. 
NEWFOUNDLAND. 

JTMtbourne.    Discourse  and  Discovery  of,  1620, 1622. 

Cormack.    Journey  across,  1823. 

Moore.    Exhibition  of  some  Birds  from,  1841. 

Reeks.    Notes  on  the  Zoology  of,  1869. 

Seeks.    Notes  on  Birds  of,  1870-71. 

Harvey.    The  Birds  of,  1874. 
NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Belknap.     History  of,  1792. 

Maynard.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Coos  Co.,  etc.,  1872. 

Checkering.    Notice  of  White  Mountain  Birds,  1875. 

Fox.    Three  Migrations  at  Hollis,  1876. 

Minot.     Summer  Birds  of  the  White  Mountains,  1876. 

Parker.    Report  of  Spring  Birds  from,  1876. 

Goodhue.     Birds  of  Webster,  1877. 
NEW  JERSEY. 

Beesley.    Geology  of  the  County  of  Cape  May,  1857. 

Abbott.    List  of  Vertebrates  of,  1868. 

Turnbull.    Birds  of  East  Pennsylvania  and,  1869. 

Abbott.    Notes  on  inland  Birds  of,  1870. 

Thorpe.    Wildfowl  Shooting  on  Coast  of,  1871. 

Abbott.    Fieldnotes  on  Birds  of,  1876,  1876,  1876. 

Pierce.    Scarcity  of  Birds  in,  1876. 

Huyler.     Winter  Birds  on  the  Hackensack,  1878. 

Scott.    Notes  from  Princeton,  1878,  1878. 

Winkle.     Spring  Birds  at  Summit,  1878. 
NEW  MEXICO. 

Henry.    Observations  on  the  Birds  of,  1855. 

Henry.    New  Birds  from  Fort  Thorn,  1858. 

Henry.    Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of,  1859. 

Stephens.    Collector's  Rambles  in,  1875. 
NEW  YORK. 

Fox.    Notice  of  Some  American  Birds,  1836. 

DeKay.     Zoology  of,  1844. 

Hopkins.    Eight  Birds  of  Auburn,  1854. 

Lawrence.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of  New  York,  Long  and  Staten  Island,  etc., 
1866. 

Bicknell.    Notes  on  Birds  of,  1876,  1876,  1876,  1876. 

Burroughs.    Winter  Observations  at  Esopus,  1876. 

Foicler.    List  of  Birds  of  Central,  1876. 

Fuller.    Spring  Arrivals  at  Meacham  Lake,  1876. 

Gilbert.    Rarer  Birds  of  Western,  1876, 

Trippe.    Birds  breeding  in  the  Catskills,  1872. 

Hutchins.    Something  about  Birds  of  Central,  1877. 

Ingersoll.    Winter  Birds  of  New  York  City,  1877. 

Lamberton.    Record  of  Arrivals  at  Rochester,  1877. 

Eathbun.    List  of  Birds  of  Cayuga,  Seneca,  and  Wayne  Counties,  1877. 

Eooseveldt  and  Minot.    Summer  Birds  of  the  Adirondacks,  1877. 


778  INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES  [212 

NEW  YORK. — Continued. 

Stevens.    Arrivals  at  West  Farms,  1877. 
Wilson.    Annotations  of  Rathbun's  List,  1877. 
Bicknell.    Bird-life  at  Rivcrdale,  1878. 
Bicknell.    Carolinian  Fauna  in,  1878. 
Mearns.    Rare  Birds  near  West  Point,  1878. 
Mearns.    Two  Rare  Birds  on  the  Hudson,  1878. 
Mearns.    Unusually  Developed  Individuals,  etc.,  1878. 
Merriam.     Remarks  on  some  of  the  Birds  of  Lewis  County,  1878 
Pennock.     Fieldnotes  from  the  Adirondacks;  1878. 
Scott.    Notes  from  Ithaca,  1878. 
NORTH  AMERICA. 

La  Hontan.     Voyages  to,  1703,  1703. 
Carver,     Travels  in,  1778,  1781, 1796. 
Forster.    Catalogue  of  Animals  of,  1771. 
Kalm.    Travels  in,  1753-61,  1754-64,  1770-71, 1772,  1812. 
LosTciel.     History  of  his  Mission  in,  1788,  1794. 
Barton.     Letter  on  the  Natural  History  of,  1805. 
Barton.     Discourse  on  Desiderata  in  Natural  History,  1807. 
Vieillot.    Histoire  Naturelle  des  Oiseaux  de  PAme'rique  Septentrionale,1807. 
Wilson.    American   Ornithology,  1808-14,  1828-29,  1831,  1832,  1840,  1871, 

1876-77,  1878. 

Ord.  Guthrie's  Geography,  1815, 1820. 
Bradbury.  Travels  in  Interior  of,  1817. 
Bonaparte.  American  Ornithology,  1825-33. 

Bonaparte.  Catalogue  of  Birds  of  the  United  States,  "  1826",  1827. 
Bonaparte.  Supplement  to  Genera  of  North  American  Birds,  1827. 
Bonaparte.  Genera  of  North  American  Birds  and  Synopsis  of  United 

States  Species,  1828,  1828. 
Audubon.    Birds  of  America,  orig.  folios,  1827-38 ;  later  folios,  1861 ;  orig. 

8vo,  1840-44  ;  later  8vos,  1856, 1856, 1861, 1863, 1865, 1871. 
Bonaparte.    Further  Additions  to  the  Ornithology  of  the  United  States, 

1828. 

Eennie.    Sketches  of  twenty-four  Song  Birds  of,  1829. 
Audubon.    Ornithological  Biography,  1831-39. 
Nuttall.   Manual  of  Ornithology  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  1832-34, 

1840. 

Gould.    Remarks  on  Folliott's  Birds  from,  1834,  1834. 
Brown.    Wilson  and  Bonaparte's  American  Ornithology,  with  addition  of 

Forest  Sylvia,  1835. 

Bachman.    Migrations  of  Birds  of,  1836,  1840. 
Eicliardson.    Report  on  Zoology  of,  1837. 
Bonaparte.    Geographical  and  Comparative  List  of  Birds  of  Europe  and, 

1838. 

Audubon.     Synopsis  of  the  Birds  of,  1839. 
Townsend.    Ornithology  of  the  United  States,  1839  ?,  1849. 
Maximilian.    Reise  in  das  innere  Nord-America,  1839-41, 1840-43. 
Haldeman.    Habits  of  Four  Species  of  Birds  of,  1841. 
Kirtland.    Fragments  of  Natural  History,  1841. 
Cabot.    Remarks  on  GallinsB  of,  1842. 


213]  INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES  779 

NORTH  AMERICA. — Continued. 

Abadie.    List  of  Birds  of,  presented  to  National  Institute,  1846. 

Gamlel.     Contributions  to  American  Ornithology,  1848. 

Siedhof.    Naturgeschichtliches  aus  den  Vereinigten  Staaten,  1848. 

Brewer.     On  some  Eggs  of  Birds  of,  1852. 

Hartlaub.    Ueber  eiuige  neue  oder  weniger  bekannte  Vogel  Amerika's,  1852. 

Laivrence.     Additions  to  Ornithology  of,  1852,  1852,  1853. 

Lawrence.    Ornithological  Notes,  1852,  1853. 

Braver.    List  of  Birds  found  both  in  Europe  and  America,  etc.,  1854. 

LeConte.    List  of  Animals  now  forgotten  or  lost,  1854. 

Cassln.    Notes  on  some  Birds  in  the  Philadelphia  Academy,  1856. 

Cassin.  Ornithology  of  the  United  States  and  British  and  Russian  America, 
1856. 

Brewer.    North  American  Oology,  1857. 

Cassin.    North  American  Species  of  Archibuteo  and  Lanius,  1857. 

Baird.     Catalogue  of  North  American  Birds,  1858, 1859. 

Baird,  Cassin,  and  Laivrence.     Pacific  Railroad  Reports,  vol.  ix,  1858. 

Wied,  (Prinz  von.)    Verzeichniss  der  Vogel  einer  Reise  in  Nord-Ainerica, 
1858-59. 

Des  Murs.     On  Brewer's  Oology  of,  1859. 

Fowler.    History  of  Ornithology  in  the  United  States,  1859. 

Baird,  Cassin,  and  Lawrence.    Birds  of,  1860. 

Kennicoti.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of,  in  Trowbridge  Collection,  1861. 

Krider,     Ornithological  and  Oological  List  of,  1861. 

Coues.    Colymbidse  and  Podicipidse  of,  1862. 

Coues.    Supplement  to  same,  1862. 

Hough.    Meteorological  Observations,  1864. 

Milller.    Reisen  in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten,  Canada  und  Mexico,  1864-65. 

Elliot.    Game  Birds  of  the  United  States,  1865. 

Whitely.    Catalogue  of  Birds  and  Eggs  from,  1865. 

Baird.    Review  of  American  Birds,  1864-66. 

Baird.    Distribution  and  Migrations  of  Birds  of,  1866, 1866, 1867. 

Elliot.    Birds  of,  folio,  1866-69. 

•     Roosevelt.     Game  Birds  of  the  Northern  States,  1866. 
Verrill.    Notes  on  Distribution  of  Birds  of,  1866, 1866. 

Brewer.    Errors  Respecting  the  Habits  of  some  Birds  of,  1867. 

Stimpson.    Illustrations  of  Birds  of,  1867. 

Trippe.    Awakening  of  the  Birds,  1867. 

Brewer.    Song  Birds  of,  1868. 

Coues.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of,  in  Essex  Institute,  1868. 

Wood.    Review  of  Articles  on  Habits  of  Birds  of,  1868. 

Baily.    Our  own  Birds,  1869. 

Manger.    Four  Birds  of,  1869. 

Eidgway.    Obscurely  known  Birds  of,  1869. 

Marsh.    Notice  of  Fossil  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  Birds  of,  1870, 1870, 1870. 

Reeks.    Rare  Eggs  from,  1870. 
Waddle.    Game  Waterfowl  of,  1870. 

Lewis.    American  Sportsman,  1871. 

Soubeiran.    Commerce  des  Oiseaux  en  Arne~rique,  1871. 

Trippe.    Differences  between  Eastern  and  Western  Birds  of,  1871. 


780  INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES  [214 

NORTH  AMERICA.— Continued. 
Allen.    Geographical  Variation  in  Birds  of,  1872. 
Cope.    Synopsis  of  Extinct  Aves  of,  1872. 
Coues.    Key  to  North  American  Birds,  1872. 
Marsh.    New  Tertiary  and  Post-Tertiary  Birds,  1872. 
Marsh.    New  Species  of  Cretaceous  Birds,  1872, 1872. 
Eidgway.    Relation  between  Color  and  Geographical  Distribution  of  Birds 

of,  1872-73, 1873, 1873. 

Coues.    Checklist  of  North  American  Birds,  1873. 
Baird  and  Ridgway.    New  Forms  of  American  Birds,  1873. 
Coues.    Two  little  known  Birds  of,  1873. 
Coues.    United  States  Birds  new  to  Science,  etc.,  1873. 
Coues.    Color- variation  in  Birds  of,  1873. 
Coues.    Specimens  of  Bird  Architecture,  1873. 
Finsch.    Reisebericht  iiber,  1873. 
Marsh.    Fossil  Birds  from  the  Cretaceous,  1873. 
Maynard.    Strange  and  Rare  Birds  of,  1873. 
Montebello.    Sur  quelques  animaux  de,  1873. 
Eidgway.    On  some  New  Forms  of  Birds  of,  1873. 
Eidgway.    The  Grouse  and  Quails  of,  1873. 
Trippe.    Irregular  Migrations  of  Birds  of,  1873. 
Trippe.    Queries  concerning  Birds  of,  1873. 

Allen.    Geographical  Variation  in  Mammals  and  Birds  of,  1874,  1874. 
Baird,  Brewer,  and  Eidgway.    History  of  North  American  Birds,  1874. 
Coues.    Birds  of  the  Northwest,  1874,  1877. 
Coues.    Field  Ornithology  and  Checklist,  1874. 
Gentry.    Habits  of  some  Birds  of,  1874. 

Harcie-Brown.     On  Jones's  Collection  of  North  American  Birds,  1874. 
Jordan  and  Van  Vleck.    Popular  Key  to  Birds  of  Northern  United  States, 

1874. 

Krider.    Ornithological  and  Oological  List,  1874. 
Long.    American  Wildfowl  Shooting,  1874. 
Palmer.    Insect-eating  Birds,  1874. 
Trippe.    Migration  of  Birds  in,  1874. 
Trumbull.    Nomenclature  of  Game  Birds  of,  1874. 
Jasper.    The  Birds  of,  1874-78. 

Eidgway.    Local  Variations  in  Notes  and  Nesting  Habits,  1874. 
Eidgway.    Birds  new  to  the  Fauna  of,  1874. 
Eidgway.    Nomenclature  of  Game  Birds  of,  1874. 
EoUnson.    List  of  Albino  Birds  of,  1875. 
"Ovum."    Birds'  Nests  and  Eggs,  1875-77. 
Allen.    Progress  of  Ornithology  for  a  Century  in,  1876. 
Allen.    Decrease  of  Birds  in,  1876. 

Allen.    Geographical  Variation  in  Nests  and  Eggs  of  Birds,  of,  1876. 
Brown.    Variable  Abundance  of  Birds  in  same  Localities,  1876. 
Deane.    Albinism  and  Melanism  in  Birds  of,  1876. 
Jordan.    Manual  of  Vertebrates,  1876, 1878. 
Eallock.    Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  1877. 

Marsh.     Introduction  and  Succession  of  Vertebrate  Life  in,  1877. 
Scott.    Tendency  to  vary  Habits,  1877. 


215]  INDEX   TO    BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES  781 

NORTH  AMERICA. — Continued. 

Brewer.    Two  Birds  new  to  Fauna  of,  1878. 

Brewer.    Biid  Architecture,  1878. 

Brewer.    Variations  in  Nesting  of  Birds  of,  1878. 

Brewer.    Changes  in  the  Fauna  of,  1878. 

Brcirster.    First  Plumage  of  Birds  of,  1878. 

Cones.    New  Birds  for  the  United  States  Fauna,  1878. 

Hoffman.    Albinism  in  several  Birds  of,  1878. 

Ingersoll.     Ornithological  News  from,  1878. 

Pope.    Upland  Game  Birds  and  Waterfowl  of,  1878. 

Bidgway.    Additions  to  Avifauna  of,  1878. 
NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Laivson.    New  Voyage  to,  1709. 

Lawson.    History  of,  1714, 1718, 1860. 

BricMl.    Natural  History  of,  1737. 

Coues.    Sea-side  Homes,  1869. 

Coues.    Notes  on  the  Natural  History  of  Fort  Macon,  1871. 

Maynard.    Birds  observed  about  Wilmington,  1875. 

Coues  and  Farrow.    Notes  on  the  Natural  History  of  Fort  Macon,  1878. 
NOVA  SCOTIA. 

Bryant.    List  of  Birds  observed  at  Grand  Menan  and  at  Yarmouth,  1857. 

Willis.    List  of  Birds  of,  1859. 

Ambrose.    Visit  to  Green  Island,  1860. 

Ambrose.    Sea  Birds  of  St.  Margaret's  Bay,  1865. 

Duvan.    Additions  to  Game  of,  1365. 

Hartt.    Bird  Tracks  in  Basin  of  Minas,  1867. 

Jones.     Fortnight  in  Backwoods  of,  1867. 

Jones.    On  some  Eare  Birds  of,  1869. 

Jones.    Rare  Birds  in,  1870. 
OHIO. 

Storer.    Fringillapinea  and  Bombycilla  garrula  in  July  in,  1845. 

Bead.    Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Northern,  1853. 

Collins.    Report  on  Bill  for  Protecting  Birds,  1860. 

Wlieaton.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of,  1861. 

Kirtland.    Peculiarities  of  Fauna  of  Lake  Erie  and  near  Cleveland,  1874. 

Kirtland.    Mounted  Birds  from  Northern,  1874. 

Wlieaton.    Food  of  Birds  as  related  to  Agriculture,  with  List,  1875. 

Langdon.    Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Cincinnati,  1877. 

Wheaton.    Ruff  and  Purple  Gallinule  in,  1877. 
OREGON. 

Parker.     Summary  of  Birds  of,  1846. 

Bacon.    Notes  on  some  Birds  of,  1877. 

Bendire.    Notes  on  some  Birds  of  Southeastern,  1877. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 

Barton\    Fragments  of  Natural  History  of,  1799. 

Bonaparte.    Comparative  Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Rome  and  Philadelphia, 
1826. 

Bonaparte.    Specchio  Comparative,  1827-32. 

Taylor.    Geology  and  Natural  History  of  Alleghany  Range,  1835. 

Taylor.    Supplement  to  same,  1836. 


782  INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES  [216 

PENNSYLVANIA. — Continued. 

Haldeman.    Trego's  Geography  of,  1843. 

Baird,  (Win.  M.  and  S.  F.)    List  of  Birds  of  Carlisle,  Cumberland  Co.,  1844. 

Baird.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Carlisle,  1845. 

Jackson.    The  Mountain,  1860. 

Barnard.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of  Chester  County,  1861. 

Turribull.    Birds  of  Eastern,  and  New  Jersey,  1869. 

C.  &  P.    Birds  of  Southern,  1876. 

Gentry.    Life- Histories  of  the  Birds  of  Eastern,  1876-77. 
SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Bosc.    New  Natural  History  Objecto  from,  1797. 

Gibles.    Catalogue  of  Birds  of,  1848. 

Burnett.    Notes  on  Fauna  of  the  Pine  Barrens  of,  1851. 

Coues.    Synopsis  of  Birds  of,  1868. 

Merriam.    Ornithological  Notes  from,  1874. 
TEXAS. 

McCown.      Facts  and  Observations  taken  in,  1853. 

Giraud.    Sixteen  New  Species,  1841. 

Lawrence.    New  Birds  from,  1852. 

Sclater.    Note  on  Giraud's  Sixteen  Species,  1855,  1856. 

Dresser.    Notes  on  Birds  of  Southern,  1865-66. 

Butcher.    List  of  Birds  of  Laredo,  1868. 

Merrill.    Notes  on  Texan  Birds,  1876. 

Eagsdale.    Texan  Ornithology,  1876. 

McCauley.    Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  the  Red  River  of,  1877. 

Allen.    Western  Nonpareil  and  Berlandier's  Wren  in,  1877. 

Kumlein.    Notes  from,  1877, 1877. 

Bennett.    Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande,  1878. 
UNITED  STATES.    See  NORTH  AMERICA. 
UTAH. 

Baird.    Stansbury's  Report  on  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  1852,  1852, 1852. 

Baird.    Birds  found  at  Fort  Bridger,  1858. 

Eidgway.    Notes  on  the  Bird  Fauna  of  the  Salt  Lake  Valley,  1873. 

Henshaw.    Annotated  List  of  Birds  of,  1874. 

Baird.    Birds  collected  by  McCarthy  in,  1876. 
VANCOUVER. 

Sclater.    On  a  Collection  of  Birds  from,  1859. 

Walker.    Voyage  from  Liverpool  to,  1863. 

Macfie.    Vancouver  and  British  Columbia,  1865. 

Lord.    The  Naturalist  in  Vancouver  Island  and  British  Columbia,  1866. 

Brown.    Synopsis  of  Birds  of,  1868. 
VERMONT. 

Williams.    Natural  and  Civil  History  of,  1794,  1809. 

Thompson.    Natural  History  of,  1853. 

Goodhue.    Catalogue  of  and  Observations  on  Birds  of,  1871. 

Briggs.    List  of  Birds  at  Montpelier,  1876. 

Eolinson.    Spring  Birds  of  Addison  County,  1876. 
VIRGINIA. 

Smith.    A  Map  of,  1612. 

Hamor.    True  Discourse  of  Present  Estate  of,  1615. 


217]  INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES  783 

VIRGINIA.— Continued. 

Smith.    General  History  of,  1624,  1632. 

Glover.    Account  of,  1676. 

Clayton.    Account  of,  1693. 

Jefferson.    Notes  on,  1782,  1786,  1787, 1788, 1800, 1801, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1853. 

Stracney.    Historic  of  Travaile  into,  1849. 

Bailey.    Birds  found  Breeding  on  Cobb's  Island,  1876. 
WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 

Cooper  and  Suckley.    Pacific  Railroad  Reports,  vol.  xii,  book  ii,  1860. 
WEST  VIRGINIA. 

Scott.    List  of  Summer  Birds  of  Kanawha  County,  1873. 

Breicster.    Observations  on  the  Birds  of  Ritchie  County,  1874  and  1875. 
WESTERN  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES  AT  LARGE. 

Lewis  and  Clarice.    Travels,  1814,  1814,  1815,  1815,  1816-18;  1817,  1817, 

•  1842-75. 

Eqfinesque.    Account  of  Discoveries  in,  1818,  1818. 

Rafinesque.    Prodrome  of  Seventy  New  Genera,  1819. 

Say.    Long's  Expedition,  1823,  1823,  1824. 

Vigors.    On  Species  from  the  Northwest  Coast  of  America,  1829. 

Vigors.    Zoology  of  Beechey's  Voyage,  1839. 

Totvnsend.     Twelve  New  Birds  from  the  Columbia  River,  1837. 

Townsend*    List  of  Birds  from  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Oregon,  etc.,  1839. 

Toicnsend.    Narrative  of  Journey  across  Rocky  Mountains,  1839. 

Gambel.    New  and  Rare  Birds  of  Rocky  Mountains  and  California,  1843. 

Abert.    Notes  of  a  Reconnoissance,  1848. 

McCall.    Remarks  on  Birds  of  Western  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  1851. 

McCall.    List  of  Birds  on  the  Missouri  from  Fort  Leavenworth  to  Fort 
Union,  1851. 

Laurence.    Descriptions  of  Three  New  Birds,  1852. 

Woodhouse.    Sitgroaves's  Report,  1853. 

Cassin.    Illustrations  of  the  Birds  of  Texas,  California,  etc.,  1853,  1853-55, 
1856. 

Lawrence.    Three  New  Species  of  Birds,  1853. 

Kennerly.    Pacific  Railroad  Reports,  vol.  iv,  1856. 

Neicberry.    Pacific  Railroad  Reports,  vol.  vi,  1857. 

Hayden.    Explorations  in  Nebraska  and  Dakota,  1858, 1862, 1875. 

Ba  ird.    Pacific  Railroad  Reports,  vol.  x,  1859. 

Heermann.    Pacific  Railroad  Reports,  vol.  x,  1859.     . 

Kennerly.    Pacific  Railroad  Reports,  vol.  x,  1859. 

Baird.    Mexican  Boundary  Survey,  1859. 

Hayden.    Geology  and  Natural  History  of  the  Upper  Missouri,  1862. 

Lord.    Birds  of  British  North  American  Boundary  Commission,  1864. 

Lord.    Catalogue  of  Nests  and  Eggs  from  Northwestern  America,  1865. 

Coues.    Ornithology  of  a  Prairie  Journey,  1865. 

Coues.     From  Arizona  to  the  Pacific,  1866. 

Allen.    Fauna  of  the  Prairies,  1871. 

Allen.    Ornithological  Notes  from,  1872. 

Allen.    Notes  of  Ornithological  Reconnoissance  of  Kansas,  Colorado,  Wy- 
oming, and  Utah,  1872. 

CooTce.    Autumn  Game  on  the  Prairies,  1872. 


784  INDEX   TO   BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES  [218 

WESTERN  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES  AT  LARGE. — Continued. 

Holden  and  AiTcen.    Notes  on  Birds  of  Wyoming  and  Colorado,  1872. 

Merriam.     Report  on  Birds  of  Montana,  Idaho,  Wyoming,  and  Utah,  1873. 

Allen.    Notes  on  the  Natural  History  of  Dakota  and  Montana,  1874. 

Hensliaw.    Hummingbird  new  to  our  Fauna  and  other  facts,  1874. 

Howell.    Among  the  Waterfowl  of  the,  1874. 

Bidgway.    Lists  of  Birds  observed  from  Sacramento,  Cal.}  to  Salt  Lake 
City,  Utah,  1874-75. 

Yarrow.    Progress  Report  of  the  Wheeler  Survey,  1874. 

Yarrow  and  Hensliaw.    Report  on  Ornithological  Specimens  of  the  Wheeler 
Survey,  1874. 

Hensnaw  and  Aiken.    Report  on  Explorations  West  of  the  100th  Meridian, 
1875. 

Nelson.    Notes  on  Birds  observed  in  Utah,  Nevada,  and  California,  1875. 

Eidgway.    First  Impressions  of  the  Bird  Fauna  of  California,  1875. 

Coues.    Travels  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  1876. 

Hoffman.    Habits  of  some  Western  Birds,  1876. 

Cooper.     Seventy-five  doubtful  West  Coast  Birds,  1877. 

Marsh.    Recent  PalsBontological  Discoveries  in,  1877. 

Eidgway.    Geological  Exploration  of  the  40th  Parallel,  1877. 

Coues.    Field-Notes  on  Birds  observed  in  Dakota  and  Montana,  1878. 

Stevens.    Notes  on  a  few  Birds  observed  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  1878. 
WISCONSIN. 

Hoy.    Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of,  1853, 1853. 

Barry.    List  of  Birds  of,  1854. 

BruMn.    Ankunft  und  Briitezeit  einiger  Vogel  Milwaukee's,  1871. 

Bruliin.    Unsere  gefiederten  Wintergiiste,  1872. 

Bruliin.     Zur  Vogelsprache,  1872. 

Bruliin.    Ankunft  von  Vogelu,  1872. 

Bruliin.    Zoologische  Mittheilungen  aus,  1873. 

Hoy.    Peculiarities  of  the  Fauna  near  Racine,  1874. 

Bruliin.    Vogel  von  New  Coeln,  1875. 

Green.    Birds  of  Milwaukee  County,  1878. 
WYOMING. 

Stevenson.    List  of  Birds  collected  in,  1871. 

BracJcett.    Birds  of,  1877. 


INDEX  TO  THE  WHOLE  VOLUME 

(Exclusive  of  the  Bibliographical  Appendix) 


[NOTE.— The  technical  names  of  families,  genera,  and  species,  and  the  vernacular  names 
of  the  latter,  are  indexed,  together  with  their  respective  synonyms,  so  that  a  bird  may  be 
found  under  any  name  which  has  been  applied  to  it.  Some  merely  typographical  syno- 
nyms which  no  one  would  look  for  are  omitted.  Subgeneric  and  subspecifio  terms  are 
respectively  treated  as  generic  and  specific.] 


Abrornis  atricapilla  327 
Accentor  auricapillus  298 
Aegithalus  flaviceps  129 
Aegithina  leucoptera  347 
Agrodoma  spraguei  193 
Alauda 

alpestris  186 

chrysolsema  187 

cornuta  186 

flava  186 

glacialis  187 

ludoviciana  103 

migratoria  194 

minor  187 

nivalis  186 

pensilvanica  194 

rubra  194 

rufa  187, 194 

spraguii  193 

virginiana  186 
Alaudidaj  182 
Alice's  Thrush  35 
Alouette 

a  hausse-col  noir  186 

aux  joues  brunes  de  Pensilvanie 
194 

de  Sibe~rie  186 

de  Virginie  187 

pipe"  194 
American 

Barn  Swallow  407 

Bluebird  78 

Creeper  146 

Dipper  89 

Fieldfare  9 

Flycatcher  338 
50  BO 


American 

Golden-crested  Kinglet  96, 97 

Grey  Shrike  562 

Pipit  193 

Redbreast  9 

Redstart  339 

Robin  9 

Amerikanischer  Seidenschwanz  471 
Ampelis  451, 460, 536 

americana  470 

carolinensis  471 

cedrorum  470 

garrulus  459, 470 

sialis  77 
Anorthura 

hyemalis  176 

troglodytes  176 
AnthinsB  192 
Anthus  192 

aquaticus  194 

coronatns  298 

Therminieri  301 

ludovicianus  193 

pensylvanicus  194 

pipiens  194 

reinhardtii  194 

rubens  194 

spinoletta  194 

spraguii  193 
Antimimus  rufus  62 
Aoonalashka  Swallow  449 
Aquatic 

Accentor  299, 301 

Thrush  301 

Wood- wagtail  301 
Arctic  Bluebird  82 
Arizona  Gnatcatcher  105 

785 


786 


INDEX   TO   THE   WHOLE   VOLUME 


Arizona 

Thrasher  67 

Vireo  517 
Audubon's 

Thrush  21 

Warbler  271 
Auriparus  129 

flaviceps  129 
Autumnal  Warbler  244 
Avis  marylandica,  gutture  luteo  311 
Azure  Warbler  268 
Azure-capped  Manakin  349 


Bachman's 

Swamp  Warbler  214 

Warbler  214 
Baeolophus  bicolor  113 
Bahama 

Creeper  197 

Honey-creeper  197 

Titmouse  197 
Bank  Swallow  435, 437 
Barn  Swallow  408 
Bay-breasted  Warbler  243 
Basileuterus 

belli  335 

brasieri  335 

chrysophrys  335 

culicivorus  335 

ruber  331 

rubrifrons  331 
Bee-fin 

a  gorge  jaune  248 

a  t£te  cendrde  291 

aux  joues  rousses  246 

bimble*  250 

bleuatre  243 

couronn6  279 
Bell's 

Greenlet  526 

Yireo  527 

Belted  Warbler  279 
Bendire's  Thrush  67 
Bessy  Kick-up  301 
Bewick's  Wren  169 
Biblis  435 

Bicoloured  Warbler  347 
Biinbel6  ou  Fausse  Linote  250 
Black  Fly-catcher  475 


Black  Ptilogonys  475 
Black-and-white 

Creeper  205 

Creeping  Warbler  205 

Swallow  414 

Warbler  204, 205 
Black-and-yellow  Warbler  290 
Blackburnian  Warbler  284 
Black-cap  Warbler  346 
Black-capped 

Gnatcatcher  106 

Greenlet  533 

Vireo  533 

Black-cheeked  Yellow-throat  311 
Black-crested  Titmouse  116 
Black-headed  Vireo  533 
Black-headed  Warbler  338 
Black-masked  Ground  Warbler  311 
Black-poll  Warbler  288 
Black-throated 

Blue  Warbler  241 

Gray  Warbler  263 

Green  Flycatcher  241 

Green  Warbler  240 

Warbler  243 

Waxwing  460 
Black-winged  Red-bird  351 
Blaue 

Eoth-Kehlein  78 

Sanger  78 

Bloody-side  Warbler  256 
Blue 

Flycatcher  242 

Golden-winged  Warbler  216 

Mountain  Warbler  237 

Eedbreast  78 

Warbler  78 

Yellow-backed  Warbler  208 
Blue-backed  Red-breast  Warbler  78 
Bluebird  78 

Blue-eyed  Yellow  Warbler  253 
Blue-gray 

Flycatcher  102 

Gnatcatcher  101 
Blue-green  Warbler  268 
Blue-grey  Warbler  243 
Blue-headed 

Greenlet  505 

Vireo  506 
Blue-winged  Yellow  Warbler  214 


INDEX   TO    THE    WHOLE   VOLUME 


787 


Bohemian  Waxwing  459, 460 
Bonaparte's  Flycatcliing  Warbler  324 
Bomby cilia  451, 460 

americana  470 

bob e mica  460 

carolinensis  470 

cedrorum  470 

cosrulea  460 

garrula  460 
Bombycipbora  451 

poliocoelia  460 
Bombycivora  451 

garrula  460 
Brown 

Creeper  145, 146 

Lark  194 

Tbrasber  61, 62 

Tbrush  34, 62 

Brown-beaded  Creeper  156 
Bridled  Titmouse  117 
Brotherly-love 

Greenlet  492 

Vireo  493 
Butcher-bird  559 


Cactus  Wren  156 
Cserulean  Warbler  102, 268 
Californian 

Cactus-wren  156 

Nuthatch  139 

Titmouse  114 
Campylorhynchus  154 

brunneicapillus  156 
Canada 

Flycatcher  324 

Flycatching  Warbler  323 

Nuthatch  136 

Swallow  447 

Tanager  351 

Warbler,  243 
Canon  Wren  164 
Cape  May 

Warbler  245 

Wood  Warbler  246 
Carbonated 

Swamp  Warbler  237 

Warbler  237 
Cardellina  330 

amicta  331 


Cardellina 

rubra  331 

rubrifrons  331 
Cardinal  de  Canada  351 
Cardinalis  canadensis  351 
Carolina 

Waxwing  470 

Wren  168 

Cassin's  Greenlet  514 
Cat  Flycatcher  57 
Catbird  56, 57 
Catherpes  163 

conspersus  164 

inexicanus  164 
Cecropis  406 

americana  408 

f ulva  426 

lunifrons  427 

rufa  407 

thalassiua  419 

violacea  447 
Cedar  Waxwing  471 
Cedar-bird  471 
Certhia  143 

albifrons  164 

americana  145, 146 

bahamensis  197 

brachydactyla  145 

brachyrhynchus  145 

caroliniana  168 

costoe  145 

f  amiliaris  145, 146 

flaveola  197 

fusca  145 

hodgsoni  145 

macrodactyla  145 

maculata  205 

major  145 

megarhynchos  145 

mexicana  146 

minor  145 

nattereri  145 

palustris  178 

paradoxa  145 

picta  205 

piuus  214 

rufa  145 

rufidorsalis  145 

scandulaca  145 

septentrionalis  145 


788 


INDEX   TO   THE   WHOLE   VOLUME 


Certhia  varia  204 
Certhiola 

bahamensis  197 

bairdi  197 

flaveola  197 

maritima  246 
Cerulean  Warbler  268 
Cetophaga  334 
Chamsea  108 

fasciata  108, 109 
Chat  57, 321 
Chatterer  471 

of  Carolina  471 
Chattering  Flycatcher  321 
Chelidon  412 

bicolor  413 

lencogastra  413 

tmalaschkensis  449 

viridis  413 
Cherry-bird  471 

Chestnut-crowned  Titmouse  124 
Chestnut-sided  Warbler  244 
Children's  Warbler  253 
Chimney  Swallow  408 
Chloris  206 

erythachorides  255 
Cichlopsis  474 

nitens  475 
Cinclus 

americanus  89 

mexicanus  89 

mortoni  89 

pallasii  89 

townsendii  89 

unicolor  89 
Cistothorus 

elegans  180 

paludicola  179 

palustris  178 

stellaris  180 
Citron 

Open-bill  253 

Warbler  253 
Cliff  Swallow  426, 427 
Ccelestial  Tanager  349 
Ccerulean  Warbler  267, 268 
Collurio  or  Collyrio  536 

borealis  558 

chemungensis  546, 559 

excubitoroides  562 


Collurio  or  Collyrio 

ludovicianus  561 

robustus  545 
Collyrio  536 

borealis  558 
Columbia  Robin  14 
Common 

Bluebird  78 

Creeper  146 
Compsothlypis  206 

arnericana  209 
Conirostrum  ornatum  129 
Connecticut 

Warbler  308 

Wood- warbler  309 
Coquantototl  471 
Corthylio  calendula  93 
Corvus  451 

cedrorum  470 
Cou-jaune  248 
Cotile  435 
Cotyle  435, 438 

fluviatilis  437 

littoralis  437 

microrhynchos  437 

riparia  435, 436 

serripennis  438 
Creeper  146 
Creeping 

Titmouse  209 

Warbler  205 
Crescent  Swallow  426 
Crested 

Shining -black      White --winged 
Flysnapper  475 

Titmouse  113 

Crimson-headed  Tanager  358 
Crissal  Thrasher  73 
Cuban  Martin  445 
Culicivora 

atricapilla  106 

co3rulea  101 

mexicana  102, 107 

townsendi  44 
Culicivore  gris  de  fer  102 
Curve-billed  Thrasher  64 


Dacnis  vermivora  212 
Demi-fin  Mangeur  de  vers  212 


INDEX    TO    THE    WHOLE    VOLUME 


789 


Dendrseca,  Dendrceca,  or  Dendroica 

235,256 
sestiva  252, 256 
albicollis  255 
albilora  248 
atricapilla  288 
auduboni  271 
aureola  256 
barbadensis  256 
bartholemica  256 
blackburnise  284 
bryanti  256 
caerula  267 
canadensis  242 
capitalis  256 
carbon  ata  237 
castanea  243 
chrysoparia  241,258 
coerulea  267 
ccerulescens  241 
corouata  271, 278 
cruciana  256 
cabana  255 
decora  292 
discolor  246 
dominica  247 
eoa  256 

erihtacborides  256 
gallapageusis  256 
graciaB  292 
gundlachi  255 
hypochrysea  250 
icterocepbala  244 
jamaicensis  255 
kirtlandi  249 
maculosa  290 
maritima  246 
montana  237 
nigrescens  263 
niveiventris  258 
occidentalis  258 
olivacea  233 
palmarum  249 
panamensis  256 
paunosa  242 
pennsylvanica  244 
pensilis  248 
petecbia  255 
pbaretra  296 
pina  251 


Deudraca,  Dendrceca,  or  Dendroica 

pinus251,288 

pityopbila  296 

ruficapilla  255, 256 

rufigula  256 

striata  288 

superciliosa  247 

tigrina  245 

townsendi  260 

vieilloti  256 

virens  240 
Drepanis  437 
Dusky  Warbler  237, 279 
Dwarf 

Hermit  Thrush  21 

Thrush  21 

E 

Eastern  Bluebird  78 
Eave  Swallow  426 
Enicocichla.    See  Henicocichla 
Equatorial  Warbler  347 
Ergaticus  330 

rubra  331 
Eremophila  185 

alpestris  186 

chrysolsema  187 

cornuta  186 

leucolsema  187 

minor  187 
Erythaca 

arctica  82 

wilsonii  78 
Erythrosoma  334 
Euphonia 

co3lestis  349 

elegantissima  349 
Europaischer  Seidenschwanz  460 
European 

Chatterer  460 

Creeper  146 

Waxwing  460 
Euthlypis  334 

canadensis  324 
Exochocichla  296 

F 

Farlouzanne  194 
Fauvette 

a  collier  209 

acou  jaune248 


790 


INDEX   TO   THE   WHOLE   VOLUME 


Fauvette 

&  cravate  noire  241 

a  croupion  jaune  279 

a  croupion  noir  285 

a  demi-collier  346 

a  gorge  baie  244 

a  gorge  dore"e  494 

a  gorge  jaune  346 

a  gorge  grise  346 

a  gorge  orange"e  211 

&  poitrine  jaune de  Louisiane  311 

a  poitrine  rougeatre  244 

&  queue  rousse  339 

&  tete  cendre"e  291 

a  tete  grise  284 

a  tete  jaune  245 

d,  tete  rouge  250 

a  t£te  rouge  de  Pensylvanie  255 

a  tete  rousse  256 

agile  309 

aux  c6te"s  chataines  245 

aux  joues  noires  311 

bicolore  347 

bimbele"250 

Blackburn  285 

bleuatre243,268 

bleuatre  de  S.  Domingue  242 

bleue  et  rousse  78 

brune  301 

chrysoptere  217 

couronn6e  279 

couronne"e  d'or  279 

d'autoinne  244, 285 

des  Montagues  Bleues  237 

des  Peupliers  268 

des  Pins  251 

des  Pins  mare'cageux  243 

des  Sapins  251 

discolor  247 

du  Cape  May  246 

du  Kentucky  310 

du  Tennessee  230 

grise  a  cou  jaune  248 

grise  a  gorge  jaune  248 

grise  des  fitats-Unis  501 

Hemlock  285 

jaune  253 

jaune  aux  ailes  bleues  215 

mitre"e  325 

naine  347 


Fauvette 

nashville  224 

olive  347 

ombre'e  de  la  Louisiane  279 

orange"e  284 

petit-deuil  314 

pipi  301 

raye"e  288 

stride  288 

tachetee  de  la  Louisiane  279, 301 

tachetde  de  rougeatre  253 

tailor  288 

tigre"e  246 

trichas311 

verdatre  346 

verdatre  de  la  Louisiane  346 

voilee  347 

Felivox  carolinensis  57 
Ferruginous 

Mockingbird  62 

Thrush  62 
Ficedula  206 

canadensis  253 

canadensis  cinerea  279 

cacadensis  cinerea  minor  242 

canadensis  fusca  246 

canadensis  icterocephalos  245 

canadensis  major  211 

carolinensis  cinerea  209 

dominicensis  255 

dominicensis  cinerea  248 

dominicensis  fusca  300 

dominicensis  minor  255 

dominicensis  varia  205 

ludoviciana  209 

marilandica  311 

martinicana  255 

pensilvanica  212 

pensilvanica  auro-capilla  298 

pensylvanica  cinerea  102 

pensilvanica  cinerea  gutture  ni- 

.     gro  217 

pensilvanica  cinerea  nsevia  279 

pensilvanica  erythrocephalos  255 

pensilvanica  gutture  nigro  241 

pensilvauica  icterocephalos  245 

pensilvanica  nsevia  291 

salis  77 

Fieldfare  of  Carolina  9 
Fiery-crowned  Wren  97 


INDEX   TO   THE    WHOLE    VOLUME 


791 


Figuier 

a  ceinture  279 
a  cravatte  noir  241 
a  demi-collier  346 
a  gorge  blanche  255 
a  gorge  jaune  346 
a  gorge  noir  de  Pensilvanie  241 
a  gorge  oraugde  211 
a  poitrine  rouge  245 
a  teste  d'or  de  Peusilvanie  298 
a  teste  jaune  de  Canada  245 
a  teste  jaune  de  Pensilvanie  245 
a  teste  rouge  de  Pensilvanie  255 
a  tete  cendre~e  291 
a  tete  jaune  de  Canada  245 
a  tete  rouge  de  Pensylvanie  255 
a  tete  rousse  255 
a  ventre  et  tete  jauiies  211 
aux  ailes  dore~es  217 
aux  joues  noires  311 
bleu  242 

bran  de  Canada  246 
brun  de  S.  Domingue  300 
bran-olive  346 
cendre"  a  collier  209 
cendre"  a  gorge  ceudre"e  102 
cendre"  a  gorge  noir  de  Pensilva- 
nie 217 

cendre"  de  Canada  279 
cendre"  de  S.  Domingue  248 
cendre"  du  Canada  242 
cendre"  tachete"  de  Pensilvanie  279 
couronne'  d'or  279 
de  Canada  253 
de  la  Caroline  253 
delaLouisiane  215 
de  la  Martinique  255 
de  Mariland  311 
de  Pensilvanie  212 
de  S.  Domingue  255 
des  Sapins  215 
du  Mississipi  279 
Stranger  284 
grasset  279 
gris-de-fer  102 
olive  de  Cayenne  347 
orang6  284 
protonotaire  211 
tachete"  253 
tachete"  de  jaune  246 


Figuier 

tachete"  de  Peneilvanie  291 
vari6  de  S.  Domingue  205 
vert  et  blanc  255 

Finch  Creeper  209 

Florida  Greenlet  492 

Flute  28 

Fox-coloured  Mock-bird  62 

French  Mockingbird  62 

Fringilla  rubra  352 

O 

Galeoscoptes  carolinensis  56 
Garrulus 

australis  321 

bohemicus  460 
Gemeiner  Seidenschwanz  460 
Geothlypis  308 

aequinoctialis  347 

agilis  309 

macgillivrayi  312 

Philadelphia  312 

tephrocotis  309 

trichas  309 

velata  347 
Gnaphalvs  460 
Gobe-mouche 

cendre*  de  Canada  324 

citrin  de  la  Louisiane  325 

d'Ame"rique  338 

de  la  Jamaique  496 

de  la  Louisiane  325 

jaunatre  de  New-Yorck  494 

noire  et  aurore  338 

rouge  de  la  Caroline  353 
Golden 

Warbler  253 

Swamp  Warbler  211 
Golden-cheeked  Warbler  241 
Golden-crested  Warbler  97 
Golden-crowned 

Accentor  297 

Flycatcher  279 

Thrush  298 

Wagtail  298 

Warbler  279 

Golden-throated  Flycatcher  494 
Golden-winged 

Flycatcher  216 

Swamp  Warbler  217 


792 


INDEX   TO   THE   WHOLE   VOLUME 


Golden-winged  Warbler  217 
Grace's  Warbler  292 
Grand 

Ecoreheur  559 
Figuier  de  Canada  211 
Jaseur  460 

Martinet  a  ventre  blanc  446 
Martinet  noir  et  blanc  446 
Grasset  Warbler  279 
Gray 

Vireo  517 

Greenlet  517 
Gray-cheeked  Thrush  35 
Gray-tufted  Titmouse  114 
Great  American 

Shrike  559 

Martin  447 

Great  Carolina  Wren  168 
Green 

and  White  Warbler  255 

Black-capped  Flycatcher  327 

Black-capt  Warbler  327 

Flycatcher  520 

Warbler  241 

Wren  520 

Green-blue  Swallow  414 
Greenish  Warbler  346 
Grey-poll  Warbler  284 
Grey-throat  Warbler  102 
Grey-throated  Warbler  346 
Grinipereau 

comnmn  146 

de  Bahama  197 

varie*  205 

Griseous  Flycatcher  501 
Grive 

couronne'e  298 

de  Canada  9 

de  rouisseaux  ou  Hochequeue  301 

de  Swainson  35 

des  Bois  28 

grivelette  298 

hochequeue  299 

rousse  62 
Grive  solitaire  21 
Grivelette  de  S.  Domingue  298 
Ground 

Swamp  Robin  21 

Wren  109 
Ground-tit  109 


Half-collared  Warbler  346 
Hanging  Flycatcher  520 
Harpes  rediviva  71 
Harporhynchus  60 

bendirii  67 

cinereus  67 

crissalis  73 

curvirostris  64 

lecontei  70 

longicauda  62 

palmeri  64,  65 

redivivus  71 

rufus  61 
Helinaia 

bachmani  214 

carbon  a  ta  237 

celata  226 

chrysoptera  216 

peregrina  230 

protonotarius  211 

rubricapilla  224 

solitaria  215 

swainsonii  212 

vermivora  212 

Helmintheros,  Helmintherus,  or  Hel 
mitherus 

bachmani  214 

carbon ata  237 

celatus  226 

chrysoptera  216 

migratorius  212 

peregrina  230 

rubricapillus  224 

solitarius  215 

swainsoni  212 

vermivorus  211 
Helminthophaga  210 

bachmani  214 

carbonata  237 

celata  226 

chrysoptera  216 

citrsea  210 

gutturalis  224 

lawrencii  214 

leucobronchialis  213 

lucife  219 

lutescens  227 

obscura  227 


INDEX   TO   THE    WHOLE    VOLUME 


793 


Helminthopbaga 

ocularis  224 

peregrina  230 

pinus  214 

protonotarius  211 

ruficapilla  224 

solitaria  215 

swainsonii  212 

Virginias  222 
Hemlock  Warbler  285 
Henicocicbla  296 

aurocapilla  297 

ludoviciaua  299 

major  299 

motacilla  299 

noveboracensis  300 

sulpburascens  301 
Hepatic  Tanager  355 
Hermit 

Tbrush20,21 

Warbler  258 
Herat 

bicolor  413 

fulva  427 

Ilesperocicbla  nsevia  14 
Hirondelle 

a  ventre  blanc  414, 446 

&  ventre  roux  de  Cayenne  408 

bicolore  414 

bleue  445,  447 

bleue  de  la  Louisiane  447 

d'Anie'rique  446 

de  la  Baye  de  Hudson  447 

de  rivage  437 

de  S.  Domingue  446 

d'Ounalaska  449 

rousse  408 
Hirundo  3C6,  412, 426, 435, 444 

albiventris  446 

americana  408, 437 

aoonalaschkensis  449 

apos  carolinensis  447 

bicolor  413 

cserulea  447 

cinerea  437, 449 

coronata  427 

cyanopyrrha  408 

dominicensis  446 

erytbrogastra  407 

freti-hudsonis  447 


Hirundo 

fulva  426 

fumaria  408 

horreorum  407 

leucogaster  413 

ludoviciana  447 

lunifrons  426 

melanogaster  427 

opifex  427 

phenicephala  449 

p03ciloma  426 

prasina  414 

purpurea  446, 447 

respublicana  427 

riparia  435 

rufa  407 

rupestris  449 

rustica  407 

serripennis  438 

subis  445 

swainsoni  427 

thalassina  419 

unalascbkensis  449 

versicolor  447 

violacea  447 

viridis  413 

Hochequeue  de  la  baie  d'Hudson  194 
Honey  Creeper  197 
Hooded 

Flycatcbing  Warbler  325 

Titmouse  325 

Warbler  324 
Horned  Lark  186 
House  Wren  171 
Hudsonian  Wagtail  194 
Button's 

Greenlet  525 

Vireo  525 

Hydrobata  mexicana  89 
Hylemathrous 

aedon  171 

americanus  171 
Hylocicbla 

fuscescens  39 

mustelina  28 

nana  21 

pallasi  20 

swainsoni  84 

Hylophilus  vermivora  212 
Hypotbymis  or  Hy  potbimis  azarea  268 


794 


INDEX   TO   THE    WHOLE   VOLUME 


Hypothymis  or  Hypothimis  nitens  475 


Icteria  316 

auricollis  321 
dumicola  321 
longicauda  321 
velasquezi  321 
virens  320 
viridis  320 
Icte'rie  dumicole  321 
Iridoprocne  412 
Ixoreus  naevius  14 


Jamaica  Warbler  248 

Jaseur 

d'Europe  460 
de  Boheme  460 
de  la  Caroline  471 
du  cedre  471 


Kentucky 

Flycatching  Warbler  310 

Warbler  309 
Kirtland's  Warbler  249 


Lanius 

canadensis  543 
carolinensis  545, 561, 562 
elegans  545 
excubitor  542,  558 
excubitorides  545, 562 
garrulus  460, 470, 544, 561 
griscus  544, 558 
ludovicianus  542, 561 
mexicanus  545, 562 
natka  544 
noveboracensis  520 
olivaceus  495 
septentrionalis  544, 559 
solitarius  506 

Lanivireo 

•sassini  514 
flavifrons  494 
noveboracensis  520 
plumbeus  515 


Lanivireo  solitarias  506,  514, 515 
Large -billed 

Accentor  299 

Water  Thrush  299 
Lark  from  Pensylvania  194 
Lawrence's  Warbler  214 
Lead-colored 

Bush-titmouse  125 

Flycatcher  105 

Gnatcatcher  105 

Titmouse  125 

Vireo  515 

Leaden  Titmouse  125 
Least 

Bush-tit  124 

Greenlet  531 

Titmouse  124 

Vireo  531 

LeConte's  Thrasher  70 
Lepturus  474 

galeatus  475 
Litorne  de  Canada  9 
Little 

Blue-grey  Fly-catcher  102 

Domestic  Flycatcher  520 

Thrush  34, 39 
Liver-colored  Tanager  355 
Loggerhead  Shrike  562 
Long-billed  Marsh  Wren  178 
Long-tailed 

Chickadee  120 

House  Wren  169 
Lophophanes  112 

atrocristatus  116 

bicolor  113 

galeatus  117 

inornatus  114 

missouriensis  113 

septentrionalis  120 

wollweberi  117 
Louisiana 

Lark  194 

Shrike  561 

Tanager  359 

Warbler  168, 209 

Water  Thrush  299 
Loxia  virginica  353 
Lucar  lividus  57 
Lucy's  Warbler  219 
Luscinia  eialis  78 


INDEX   TO   THE    WHOLE    VOLUME 


795 


Luscinia  uropygio  luteo  279 


Macgillivray's  Warbler  312 
Marsh  Wren  178 
Martinet 

couleur  de  pourpre  447 

de  la  Caroline  447 
Maryland  Yellow-throat  309 
McGillivray's 

Ground  Warbler  313 

Warbler  313 
Merle 

a  derriere  roux  57 

Catbird  57 

de  Swainson  35 

erratique  9 

grivette  39 

moqueur  54 

on  Rouge-gorge  du  Canada  9 

solitaire  21 

tanne*  28 

verd  de  la  Caroline  321 
Merula 

marilandica  353 

migratoria  9 

minor  39 

mustelina  28 

olivacea  34 

silens  21 

solitaria  20 

viridis  carolinensis  321 

wilsonii  34,  39 
Melange 

&  collier  de  la  Caroline  325 

a  croupion  jaune  279 

bicolore  113 

d'Am<5rique  251 

de  Yirginie  279 

grise  a  gorge  jaune  248 

grise  de  la  Caroline  248 
Mexican  Bluebird  80 
Migratory  Thrush  9 
Mimic  Thrush  54 
Mimus  53 

carolinensis  56 

caudatus  54 

curvirostris  64 

f  elivox  57 

leucopterus  54 


Mimus 

meruloides  14 

montanus  48 

polyglottus  53 

rufus  62 

Mississipimerle  354 
Mississippi  Tanager  353 
Missouri  Skylark  193 
Mitred 

Sylvan  Flycatcher  325 

Warbler  325 
Mniotilta 

sestiva252 

americana  209 

auduboni  271 

aurantia  284 

aureola  256 

bachmani  214 

bicolor  347 

blackburnisB  285 

borealis  205 

canadensis  242 

carbonata  237 

carolinensis  253 

castanea  243 

celata  226 

chrysopareia  241 

chrysoptera  216 

citrea  210 

ccerulea  267 

coerulescens  242 

coronata  278 

discolor  246 

dominica  247 

eoa  256 

formosa  309 

fulva  346 

fusca  346 

graciae  292 

icterocephala  245 

incana  284 

kirtlandi  249 

leucoptera  347 

longirostris  205 

luciaj  219 

macropus  242 

maculosa  290 

maritima  246 

melanorhoa  285 

montana  237 


796 


INDEX   TO   THE   WHOLE   VOLUME 


Mniotilta 

nigrescens  263 
occidentals  258 
ochroleuca  493 
olivacea  233 
palm  arum  249 

pannosa  242 

parus  285 

pennsylvanica  244 

peregrina  230 

petechia  250 

pharetra  296 

pinus  251 

pityophila  296 

pumilia  347 

rara  268 

rathbonia  253 

rubricapilla  224 

ruficapilla  224 

ruficeps  256 

semitorquata  346 

solitaria  215 

striata  288 

superciliosa  247 

swainsoni  213 

tamiata  233 

tigrina  245 

townsendii  260 

varia  204, 205 

vermivora  212 

virens  241 

virginiae  222 
Mockingbird  53, 54 
Motacilla235 

sequinoctialis  347 

sestiva  252 

albicollis  255 

americana  208 

aurantia  284 

auricollis  211 

aurocapilla  297 

blackburnise  284 

cserulea  101 

cserulescens  242 

calendula  92 

cana  102 

canadensis  241, 252, 279, 298 

carolinensis  253 

caroliniana  168 

chloroleuca  255 


Motacilla 

chrysocephala  284 

chrysoptera  216 

cincta  279 

citrea  210 

coronata  278 

domestica  171 

dominica  247 

eques  209 

flavicauda  338 

flavicollis  248 

flavifrons  216 

fluviatilis  300 

fulva  346 

fusca  284, 346 

hudsonica  194 

incana  284 

ludoviciana  168, 209 

maculosa  290 

mitrata  324 

nsevia  299 

noveboracensis  300 

palm  arum  249 

palustris  178 

pensilvanica  244 

pensilis  247 

petechia  255 

pileolata  327 

pinguis  279 

pinus  214 

protonotarius  210 

rubiginosa  253 

ruficapiUa  255 

ruticilla  337 

scolopacina  145 

semitorquata  346 

sialis  77 

striata  288 

superciliosa  247 

tigriua  245, 300 

trichias  310 

trochilus  321 

troglodytes  168, 176 

umbria  279 

varia  204 

vermivora  211 

virens  240 
MotacillidsB  191 
Moucherolle 

dor6  338 


INDEX   TO   THE    WHOLE   VOLUME 


7^7 


Moucherolle 

du  Canada  324 

gris  501 

olive  496 
Mountain 

Chickadee  122 

Mockingbird  48, 49 
Mourning 

Ground-warbler  314 

Warbler  313, 314 
Moustacbed  Greenlet  491 
Muscicapa  484 

americana  338 

belli  335 

bonapartii  324 

brasierii  335 

canadensis  323 

canadensis  cinerea  324 

cantatrix  520 

carolinensis  56 

carolinensis  rubra  353 

ccerulea  101 

cucullata  325 

derbamii  335 

flaveola  338 

gilva  501 

guttata  21 

jamaicensis  496 

leucomus  336 

melodia  501 

minuta  326 

noveboracensis  520 

ochroleuca  493 

oculis  rubris  496 

olivacea  495 

pileata  325 

pusilla  326 

rubra  352 

rubrifron8  331 

ruticilla  337 

selbyii  325 

solitaria  505 

striata  288 

sylvicola  494 

tricolor  336 

viridis  320 

vulnerata  335 

wilsonii  327 
Myiadestes  43 

obscurus  44 


Myiadestes  townsendi  44, 475 
Myioborus  334 
Myioctonus  323 

formosus  309 

mitratua  325 

pusillus  326 
Myiodioctes  323 

bonapartii  324 

canadensis  323 

chrysophrys  335 

formosus  309 

miuutus  326 

mitratus  324 

pardalina  324 

pileolatus  327 

pusillus  326 

towusendi  480 

wilsonii  327 
Myiothera  obsoleta  159 
Myrtle-bird  279 

R 

Nashville 

Swamp  Warbler  224 

Vermivora  224 

Warbler  224 

Worm-eater  224 
Nectarinia  varia  205 
Neocorys  spraguii  193 
New  York 

Thrush  301 

Warbler  301 
Northern 

Creeping  Warbler  205 

Shrike  559 
Nuthatch  du  Canada  136 


Oenanthe  americana  pectore  luteo  321 
Oiseau  Xomotl,  d'Ame*rique,  huppe* 

471 
Olive 

Tanager  351 

Warbler  233, 243, 253 
Olive-backed 

Thrush  34, 35 

Warbler  233 

Olive-brown  Warbler  346 
Olive-coloured  Flycatcher  496 
Orange-bellied  Warbler  346 


798 


INDEX   TO   THE   WHOLE   VOLUME 


Orange-breasted  Warbler  233 
Orange-colored  Warbler  227 
Oran  ge-cro  w  n  ed 

Accentor  298 

Swamp  Warbler  227 

Vermivora  227 

Warbler  226 

Orange-headed  Warbler  233, 284 
Orange-thighed  Warbler  311 
Orange-tbroated  Warbler  211,  285 
Oroscoptes  48 

montanus  48 
Orphea  rufa  61 
Orpheus 
.     carolinensis  56 

curvirostris  64 

fell  vox  57 

leucopterus  54 

lividus  57 

meruloides  14 

montanus  48 

polyglottus  54 

rufus  61 
Oporornis 

agilis  308 

formosa  309 

varius  309 
Otocoris  or  Otocorys 

alpestris  186 

chrysolsema  187 

cornuta  186 

occidentalis  187 

rufa  187 

sprangeri  193 
Oven-bird  298 
Oxyglossus  maculatus  205 


Pacific  Orange-crowned  Warbler  227 
Painted 

Flycatcher  335, 336 

Fly-snapper  336 
Palm  Warbler  250 
Paroides  flaviceps  129 
Parkman's  Wren  172 
Particolored  Warbler  209, 247 
Parula  206 

americana  208 

nigrilora  206 


Parus  119 

albescens  120 

alis  aureis  216 

americanus  208, 251 

americanus  gutture  luteo  248 

americanus  lutescens  251 

annexus  117 

atricapillus  120 

atricristatus  116 

aureus  alis  ceruleis  215 

bahamiensis  197 

bicolor  113 

bombycilla  460 

carolinensis  griseus  248 

carolineusis  luteus  253 

carolinensis  torquatus  325 

cedrus  279 

cristatus  113 

erythropis  331 

fasciatus  108 

fringillaris  209 

galeatus  117 

griccus  gutture  luteo  248 

inornatus  114 

leucotis  331 

luteus  253 

minimus  124 

montanus  122 

satrapa  96 

septentrionalis  120 

uropygeo  luteo  279 

virginianus  279 

viridis  gutture  nigro  241 

varius  209 

wollweberi  117 
Pensile  Warbler  248 
Perissoglossa 

carbon  ata  237 

tigrina  245 
Peteria  316 
Petit 

Figuier  cendr6  de  Canada  242 

Figuier  de  S.  Dorningue  255 

noir-aurore  338 

Petite  Grive  de  St.  Domingue  298 
Petrochelidon  425 

bicolor  413 

f ulva  426, 427 

lunifrons  426, 427 

melanogastra  427 


INDEX   TO   THE   WHOLE   VOLUME 


799 


Petrochelidon 

poeciloma  426 

swainsoni  427 

thalassina  419 
Pencedramus  olivaceus  233 
Phsenisoina  350 
Phtenopepla  or  Phainopepla  474 

nitens  475 
Philadelphia 

Greenlet  493 

Yireo  493 
Phileremos  or  Phileremus 

alpestris  186 

cornutus  187 

rufescens  186 

striatus  186 
Phcenicosoma  350 

aestiva  353 

hepatica  355 

ludoviciana  358 

rubra  351 
Phcenisoma  350 

aestiva  353 

rubra  351 

Phyllobasileus  calendula  93 
Phyllomanes 

barbatulus  492 

flavoviridis  490 

olivaceus  495 
Phyllopneuste 

canadensis  242 

minuta  247 

petechia  250 

rara  268 

Picolaptea  brnnneicapillus  156 
Pie-grieche  bor<Sale  559 
Pie-griesche  de  la  Louisiane  561 
Pine 

Creeper  215, 251 

Warbler  215 

Pine-creeping  Warbler  251 
Pine-swamp  Warbler  243 
Pipra 

elegantissima  349 

galericulata  349 

polyglotta  321 
Piranga.   See  Pyranga 
Pitpit  vermivore  212 
Plain  Titmouse  114 
Planesticus  migratorius  8 


Plumbeous 

Bush-tit  125 

Gnatcatcher  105 

Greenlet  515 

Titmouse  125 

Vireo  515 
Poecila  or  Poecile 

minimus  124 

montanus  122 
Polarpieper  194 
Polioptila  101 

cserulea  101 

melanura  106 

mexicana  102 

plumbea  105 

Pomatorhinus  turdinus  64 
Pouillot  nain  347 
Prairie 

Titlark  194 

Warbler  246, 247 
Prib  Chatterer  471 
Procne  or  Progue  444 

cryptoleuca  445 

domiuicensis  446 

purpurea  445, 446 

subis  445, 446 
Progn6  pourpre  447 
Prothonotary 

Swamp  Warbler  211 

Warbler  210 
Protonotaria 

citraea  210 

citrea210 
Psaltria 

flaviceps  129 

minima  124 

plumbea  125 
Psaltriparus  123 

flaviceps  129 

minimus  124, 125 

plumbeus  125 
Ptilogonys  474 

nitens  475 

townsendi  44 
Purple 

Martin  445, 447 

Swallow  447 

Swift  447 

Purpurschwalbe  447 
Pygmy  Nuthatch  139 


800 


INDEX    TO    THE    WHOLE   VOLUME 


Pyranga  350 

a  face  rouge  359 
sestiva  353 
azarae  355 
coccinea  353 
cooperi  354 
erythromelas  351 
erythropis  358 
hepatica  354 
livida  353 
ludoviciana  358 
rouge  354 
rouge  et  noir  351 
rubra  350 


Quebec  Warbler  245 

R 

Rathbone's  Warbler  253 
Red  Bird  354 
Red  Lark  194 
Bed-backed  Warbler  247 
Red-bellied  Nuthatch  136 
Red-breasted 

Bluebird  78 

Thrush  9 

Reddish-brown  Titlark  194 
Reddish-tailed  Warbler  339 
Red-eyed 

Flycatcher  496 

Greenlet  495,  496 

Vireo  496 

Red-faced  Warbler  331 
Red-headed  Warbler  255 
Redstart  337, 338, 339 
Red-throated 

Flycatcher  245 

Warbler  245 
Red-vented  Thrasher  73 
Reguloides  calendula  92, 93 
Regulus  92 

americanus  97 

calendula  92 

cristatus  96 

cristatus  alter  vertice  rubini  co- 
loris  93 

griceus  102 

mystaceus  311 


Regulus 

olivascens  97 

peregrinus  310 

rubineus  93 

satrapa  96,  97 

tricolor  97 

Republican  Swallow  427 
Rhimamphus,   Rhiuianphus,   or   Ri- 
inamphus  235 

sestivus  252, 255 

blackburniae  285 

cseruleus  267 

canadensis  242 

castaneus  243 

chryseolus  253 

citrinus  253 

coronatus  278 

discolor  246 

macuiosus  290 

maritiinus  246 

nigrescens  263 

olivaceus  233 

parus  285 

pinus  251 

pityophilus  296 

pensilis  248 

rathbonia  253 

ruficapilla  256 

ruficapillus  250 

ruficeps  256 

striatus  288 

virens  241 
River  Pink  301 
Robin  8 
Rock  Wren  159 
Rocky  Mountain 

Bluebird  82 

Hermit  Thrush  21 

Swallow  427 

Warbler  222 

Wren  160 
Roitelet 

de  la  Louisiane  168 

hupp6  97 

rubis  93 

Rouge-gorge  bleue  de  la  Caroline  78 
Rouge-queue  des  Etats-Unis  339 
Rough- winged  Swallow  438 
Rubecula  caroliuensis  78 
Ruby-crowned  Kinglet  92 


INDEX   TO   THE    WHOLE   VOLUME 


801 


Ruby-crowned 

Warbler  93 

Wren  93 

Eufons-bellied  Swallow  408 
Rufous-tailed  Thrush  21 
Ruticilla  americana  338 


Sage  Thrasher  49 
Salpinctes 

mexicanus  164 

obsoletus  159 
Sand 

Martin  435, 

Swallow  437 
Sandy  Mockingbird  62 
Saxicola  sialis  77 
Scarlet  Tanager  350 
Schneelerche  186 
Sciurus.    See  Seiurus 
Seidenschwanz  460 
Seiurus.    See  Siurus. 
Sejurus  296 

Selby's  Sylvan  Flycatcher  325 
Sennett's  Warbler  206 
Setophaga  334 

belli  335 

bonapartii  324 

canadensis  323 

castanea  335 

formosa  309 

miniata  335 

minuta  326 

mitrata  325 

mitre"  325 

nigricincta  324 

picta  335 

rubra  331 

rubrifrons  331 

russicauda  339 

ruticilla  337 

vulnerata  335 

wilsonii  327 
Shining  Ptilogonys  475 
Shining-crested  Flycatcher  475 
Shore  Lark  186 
Shore-bird  437 

Short-billed  Marsh  Wren  180 
Sialia76 

51  B  0 


Sialia 

arctica  82 

azurea  78 

csBruleocollis  80 

macroptera  82 

mexicana  80 

occidentalis  80 

sialis  77 

wilsoni  78 
Sitta  133 

aculeata  134 

canadensis  136 

carolinensis  134 

pusilla  139 

pygmaBa  139 

stulta  136 

varia  136 

Sittelle  de  Canada  136 
Siurus  296 

agilis  309 

auricapillus  297 

gossii  301 

ludovicianus  299 

motacilla  299 

nsevius  298 

noveboracensis  300 

sulphurascens  301 

tenuirostris  301 
Slender-  billed  Nuthatch  134 
SmaU 

American  Redstart  338 

Black  and  Orange  coloured  Bird 
338 

Black  and  White  Bird  205 
Small-billed  Water  Thrush  301 
Small-headed  Flycatcher  326 
Solitary 

Flycatcher  506 

Greenlet  506 

Thrush  21 

Vireo  506 
Spotted 

Creeper  246 

Flycatcher  324 
Thrush  14 

Warbler  246,  291 
Yellow  Flycatcher  246 
Yellow  Warbler  246, 300 
Spottvogel  54 
Sprague's  Missouri  Lark  193 


802 


INDEX    TO   THE   WHOLE   VOLUME 


Sprague's  Pipit  193 
St.  Domingo 

Swallow  446 

Warbler  248,255 
Stelgidopteryx  438 

serripennis  438, 439 
Striped  Flycatcher  288 
Summer 

Eedbird  353 

Tanager  353 

Yellowbird252,253 
Swainson's 

Swamp  Warbler  213 

Thrush  35 

Warbler  212 
Swamp  Robin  35 
Swamp  Warbler  215 
Sylvania  334 

bonapartii  324 

formosa  309 

mitrata  325 

pumilia  326 

pusilla  326 

ruticilla  338 

wilsonii  327 
Sylvia  235 

americana  208 

sestiva  252, 255 

sequinoetialis  347 

agilis  308 

albicollis  255 

anthoiides  300 

arctica  82 

argyrotis  331 

atricapilla  346 

auduboni  271 

aureola  256 

auricollis  211 

aurocapilla  297 

autumnalis  243 

azurea  268 

bachmani  214 

bicolor347 

bifasciata  268 

blackburnise  284 

casrulea  101, 267 

cssrulescens  242 

calendula  92 

cana  102 

canadensis  242 


Sylvia 

canicapilla  347 
carbonata  237 
carolinensis  253 
castanea  243 
celata  226 
childrenii  253 
chloroleuca  255 
chrysocephala  284 
chrysophrys  335 
chrysoptera  216 
citrinolla  253 
coerulea  267 
coarulescens  242 
coronata  278 
culicivora  335 
delafieldii  347 
discolor  246 
domestica  171 
dominica  247 
flava  253 
flavicollis  248 
flavifrons  216 
flavopygia  279 
formosa  309 
fulva  346 
fusca  346 
gilva  501 
griseicollis  346 
luilseii  263 
icterocephala  244 
incana  284 
leucogastra  224 
leucoptera  242, 347 
ludoviciana  168, 209 
inacgillivrayi  312 
macropos  242 
maculosa  290 
magnolia  291 
maritima  245 
marylandica  310 
melanorhoa  285 
melanocausta  260 
mexicana  224 
miniata  331 
minuta  247, 326 
mitrata  324 
montana  237 
nashvilli  224 
nigrescens  263 


INDEX   TO   THE    WHOLE   VOLUME 


803 


Sylvia 

noveboracensis  300 
occidental  is  80, 258 
ochroleuca  493 
olivacea  233 
palmarum  249 
palpebralis  263 
palustris  242 
pardalina  324 
parus  285 
pensilis  247 
pensylvanica  244 
peregrina  230 
petasodes  327 
petecliia  250, 255 
Philadelphia  313 
pinguis  279 
pinus  214, 251 
populorum  268 
protonotarius  211 
pumilia  346 
pusiUa209,242 
rara  268 
rathbonia  253 
regulus  96 
roscoe  311 
rubricapilla  224 
ruficapilla224,255,256 
russoicauda  338 
semitorquata  346 
sialis  77 
solitaria  215 
sphagnosa  242 
striata  288 
swainsonii  212 
tseniata  233 
tennesssBi  230 
tigrina237,245,300 
torqnata  209 
townsendi  260 
trichas  310 
trochilus  253 
troglodytes  176 
umbria  279 
varia  204 
vegeta  313 
velata  347 
vermivora  211 
vigorsii  251 
virens  240 


Sylvia 

virescens  346 
viridicans  346 
wilsonii  327 
xanthorhoa  279 

Sylvicola206,235 
aistiva252,255 
agilis  308 
americana  203 
auduboni  271 
aureola  256 
auricollis  211 
bachmani  214 
blackburuioo  284 
csBrulea  267 
canadensis  242 
carbonata  237 
castanea  243 
celata  226 
childrenii  253 
chrysocephala  284 
chrysoptera  216 
coronata  278 
discolor  246 
eoa  256 
flavicollis  248 
formosa  309 
icterocepbala  244 
kirtlandii  249 
maculosa  290 
maritima  246 
minuta  247 
missuriensis  230 
mitrata  325. 
montana  237 
nigrescens  263 
nigricans  263 
occidentalis  258 
olivacea  233 
palmarum  249 
paimosa  242 
pardalina  324 
parus  285 
pensilis  248 
pennsylvanica  244 
peregrina  230 
petechia  250 
pbaretra  296 
pinus  251 
pityopbila  296 


804 


INDEX  TO   THE   WHOLE   VOLUME 


Sylvicola 

pumila  347 
pusilla  209, 242 
protonotaria  211 
rathbonia  253 
rubricapilla  224 
ruficapilla  250 
striata  288 
swainsonii  212 
tseniata  233 
tigrina237,245 
townsendi  260 
tristis  263 
raria  205 
vermivora  212 
Yirens  240 


Tachycineta  412 

bicolor  413 

thalassina  419 
Tanagra  350 

sestiva  352 

auricollis  321 

canicapilla  347 

coccinea  353 

columbiana  359 

dentata  355 

ludoviciana  358 

mississipensis  353 

oliyacea  351 

rubra  350 

rudis  353 

rariegata  353 

virginica  353 
Tangara 

du  Canada  351 

du  Mississipi  353 

6carlate  351 

Termillion  354 
Tawny  Thrush  28 
Telmatodytes 

arundinaceus  179 

bewicki!69 

paludicola  179 

palustris  178 
Tennessee 

Swamp  Warbler  230 

Warbler  230 
Texas  Titmouse  116 


Thrasher  62 

Thriothorus.    See  Thryothorns 

Thrush-like  Mock-bird  14 

Thryomanes  leucogaster  169 

Thryothorus 

arundinaceus  168 

arnudineus  179 

bewickii  169 

guttulatus  164 

latifasciatus  160 

leucogaster  170 

littoralis  168 

louisianse  168 

ludovicianus  168 

inexicanus  164 

obsoletus  159 

palustris  178 

pinns  251 

spilurus  170 

stellaris  180 

torquatus  209 
Titlark  193, 194 
Tolmie's  Ground  Warbler  313 
Torchepot  du  Canada  136 
Toupet  Titmouse  113 
Town  sen  d's 

Flycatching  Thrush  44 

Ptilogonys  44 

Solitaire  44 

Warbler  260 

Wood- Warbler' 260 
Toxostoma 

crissalis  73 

curvirostris  64 

lecontei  70 

redivivus  71 

rufa  62 

vetula  64 

Traquet  Blackburn  285 
Tree  Creeper  146 
Trichas  308 

sequinoctialis  347 

agilis  308 

brachydactylus  311 

caniicephala  347 

delafieldii  311 

formosa  309 

macgillivrayi  312 

marylandica  310 

personatus  311 


INDEX   TO   THE   WHOLE   VOLUME 


805 


Trichas 

Philadelphia  313 

roscoe  311 

tephrocotis  309 

tolmiei  312 

vegeta  313 

velata  347 
Troglodyte 

SBdon  171 

de  la  Louisiane  168 

d'hiver  177 

des  Roseaux  168 
Troglodytes 

aedon  171 

albicollis  164 

albifrons  164 

americanus  171 

arundinaceus  168 

bewickii  169 

brevirostris  180 

domesticus  171 

europaeus  177 

fulvus  171,172 

furvus  171 

hyemalis  176, 177 

ludovicianus  168 

mexicanus  164 

murarius  164 

obsoletus  159 

pacificus  177 

palustris  177, 178 

parkmani  172 

parvulus  178 

spilurus  170 

stellaris  180 

sylvestris  172 
Tufted  Titmouse  113 
Turdus  7 

alicise  35 

aonalaschkae  21 

aquaticus  300 

auduboni  21 

aurocapillus  297 

auroreus  14 

brunnens  39 

canadensis  9 

carolineiisis  56 

citreus  298 

confinis  9 

coronatus  298 


Turdus 

densns  28 
felivox  57 
fuscescens  39 
fuscus  34 
garrulu8  460 
guttatus  20 
lividus  57 
ludovicianuo  299 
migratorius  8 
minimus  35, 298 
molodus  28 
minor  20, 21, 34, 39 
montanus  48 
motacilla  299, 301 
mustelinus  28, 39 
nsevius  14 
nanus  21 

noveboracensis  300 
olivaceus  34 
pallasi  20 
pectore  luteo  321 
pilaris  migratorius  9 
polyglottus  53 
rufus  61 
si  lens  21, 39 
solitarius20,21,34 
swainsoni  34 
townsendii  89 
trichas  309 
tistulatus  35 
virens  320 
wilsonii  35, 39 

U 

Uferschwalbe  437 
Umbrose  Warbler  279 
Unalascha  Thrush  21 


Varied  Thrush  14 
Veery  39 

Vermillion  Flycatcher  331 
Vigor's  Vireo  251 
Violet  Swallow  447 
Violet-green  Swallow  419 
Virginian  Titmouse  279 
Virginia's  Warbler  222 
Vermivora  bachmani  214 


806 


INDEX   TO   THE   WHOLE   VOLUME 


Vermivora 

carbonata  237 

celata  226 

chrysoptera  216 

fulvicapilla  212 

nigrescens  263 

pennsylvanica  212 

peregrina  230 

protonotariua  211 

rara  268 

rabricapilla  224 

solitaria  215 

swainsoni  212 
Vireo  484 

a  front  jaune  494 

altiloquus  491 

atricapillus  533 

barbatulus  492 

belli  526, 531 

bogotensis  495 

calidris  491 

cantatrix  520 

cassinii  514 

flavifrons  493 

flavoviridis  490 

gilvus  491, 501 

gris  501 

huttoni  525 

longirostris  491 

musicus  520 

noveboracensis  520 

olivaceus491,495 

philadelphicus  492 

plumbeus  515 

pusillus  531 

solitarius  505 

sphagnosa  242 

swainsoni  501 

vicinior  517 

vigorsii  251 

virescens  491, 495 
Vire'on  verdatre  492 
Vireosylvia  or  Vireosylva  484 

altiloqua  491 

barbatula  492 

cobanensis  493 

calidris  492 

flavifrons  494 

flavoviridis  490 

gilva  501 


Vireosylvia  or  Vireosylva 
olivacea  495 
philadelphica  492 
plumbea  515 
solitaria  506 
swainsoni  502 
virescens  495 

W 

Wagtails  191 
Warbler  Thrush  299 
Warbling 

Flycatcher  501 

Greenlet  501 

Vireo  501 
Water 

Ouzel  89 

Thrush  301 
Waxen  Chatterer  460 
Western 

Bluebird  80 

House  Wren  171 

Solitary  Vireo  515 

Summer  Redbird  352 

Warbler  258 

Warbling  Greenlet  501 

Yellow-breasted  Chat  320 

Yellow-rump  271 
White-bellied 

Swallow  413 

Wren  169 

White-browed  Chickadee  122 
White-cheeked  Titmouse  331 
White-eyed 

Greenlet  520 

Vireo  520 

White-fronted  Swallow  427 
White-poll  Warbler  205 
White- rumped  Shrike  562 
White-shouldered  Flycatcher  336 
White-throated 

Blue  Warbler  268 

Warbler  213 

Rock  Wren  164 

Wren  164 
Wilsonia  323 

bonapartii  324 

minuta  326 

mitrata  325 

pusilla  326 


INDEX   TO   THE    WHOLE   VOLUME 


807 


Wilson's 

Bluebird  77,  78 

Flycatcliing  Warbler  327 

Green  Black-capped  Flycatching 
Warbler  326 

Thrush  39 
Willow  Wren  253 
Winter  Wren  176 
Wood  Thrush  28 
Wood-Warbler  268 
Worm-eater  212 

Warbler  212 
Worni-eating 

Swamp  Warbler  212 

Warbler  211 
Wren-tit  108 


Yellow 

Red-poll  255 

Red-poll  Warbler  249 

Titmouse  253 

Warbler  253 

Wren  253 

Yellow-backed  Warbler  209 
Yellow-bellied  Grosbeak  353 
Yellow-breast  Warbler  311 
Yellow-breasted  Chat  321 


Yellow-breasted 

Icteria  321 

Warbler  311 
Yellow-crowned 

Warbler  245, 279 

Wood  Warbler  279 
Yellow-fronted  Warbler  217 
Yellow-green  Vireo  490 
Yellow-headed  Verdin  129 
Yellow-poll  Warbler  253 
Yellow-rump  279 

Warbler  291 
Yellow-rumped 

Flycatcher  291 

Warbler  278,291 
Yellow-tail  Warbler  338 
Yellow-tailed  Flycatcher  338 
Yellow-throated 

Creeper  248 

Gray  Warbler  248 

Greenlet  493 

Vireo  494 

Warbler  247 

Wood  Warbler  248 
Yuma  Thrasher  70 


Zorzal  gato  57 


Dan.  xii.  4. 


Hccles.  xii.  8,  12. 


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